Microwave Devices and Circuit Design - KopyKitab · 2018-10-01 · SOLID STATE MICROWAVE DEVICES...

Microwave Devices andCircuit Design

Microwave Devices andCircuit Design

Ganesh Prasad SrivastavaVijay Laxmi Gupta

Ganesh Prasad SrivastavaVijay Laxmi Gupta

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MICROWAVE DEVICES AND CIRCUIT DESIGNGanesh Prasad Srivastava and Vijay Laxmi Gupta

© 2006 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-2195-3

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Fifth Printing … … November, 2013

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Syndicate Binders, A-20, Hosiery Complex, Noida, Phase-II Extension, Noida-201305 (N.C.R. Delhi).

Contents

iii

Preface ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1–6

1.1 Microwave Engineering 11.2 Microwave Frequencies 11.3 An Overview of Applications of Microwaves 2

1.3.1 Bandwidth 31.3.2 Electromagnetic Noise 31.3.3 Antenna Size and Reflection from Targets 31.3.4 Microwave Interaction with Materials 31.3.5 Stable Oscillation Frequencies 3

1.4 Microwave Circuits 31.5 Microwave Matching Networks 41.6 Historical Landmarks 4

1.6.1 First Experiments in Radio Communications 41.6.2 Electromagnetic Theory of Radiation 41.6.3 First Waveguide 41.6.4 Development of Microwave Tubes 51.6.5 Ferrite Devices 51.6.6 Satellite Communication 51.6.7 Solid State Devices 51.6.8 Microwave Transistors 5

1.7 In This Text 5

Suggested Further Reading 6

2. TRANSMISSION LINES 7–53

2.1 Introduction 72.2 Circuit Model of a Transmission Line 7

2.2.1 Wave Propagation Constant 112.2.2 Characteristics Impedance, Z0 12

iv CONTENTS

2.3 Physical Significance of Propagation Constant Equations 142.4 Propagation Factor and Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line 15

2.4.1 Ideal or Lossless Line 162.4.2 Line with Low Losses 17

2.5 Waveform Distortions 192.5.1 The Open Two-wire Line 202.5.2 The Coaxial Line 21

2.6 Transmission Line at High Frequencies 282.7 Impedance and Admittance of Short-circuited and Open-circuited Lines 29

2.7.1 Short-circuited Line 292.7.2 Open-circuited Line 30

2.8 Q(Quality Factor) of Resonant Lines 312.9 Quarter-wave Line 332.10 Impedance Matching by Stubbing 352.11 Impedance Measurement Using Transmission Lines 372.12 Solved Examples 42

Questions 51Suggested Further Reading 53

3. PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINES 54–86

3.1 Introduction 543.2 The Symmetrical Strip Transmission Lines 54

3.2.1 Geometry of Special Planar Transmission Lines 553.2.2 Characteristics of Transmission Lines 563.2.3 Electrostatic Solution 573.2.4 Design Formulas 613.2.5 Substrate Materials 633.2.6 Criteria for Substrate Selection 64

3.3 The Stripline 733.4 The Coplanar Waveguide 743.5 The Slot Line 773.6 Fin Lines 82

Questions 84References 85

4. THE SCATTERING MATRIX 87–148

4.1 Introduction 874.2 Network Representation 87

4.2.1 Impedance Representation 884.2.2 Admittance Representation 894.2.3 Hybrid Representation 904.2.4 G-Parameter Representation 904.2.5 ABCD-Parameter Representation 914.2.6 Inverse Chain Parameters 92

4.3 Parameter Conversion 93

CONTENTS v

4.4 Scattering Parameters 944.4.1 Conversion of S-Parameters into Other Network Parameters 1004.4.2 General Properties of Scattering Matrices of Linear Lossless

Microwave Devices 1064.4.3 Application of Scattering Matrix Concepts to Tees 1084.4.4 Magic or Hybrid Tee 1104.4.5 Alternative Microstrip Realization of Hybrid Junction (Magic Tee) 117

4.5 Translation of Reference Planes 1184.6 Scattering Matrix of Some Simple Microwave Devices 1194.7 Additional Examples 1214.8 Flow Graphs of Two-port Devices 1234.9 Signal Flow Graph for Three- and Four-port Devices 130

4.9.1 Three-port Devices 1304.9.2 Four-port Devices 133

4.10 Crossing 1374.11 Some Aspects of a Two-port Junction Scattering Matrix 137

4.11.1 Shunt Susceptance jb 1394.11.2 Series Reactance jX 139

4.12 Scattering Transfer Parameters 140

Questions 143References 147Suggested Further Reading 148

5. SMITH CHART AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING 149–220

5.1 Introduction 1495.1.1 Decibels and Nepers 1505.1.2 Derivation of Reflection Coefficient (Expression Based on

Simple Transmission Line Equations) 1515.2 The Smith Transmission Line Chart 1525.3 Application of Smith Chart 157

5.3.1 Determination of Unknown Impedance 1595.4 Impedance Matching 166

5.4.1 Quarter-wave Transformer 1675.4.2 Quarter-wave Transformers with Extended Bandwidth 1715.4.3 Stub-matching Using Smith Chart 1735.4.4 Matching with Three Stubs 186

