HALMÁGYI PÁL - CSANÁD ÉS TORONTÁL VÁRMEGYÉK TISZTSÉGVISELŐI 1779-1944
Milestones at the PHENIX experiment at RHIC Máté Csanád, Eötvös University Budapest for the...
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Transcript of Milestones at the PHENIX experiment at RHIC Máté Csanád, Eötvös University Budapest for the...
MilestonesMilestones atat the PHENIX the PHENIX experiment at RHICexperiment at RHIC
Máté Csanád, Eötvös University BudapestMáté Csanád, Eötvös University Budapestfor the for the PHENIX collaborationPHENIX collaboration
• Milestone #1: High pMilestone #1: High ptt suppression suppression• Milestone #2: The erfect fluid of Milestone #2: The erfect fluid of
quarksquarks• Heavy flavourHeavy flavour• Chiral dynamicsChiral dynamics• Further resultsFurther results
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
2/14
BNL FacilityBNL Facility
• protons: Linac protons: Linac Booster Booster AGS AGS RHIC RHIC
• ions: Tandems ions: Tandems Booster Booster AGS AGS RHIC RHIC
STAR
PHENIX
PHOBOSBRAHMS
RHIC, lenght: 3.83 km
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
3/14
The Plan circa 2000The Plan circa 2000• Use RHIC’s unprecedented capabilitiesUse RHIC’s unprecedented capabilities
– Large √sLarge √s →→• Access to reliable pQCD probesAccess to reliable pQCD probes• Clear separation of valence baryon number and glueClear separation of valence baryon number and glue• To provide definitive experimental evidence for/against To provide definitive experimental evidence for/against
QQuark Gluon Plasma (QGP)uark Gluon Plasma (QGP)
– Polarized p+p collisionsPolarized p+p collisions → proton spin structure! → proton spin structure!
• Two small detectors, two large detectorsTwo small detectors, two large detectors– Complementary Complementary && overlapping capabilities overlapping capabilities – Small detectorsSmall detectors: BRAHMS and PHOBOS: BRAHMS and PHOBOS
• 3-5 year lifetime3-5 year lifetime
– Large detectorsLarge detectors: STAR and PHENIX: STAR and PHENIX• Major capital investmentsMajor capital investments• Longer lifetimesLonger lifetimes• Potential for upgrades in response to discoveriesPotential for upgrades in response to discoveries
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
4/14
Since then …Since then …• Accelerator complexAccelerator complex
– 22 GeV (Au, Cu, p22 GeV (Au, Cu, p))– 56 GeV (Au)56 GeV (Au)– 62 GeV (Au,62 GeV (Au, Cu, pCu, p– 130 GeV (Au)130 GeV (Au)– 200 GeV (Au, Cu, d, p200 GeV (Au, Cu, d, p))– 410 GeV (p410 GeV (p))– 500 GeV (p500 GeV (p))
• ScienceScience– 100 publications in Phys. Rev. Letters100 publications in Phys. Rev. Letters– Major discoveriesMajor discoveries
• Future: RHIC-II and eRHICFuture: RHIC-II and eRHIC– Key science questions identifiedKey science questions identified– Accelerator and experimental upgrade programAccelerator and experimental upgrade program
underwayunderway
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
5/14
Event geometryEvent geometry• In these complicated events, we have a In these complicated events, we have a
posteriori control over the event geometry:posteriori control over the event geometry:– Degree of overlapDegree of overlap, number of participants (N, number of participants (Npartpart))– Orientation with respect to overlap (Reaction Plane)Orientation with respect to overlap (Reaction Plane)
Central Central Au+AuAu+Au
NNpartpart~300~300
Reaction Reaction
PlanePlane
Peripheral Peripheral Au+AuAu+Au
NNpartpart~~5500
d+Ad+Auu
p+p+pp
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
6/14
PHENIXPHENIX capabilities capabilities• Central armCentral arm, , |y|<0.35|y|<0.35, , Δφ=Δφ=ππ
– Tracking: DC, PC and TECTracking: DC, PC and TEC– Calorimetry: Calorimetry: PbGl and PbSc PbGl and PbSc ((EMCal)EMCal)– Particle ID: Particle ID: RICH RICH and and TTOFOF
