Modern Era Review

Modern Era Review

1750-1914

AP World History - Klinect

Major Themes

• Revolutions and independence movements

• Nationalism and the nation-state

• Industrialization

• Reform and Reaction

• Imperialism and its impact

• Emancipation

• Cultural influences

Revolutions & Independence Movements

• American Revolution (1776-1781)– Seven Year’s War (1756-1763)– “no taxation w/out representation”– Declaration of Independence– “all men are created equal”

• Reality = no legal and political equality

– Conservative revolution– Popular sovereignty


• French Revolution (1789-1815)– Radical revolution … wanted to replace “old

order” with a completely “new order”– Three Estates … problems– National Assembly … Bastille … Declaration of

the Rights of Man and Citizen– Max Robespierre … “Reign of Terror”– Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte … Napoleonic Era

& the accomplishments– Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)


• Haitian Revolution (1802-04)– French … sugar production– American & French Revolution impact along with

Enlightenment ideas– L’Overture … slave revolt … only successful

slave revolt in history– Many nations, including the USA, refused to

recognize independent Haiti– Haitian Revolution will inspire other L.A. nations


• Latin American Revolutions– Spanish & Portuguese minority (30,000) dominated the

3.5 million creoles, and 10 million less-privileged peoples.– Creoles began the revolutions

• Did NOT seek social reform, only to remove peninsulares from power

– Napoleon’s impact– Father Hidalgo (Mexico); Bolivar (northern South

America); San Martin (southern S.A.); Dom Pedro (Brazil)– Gran Colombia

Nationalism & the Nation-State

• Unification of Italy– Roman Catholic Church had discouraged

nationalism. Why?– Papal states = papal resistance– Garibaldi & Cavour – Victor Emmanuell– Italy united by 1870 w/ the help of political

maneuvering … alliances … deals


• Unification of Germany– Prussia became increasingly more powerful after

the fall of Napoleon– Otto von Bismarck … “blood and iron”– United Germany through wars w/ Denmark,

Austria, and France (Franco-Prussian War)– Germany quickly approached the UK and USA as

top industrial powers– Led to Germany wanting to “flex their muscles”

entering the 20th century … World War I??


• Zionism– Nationalism’s view of minorities?– Jews had been the biggest “target” for many

European nations … anti-semitism– Theodor Herzl (1897)– Balfour Declaration (1917 - just after this time

period)


• Latin America– 1830’s = LA was independent– Leaders wanted representative gov’t but felt the

mass population was unprepared– Early constitutions created order and

representation … property & literacy were pre-requisites to vote

– Economic problems = rise of caudillos– Catholic Church remained strong– Instability led to foreign intervention (Monroe

Doctrine)

Industrialization

• Modern industry => scientific activity and invention of the 17th century

• James Watt – steam engine – change?

Before Industrialization After Industrialization

Agricultural-rural economy Capitalist-urban economy

Family-farm economy Wage earning economy

Asian-based manufacturing Factory-based manufacturing

Rural-based population Urban population

Industrialization

• Preconditions for industrialization– Technical knowledge and invention– Large population to serve as a workforce– Possession of natural resources to be turned into

manufactured goods– Investment capital (money) to build factories– A stable and capitalist-minded government

• Poorer nations have large population but lack investment capital

• US and Germany surpassed Britain by 1900

Industrialization

• Technology– Higher-grade steel => transportation and

weaponry– Engine-driven steel ships replaced wooden ships– Trains revolutionized transportation and were

transplanted into Asian & African colonies

Industrialization

• Impact on gender, family, and social structures– Slavery declined & free-wage laborers declined– Family as an economic moved to production outside

the home– Men’s status increased because industrial work and

the wage were considered more important than domestic work

– Middle-class women generally did not work outside the home

– “cult of domesticity”

Industrialization

• Global effects of industrialization– Global division of labor emerged– Industrial societies needed raw materials:

• Cotton (India & Egypt)• Rubber (Brazil & Congo)• Cash crops (Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South

Asia, and SE Asia)– These areas developed little to no industrialization

themselves– Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few– “Dependency Theory”

Industrialization

• Reactions to Industrialization:– Socialism

• Anti-capitalist reform movements• Karl Marx

– Overthrow of the moneyed class (bourgeoisie) – Establish a “workers state”

– Unionism• Less radical• Sought better wages and working conditions• Britain led the way in reforms to better working

conditions

Reform and Reaction

• Ottoman Empire– By the 18th century they had fallen behind the Europeans in strength

and technology … were more vulnerable– Central gov’t less effective while provinces became more

independent, often controlling their own armies– Muhammad Ali … seized power in Egypt after the fall of Napoleon

and was only minimally subordinate to the Ottoman sultans– Ali’s son commissioned the French to build the Suez Canal that

opened in 1869– Transformed Egypt into a critical strategic location– Ottomans also lost trade b/c of Europen bypass directly to India &

China– Atlantic Ocean now became the focal point away from the Ottomans– European goods flooded Ottoman market and they became

dependent on foreign loans– Huge blow to the ego of the Ottomans

Reform and Reaction

• Ottomans (cont.)– Mahmud II; reformer; reorganized secondary education, built new

roads, telegraph lines, and a postal service along the western models

– Tanzimat Era (1839-1879) … used the French legal system as a guide … public trials and equality were instituted before Muslim laws and those of other religious groups … secular

– Obviously these reforms were met with opposition from various religious groups and the bureaucracy

– Many reformers were exiled (Young Turks) but they returned in 1908 and led a coup and overthrew the sultan.

