Modul 09. Universal Access and Services

7/30/2019 Modul 09. Universal Access and Services

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is when everyone can access the servicesomewhere, at a public place, thus also called public, community orshared access.

describes when every individual or household

can have service, using it privately, either at home or increasinglycarried with the individual through wireless devices

The three hallmarks of UA and US are:o : the service is available to inhabited parts of the country through public,

community, shared or personal deviceso : all citizens can use the service, regardless of location, gender,

disabilities and other personal characteristicso : the service is affordable to all citizens

April 2011 InterkoneksiSemester Genap 2010-2011

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Telephony (voice calls and text messages)o Offering one-to-one communication as well as content distribution

to a wider group.o Text messages are often also significant for UAS

Narrowband and broadband Internet, providing e-mail, live-chats, web-browsing, content distribution, Voice Over IP(VoIP) and IP Television (IPTV), among many otherapplications and services

Radio and television broadcasting


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Universal access and service (UAS)measures are usually targeted at ruralareas that are unserved or underserved,and especially low-population density areaswhere provision of services is not viable.

UAS targets can also be focused on verypoor urban areas in large metropolitancities, including slums.


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Developing countries typically set the following universalaccess (UA) targets:

A public phone for a certain size of community (e.g., for allcommunities larger than 2000 inhabitants);

A limited walking distance to a public phone (e.g., 5 km forcommunities too small to have their own public phone);

An Internet POP in districts centres, provincial capitals or townsabove a certain size (e.g., above 20,000 inhabitants) that provideseither high-speed or broadband capacity; and

A public access Internet centre accompanying the Internet POP


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Targets should focus on needs that have clear indicators and highpriorities so that efforts are not spread too thinly among too manytargets

Targets should be designed to look ahead three to five years

Targets should be ambitious but realistic in the light of a countrysactual situation

Targets should be reviewed regularly (e.g., every two or three years) toremain ambitious but realistic

Targets should be objectively measurable, so that progress can be

assessed


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Times of day when there is access to the service

Type of shelter for the terminals (e.g. secure building for a telecentre)

Access to and usability of the terminal for people with physicaldisabilities

Convenience and pleasantness of location for all target groups ofusers (e.g., women might not wish to enter a bar to use a service)

Quality of service (network reliability, fault repair times and call qualityfor telephony and prescribed down and upstream data rates for theInternet service)

Payment methods (e.g., cash or prepaid cards) and for prepaid cards,availability of sales outlets

Personal support for using the services


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Other services that are entering UAS policies include:Directories and directory enquiry services;

Support services for Internet subscribers (e.g. help-lines,

training);Emergency call answering facilities (dispatch of help foremergencies); and

Special facilities to permit use by people with

disabilities on equality with all other facilities


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The services to be included in the scope of (UAS) will change as technologyand society change.

In 2002, the European Union (EU) built into the EU Universal Service Directive arequirement that the scope of universal service (US) obligations be reviewedevery three years.

To be included in the scope of a UAS policy, a service has to satisfy two tests:o In the light of social, economic and technological developments, has the ability to

use the service become essential for social inclusion?; ando Are normal commercial forces unable to make the service available for all to use?

The scope of US in the EU was originally confined to telephony at a fixedlocation for voice calls, fax calls and data calls (for narrowband Internet usingdial-up).

The first review of the scope took place in 2006. Two services, mobiletelephony and broadband Internet were new candidates for addition to theUSs scope.


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For developing countries, modified forms of this generaltest regarding which services to include into the UAS scopemight be preferred.

The main driver for UAS may be economic before socialfactors come to the fore, so policy makers in developingcountries could ask the following questions:

o In light of economic, social, and technological developments, hasthe ability to use the service become essential for uniform

countrywide economic development or social inclusion?; ando Are normal commercial forces unable to make the service

available for all to use, within a timescale consistent with thecontribution of the service that will meet the MillenniumDevelopment Goals?