• Muon armsMuon arms, 1.2<, 1.2<|y|<|y|<2.4, 2.4, ΔφΔφ=2=2ππ– TrackingTracking: : 3 muon tracker3 muon tracker– IIdentificationdentification 5 detection planes5 detection planes– Front absorber to stop hadronsFront absorber to stop hadrons
• Global detectorGlobal detectorss– BBC, MVDBBC, MVD– Centrality, vertex, reaction planeCentrality, vertex, reaction plane
• PhysicsPhysics– CCharged hadrons ( harged hadrons ( ππ±±, K, K±±, etc.), etc.)– PPhotonshotons,, direct or decay (direct or decay (→→ ηη , , ππ00))– LiLight mesonght mesonss φ, ω φ, ω and and η η– SSingle leptons → heavy flavoringle leptons → heavy flavor– DDi-leptons → heavy flavor, J/Ψi-leptons → heavy flavor, J/Ψ
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
7/14
Detector upgradesDetector upgrades• 20062006
– AerogelAerogel– Hadron-Blind DetectorHadron-Blind Detector– Reaction Plane DetectorReaction Plane Detector– Time Of Flight WestTime Of Flight West– Muon Piston CalorimeterMuon Piston Calorimeter
• 2007 – 20092007 – 2009– Silicon Vertex TrackerSilicon Vertex Tracker
• 2008 – 20112008 – 2011– Forward Vertex TrackerForward Vertex Tracker– Nose Cone CalorimeterNose Cone Calorimeter
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
8/14
The PHENIX CollaborationThe PHENIX Collaboration
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
9/14
A PHENIX eventA PHENIX event
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
10/14
Run-7 Run-7 Au+Au: Au+Au: major major success!success!
+ Upgrades: RXNP, TOF-W, MPC, HBD+ Upgrades: RXNP, TOF-W, MPC, HBD
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
11/14
Milestone #1: jet Milestone #1: jet suppressionsuppression
• Nuclear modification factor: Nuclear modification factor:
Measured in Au+Au, reference: p+pMeasured in Au+Au, reference: p+p
• High pHigh ptt particles suppressed! particles suppressed!
• Counter-probe: d+Au → Medium effect (not color gl. Counter-probe: d+Au → Medium effect (not color gl. cond.)cond.)
• 2 PRL covers2 PRL coversAu+AuAu+Au
d+Aud+Au
ABAB
binary AB pp
Yield1R
N Yield
AB
ABbinary AB pp
Yield1R
N Yield
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
12/14
Systematic Systematic ssuppressionuppression of of ππ00
• Appr. cAppr. constanonstant t for pfor pTT > 4 GeV/c for all centralities > 4 GeV/c for all centralities
– PQM (Loizides) hep-ph/0608133:PQM (Loizides) hep-ph/0608133: 6 ≤ q6 ≤ q^̂ ≤ 24 GeV2/fm ≤ 24 GeV2/fm
– GLV (Vitev) hep-ph/0603010:GLV (Vitev) hep-ph/0603010: 1000 ≤ dN1000 ≤ dNgg/dy ≤ 2000/dy ≤ 2000
– WHDG (Horowitz) nucl-th/0512076:WHDG (Horowitz) nucl-th/0512076: 600 ≤ dN600 ≤ dNgg/dy ≤ 1600/dy ≤ 1600
Su
pp
ressed
Su
pp
ressed
En
han
ced
En
han
ced
Phys.Rev.C76:034904,2007
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
13/14
Photons shine, Pions don’tPhotons shine, Pions don’t
• No direct photon suppression until 14 GeVNo direct photon suppression until 14 GeV– DDecreasing trendecreasing trend at >14 GeV at >14 GeV– Isospin, shadowing and energy loss, see F. Arleo, Isospin, shadowing and energy loss, see F. Arleo, hep-ph/0601075hep-ph/0601075
• SSuppressionuppression of of ππ00 stays nearly constant stays nearly constant up to 20 up to 20 GeV/cGeV/c
• Direct photons are not inhibited by hot/dense mediumDirect photons are not inhibited by hot/dense medium
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
14/14
J/J/ΨΨ suppressionsuppression in Au+Au in Au+Au
• Even J/ Even J/ ΨΨ suppressed! suppressed!– beyond extrapolations from beyond extrapolations from
cold nuclear matter effectscold nuclear matter effects
• RRAAAA ~ 0.3 for central ~ 0.3 for central collisionscollisions
• Larger suppression at |Larger suppression at |y|>1.2y|>1.2
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232001 (2007)
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
15/14
Milestone #2: The perfect fluidMilestone #2: The perfect fluid
• Momentum distribution axially Momentum distribution axially
symmetric?symmetric?
