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Transcript of Earth Materials Minerals: The Crystalline State Minerals and Mineralogy Mineral Chemistry Atomic...
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Earth MaterialsMinerals: The Crystalline
State• Minerals and Mineralogy • Mineral Chemistry• Atomic Structure of Minerals• Minerals as indicators of the
environment of their formation
diamond quartz pyrite amethystasbestos
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Plate boundaries and Earthquakes
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Supercontinent and Plate Motion
Fig. 2.10
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Supercontinent and Plate Motion
56 million years ago
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Supercontinent and Plate Motion
120 million years ago
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Supercontinent and Plate Motion
200 million years ago
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Earth MaterialsMinerals: The Crystalline
State• Minerals and Mineralogy (p. 67-69)• Mineral Chemistry (p. 69-74)• Atomic Structure of Minerals (p. 74-
77)• Minerals as indicators of the
environment of their formation (p. 92)
diamond quartz pyrite amethystasbestos
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Definition of a Mineral
• Naturally formed (inorganic)
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Definition of a Mineral
• Naturally formed (inorganic)• Solid
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Definition of a Mineral
• Naturally formed (inorganic)• Solid • Specific chemical composition
– What chemical elements are present and in what proportions
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Definition of a Mineral
• Naturally occurring (inorganic)• Solid • Specific chemical composition• Crystal Structure
– Ordered arrangement of atoms
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Definition of a Mineral
• Naturally occurring (inorganic)• Solid • Specific chemical composition• Crystal Structure
Examples: quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), halite (NaCl)
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Rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals
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Polished section
~1 cm
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Thin Section
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Thin section under ordinary light
Magnetite
Mica
Quartz
Feldspar
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Thin section under polarized light
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What makes each mineral unique?(p.69)• Composition
What chemical elements are present and in what proportions
– Quartz SiO2
– Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO3
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What makes each mineral unique?(p.69)• Crystal Structure
How are the chemical elements packed together
Halite (NaCl)
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Extremely soft
Extremely hardBoth minerals are made of carbon (C)
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Atomic Arrangement& Physical Properties
3D framework
Sheet structure
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Elements and atoms
• Chemical Elementsmost fundamental substance
separated by chemical means
• Atomssmallest particle of matterretains all properties of an element
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Fig. 3.1
Structure of an Atom
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• Ion an atom with excess chargecations H+
anions O2-
• Chemical Compoundelectrically neutral comb. of ions
water, H2O H+, H+, O2-
Ions and Compounds ( p. 54-56)
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Complex ions
• Combination of ions with a charge
Si4+, O48- (SiO4)4- Silicate Ion
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Transferring Electrons between atoms
Fig. 3.2
Ionic Bonding
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Fig. 3.4
Covalent Bonds in Watersharing electrons between
atoms
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Nature of Bonding and Physical Properties
3D framework
Sheet structure
Fig. 3.3 and 3.5
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The Three States of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
Ice in a glacier is a mineralWater in the oceans is not a mineral
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Box B3.1
The Three States of
Water
Controlled by temperature and Pressure
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low Temp, High Pressure favors solid state
In Geology, melting is a change of state
high Temp, low Pressure favors gaseous state
General Rule
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Crystal Structure of Minerals (p. 74-77)
Two factors that control the arrangement of atoms and ions
Number of neighboring atoms/ions
Size of atom/ion
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Galena (PbS) Packing order of
atoms
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Packing arrangementPolymorphs
(p. 79)
Diamond
Graphite
Compounds that occur in more than 1 crystal arrangement
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Size of ions of some
geologically important
ions
Size is based on Charge
Fig. 3.8
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Silicate ion(SiO4)4-
O2-
O2- O2-
O2-
Si4+
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Ionic Substitution
Olivine
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Ionic Substitution
Olivine
Ions of Similar Size and Charge can substitute for each otherFor example
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Ionic Substitution
OlivineMg2
2+(SiO4)4-
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Ionic Substitution
OlivineFe2
2+(SiO4)4-
Fe2+-->Mg2+
Natural Olivine: (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
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Phase diagram
Fig. 3.31
Minerals as indicators of their environments of their formationp. 92
Pre
ssu
re
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Fig. 3.31
geotherm
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Diamonds from the Mantle
Fig. 3.31
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Fig. B3.1
Snowball
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