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Universal Service Obligations (USOs) have been a form of regulatoryintervention for achieving universal service (US).

The future of USOs is a topic for debate among stakeholders indeveloped countries, as represented by the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and the EU. Some believethat USOs will soon be both impracticable and unnecessary, whileothers see them as more important than ever in an era when universalbroadband access could contribute significantly to mitigating climatechange and its effects.

The outcome of this debate will differ from country to country,depending on political factors as well as on the need for, and supply of,communications services


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For developing countries, a parallel debate will take place, with anequally uncertain outcome.

Industry stakeholders like the GSM Association (GSMA) argueforcefully for regulators to stand aside and allow the markets tostimulate and fulfil demand for new services.

At the same time, ICTs are a vital tool for development in sectors suchas health and education that are usually understood to becommercially unviable and that need central government support.

This toolkit aims to help policymakers and regulators in developing

countries make informed decisions about the scope of UAS andregulatory intervention in their own countries.


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o ICTs are increasingly used in all sectors of economies.o In many regions, economic activity is shifting away from agriculture and industry to

services sectors, and towards the new information economy and society.o The ICT sector is considered to be a significant engine of growth for economies

o The increased supply of ICTs through rapido

Technological developments and base of pyramid marketing, actually fuels therequirement for UA

While market forces, after liberalization and sector reform, have had the greatestimpact on improvement of UAS in many developing countries, for various reasonsmarket gaps can remain in place.

Some countries, for example, have exceptionally challenging geographiccharacteristics combined with extremely low population

Constant change in technology, services, and pervasiveness of various ICT servicesmakes it necessary that the status of UAS should be monitored and policiescontinue to be updated and developed


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A thorough liberalization process is vital to the success of aUAS program for the following reasons:

Without an effective regulator operating within a moderncommunication law, there are significant challenges for theimplementation of a UAS program

Where a government continues to be a market player (by owning all ora part of the incumbent operator):

It is likely that the government cannot be impartial when making sector policy andUAS policy, as it will have a vested interest in one of the market participants.

There is a risk that governments will continue to direct the incumbent operator toserve certain areas for political reasons.

Only a reformed or renewed institutional framework is conducive tonetwork and service expansion on an equitable basis. Therefore,competition, interconnection, licensing/authorization policies and anyeconomic disincentives must be properly addressed


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Competition promotes UAS in the following ways:Competition drives expansion (i.e., coverage and availability)

Competition lowers prices (i.e., affordability), introduces newpricing models and promotes better quality of services

Competition encourages market segmentation and stimulates theintroduction of innovative new services (i.e., more choices and newservices); and promotes the less expensive services (throughremoval of non-price barriers) and subscriber growth

Competition makes universal access and service fund (UASF)tenders for subsidies to provide UAS successful


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Before liberalization, there was usually a single network operator in anarea (or country); this operator had to fulfill whatever social obligationswere required, particularly when these organizations were governmentdepartments

Universal service obligations (USOs) were often not explicit but wereseen as part of the organizations general public service mandate

When any losses were recognized, they were expected to be met byinternal cross-subsidies

When liberalization was being considered, many incumbent operatorsinitially used their social roles to help secure preferred arrangementsfor the new regime


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When a fight against liberalization was lost, incumbents often arguedin favor of access deficit charges or shared funding of USOs

In a liberalizing market, imposing USOs on the incumbent operatoralone is contrary to the objective of creating a level-playing field

A liberalizing market moves away from forced obligations towards aregime where the cost of universal access and service (UAS) provisionis shared proportionally among all industry participants and all playershave an opportunity to participate in the provision of UAS, typicallythrough a competitive mechanism


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The term access deficit, is defined as the loss made by a telephone company on

providing access lines if this is regarded as a stand-alone business.The figure shows the small proportion of countries that still use this funding methodin the last six years.


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In the past, fixed line monopolies commonly set line rentals well belowany reasonable estimate of the relevant costs. They recovered costsprimarily through international call charges, which were commonly setwell above cost.

