Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Europe’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. US

RREEGGIIOONNSS

RREEGGIIOONNSS

Europe: A Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsula of Peninsulas?Peninsulas?

Europe: A Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsula of Peninsulas?Peninsulas?

OROROROR

A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?

Europe:Europe: An Asian An Asian PeninsulaPeninsula??

Europe:Europe: An Asian An Asian PeninsulaPeninsula??

Northern PeninsulasNorthern PeninsulasNorthern PeninsulasNorthern Peninsulas

Jutland Peninsula

Scandinavian Peninsula

Southern PeninsulasSouthern PeninsulasSouthern PeninsulasSouthern Peninsulas

Iberian Peninsul

a

Italian Peninsul

a

Balkan Peninsul

a

AnatoleanPeninsu

la

CrimeanPeninsul

a

BBooddiieess

ofof

WWaatteerr

BBooddiieess

ofof

WWaatteerr Mediterranean Sea

North Sea

AtlanticOcean Baltic

Sea

BlackSea

AegeanSea

Adriatic Sea

TyrrhenianSea

Bay ofBiscay

Strait ofGibraltar

DardanellesStrait

ArcticOcean

English Channel

CaspianSea

RRiivveerrss

RRiivveerrss Danube R.

Seine R.Rhine R.

Loire R.

Po R.

Tiber R.

Tagus R.

Thames R.

Elbe R.

Oder R.

Vistula R.

Vo

lga R

.Don R.

Ebro R.

The Mediterranean Sea: The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Mare NostrumNostrum

The Mediterranean Sea: The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Mare NostrumNostrum

2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide

“ “Crossroads of 3 Continents”Crossroads of 3 Continents”

Strait of Gibraltar Strait of Gibraltar & the& the “Pillars of “Pillars of

Hercules”Hercules”

The Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube River

Flows through the Flows through the 12 countries12 countries of Germany, Austria, of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine. Ukraine.

Where Buda Where Buda & Pest Meet& Pest MeetWhere Buda Where Buda & Pest Meet& Pest MeetBiking Biking

Along the Along the DanubeDanube

Biking Biking Along the Along the DanubeDanube

The Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga River

The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.

Why are most Why are most of the capitals of the capitals of Europe on of Europe on

major riversmajor rivers????

Why are most Why are most of the capitals of the capitals of Europe on of Europe on

major riversmajor rivers????

Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (1)(1)Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (1)(1)

Paris, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineLondon on the ThamesLondon on the ThamesLondon on the ThamesLondon on the Thames

Prague on the VltavaPrague on the VltavaPrague on the VltavaPrague on the Vltava Budapest on the DanubeBudapest on the DanubeBudapest on the DanubeBudapest on the Danube

Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (2)(2)Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (2)(2)

Berlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow River

Rome on the TiberRome on the TiberRome on the TiberRome on the Tiber Vienna on the DanubeVienna on the DanubeVienna on the DanubeVienna on the Danube

What’sWhat’sthethe

answeranswer????

What’sWhat’sthethe

answeranswer????

Answer:Answer:Answer:Answer:

They are They are Europe’s lifeline!Europe’s lifeline!

They are They are Europe’s lifeline!Europe’s lifeline!

MMoouuttaaiinnss

&&

PPeeaakkss

MMoouuttaaiinnss

&&

PPeeaakkss

Alps Mts.Pyrennes Mts.

Apennines Mts.

Carpathian Mts. Caucasus Mts.

Ural M

ts.

Mt. Etna ^

Mt. Vesuvius ^Mt. Olympus ^

The AlpsThe AlpsThe AlpsThe Alps

Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, andand parts of Italy and France. parts of Italy and France.

Mt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the Alps

Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feetHighest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet

TransylvaniaTransylvania in the Carpathian in the Carpathian MountainsMountains

TransylvaniaTransylvania in the Carpathian in the Carpathian MountainsMountains

Home of Home of Vlad TepešVlad Tepeš, the, the Drakul Drakul (“Count Dracula”)(“Count Dracula”)

Ural Mountains: “The Great Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”Divide”

Ural Mountains: “The Great Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”Divide”

Divides the European and Asian sections of Divides the European and Asian sections of Russia.Russia.

1500

mile

s

The Ural MountainsThe Ural MountainsThe Ural MountainsThe Ural Mountains

European backgroundEuropean background

Isolated and cut off from Middle East. Isolated and cut off from Middle East. India and China.India and China.

Germanic invaders shifted focus to Germanic invaders shifted focus to North:North:

Scandinavian peninsulaScandinavian peninsula British IslesBritish Isles Northern Europe: Denmark, Germany, Northern Europe: Denmark, Germany,

France and Iberian PeninsulaFrance and Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean countriesMediterranean countries

Resources Resources there:there:

– TimberTimber– AgricultureAgriculture– MineralsMinerals– Fishing Fishing – HuntingHunting

Tribes:Tribes:

– Would live in Would live in small small communities communities and elect and elect warrior kings.warrior kings.