• Azimuthal angle w.r.t. reaction placeAzimuthal angle w.r.t. reaction place
• Elliptic flow vElliptic flow v22: azimuthal asymmetry: azimuthal asymmetry– Measures collective behaviorMeasures collective behavior– Zero vZero v22 for a rare gas for a rare gas
– Hydrodynamic behavior: vHydrodynamic behavior: v22 > 0 > 0 nucl-th/0512078nucl-th/0512078
ΔΔφφReactio
n
Reaction
planeplane
12 N ( )
v cos(2 )
1
2 N ( )v cos(2 )
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
16/14
Top Story 2005Top Story 2005According to the American Institut of According to the American Institut of Physics the top physics story in 2005 Physics the top physics story in 2005
was the discovery of the perfect liquidwas the discovery of the perfect liquid
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
17/14
Perfect fluid of quarksPerfect fluid of quarks
• Relevant variable: not pRelevant variable: not ptt, but transverse kinetic energ , but transverse kinetic energ KEKEtt
• Elliptic flow scales with number of constituent quarks!Elliptic flow scales with number of constituent quarks!• Degrees of freedom: quarks?Degrees of freedom: quarks?
PHENIX Collaboration, Phys.Rev.Letters 98:162301, 2007PHENIX Collaboration, Phys.Rev.Letters 98:162301, 2007
2 2( ) ( )
hadron quarkT T
hadron hadron quark quarkT T
KE nKE
v KE nv KE
2 2( ) ( )
hadron quarkT T
hadron hadron quark quarkT T
KE nKE
v KE nv KE
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
18/14
Even d, D and Even d, D and ΦΦ flow flow• Strange and even charm quarks participate in the flowStrange and even charm quarks participate in the flow• vv22 for the φ follows that of other mesons for the φ follows that of other mesons• vv22 for the d follows thatof other barions for the d follows thatof other barions• vv22 for the D follows that of other mesons for the D follows that of other mesons
nucl-ex/0703024
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
19/14
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172301 (2007)
Heavy flavourHeavy flavour• Electrons from Electrons from
heavy flavour heavy flavour measuredmeasured
• Even heavy flavour Even heavy flavour is suppressedis suppressed
• Even heavy flavour Even heavy flavour flowsflows
• SStrong coupling of trong coupling of charmcharm+bottom+bottom to to the mediumthe medium
• SSmall mall charmcharm+bottom+bottom relaxation time in relaxation time in medium and small medium and small viscosityviscosity
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
20/14
Signal of chiral dynamicsSignal of chiral dynamics
•SSignificant excess at ignificant excess at mmeeee<< 1GeV/c 1GeV/c in in Au+AAu+Auu
•Not in p+pNot in p+p
•Not in peripheral Au+AuNot in peripheral Au+Au
•Present in central Au+AuPresent in central Au+Au
•Enhancement of Enhancement of ηη’, ’, ηη, , ωω??
arXiv:0706.3034 [nucl-ex]
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
21/14
Restoration of chiral Restoration of chiral symmetry?symmetry?
• Prediction: mass of Prediction: mass of ’ decreases in hot ’ decreases in hot and dense matter due to Uand dense matter due to UAA(1) symmetry (1) symmetry restorationrestoration
• Idea: measure Idea: measure (m(mtt) at low momenta!) at low momenta!Hot and dense matter:Hot and dense matter:Modified Modified ’’ mass mass
Enhanced Enhanced ’’ production production
Decay:Decay:’’+++ + ++-- ((00++++++−−)+)+++++−−
with long lifetimewith long lifetimeAverage Average pptt: 138 MeV: 138 MeV
More non interacting More non interacting ’s at 138 MeV’s at 138 MeV
(m(mtt) measures fraction of ) measures fraction of
interacting interacting ’s’s
Hole in Hole in (m(mtt))
Hot and dense matter:Hot and dense matter:Modified Modified ’’ mass mass
Enhanced Enhanced ’’ production production
Decay:Decay:’’+++ + ++-- ((00++++++−−)+)+++++−−
with long lifetimewith long lifetimeAverage Average pptt: 138 MeV: 138 MeV
More non interacting More non interacting ’s at 138 MeV’s at 138 MeV
(m(mtt) measures fraction of ) measures fraction of
interacting interacting ’s’s
Hole in Hole in (m(mtt))
nucl-ex/nucl-ex/05090420509042
PHENIX PRELIMINARY
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
22/14
Three particle correlationsThree particle correlations
• Two angles:Two angles: ΔΦ ΔΦ and and ΔΔΘΘ• Simulations: jet deflection and Mach structuresSimulations: jet deflection and Mach structures• DataData: compatible with: compatible with Mach cone like structure Mach cone like structure
• UUnderlying vnderlying v22 contribution not subtracted contribution not subtracted yet yet
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
23/14
3D 3D two-pion two-pion source imagingsource imaging• A new technique A new technique
successfully appliedsuccessfully applied• Two-pion correlation Two-pion correlation
functions ↔ source functions ↔ source functionsfunctions
• Distribution of pair Distribution of pair separation measuredseparation measured
• Information on Information on hadronizationhadronization
• In LCMS: expected In LCMS: expected elongation in out (x) elongation in out (x) directiondirection
• Excess: elongation on the x Excess: elongation on the x and z axis; why?and z axis; why?