This charge structure was popular, especially during the mass marketphase of network growth, when many middle-income people weresubscribing to the phone for the first time.

New competitors usually targeted the high-margin markets of businesscustomers as well as long distance and international calls first; thismeant that the incumbent risked large losses unless it rebalanced itstariffs to be more in line with underlying costs

It was therefore necessary to raise line rentals to remove the accessdeficit while lowering call charges so as to compete with new entrants.

Tariff rebalancing of this kind has taken place in most countries atvarying speeds


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Market Based ReformsEspecially privatization, competition and cost-based pricing

Mandatory Services ObligationsImposed by licence conditions or other regulatory measures

Cross SubsidiesBetween or within services provided by incumbent operators

Access Deficit Charges (ADC)Paid by telecommunications operators to subsidized access deficit of

incumbentsUniversality Funds

Independently administered funds that collect revenue from varioussources and provided targeted subsidies to implement universalityprograms


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Perbandingan beberapa alternatif

Option Advantages Disadvantages

Market Based Reforms Efektif dalam perluasan Privatisasi Ada insentif untuk layanan Konsisten

Kurang baik dalam kompetisidan privatisasi

Bisa timbul konflik

Mandatory ServicesObligations

Efektif bila anti kompetitif Efektif bagi operator yang baru privatisasi

Timbul efek anti kompetitif Rasionlisasi

Cross Subsidies Tradisional In-effesiensi Hanya dilakukan oleh eksisiting Dampak akibat anti kompetitif

Access Deficit Charges (ADC) Dana bersama seluruh operator Sulit menghiitung biaya akses In-effeisien

Universality Funds Effektif Effisien Transparant Terbaik dalam eskpansi jaringan

Transaksi kompleks bagibeberapa admin.

Potensi kurang baik bagiPemerintah

Sulit memperkirakan revenuedan cost


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UASFs have been created in emerging markets anddeveloping countries, in the context of liberalized markets,to provide financial assistance for the following:

o Meeting regional and rural service targets for telephony and Internet

services;o Supporting key users, such as schools and health clinics to access the

Internet in regional and rural areas;o Supporting ICT projects by commercial and development organizations

that provide national and local content, services and applications thatstimulate Internet take-up and usage; and

o Supporting various activities related to regionally balanced network andservice development, such as Internet Exchange Points and regionalInternet points of presence (POPs).


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All UASFs use a reverse auction or minimum-subsidy auction (lowest subsidydemanded wins) mechanism. This mechanism, also known as Output-BasedAid (OBA)

OBA is defined as a strategy for using explicit performance-based subsidies tosupport service delivery in cases where the market is not expected to reach,

but where policy concerns justify public funding or redistribution.OBA subsidies are provided to support the provision of services, for example, inrural areas where the cost of service provision combined with limited revenuepotential might render service provision commercially unviable.

A key requirement for OBA is that a one-time smart subsidy results in serviceprovision that is ultimately self-sustaining and commercially viable

OBA is now often the preferred method used to distribute one-time subsidiesto network service providers in order to meet roll-out targets for voice andInternet services in certain designated remote areas and communities


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UASFs are generally financed from one or more of thefollowing sources:

Government general budget;

Industry levy, as a percentage of annual revenue, on certain classes

of licensed operators;Various other regulatory sources such as the proceeds of licensecompetitions, frequency spectrum auctions and fees; and

Once-only contributions from government, financed by loans orgrants from international donors such as the World Bank,contributing seed finance to assist UASF start-up in the early years


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Developments in technology affect the cost, acceptability andfeasibility of services and have a direct impact on universal access andservice (UAS).

Because technological developments influence regulatorsexpectations and users technology preferences, minimumrequirements for and expectations of UAS increase over time.