TradeTrade

GuildGuild– Association of people who worked at the Association of people who worked at the

same occupationsame occupation– Set standard price and sizeSet standard price and size

Recreation of TownsRecreation of Towns

With the re-development of trade, With the re-development of trade, new towns formednew towns formed

Towns were not planned very wellTowns were not planned very well– Streets were narrowStreets were narrow– No SewersNo Sewers– Waste was dumped in the streetsWaste was dumped in the streets– Most never bathedMost never bathed– No fresh water supplyNo fresh water supply

SurnamesSurnames

People can trace their last names People can trace their last names back to medieval occupationsback to medieval occupations– Smites- means works with metalSmites- means works with metal

Brownsmith- copperBrownsmith- copper Goldsmith- goldGoldsmith- gold Silversmith- silverSilversmith- silver

– Work with wood—CarpenterWork with wood—Carpenter– Places—person from Wales had the Places—person from Wales had the

name Welshname Welsh– New people might be named NewmanNew people might be named Newman

FeudalismFeudalism

FeudalismFeudalism

Lord- landownerLord- landowner Fief- land grantedFief- land granted Vassal- person who received the fiefVassal- person who received the fief Serfs- people who could not lawfully Serfs- people who could not lawfully

leave the place where they were leave the place where they were born—they could be sold or boughtborn—they could be sold or bought

Knights- warriors who pledged to Knights- warriors who pledged to defend their lord’s landdefend their lord’s land

Invasions Trigger ChangeInvasions Trigger Change

Disruption of tradeDisruption of trade Downfall of citiesDownfall of cities Population shiftPopulation shift Decline of learningDecline of learning

– Few people can read and writeFew people can read and write– Mainly church officialsMainly church officials– Oral traditions continuedOral traditions continued– Loss of common languageLoss of common language

Germanic Kingdoms EmergeGermanic Kingdoms Emerge

Shift from government and written Shift from government and written lawlaw

Germanic society banned through Germanic society banned through family and personal loyaltyfamily and personal loyalty

Warriors would fight for a leader they Warriors would fight for a leader they respected but not a king they do not respected but not a king they do not knowknow

Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

Christianity spreads among the Christianity spreads among the peoplepeople

Monasteries and Convents begin to Monasteries and Convents begin to emergeemerge

Gregory I becomes pope in 590Gregory I becomes pope in 590– Named Gregory the GreatNamed Gregory the Great– Under Gregory they become a worldly Under Gregory they become a worldly

powerpower

FranksFranks

Germanic tribe in control of GaulGermanic tribe in control of Gaul Clovis was the leaderClovis was the leader During a battle versus another Germanic During a battle versus another Germanic

Clovis prayed for helpClovis prayed for help After the prayer the tide shifted to Clovis, After the prayer the tide shifted to Clovis,

which enables him to winwhich enables him to win Clovis converts to ChristianityClovis converts to Christianity Eventually, Clovis unites the Germanic tribesEventually, Clovis unites the Germanic tribes Franks and Rome begin a close relationshipFranks and Rome begin a close relationship

Clovis: King of FranksClovis: King of Franks

– Conquered Gaul: Conquered Gaul: – now France and converted to now France and converted to

Christianity.Christianity. Who is an automatic ally because of this?Who is an automatic ally because of this?

– ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH!ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH!

MUSLIMS ON THEIR WAY THROUGH EUROPE!MUSLIMS ON THEIR WAY THROUGH EUROPE! Muslims advanced through Spain and parts of Muslims advanced through Spain and parts of

France.France.– Defeated in 732 AD by Charles Martel (Charles Defeated in 732 AD by Charles Martel (Charles

the Hammer) at the Battle of Tours. the Hammer) at the Battle of Tours.

Charles MartelCharles Martel

Was mayor of the palaceWas mayor of the palace– This became the most powerful person This became the most powerful person

in the kingdomin the kingdom Nickname: “Charles the Hammer”Nickname: “Charles the Hammer”

Defeated Muslims at the Battle of Defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732Tours in 732– Why is this an important outcome for Why is this an important outcome for

European history?European history?