• Model-dependent answer: Model-dependent answer: Resonance decays and Resonance decays and ΔτΔτ=2fm/c=2fm/c PHENIX PRELIMINARY
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
24/14
Critical phenomenaCritical phenomena• Density correlations measuredDensity correlations measured
– Well described by Negative Binomial DistributionsWell described by Negative Binomial Distributions– Interpolating between Bose-Einstein and PoissonInterpolating between Bose-Einstein and Poisson
– Basic parameter k ↔ Basic parameter k ↔ ξξ ↔ susceptibility ↔ susceptibility χχωω=0=0~|T-T~|T-Tcc||-1-1
• Parameter Parameter ξξ monotonical in temperature monotonical in temperature• Not at the critical point!Not at the critical point!
• Local max. at NLocal max. at Npartpart≈90≈90
• Critical phenomenon?Critical phenomenon?in Landau-Ginzbergin Landau-Ginzberg
frameworkframework
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
25/14
Summary and conclusionsSummary and conclusions• High pHigh ptt hadrons suppressed hadrons suppressed
→ → strongly interacting matterstrongly interacting matter– Even J/Even J/ΨΨ and heavy flavour, photons not and heavy flavour, photons not
• Flow effects observed, quark number Flow effects observed, quark number scalingscaling
→ → perfect fluid of quarksperfect fluid of quarks– Scaling valid for Scaling valid for ππ, K, D, , K, D, φφ, p, d, p, d
– Even charm and bottom flowEven charm and bottom flow
• Details being exploredDetails being explored– Source geometrySource geometry
– Critical phenomenaCritical phenomena
Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
27/14
System size dependence of System size dependence of ππ00
RRAAAA
RRAAAA is the same in Cu+Cu and Au+Au at equal N is the same in Cu+Cu and Au+Au at equal Npartpart
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
28/14
J/J/ΨΨ production in p+p collisions production in p+p collisions
• 10 times more statistics 10 times more statistics thanthan previous previous measurementmeasurement– better constraints on rapidity and pbetter constraints on rapidity and ptt spectrum spectrum– better reference for the nuclear modification factorbetter reference for the nuclear modification factor
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232002 (2007)
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
29/14
J/Ψ RJ/Ψ RAAAA vs vs ppTT in Au+Au in Au+AuPhys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232001 (2007)
No significant No significant change of the change of the pptt distributions distributions with respect to with respect to p+p, but error p+p, but error bars are largebars are large
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
30/14
J/J/ΨΨ R RAAAA vs rapidity in Au+Au vs rapidity in Au+Au
0-20% 20-40%
40-60% 60-92%
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232001 (2007) • PeripheralPeripheral::– no no
modification of modification of the rapidity the rapidity distribution distribution with respect to with respect to p+p collisionsp+p collisions
• Central: Central: – narrowing of narrowing of
the rapidity the rapidity distributiondistribution
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
31/14
ViscosityViscosity
• An AdS/CFT lower bound:An AdS/CFT lower bound:– hep-th/9711200, gr-qc/0602037, hep-th/9711200, gr-qc/0602037,
hep-th/0405231hep-th/0405231• MeasurementsMeasurements
– R. Lacey et al.,R. Lacey et al., nucl-ex/0609025nucl-ex/0609025
– H.-J. Drescher et al.,H.-J. Drescher et al., ararx:x:0704.35530704.3553