Country by country, whether a particular technology is an appropriatesolution for UAS and rural areas, and for low income people, dependsstrongly on these market factors:

Competition (the market position of the providers, their service packages andpricing strategy);

Demand and affordability; Customer density; and End user terminal distribution and availability


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Di negara dengan GDP per capita rendah pegeluaran untukkomunikasi < 1% dari GDP, namun dilain tempat, pengeluaran untukkomunikasi bisa mencapai 4 -5 % GDP.

Berdasarkan riset , rata-rata didunia pengeluaran untuk komunikasiadalah sebesar 2.5 s/d 3 % dari GDP

Sebagai kesimpulan dari kondisi tersebut maka diperoleh suatuasumsi :

Bagi daerah yang penduduknya mengeluarkan 2.5 % income untukkomunikasi sebaiknya dipromosikan UA

Bagi daerah yang pengeluaran untuk telekomunikasi < 2.5 % akan tmibulmasalah antara lain:

o sarana komunikasi yang ada tdk memadaio tdk ada prioritas bagi pengembangan sarana telekumunikasio tdk ada kertarikan sektor swasta untuk membangun jaringan telekomunikasio kompetisi sulit dilaksanakan.

April 2011 27InterkoneksiSemester Genap 2010-2011


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USO atau Universal Service Obligation atau dalam PP52/2000 disebut Kewajiban Pelayanan Umum (KPU)merupakan kewajiban pemerintah untuk men-subsidi publikDefinisi umum :

making basic telephony services available to all at an affordable price Pada negara2 dengan teledensitas rendah spt Indonesia,fokus USO untuk meningkatkan aksesabilitas telekomunikasiKategori USO :

High cost (rural) area -> subsidi perlu untuk area di mana terdapataccess deficit yang lebih besar dari profit yang diperolehpenyelenggara di area tsb

Low income area -> subsidi perlu untuk akses teleponi dasar Unprofitable customer > subsidi perlu krn customer menghasilkan

sedikit trafik (low calling rate) sehingga profit < cost-nya


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Regulasi Indonesia

Universal Service Obligation (USO)


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UU No. 36 Pasal 16 :(1) Setiap penyelenggara jaringan telekomunikasi dan atau penyelenggara jasa

telekomunikasi wajib memberikan kontribusi dalam pelayananan universal .Penjelasan ayat (1) :a. Tujuan : memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat terutama di daerah terpencil dan atau belum

berkembang untuk mendapatkan akses teleponb. Prinsip : ketersediaan pelayanan jastel yang menjangkau daerah berpenduduk dengan

mutu yang baik dan tarif yang layak.c. Kriteria wilayah : secara geografis terpencil, secara ekonomis blm berkembang serta

membutuhkan biaya tinggi perintisan, pedalaman, pinggiran, terpencil & atau daerahyg secara ekonomi kurang menguntungkan.

d. Kewajiban untuk menyediakan oleh penyelenggara jaringan tetap yg tetalh memperolehizin berupa jasa SLJJ dan atau jasa sambungan lokal.

(2) Kontribusi pelayanan universal sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) berbentuk penyediaan sarana & prasarana telekomunikasi dan atau kompensasi lainPenjelasan ayat (2) :Kompensasi lain berupa kontribusi biaya melalui biaya interkoneksi

(3) Ketentuan kontribusi pelayanan universal sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2)diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Regulasi Indonesia


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Penyelenggara

PP 52/2000 :Kewajiban pelayanan universal :

Kewajiban yang dibebankan kepada penyelenggara jaringan telekomunikasi dan atau jasatelekomunikasi untuk memenuhi aksesibilitas bagi wilayah atau sebagian masyarakat yang belumterjangkau oleh penyelenggaraan jaringan dan atau jasa telekomunikasi.

