Moving past the passive…onto the last grammar point!

Do you know Diann? Well, I just walked by her classroom and she wasn’t there.

Where is she?

Possibilities

She could be…She might be…She may be…

What the heck?

You go to your friend’s house, and you see a brown paper bag on the table. After a minute, it starts to move.

You hear a ‘meow’ sound coming from the bag.

Certain Conclusion

It has to be…It must be…

What are these called?

May Should MustMight Ought to Have toCan Had betterCould

MODALS

Can = Ability

A person who can speak 2 languages=

Can = Ability

A person who can speak 2 languages=

Bilingual (bi = 2)

A person who can speak 3 languages=

A person who can speak 3 languages=

Trilingual (tri = 3)

A person who can speak one language=

A person who can speak one language=

American!

Modals

Made by Melanie WittAdapted by Jessica Montgomerie

All Modals

S + modal + base form of verb

He might study tonight.She has to go.

I could speak when I was 12 months old.

Modals of Possibility

• Use to express possibility about the present or future

• May & Might have almost the same meaning

We may go to the movies.We might go to the movies.We could go to the movies.

May, Might, Could

100% certain

maymightcouldmight notmay not

0% certain

Should, Ought To, Had Better

• Used to give advice

You should do your homework before class.

You ought to check your tire pressure.

You had better call me when you get home.

Necessity; It’s a Rule

Must, Have to, Have got to

100% Must / Must not

Have to, Have got to

necessary

Don’t have to 0%

Must not – It is prohibited

You must not disobey the law.You must not talk in court.

Don’t have to – It is not necessary. You have a choice.

I don’t have to do homework tonight, yay!You don’t have to cook dinner. We are going out.

Modals Affirmative – S + Modal + Verb

We should take a vacation.

Negative – S + Modal + Not + Verb You can’t do that!

Yes/No Question –Modal + S + VerbCan they ski?

Modals Short Answer – Yes/No + S + Modal

Yes, they can.No, they can’t.

Information Question – WHQ + Modal + S + Verb What should I do?When must you arrive?

Subject Question – Who + Modal + Verb Who has to attend? Who might attend?

What is possible or necessary in your country?

- In your country, can citizens make jokes about the president?

1. Ask your partner questions about his/her country. Use modals in your questions.

2. Make statements based on your partner’s answers

Make sure you use – Must must not - Have to– Could could not - Don’t have to– Can cannot

Homework

1. Write an affirmative, negative, and question for the following modal functions:

Possibility – 3 Necessity – 3 Advice – 3

Bob DylanBlowin’ in the Wind

A protest song - Peace, war, freedom

Listen to song and fill in the blanks

Bob Dylan Blowin' In The Wind

How many roads _____________ a man walk downBefore you call him a man?How many seas must a __________ dove sailBefore she sleeps in the sand?Yes, 'n' how many times ______________ the cannon balls flyBefore they're forever banned?The answer, my ___________, is blowin' in the wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind.

Yes, 'n' how many years can a mountain existBefore it's washed to the sea?Yes, 'n' how many years ___________ some people existBefore they're allowed to be free?Yes, 'n' how ____________ times can a man turn his head,And pretend that he just doesn't __________?The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind.

Yes, 'n' how many __________must a man look upBefore he can see the sky?Yes, 'n' how many ears ____________ one man haveBefore he can hear people cry?Yes, 'n' how many __________ will it take till he knowsThat too many people have died?The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind.

How many roads must a man walk down?

Necessity- Must- Have to - Have got to

How many years can a mountain exist?

Ability- Can - Could

Modals in the Past

I should have gone to bed earlier last nightbecause I am tired.

S + Modal + Have + Past ParticipleI + should + have + gone

Past Possibility

What happened?

Past Possibility

May, Might, Could

The fisherman may have been lucky.

He might have caught the fish by himself.

He could have had help from his friends.

Past Probability

Must have + Past Participle

– To make statements that are deductions or logical conclusions

The fisherman must have caught the fish.

Past Regret

• Should have + Past Participle• Shouldn’t have + Past Participle• Ought to have + Past Participle

You shouldn’t have done that!

Uh-oh! I spent all my money!

• I should have saved my money. (regret)• I shouldn’t have gone shopping every

week. (regret)• I ought to have been more careful with

my money. (regret)• I could have waited until next month to

buy that jacket. (possibility)

Homework

Write about a mistake that you regret. What should you have done instead? Write a paragraph of 10 sentences.

Use each of these at least once with the past perfect: “could,” “should,” “shouldn’t,” and “ought to.”