– S. GavinS. Gavin,, M. Abdel-Aziz, M. Abdel-Aziz, nucl-th/0606061nucl-th/0606061
– A. Adare et al.,A. Adare et al., n nucl-ex/0611018ucl-ex/0611018
(1.1 0.2 1.2)4s
(1.1 0.2 1.2)4s
(1.0 3.8)4s
(1.0 3.8)4s
(1.3 2.0)4s
(1.3 2.0)4s
(1.9 2.5)4s
(1.9 2.5)4s
4s
4s
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
32/14
• Perfect ≠ ideal!Perfect ≠ ideal!– Perfect: negligible viscosity and heat conductionPerfect: negligible viscosity and heat conduction– Ideal: incompressibleIdeal: incompressible
• ViViscosityscosity : measure of resistance to shear : measure of resistance to shear stressstress– Approx.:Approx.:
• Low viscosityLow viscosity High cross-sect. High cross-sect. Strong Strong couplingcoupling
• Important measure: kinematic viscosity Important measure: kinematic viscosity • AdS/CFT duality:AdS/CFT duality:
– hep-th/9711200, gr-qc/0602037, hep-th/9711200, gr-qc/0602037, hep-th/0405231hep-th/0405231
• Measurements:Measurements:– nucl-ex/0609025, arxiv:0704.3553,nucl-ex/0609025, arxiv:0704.3553,
nucl-th/0606061, nucl-ex/0611018nucl-th/0606061, nucl-ex/0611018
A perfect fluid?A perfect fluid?
(mom.density)×(mean free path)σ
pv (mom.density)×(mean free path)
σ
pv
(1.8 0.6 1.2)4s
(1.8 0.6 1.2)4s
4s
4s
s s
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
33/14
LLight mesons Right mesons RAAAA
ω in Au+Au@200 GeV, cent: 60-92% and 0-20%
• HighHigh p ptt suppression for suppression for φφ and ω,and ω, s similar to imilar to ππ and η and η
• RRdAdA also compatible with (equal to 1) also compatible with (equal to 1)
, p and π in Au+Au@200 GeV 0-10%
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
34/14
Comparison: Comparison: ρρ mass mass modificationmodification
R.Rapp, Phys.Lett. B 473 (2000)R.Rapp, Phys.Lett. B 473 (2000)R.Rapp, Phys.Rev.C 63 (2001)R.Rapp, Phys.Rev.C 63 (2001)R.Rapp, nucl/th/0204003R.Rapp, nucl/th/0204003
calculations for min calculations for min bias QGPbias QGP, , thermal thermal radiation includedradiation included
Broad range Broad range enhancement enhancement
150 < m150 < meeee < 750 < 750
MeVMeV3.4±0.2(stat.) 3.4±0.2(stat.)
±1.3(syst.)±1.3(syst.)±0.7(model)±0.7(model)
submitted to Phys. Rev. submitted to Phys. Rev. LettLett
arXiv:0706.3034arXiv:0706.3034
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
35/14
Mean pMean ptt22 vs N vs Npartpart
• <p<ptt22>>
– 0<p0<ptt<5<5 GeV/cGeV/c
• Constant vs Constant vs NNpartpart
– For Au+Au, For Au+Au, Cu+Cu, p+pCu+Cu, p+p
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
36/14
11stst milestone: new milestone: new phenomenonphenomenon
• Suppression of high pSuppression of high ptt particles: PHENIX result particles: PHENIX result on the cover of Physical Review Letterson the cover of Physical Review Letters
• Is this a medium effect?Is this a medium effect?
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
37/14
22ndnd: new type of matter: new type of matter
• The new phenomenon is not obserable in d+Au The new phenomenon is not obserable in d+Au
collisionscollisions
• Not the modification of the nucleusNot the modification of the nucleus
• Au+Au: it is a new type of matter!Au+Au: it is a new type of matter!
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
38/14
Proton spin structure via Proton spin structure via heavy flavorheavy flavor
• LLongitudinally ongitudinally polarized proton beamspolarized proton beams
• J/ΨJ/Ψ measured measured• Sensitive to PDFSensitive to PDF
proton
proton
gluon
gluonheavy fl.
QQggLL
BG
BGLLBG
inclLLJ
LL
YB
inclLL
axgxg
xgxg
fAfA
A
NRNNRN
PPA
)()(
)()(
1
1
2
2
1
1
/