– Years of internal struggle led Europe to refer to them as “the sick man of Europe” …

– The Ottomans eventually ally themselves with the Germans

Reform and Reaction

• Russia – Russia was autocratic, multiethnic, multilingual, and multicultural …

very similar to the Ottomans– Czars supported boyars and Russian Orthodox Church– Peasants = majority of population, serfdom– Expanded vastly > led to Crimean War (1856-58) … defeat– Czar Alexander II > emancipated serfs in 1861; created zemstovs

(local/district assemblies) but were still subordinate to czar; began construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad; industrialization

– Was assassinated by radical revolutionaries (Lenin’s brother) “intelligentsia” … university students and intellectuals (1881)

– Later czars reverted back to repression, not reform, to control the masses

– Czar Nicholas II & the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)– Bloody Sunday & Revolution of 1905

Reform and Reaction

• China– China, like the Ottomans & Russians had to deal with their own

issues of reform and reaction.– Qing (Manchu) saw massive population growth, new food crops from

the Americas, and new monetary system based on silver– Opium War (1839) … unequal treaties … extraterritoriality– Taiping Rebellion (1850’s to 1860’s) … Hong Xiuquan … anti-

Chinese society rebellion … deadliest rebellion in world history– Reform > Self-Strengthening Movement … “Chinese learning at the

base, Western learning for use.” … shipyards, railroads, & weapon industries along with science academies

– Hundred Days Reform … Emperor Guangzu … constitutional monarchy, guarantee civil right liberties, encourage foreign influence … led to Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)

– Sun Yat Sen … Pu Yi … end of the Qing Dynasty (1911)– Three Principles of Sun: Nationalism, Democracy, Socialism

Reform and Reaction

• Japan– Japan made the most radical reforms and changes in its response to

the challenges of reform and reaction … emerged as a world power– Commodore Perry (1853) … told to leave … “revere the emperor

and repel the barbarians.”– Younger samurai (reformers) wanted to undermine the bakufu …

“men of spirit” overthrew the Shogun … wanted to industrialize after seeing the British defeat China easily in Opium Wars

– Meiji Restoration (Revolution) of 1868 … rapid industrialization and modernization of Japan … modern infrastructure and military

– Victories against China and Russia heading into the 20th century gave Japan aspirations of empire in Asia

Imperialism and its Impact

• Three motives: economic, political, and cultural– Economic: Colonies = sources of raw materials and markets for

manufactured goods.– Political: colonies were strategic sites with harbors and supply

stations for naval ships– Culturally: hoped to convert the Asian and African people to

Christianity … “White Man’s Burden”

• India– UK’s interest was purely a business venture … British East India

Company … took advantage of Mughal weaknesses– Sepoys … Sepoy Revolt (1857)– Tea, coffee, and opium were cultivated– British built railroads, telegraphs, canals, harbors, and irrigation

systems … English-style schools were set up for elite Indians– Indian National Congress founded in 1885– Muslim League– Promised independence if they fought in World War I


• Africa– Europe had little presence in Africa outside coastal trading posts for

most of modern world history ...– “Scramble for Africa” (1875-1900) … Europe dominates entire

continent– King Leopold II of Belgium – Congo Free State … holocaust?– British in Egypt (1882) … seized Suez Canal– Berlin Conference

• Japan– After accepting western help seized Korea (1894) and Manchuria

(1904) after military victories– Japan was now on the world stage


• Legacy of Imperialism– Manufacturers became suppliers of raw materials and consumers of

imported goods– Migration increased … USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, South

Africa in search for cheap land and better economic opportunities– Indentured servants (Asia & Africa) went to tropical lands for

plantation labor– Scientific racism (Social Darwinism)

Emancipation

• Slavery– Mid-19th century liberals pushed for abolition …

Enlightenment influence– Slavery, from an economic sense, became less profitable

• Prices of sugar, cotton, and tobacco fell

– Emancipation:• Britain (1833)• France (1848)• United States (1865)• Brazil (1888)

– Freedom ≠ equality

Emancipation

• Serfdom– Key to social change in Russia had to be the emancipation of the

serfs– Opposition to serfdom had been growing since the 1700’s– “obstacle to economic development” as well as source of instability

and revolts– Czar Alexander II (1861) freed serfs & compensated landowners for

the loss of land and serfs– Serf labor obligations were gradually cancelled– Won few political rights and paid huge taxes on their “new land”– Their emancipation led to very little increase in agricultural

production– Did create a large urban labor force necessary for industrialization

Cultural Influences

• African and Asian Influences on European Art– European artists took an interest in African & Asian artistic styles– Impressionism > based on Japanese influences in nature– Modern art was soon launched, free from traditional constraints

• Cultural Policies of Meiji Japan– Heavily influenced by the Western culture– Japanese literature > writers experimented with Western verse– Architects & artists created large buildings of steel with Greek

columns like those seen in the West

• Leisure & Consumption– Industrialization brought about higher wages & fewer work hours …

brought about new concept of “leisure time”– Advertisements > “needed things”– Newspapers, theaters, and professional sports all became popular

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