Minerals
description
Transcript of Minerals
![Page 1: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Minerals
![Page 3: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mineral Facts• There are about 3000 known minerals on earth. • All rocks are made up of 2 or more of these minerals. • Minerals are not rocks!• Silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the crust and
in minerals• Oxygen is the most abundant element in minerals
![Page 4: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gold
![Page 5: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Turquoise
![Page 6: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Quartz
![Page 7: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sulfur
![Page 8: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Magnetite
![Page 9: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Azurite
![Page 10: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Diamond
![Page 11: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How do you identify minerals?
• By properties/characteristics
• Properties stay the same. That’s why we use them.
![Page 12: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mineral Properties:Color
Inorganic Not made from living things or fossils
Natural Not man made
Solid Tightly packed, fixed molecules
Crystal Repeating patterns
Chemistry Atomic structure/chemical/internal structure determines the properties of a mineral
Luster Pearly, waxy, earthy, greasy dull
Streak Color of powder
![Page 13: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Identifying more Mineral Properties• Hardness scratch test • rub minerals against each other • or a glass plate,• finger nail, etc.
• Color-varies• Streak (streak test -rub against unglazed tile, powder )• Luster (shine, metallic, glassy, earth, pearly, greasy)• Density ( amount of matter in a given volume)• Crystal shape (cubic, right angles, perfect cube)• Cleavage( splits easily, smoothly along flat surfaces)• Fracture(does not split evenly)
![Page 14: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Diamonds• Diamonds are the hardest minerals• Only diamonds can scratch diamonds!!• A Diamonds internal arrangement of atoms leads to its
hardness
![Page 15: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Gemstones• Minerals are cut and polished to make gemstones(jewelry)• Includes Amethyst, ruby, emerald• Usually higher up on the MOHS scale(hard)• Would you want talc in a ring?
![Page 16: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Scratch Test Examples• Hardness Test Example• 1 Can be scratched easily with fingernail. talc• 2 Can be scratched with fingernail, but less easily. gypsum• 3 Can just be scratched with a copper penny. calcite• 4 Can be scratched easily with a knife but will not scratch glass.
fluorite• 5 Can be scratched with a knife with difficulty.
apatite• 6 Cannot be scratched with a knife; barely scratches glass. feldspar• 7 Scratches glass easily. quartz• 8 Scratches quartz easily. topaz• 9 Scratches topaz. corundum (ruby,
sapphire)• 10 Scratches topaz and all other minerals. diamond
![Page 17: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Formation of Minerals• Crystallization from cooling magma• Evaporation
![Page 18: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How do minerals break?• 1. Cleavage
• Smooth breakage
![Page 19: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rock hammer and goggle• To determine cleavage and fracture, you'll need a rock
hammer and a safe place to use it on mineral
![Page 20: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cleavage continued.• Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks. Many minerals break
along flat planes, or cleavages—some in only one direction (like mica), others in two directions (like feldspar), and some in three directions (like calcite) or more (like fluorite). Some minerals, like quartz, have no cleavage. Cleavage is an important property that results from a mineral's molecular structure, and cleavage is present even when the mineral doesn't form good crystals. Cleavage can also be described as perfect, good or poor.
![Page 21: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Moh’s Scale of Hardness
![Page 23: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fracture• Fracture is breakage that is not flat. The two main kinds of
fracture are shell-shaped, as in quartz and uneven. Metallic minerals may have a hackly (jagged) fracture. A mineral may have good cleavage in one or two directions but fracture in another direction
![Page 24: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Special Properties• Florescence-glows under ultra violet light.• Magnetic• Electrical (quartz when pressure is applied)
.
![Page 26: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Internal Arrangement of atomscauses the differences in hardness of different mineralshas geometric patternsis made ofrepeating patterns
![Page 27: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Interior of a mineral• The molecules are used to identify minerals• Scientist can see them with a special xray machine• The molecules determine how the mineral will break
![Page 28: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
A microscopic image shows bacteria covered in electrically conductive grains. Bacteria can use minerals in soil as electrical grids, which helps the microbes generate chemicals they need to survive, a new study says.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120608-microbes-bacteria-electricity-minerals-chemicals-swap-science
![Page 29: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• http://tcm.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b2.html
• Great Website!!• Mohs Scale of Hardness page
![Page 30: Minerals](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070422/568165e6550346895dd90643/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)