Age of ChivalryAge of Chivalry

Charles Martel Charles Martel observed the observed the Muslims on Muslims on horsebackhorseback

Saddle and stirrupsSaddle and stirrups Knights would Knights would

receive land for their receive land for their servicesservices

Their pastimes Their pastimes revolved around revolved around training for wartraining for war

Pepin the ShortPepin the Short

Son of MartelSon of Martel Pepin wanted to become kingPepin wanted to become king

– Lombards were invading ItalyLombards were invading Italy– Pepin agreed to fight themPepin agreed to fight them– After defeating them, St. Boniface, the After defeating them, St. Boniface, the

pope crowned him “king by the grace of pope crowned him “king by the grace of God”God”

Start of Carolingian (KAR- uh-LIHN-Start of Carolingian (KAR- uh-LIHN-juhn) Dynasty juhn) Dynasty

CharlemagneCharlemagne

Son of PepinSon of Pepin Also known as “Charles the Great”Also known as “Charles the Great” Stood more than 6ft tall.Stood more than 6ft tall. Could read but not write.Could read but not write. Sent out “missi dominici”: provincial Sent out “missi dominici”: provincial

rulers to check on roads, grievances and rulers to check on roads, grievances and ensure justice in the kingdom.ensure justice in the kingdom.

Loved battle: united Germanic tribes of Loved battle: united Germanic tribes of Europe.Europe.

CharlemagneCharlemagne Helped to spread Helped to spread

Christianity, while Christianity, while uniting Germanic uniting Germanic tribes western tribes western EuropeEurope

In 800 Charlemagne In 800 Charlemagne defeated an unruly defeated an unruly mob that attacked mob that attacked the popethe pope

Pope Leo III thanked Pope Leo III thanked him by crowning him him by crowning him emperoremperor

CharlemagneCharlemagne

Education was a staple to his reign.Education was a staple to his reign.– Palace school of Aachen (AH-kuhn)Palace school of Aachen (AH-kuhn)

Run by respected scholar: Alcuin (AL-kwihn)Run by respected scholar: Alcuin (AL-kwihn)

Hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts Hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts including Bible and Latin works in History including Bible and Latin works in History and Scienceand Science

– Became the textbooks of Europe for over 700 Became the textbooks of Europe for over 700 years.years.

Treaty of VerdunTreaty of Verdun

Divided Charlemagne’s empire into Divided Charlemagne’s empire into three sectionsthree sections– West- Charles the BaldWest- Charles the Bald– Central- LothairCentral- Lothair– East- Louis the GermanEast- Louis the German

KnighthoodKnighthood IdealsIdeals

– LoyalLoyal– BraveBrave– CourteousCourteous

Most treated the lower Most treated the lower class brutallyclass brutally

Public shame for Public shame for disregarddisregard– Spurs were cut offSpurs were cut off– Sword broken over their Sword broken over their

headhead– Thrown in a coffin, then Thrown in a coffin, then

dragged to a churchdragged to a church– Mock funeral serviceMock funeral service

KnighthoodKnighthood

PagePage– Sent by parents to Sent by parents to

another lordanother lord– Waited on their Waited on their

guestsguests– Played chessPlayed chess– Practiced sword Practiced sword

fightingfighting

SquireSquire– Around the age of Around the age of

14 raised to the 14 raised to the rank of squirerank of squire

– Took care of Took care of knight’s armor, knight’s armor, weapons, and weapons, and warhorsewarhorse

KnighthoodKnighthood

TournamentsTournaments– Two armies of knights would face each Two armies of knights would face each

otherother– Winners could usually demanded large Winners could usually demanded large

ransoms from defeated knightsransoms from defeated knights

ManorManor Heart of Medieval Heart of Medieval

economyeconomy Self-sufficiency was Self-sufficiency was

part of manor lifepart of manor life Food, clothing etc. Food, clothing etc.

provided on manor.provided on manor. Mill ground grain, Mill ground grain,

well provided water, well provided water, ovens produced ovens produced bread, blacksmith bread, blacksmith forged implements forged implements for farming and for farming and weapons for knights. weapons for knights.

Life expectancy on Life expectancy on manor was 35manor was 35

CastlesCastles Had a tower Had a tower ringed by a ringed by a fence or wallfence or wall

Surrounded by Surrounded by a moata moat

Ditch filled Ditch filled with water.with water.

Drawbridge Drawbridge controlled by controlled by interior, interior, restricted restricted accessaccess

Battering RamBattering Ram Used to crack walls Used to crack walls

or drawbridgesor drawbridges

Siege TowerSiege Tower

Had a platform on Had a platform on top that lowered top that lowered like a drawbridgelike a drawbridge

Support weapons Support weapons and troopsand troops

TrebuchetTrebuchet

Giant slingshotGiant slingshot– Pots of burning limePots of burning lime– BouldersBoulders– Severed human Severed human

headsheads– SoldiersSoldiers– Diseased cowsDiseased cows– Dead horsesDead horses

CatapultCatapult Flung huge rocks that Flung huge rocks that

crashed into castle wallscrashed into castle walls

ChivalryChivalry

Code of conduct for Code of conduct for knights.knights.

