Microbiology Part 1
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Transcript of Microbiology Part 1
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Microbiology Microbiology- the study of very small,
microscopic organisms Bacteria Fungi Viruses Protists Etc.
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Bacteria=Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No organelles except Lots of organelles
ribosomes INCLUDING NO NUCLEUS! NUCLEUS!
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Bacterial Characteristics
Oldest organisms: 3.5 billion yrs. old.
Live in almost every environment.
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Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria
Common environments Believed to be the ancestors of
mitochondria and chloroplasts---organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Archaebacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria
Found in extreme environments Ancient bacteria-gave rise to
eukaryotic cells
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Characteristics-Size Size
• Red blood cell is 250X’s larger than a bacterium• 1 gram of soil can contain 2.5 BILLION bacteria• Relative bacteria size
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Characteristics-Shapes Shapes:
Cocci- round Bacilli- rod-shaped Spirilla- spiral
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Bacterial structure
Interior structures Has DNA and cytoplasm—no nucleus or
other membrane bound organelles EXCEPT ribosomes for protein synthesis!
Ribosomes- the protein making factories of all cells that take mRNA and translate it into the amino acids of a protein
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Bacterial Structure
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Identifying Prokaryotes Shape – rod, spherical, spiral Chemical nature of cell walls Movement – flagella, lash, snake, spiral
forward, glide on slimelike material Obtain energy – heterotrophs or autotrophs
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Bacterial structure
Exterior structures Flagella-whip-like tail for locomotion Cell membrane to control what goes in
and out Cell wall for protection
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2 Types of Cell Walls
2 types of cell walls found in bacteria
Identified as Gram + or Gram -
There’s a chemical difference b/t them.
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Gram staining Special staining
process “Gram positive is
purple; Gram negative is not.”
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2 Types of Cell Walls
Gram + Thick cell wall Holds purple stain,
so cells look purple
Gram -
Two thin layers
make up cell wall
Doesn’t hold purple
stain so appears pink
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2 Types of Cell Walls Treatment of illness due to these
bacteria is different! Gram - : bacteria that stain pick and
are generally NOT affected by antibiotics i.e. E. coli
Gram +: bacteria that stain purple do to a thick cell wall and are affected by antibiotics i.e. S. pneumoniae
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Bacterial Reproduction Binary fission- bacteria’s
process of reproduction where 1 becomes 2. Results in clones Colony- 1000’s of
bacteria that result from one undergoing binary fission
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How are bacteria so diverse? They have several ways of exchanging genetic
information. Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like
tube.
Transformation—another method of transferring genes between bacteria.
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Useful Bacteria Decomposers- Recycle nutrients such as CO2 ,
water, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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Useful Bacteria• Nitrogen fixation- soil bacteria take nitrogen gas from the
air (N2) and change it into a useable form that plants can
absorb (NH3- ammonia.)
• Plants use the nitrogen to produce their proteins and DNA.
• Some bacteria are photosynthetic and also provide oxygen NH3
N2YUMMY!
Bacteria
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Useful Bacteria Food-- yogurt, olives, pickles, chocolate Drugs -- insulin production Clean up oil spills Animal digestion and vitamins, including our
own Microbe Discovery Movie
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Harmful Bacteria Pathogen- disease causing organisms. Pathologists -scientists who study pathogens. Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%! Disease Transmission:
a.) Waterb.) Airc.) Foodd.) Animals/Insectse.) Human Contact
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Bacterial Diseases Tuberculosis Syphilis Bubonic Plague Typhus Tetanus Lyme Disease
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Controlling Bacterial Growth What do bacteria require to live and
reproduce?- Food, water, and the right climate.-Give bacteria these things, and they grow; remove them and they don’t.
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GROWTH CURVE
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Nutrition and Energy
How do bacteria “eat”?1.) Autotrophic- “self-feeders”
MAKE food*Photosynthetic so they release
oxygen!!!HAVE NO ORGANELLES SO NO CHLOROPLASTS!!! *Chemosynthetic
2.) Heterotrophic- “other-feeders”GET food
*Consumers*Decomposers*Parasites
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Growing Bacteria on Petri Dishes Plastic Petri dishes have a Jell-O like
substance called AGAR with nutrients and water for bacteria to grow on.
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Controlling Growth Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance Sanitizing--Antiseptics and Disinfectants Freezing Cooking Pasteurizing- The act or process of heating a beverage or other food, such as milk or
beer, to a specific temperature for a specific period of time in order to kill microorganisms that could cause disease, spoilage, or undesired fermentation.
Vaccination Dehydrating- removing water from food, thus inhibiting the growth of
microorganisms (enzymes) and bacteria by the circulation of hot, dry air through the food.
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Antibiotics Alexander Fleming - In 1928, while working on influenza
virus, he observed that mould had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself.
Mold on his Petri dish had a zone of inhibition- area in which bacteria didn’t grow.
Mold released the antibiotic penicillin
Antibiotic=against life; any substance produced by a microbe that slows the growth of other microorganisms.
MOLD
BACTERIA
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Antibiotics Antibiotics are made by :
fungus (mold) other bacteria, the most
common Streptomyces. present day antibiotics are
synthetic modifications of naturally occurring ones.
Work on Gram + bacteria
Each paper disk has antibiotics on it.
Which antibiotic is more powerful?
BACTERIA
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Antibiotic Resistance Movie
Antibiotic resistance- a situation in which some bacteria are not affected by certain antibiotics!
Can be resistant due to: Special cell walls (i.e. Gram – bacteria) OR Special antibiotic resistant genes
Don’t finish antibiotics: Weaker bacteria destroyed. **Resistant bacteria still live and pass on resistant
genes through binary fission, conjugation and transformation
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Conjugation
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Sanitizing Antiseptics- chemicals used to inhibit growth
of bacteria on living tissues
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Sanitizing Disinfectants- chemicals used to inhibit
growth of bacteria on NON-living things.
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Freezing How would this
control the growth of bacteria?
Would freezing kill all the bacteria?
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Cooking Cooking can control
bacterial growth and kill most bacteria if heated to certain temps—165F or hotter.
Use a meat thermometer
Wash hands after handling raw meat
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Pasteurizing Pasteurization- using
heat to kill bacteria in liquids.
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Dehydrating Dehydration- removal of water from a substance How would this control the growth of bacteria?
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Vaccination Vaccination- a shot, pill, or mist that prevents you
from getting a disease. DOES NOT CURE YOU. Fast and strong immune system memory cells
produced which provides immunity just like if you got the disease (i.e. tetanus.)
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Vaccination Can use weakened (attenuated) bacteria or viruses MOSTLY use parts of bacteria or viruses—
acellular Vaccine video