KPU :

JartapLokal Jar.Lain Jar. Lain(No I/K)POIJasa

Penyediaan(pembangunan)

jar & jastel

KontribusiBiaya

interkoneksi

Kontribusilainnya

Regulatorc..q. Menteri Pengawasan &

pengendalianPenetapan : Wilayah PU

Kapasitas jaringan setiap WPU Jenis jasa Penyelenggara jar. yg ditunjuk

untuk menyediakan KPU

Pencatatan & Reporting :Pendapatan dari hasil kontribusikewajiban pelayanan universal yangberasal dari pendapatan interkoneksi

Regulasi Indonesia

Universal Service Obligation (USO)


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USO dalam Regulasi Interkoneksi

Bagian dalam struktur tarif interkoneksiSesuai PP 52/2000 pasal 36 ayat 1 :

Struktur tarif penyelenggaraan jaringan telekomunikasi terdiri atas :

a. biaya akses;b. biaya pemakaian;

Biaya interkoneksi menjadi salah satu kontributor USOSesuai PP 52/2000 pasal 26 ayat 2 :

Kontribusi kewajiban pelayanan universal sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) berupa:

a. penyediaan jaringan dan atau jasa telekomunikasi;

c. kontribusi lainnya.



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Incumbent mengoperasikan (local loop) access networknya secara defisit.Biaya untuk membangun dan memelihara > revenue yang diperoleh (krn padaumumnya diatur price cap)

Pada masa monopoli, tidak menjadi masalah karena incumbent bisa melakukancross -subsidy dengan jasa yang berprofit tinggi seperti jasa long distance

Pada masa kompetisi, posisi berubah,o incumbent harus menghilangkan cross -subsidy (tarif long distance turun, tarif lokal dan

akses network naik) - > kenaikan tarif dibatasi price cap krn pertimbangan afordabilitaspublik

o new entrant akan memanfaatkan rendahnya biaya penggunaan access networkincumbent (fasilitas esensial) pada saat berinterkoneksi, tanpa turut berkontribusi

Incumbent memerlukan kontribusi melalui biaya interkoneksi kepadapenyelenggara yang melakukan terminasi maupun originasi melalui

jaringannya (via access network)

Penerima ADC secara teoritis : Semua operator yang memiliki fixed access network -> tarif retail fixed di-cap Hanya incumbent -> argumentasinya bhw incumbent harus men-serve seluruh

populasi tapi new entrant bisa memilih yang profitable saja Semua operator yang memiliki access network termasuk mobile operator -> namun

pada umumnya tarif retail mobile tidak di-cap



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USO memiliki keterhubungan erat dengan ADC ->bila defisit akses incumbent dikontribusi oleh ADCmaka akan mengurangi besaran USO (dlm hal iniADC bagian dari komponen USO)

Merecover USO melalui tarif interkoneksidimungkinkan EU memungkinkan sebagai suplemen dari tarif

interkoneksi Banyak negara memisahkan USO, karena :

o Untuk maksimasi efisiensi ekonomi. Tarif interkoneksi harusmencerminkan harga yang obyektif, sehingga new entrantdapat menentukan keputusan investasinya.

o Untuk modal kompetisi. USO merupakan pajak sosial dalamindustri telekomunikasi sehingga kontribusinya harus sesuaikemampuan operator



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Alokasi dana USO dan ADC

Tarif diCap

ADC

USO FundCost / Tarif wajar

Cost daerahperintisan

SpecialTarif

Tarif Wajar

Daerah USODaerah Non-

USOSekolah, Rumah

sakit, dll



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Aliran dana USO

Jartap Lokal

Jasa Tel

Kontribusi dlm bentuk komponen biaya interkoneksi(ADC)

Kontribusi lainnya

Penyediaan jaringan Dana USO utk High costarea, sebagai insentif bagipenyelenggara dan industri

Dan USO utk Low income & masyarakat tertentu, sebagaipemerataan akses

Defisit akibat regulasitarif

USO FUND

Surplus ADC

Jartap SLJJ,Jartap SLI, Jartap tertutup,

Jarber , Jaringan ITSP (?)

Pemerintah

Bantuan LN

Kontribusidana USO



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Modul 09. Universal Access and Services

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