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Convention
on
International
Trade in
Endangered
Species
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OUTLINE:�Introduction and Brief History
�How it works
�Authority Structure
�Local
�Global Trade Report
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Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be worth
billions of dollars and to include hundreds of millions of plant
and animal specimens.
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Brief History
1963-a result of a resolution adopted at a meeting of members
of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)
3 MARCH 1973- text of the Convention was finally agreed at a meeting of
representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., the USA
1 JULY 1975- convention entered in force
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What is CITES?
�an international agreement between
governments
�aim is to ensure that international
trade in specimens of wild animals
and plants does not threaten their
survival
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How does it work?
� it subjects international trade in specimens of
selected species to certain controls
� all import, export, re-export and introduction
has to be authorized through a licensing system
� species covered are listed in three Appendices,
according to the degree of protection they
need
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Three Appendices
� APPENDIX I
� APPENDIX II
� APPENDIX III
includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in
specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional
circumstances.
includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction,
but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid
utilization incompatible with their survival.
contains species that are protected in at least one country,
which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in
controlling the trade.
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Roughly 5,600 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants
are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through
international trade.
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CITES Secretariat distributes information to the
Parties. It is administered by UNEP and is located
at Geneva, Switzerland.
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Authority
- the supreme decision-making body of the Convention and
comprises all its member States
CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES (COP)
① review progress in the conservation of species
② consider/adopt proposals to amend the lists of species
③ consider discussion documents and reports
④ recommend measures to improve the effectiveness
⑤ make provisions (including the adoption of a budget) necessary
to allow the Secretariat to function effectively
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Authority
① provides policy guidance to the Secretariat concerning the
implementation of the Convention and oversees the
management of the Secretariat's budget
② coordinates and oversees, where required, the work of other
committees and working groups
③ carries out tasks given to it by the COP
④ drafts resolutions for consideration by the COP
- Members are Parties representing the 6 major geographical
regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Central and South
America and the Caribbean, and Oceania)
STANDING COMMITTEE
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PARTYRatification: 18 AUGUST 1981
Entry into force: 16 NOVEMBER 1981
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Convention
on
Biodiversity
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OUTLINE:�Introduction and Brief History
�Authority
�Objectives
�CBD International
�CBD National
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Introduction
Biodiversity is the variety of different
types of life found on Earth. It is a
measure of the variety of organisms
present in different ecosystems. This can
refer to genetic variation, ecosystem
variation, or species variation (number
of species) within an area, biome, or
planet.
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BIODIVERSITY
Why is it so important?
Why should I care?
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BIOLOGICAL SERVICES
Protecting areas from soil
erosion, floods and other
harmful weather conditionsReducing the risk
of local and
global climate
change
Pollination and biological control
Controlling pollutants
Monitoring the
health of the
environment
Economic Value
- Food
- Medicine
- Commercial
use
Cultural and aesthetic values
Recycling nutrients
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THREATS
Habitat destruction Genetic pollution
Climate change
Human overpopulation
Hybridization, genetic pollution/erosion and
food security
Overexploitation
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Brief History
NOVEMBER 1988
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) convened the Ad
Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity
MAY 1989
- established the Ad Hoc Working Group of Technical and Legal
Experts to prepare an international legal instrument for the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity
FEBRUARY 1991
- the Ad Hoc Working Group become known as the
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
22 MAY 1992
- Nairobi Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the
Convention on Biological Diversity
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Brief History
June 5, 1992 - opened for signature at the UN Conference on Environment and
Development (the Rio "Earth Summit").
- 168 signatures
- Convention entered into force Dec 29, 1993
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Authority
- consisting of all governments (and regional economic integration
organizations) that have ratified the treaty
① reviews progress under the Convention
② identifies new priorities
③ sets work plans for members
④ can make amendments to the Convention
⑤ create expert advisory bodies
⑥ review progress reports by member nations
⑦ collaborate with other international organizations and agreements
CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES (COP)
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Objectives
①The conservation of biological diversity
①The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity
①The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of
genetic resources
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Additional facts
on the CONVENTION
① stands as a landmark in international law
①covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources
①covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology, addressing technology
development and transfer, benefit-sharing and
biosafety
② legally binding; countries that join it are obliged to implement its provisions.
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INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL
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Protocols and
Supplementary Agreements
① Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
② Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable
Sharing of Benefits Arising from their
Utilization
③ Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House (ABS Clearing-House)
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Cartagena Protocol
• an international agreement on biosafety, as a
supplement to the Convention on Biological
Diversity
• seeks to protect biological diversity from the
potential risks posed by genetically modified
organisms resulting from modern biotechnology
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Nagoya Protocol
• a 2010 supplementary agreement to the CBD
• provides a transparent legal framework for the
implementation of one of the three objectives
of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of
benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources
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Access and Benefit-sharing
• a platform for exchanging information on
access and benefit-sharing established as part
of Clearing-House Convention
• a key tool for facilitating the implementation of
the Nagoya Protocol, by enhancing legal
certainty and transparency on procedures for
access, and for monitoring the utilization of
genetic resources
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International Day
The United Nations has proclaimed
May 22 The International Day for Biological Diversity (IDB)
to increase understanding and awareness of
biodiversity issues.
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NATIONAL
LEVEL
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Reporting
� each government that joins the Convention is to report on
what it has done to implement the accord, and how
effective this is in meeting the objectives of the
Convention.
� reports are submitted to theConference of the Parties (COP)
� reports can be viewed by the citizens of all nations
� The national reports, particularly when seen together, are
one of the key tools for tracking progress in meeting the
Convention's objectives.
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Participation
� Party since 1994-01-06
� Cartagena 2007-01-03