Modern Amphibians
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Transcript of Modern Amphibians
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Modern Amphibians• Anura/Salientia (frogs & toads) ~ 3500
sp; Triassic
• Caudata/Urodela (salamanders) ~ 350 sp; Jurassic
• Apoda/Gymnophiona (caecelians) ~ 60 sp
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general features• 'amphibious' life cycle (metamorphosis)
• smooth, glandular skin
• three chambered heart
• carnivorous
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Cutaneous Respiration
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Order Anura/Salientia1. distribution cosmopolitan except
Antarctica; tropics especially2. elongate hind limbs & powerful
leg muscles3. strong pelvis fused to the
vertebral column; posterior vertebrae
fused into a urostyle4. sticky, protrusible tongue5. species specific vocalizations6. external fertilization; amplexus
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“spades”
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Bufo americanus, American Toad
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Bufo cognatus, Great Plains Toad
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Gastrophryne carolinensis, Eastern Narrowmouth Toad
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Pseudacris crucifer, Spring Peeper
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Hyla sp., Gray Treefrog complex
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Acris crepitans,Blanchard’s Cricket Frog
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Rana blairi,Plains Leopard Frog
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Rana utricularia, Southern Leopard Frog
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Rana catesbeiana, Bullfrog
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Rana clamitans,Green Frog
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Order Caudata/Urodela1. distribution: primarily northern
hemisphere
2. neoteny- adult retains juvenile features
3. Family Plethodontidae- loss of lungs; cutaneous respiration
4. troglodytes- cave dwellers
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reproduction1. courtship: species specific displays
(visual, tactile, & chemical cues)
2. internal fertilization; spermatophore transfer
3. eggs laid in water or moist soil
4. larvae; aquatic & gilled in many
5. territoriality
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Ambystoma texanum, Smallmouth Salamander
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Ambystoma maculatum, Spotted Salamander
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Ambystoma opacum, Marbled Salamander
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Ambystoma tigrinum,Barred Tiger Salamander
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Courtship in Plethodontids
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Nasolabial Groove
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Plethodon ouachitae, Rich Mountain Salamander
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Plethodon serratus, Southern Redback
Salamander
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Eurycea multiplicata,Many-ribbed Salamander
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Desmognathus brimleyorum, Ouachita Dusky Salamander
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Notopthalmus viridescens, Central Newt
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Order Apoda/Gymnophiona
• legless & fossorial
• distribution: tropics