UHF 6033: DYNAMICS OF LEADERSHIPProf. Abu Bakar Hashim10

Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Learning OutcomesMax Weber on charismatic leadership.Argument for and against the locus of charismatic leadership.How one can acquire charismatic qualities.Socialized VS personalized charismatic leaders.Charismatic VS transformational leadership.4 Phases of the transformation process.Transformational VS Transactional leadershipStewardship and servant leadership

Webers CharismaticLeadershipInfluence based on follower perceptions that the leader is endowed with the gift of divine inspiration or supernatural qualities.

CHARISMAThe process of influencing major changes in the attitudes and assumptions of organization members, and building commitment for the organizations objectivesThe special quality that gives someone power and authority over a large number of people

Model of Personal Meaning and Charismatic LeadershipLeaderPersonalMeaningLeaderBehaviorAttributions of CharismaticLeadership

Personal Meaning.The degree to which peoples lives make emotional sense and that the demands confronted by them are perceived as being worthy of energy and commitment

Sources of Personal MeaningSelf-concept/identityLegacyAltruismCulture and traditionsPolitical/social orientationSpirituality and religionHobbies/personal pursuitsValues/ideals

Attribution Variablesof Leader CharismaDiscrepancy gap between status quo & the visionVision articulation & role modelingUse of unconventional strategiesRealistic assessment of resource needs & constraints

Vision Content and ContextNature of the status quoNature of the future visionManner future vision will remove discontent & provide fulfillment of follower hopesPlan of action for realizing vision

Charisma and Unconventional BehaviorTo transcend the existing orderEvoke sentiments of adorationExemplifies heroism, personal risk, & self-sacrificeCounter to the norm

Charisma & Resource Needs AssessmentVery good strategistsPerform realistic resource & constraint assessmentsSensitive to capabilities & emotional needs of followersAlign strategies & capabilities to insure transformation

More Modern Theories state that Charisma may result fromThe situation or social climate facing the leaderThe leaders extraordinary qualitiesAn interaction of the situation and the leaders qualitiesThis view is gaining credibility

Effects of Charismatic LeadershipTrust in rightness of visionSimilarity of followers & leaders beliefs & valuesHeightened sense of self-confidenceAcceptance of higher or challenging goalsIdentification with & emulation of leaderUnconditional acceptance of leaderStrong affection for leader

EmpowersOthersVisionarySelfPromotingVerbalSkillsMinimumInternalConflictHigh EnergyAction OrientationInspires TrustHigh RiskOrientationSelfConfidence Moral ConvictionRelationalPowerBaseCharismaticLeaderCharacteristics

VISIONThe ability to imagine different and better conditions and ways to achieve themFuture orientationSee the difference in how things are and how they should be

COMMUNICATIONS SKILLSGreat rhetorical skillsEspecially oralCan speak about the vision and make the followers see itThink of MLK,Jrs I Have A Dream speechHitler captivated people, even those who spoke no GermanWriting, while important, is not as powerfulWinston Churchill used both masterfully

SELF CONFIDENCE & MORAL CONVICTIONUnshakable self confidencePassed on to followersTrue faith in the cause Strong moral beliefsWillingness to sacrificeSelf & followers

TRUSTFollowers have total trust and belief in the leader and the causeShow commitment to followers, who return it

ACCEPT RISKWilling to be at great personal riskProfessionallyPhysicallyWilling to risk the followersUse unconventional (risky) strategies & methods to achieve goals

HIGH ENERGY & ACTION ORIENTATIONShow emotion in what they doLeads to high energyTake actionServe as role models for followersWho show high energy to emulate the leaderWho take actions the leader wants

RELATIONAL POWERCharismatic leaders have high referent and expert powerFollowers feelAwe, trust, identification, devotion, common beliefs, unquestioning acceptance, affection

ABILITY TO MINIMIZE INTERNAL CONFLICTThrough strength of beliefwith referent powerdue to follower belief inthe leader and the cause

WILLINGNESS & ABILITY TO EMPOWERKnow they need the efforts & ideas of othersLet the subordinate leaders do those things they are able to doOften take credit for followers ideas and efforts

SELF-PROMOTINGBeat their own drumsCampaign for the causeExplain their vision to all who will listen or read

CAN CHARISMA BE DEVELOPED?Evidence seems to indicate that it canIt may be that individuals who develop charisma have the undeveloped characteristics which practice brings to the forefront

Four Strategies to DevelopCharismatic Qualities

Personalized Charismatic LeadersPursue leader-driven goals and promote feelings of obedience, dependency, and submission in followers.

EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED CHARISMATIC LEADERSAdolph HitlerJosef StalinBenito MussoliniCharles MansonDavid KoreshRev. James Jones

Socialized Charismatic LeadersPursue organization-driven goals and promote feelings of empowerment, personal growth, and equal participation in followers.

EXAMPLES OF SOCIALIZED CHARISMATIC LEADERSMartin Luther King, Jr.King David of the BibleJesus of NazarethMohammadFredrick DouglasFranklin Delano RooseveltTheodore RooseveltWinston ChurchillJohn Fitzgerald KennedyRonald Reagan

Others?

SOME THAT WERE MIXEDJulius CaesarGeorge Armstrong CusterCharles DeGaulleGeorge McClelland

Can you think of anyone else?

Tunku Abdul Rahman PutraWas he charismatic?

Tunku Abdul Rahman PutraWas he charismatic?What characteristics did he have?

Tunku Abdul Rahman PutraWas he charismatic?What characteristics did he have?Was his charisma socialized or personal?

PRESIDENT BARRACK HUSSEIN OBAMAIs he a charismatic leader?

PRESIDENT BARRACK HUSSEIN OBAMAIs he a charismatic leader?If you think he is, why do you think so?

PRESIDENT BARRACK HUSSEIN OBAMAIs he a charismatic leader?If think he is, why do you think so?If you do not think he is, why not?

IS CHARISMA MORE OR LESS IMPORTANT IN POLITICAL LEADERS TODAY?WHY OR WHY NOT?

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIPFocuses on what leaders accomplish, not their personal characteristics or followers reactionsServes to change the status quo by articulating to followers the problems in the current system and a compelling vision of what a new organization could be

Transformational LeadersCreate & Articulate a VisionSet an example for followers consistent with leader values and beliefsFoster a Buy-in of Team GoalsHave High Performance ExpectationsPersonalize the Leader-Member ExchangeEmpower followers to think outside the box

Transformational LeadersSee themselves as change agentsAre visionaries with high levels of trust for their organizationAre risk takers, but not recklessArticulate core values that guide their own behaviorHave exceptional cognitive skillsBelieve in careful planning before taking actionBelieve in people & show sensitivity for their needsAre flexible and open to learning from experience

Four Phases of Transformation Process

STEWARDSHIPAn employee-focused form of leadership that empowers followers to make decisions and have control over their jobs

Values of StewardshipEquality Assumptions

Reward Assumption

Teamwork Orientation

Decentralization

Stewardship

KEYS TO STEWARDSHIPStrong teamwork orientationDecentralized decision making and power down to where the work gets doneEquality assumption that it is a partnership of equals rather than a leader-follower command structureRewards must be redesigned to compensate employees for actual contributions and greater responsibility

Guidelines to ServantLeadershipService to others over self interest

Earning and keeping others trust: no hidden agendas, give up power, rewards, recognition, & controlSource: Based on R.K. Greenleaf, Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, (1977), 7

Effective listening

Helping others discover their inner spirit: empathetic of others

ServantLeadership

Discussion Question #1Describe the leading characteristic of charismatic leaders.

Discussion Question #2Martin Luther King,Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, Adolph Hitler, Nelson Mandela, David Koresh (of the Branch Davidians), Herb Kelleher (of Southwest Airlines), and Richard Branson (of the Virgin Group) are/were charismatic leaders. Next slide

Question #2 ContinuedCan you associate with each name a characteristic (see Figure 10-3) of charisma you thing best describes each individual?

Discussion Question #3Why is the theory of charisma described as a double-edged sword?

Discussion Question #4Describe the various sources from which one can draw his/her personal meaning.

Discussion Question #5One of the four behavioral variables of charisma is vision articulation and role modeling behavior of the leader. Describe the four recommended steps to effective vision articulation mentioned in the text.4

Discussion Question #6Citing specific examples, explain how charismatic leaders of the past used vision and superb communication skills to make their case.

Discussion Question #7Describe the limitations of charismatic leadership theory.

Discussion Question #8Describe five key behaviors characteristic of transformational leaders.5

Discussion Question #9Describe some key attributes of transformational leaders.

Discussion Question #10What is servant leadership?

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