5.5 Compressed Smith Chart 1875.6 The Normalized Impedance and Admittance Smith Chart 189

5.6.1 The Normalized Z–Y Smith Chart 1905.7 Impedance Matching Using Lumped Elements 190

5.7.1 Impedance Matching Networks 1975.7.2 Microstrip Matching Networks 203


vi CONTENTS

6. WAVEGUIDES, CAVITIES AND RESONATORS 221–259

6.1 Introduction 2216.2 Rectangular Waveguides 2216.3 Solution of Wave Equations 222

6.3.1 Transverse Electric (Ez = 0) Mode 2256.3.2 Transverse Magnetic (Hz = 0) Mode 2306.3.3 Power Flow in Rectangular Waveguides 233

6.4 Circular Waveguides 2356.4.1 TM Wave Equation 2366.4.2 TE Modes in Circular Waveguides 240

6.5 Resonant Cavities 2446.5.1 Rectangular Cavity 2446.5.2 Cylindrical Cavity 2476.5.3 Quality Factor of a Cavity 249

6.6 Dielectric Resonators (DRs) 2526.6.1 Material Properties 2526.6.2 Modes of Operation 253

Questions 257Suggested Further Reading 258

7. SOLID STATE MICROWAVE DEVICES 260–316

7.1 Introduction 2607.1.1 Bipolar Transistor 2607.1.2 Microwave Transistor 2617.1.3 Cut-off Frequency 2627.1.4 Microwave Characterization 2637.1.5 Device Geometry and Performance 267

7.2 Field Effect Transistors 2697.2.1 MESFET 2707.2.2 Construction and Operation 2707.2.3 Transconductance and Output Resistance 2727.2.4 Capacitance Voltage Characteristics 2747.2.5 Second-order Effects 276

7.3 Biasing a Microwave Transistor 2777.3.1 DC Biasing of a Microwave GaAs MESFET 278

7.4 DC-Biasing Circuits for Microwave Silicon Transistor 2797.4.1 Biasing Circuit Design 280

7.5 HEMT Devices 2827.5.1 Current–Voltage Characteristics 283

7.6 Small Signal Device Model 2857.6.1 Parasitic Inductances—LS, LD, and LG 2867.6.2 Parasitic Resistances—RS, RD, and RG 2867.6.3 Capacitances—CGS, CGD, and CDS 2867.6.4 Transconductance, gm 2867.6.5 Output Conductance, gDS 286

CONTENTS vii

7.7 Microwave Semiconductor Diodes 2877.7.1 PIN Diodes 2877.7.2 PIN Diode Parameters 2897.7.3 PIN Diode Switches 2907.7.4 PIN Diode as a Phase Shifter 292

7.8 IMPATT and Related Avalanche Transit Time Devices 2947.8.1 The Physics of IMPATT Diodes 2947.8.2 Avalanche Multiplication 2947.8.3 Output Power and Quality Factor 2977.8.4 Equivalent Circuit of IMPATT Diodes 2977.8.5 IMPATT Diode Oscillators and Amplifiers 2987.8.6 IMPATT Diode Power Combiners 299

7.9 Gunn Diode 3007.9.1 Operating Principle 3007.9.2 Electron Dynamics in Negative Differential Mobility Medium 3037.9.3 Domain Formation 3057.9.4 Gunn Oscillation Mode 3077.9.5 LSA Diodes 3127.9.6 Practical Gunn Oscillators 312


8. MICROWAVE COMPONENTS 317–389

8.1 Introduction 3178.2 Lumped Elements for Microwave Integrated Circuits (MICs) 317

8.2.1 Capacitive Elements 3188.2.2 Inductive Elements 3208.2.3 Resistive Elements 323

8.3 Directional Coupler 3238.3.1 Waveguide Directional Couplers 3278.3.2 The Quadrature Hybrid 3398.3.3 Coupled-line Directional Coupler 3408.3.4 The Lange Coupler 351

8.4 The Power Divider 3528.4.1 Resistive Divider 3558.4.2 Wilkinson Power Divider 3568.4.3 Frequency Behaviour 362

8.5 Variable Power Dividers 3628.6 Some Waveguide Components 363

8.6.1 Waveguide Variable Attenuation 3638.6.2 Dielectric Phase Shifter 3658.6.3 Quarter-wave Plate 3678.6.4 Half-wave Plate 3698.6.5 Precision Phase Shifter and Precision Attenuator 371

viii CONTENTS

8.7 Ferrite Non-reciprocal Devices 3748.7.1 Faraday Rotation 3778.7.2 Microwave Ferrite Devices 3798.7.3 Circulator 383


9. MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS 390–464

9.1 Introduction 3909.2 Signal Flow Graph and Its Application to Microwave Circuit Design 390

9.2.1 Applications 3949.3 Amplifier Stability 400

9.3.1 Unconditional Stability 4069.4 Contant Gain Circles—Unilateral Operation 418

9.4.1 Unconditionally Stable Case | Sii | < 1 4199.4.2 Potentially Unstable Case (| Sii | > 1) 4229.4.3 Figure of Merit (Unilateral Case) 426

9.5 Simultaneous Conjugate Matching (Bilateral Case) 4279.6 Noise in Microwave Amplifiers 4409.7 Broadband Transistor Amplifier Design 447

9.7.1 Balanced Amplifier 4479.8 Oscillator Design 449

9.8.1 One-port Negative Resistance Oscillator 4519.8.2 Transistor Oscillator 4529.8.3 Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 4559.8.4 Some Common Facts 458


INDEX 465–470

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Microwave Devices And Circuit Design

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120321953Author : SRIVASTAVA,GANESH PRASAD, GUPTA,VIJAY LAXMI

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