Captured knights Captured knights could be released could be released after a ransom was after a ransom was paidpaid

Women were Women were protected and protected and honored.honored.

The Medieval Church:The Medieval Church:Middle Ages called “age of Middle Ages called “age of

faith”faith” Roman Catholic Roman Catholic

ChurchChurch– After fall of Rome, After fall of Rome,

church split into church split into eastern and eastern and western.western. Western branch of Western branch of

church – Roman church – Roman CatholicCatholic

Eastern branch of Eastern branch of church- Eastern church- Eastern Orthodox ChurchOrthodox Church

PopePope– Religious and Religious and

secular (worldly) secular (worldly) leaderleader

– Ruled in papal Ruled in papal states (Italy)states (Italy)

– Claimed authority Claimed authority over secular rulers.over secular rulers.

Christian beliefsChristian beliefs

Belief: All people are sinnersBelief: All people are sinners Sinners were doomed to eternal sufferingSinners were doomed to eternal suffering

– Achieve salvation through the sacraments.Achieve salvation through the sacraments. Canon law: Canon law:

– Law of the churchLaw of the church– applied to church teachings, clergy, marriage and morals.applied to church teachings, clergy, marriage and morals.

Excommunication = break church laws.Excommunication = break church laws.– No sacraments, shunned, no burial on sacred groundNo sacraments, shunned, no burial on sacred ground

Interdict: Interdict: exclusion of town from receiving the sacraments.exclusion of town from receiving the sacraments. Tithe – tax to church equal to 1/10 of incomeTithe – tax to church equal to 1/10 of income

Church and Holy Roman Church and Holy Roman EmpireEmpire

Issue with lay investitureIssue with lay investiture– Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed

church officials called “simony”.church officials called “simony”. Simony – selling of positions in the church.Simony – selling of positions in the church. ie. Bishops and archbishopsie. Bishops and archbishops

– 1075 -Pope Gregory VII banned it1075 -Pope Gregory VII banned it– German Emperor Henry IV called the pope a German Emperor Henry IV called the pope a

false monk and ordered him to step downfalse monk and ordered him to step down– Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IVPope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV

Henry IV stood for three days in the snowHenry IV stood for three days in the snow– Why? Why?

Repentance and remorse - hoping for forgiveness Repentance and remorse - hoping for forgiveness and allowed back into the churchand allowed back into the church

Church and Holy Roman Church and Holy Roman EmpireEmpire

Henry IV was one of the strongest Henry IV was one of the strongest rulers in Europe at the timerulers in Europe at the time– Gregory stood his groundGregory stood his ground– Won an important political battle at the Won an important political battle at the

timetime What did this say about the Church and its What did this say about the Church and its

influence?influence?

Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms

Issued under Henry VIssued under Henry V Rule: Rule:

– Emperor could grant a bishop secular Emperor could grant a bishop secular powerspowers

HOWEVERHOWEVER

– The Church The Church alonealone could grant a bishop could grant a bishop sacred authority (ring and staff)sacred authority (ring and staff)

MonasticismMonasticism

Benedict – Monte Cassino, Italy 530 Benedict – Monte Cassino, Italy 530 ADAD

Monks and nuns:Monks and nuns:– Vows of poverty, chastity and Vows of poverty, chastity and

obedience.obedience.– Devoted to prayer and manual laborDevoted to prayer and manual labor– Kept inside monastery walls awayKept inside monastery walls away– Tended to sick, gave alms, set up Tended to sick, gave alms, set up

schoolsschools

MonksMonks Virgil – AeniedVirgil – Aenied

– Copied as a form of laborCopied as a form of labor Cassiodorus (Italy)Cassiodorus (Italy)

– Summaries of Latin and Greek worksSummaries of Latin and Greek works Venerable Bede (England)Venerable Bede (England)

– First to use AD and BC to date historical eventsFirst to use AD and BC to date historical events St. Patrick (Ireland)St. Patrick (Ireland)

– Monk who crossed into Ireland to set up Irish Monk who crossed into Ireland to set up Irish ChurchChurch

St. Augustine (England)St. Augustine (England)– Monk sent as a missionary to Angles and SaxonsMonk sent as a missionary to Angles and Saxons– Archbishop of CanterburyArchbishop of Canterbury

Frederick BarbarossaFrederick Barbarossa First ruler to call his First ruler to call his

lands the Holy lands the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Fought with the popeFought with the pope His enemies formed His enemies formed

the Lombard League, the Lombard League, they defeated himthey defeated him

After he drowned in After he drowned in 1190 his empire 1190 his empire became fragmentedbecame fragmented