1

2

mgqk

msgq wxl

c,frdams; fyj;a mia rys; j.dj 01

c,frdams; j.dfõ b;sydih 02

c,frdams; j.dfõ uq,sl wjYH;djhka 03

jr®.SlrKh 04

fmdaIl ødjK ;=, j.dj

ødjK ixirKh jk j.d l%u

fmdaIl mg, ;dCIKh 05

.eUqre fmdaIl Odrd ;dCIKh 06

ødjK ixirKh fkdjk j.d l%u

c,Sh udOHhl uq,a .s,ajQ j.d ;dCIKh 09

mdfjk ia:rhl j.d ;dCIKh 12

flaIdlr®Il wjfYdaIK j.d ;dCIKh 13

>k udOHhl j.dj

isria f,i /|jQ j.d u¨ ;dCIKh 14

;sria j.d u¨ ;dCIKh 15

>k udOH msrjQ ldkq fyda md;a;s ;=< j.d ;dCIKh 16

n∫ka ;=< j.dj 17

jdhj frdams; j.dj 18

c,frdams; j.dj i|yd ;jdka me< ieliSu 19

c,frdams; j.dfõ fmdaIl ,nd°u 23

mqyqKq ls¯u yd lmamd≥j 30

md,s; ;;aj hgf;a c,frdams; j.dj 32

j.djkays we;súh yels .egΩ yd tajd uÛyrjd .ekSu 32

c,frdams; j.dfõ kv;a;= yd md,k wjYH;djhka 37

c,frdams; j.dfõ jdis 39

iSudld˙ idOl 39

c,frdams;j j.d l< yels fnda. 40

c,frdams; j.dfõ wiajkq fk<su" fYa%◊.; ls¯u yd b†˙m;a ls¯u 40

c,frdams; j.djka i|yd wjYH WmlrK 41

3

c,frdams; fyj;a miarys; j.dj

lrk ,o mr®fhaIK j, m%;sM,hla f,i c,frdams;

fyj;a mia rys; j.dj (Hydroponics/Soil-less culture) †hqKq ù we;' f,dj mqrd m%p,s;

fjñka mj;sk ldr®hÌu núka jeä by, wiajkq

,ndfok fuu j.d l%u ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla

,nd °u fuu m%ldYkfha wruqK fõ'

1 jk rEmh ( mfiys jefvk me,hla

iïm%∞hsl lDIslr®uh yd ii|k úg c,frdams;

j.dfjka fndfyda jdis ,nd .; yel' fnda. jr®Okh

ioyd iSudld¯ f,i n,mdk idOl wju lr m%Yia;

;;ajhka ,nd°fï yelshdj we;s neúka by, wiajkq

,nd .ekSfï úNjh c,frdams;$mia rys; j.djka

j,° Wm˙u fõ' mdxY=ckl jHdêldrlhka ksid

iïm%∞hsl lDIslr®udka;fha°" fnda. jr®Okh i|yd

wjYH jk fmdaIl" c,h iy jd;h ,ndfok mi

^1 jk rEmh&" fkdfhla wjia:djkays° j.dj i|yd

iSudld¯ idOlhla njg m;afõ' iS>%fhka jeäjk

ck.ykh" kd.¯lrKh" ksrka;rj j.d ls¯fuka

yd mdxY= fida∞ mdΩj fya;=fjka j.d ìï ksire ùu"

mdxY= frda.ldrl Ìqø „ùka iy jgmkqjka jeäùu

iy wdï,sl;djh yd ,jk;djh wys;lr f,i

jr®Okh ùu ksid j.dj i|yd iq≥iq ìï m%udKh

wvqùu fukau iïm%∞hdkql+, fnda. j.dfõ wiajkq

m%udKd;aulj yd .=Kd;aulj wvq uÜgul mej;Su

tfia ùug fya;=ldrl fõ'

mfiys j.d ls¯fï° u;=jk úúO iSudld¯ idOl

uÛyerùu ioyd Ndú;d l, yels úl,am l%u ms<snoj

2 jk rEmh( c, frdams; i,do j.djla

fmdaIl ,nd°u mia Ndú;d fkdlr fjk;a ldnksl

fyda wldnksl udOHh ;=<ska fyda lsis≥ >k udOHhla

rys;j is≥l, yelsh ^2 jk rEmh&'

c,frdams; fyj;a mia rys; j.djla hkqfjka

y∫kajkqfha Ydl-fmdaIl wvx.= c,Sh udOHhla

u.ska Ydl fmdaIKh is≥lr ,nd .kakd j.djls'

ksr®mdxY=l fnda. j.dj hkqfjka o y≥kajk fuu

j.d l%uh §yhsfv%dfmdakslaia¶ hk bx.%sis kdufhka

jvd;a m%p,s;h'

jd;h

c,h

fmdaIl

4

msms[a∆" flduvq iy fjk;a t<jΩ j.djka i|yd

†hr ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;d l< hq.h olajd úys°

hhs' neìf,dakshdfõ t,af,k Whk" weiafgla ys mdfjk

f.dúfmd, hkd†h i;H f,iu c,frdams; j.djka

ys uQ,dor®Y (Prototypes) f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

miq ld,Skj me<Eá fN!;fõ°ka mr®fhaIK i|yd

úfYaIs; fmdaIl Ndú;d lr me<Eá jr®Okh wOHhkh

l< w;r th fmdaIl j.dj (Nutriculture) f,i

ye¢kaúh' fuu fmdaIl j.dj flfrys m%dfhda.sl

f,i wjOdkh fhduq jQfha 1925 muK ld, iSudfõ

u;=jk frda. yd lDñ ydks u.yerùug;a fuu l%u

Ndú;h bjy,a fõ' mdxY= „jdkqyrKh" mdxY= ;;ajh

jeä †hqKq ls¯u" jeks ld,h yd Y%uh wêl f,i

jeh jk úhoï l%u u.yrjd .ekSugo fï u.ska

yelsfõ' foaY.=◊l n,mEfuka f;drj jir mqrd

fjf<| fmd, b,lal lr .;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,shka

jqjo fuu.ska ie<iqï ls¯fï yelshdj we;' ;jo

lDIs ridhk Ndú;h wju lr" frda.ldrl j,ska

f;dr" mia rys; b;d m s˙is≥ wiajekakla

md˙fNda.slhdg ,nd°fï yelshdj o ,efí ^3 jk

rEmh&'

y˙;d.dr ;=< j.dj i|yd Wkka≥j we;s ùu;a

iuÛh' y˙;d.dr ;=< j.dfõ† we;sjQ úúO .egÆ

fya;=fjka tajd ;=< msysá mi j˙kajr bj;a ls˙ug

is≥ ùu .egΩ iy.; úh' fï fya;=fjka mia fjkqjg

Ndú;d l< yels úl,am udOH yd ta i|yd fhd∞.;

yels fmdfydr ms<sn| mr®fhaIlhka f.a wjOdkh

fhduq úh'

1929 ° le,sf*daakshd úYaj úoHd,fha wdpdr®h ú,shï

t*a' .%sfla úiska ;lald,s Ydlhla c,Sh fmdaIl

udOHhl idr®:l f,i j.d l< w;r ;lald,s

Ydlh ógr® 7'5 la muK †.g jr®Okh úh' Tyq

tu l%uh c, frdams; j.dj (Hydroponics)

Y%uh uQ,sljQ iïm%∞hsl lDIslr®ufhka neyer jk

;reK mrmqr yg lDIslr®udka;h wNsudkfhka

l,yels jD;a;shla njg yrjd Tjqka lDIsldr®ñl

ksIamdokhg fmd,Ujd .;yels l%uhla f,i

c,frdams; j.dj jeo.;a fõ'

c,frdams; j.dfõb;sydih

fuh Y; jr®I .Kkdjlg by; wefïika"

neìf,dakshdj" B‚ma;=j" Ökh yd bka†hdj jeks mer◊

YsIaGdpdr j, ñksiqka je,s iys; .xÛd føda◊ j,

3 jk rEmh ( c,frdams; j.d moaO;s lsysmhla

5

f,i kï lf<ah' .%Sl NdIdfjka yhsfv%d (Hydro)hkq c,h iy fmdafkdia hkq (Ponos) ls%hdld˙

hk jpk tlaù l%shdld¯ c,h hk wr®: ,nd fok

yhsfv%dfmdakslaia hk jpkh iE° we;'

uQ,drïNfha† fmdaIl ødjK ;=< j.dj muKla

yhsfv%dfmdakslaia f,i ye¢kaùh' miq ld,skj fmdaIl

ødjK ;=< fukau mdxY= fkdjk fjk;a udOH ;=<

j.dj o yhsfv%dfmdakslaia j.d f,i kï úh'

jr®;udkfha mia rys;j" fjk;a udOH iys;j fyda

rys;j fmdaIl ødjK Wmldrfhka lrkq ,nk ishÆ

j.djka c,frdams;$ksr®mdxY=l j.djka f,i y∫kajhs'

1960 yd 70 oYl fol ;=< jd◊c uÜgfï c,

frdams; j.djka wnqvdì" weu˙ldj" fn,a‚hu"

fvkaudr®lh" cr®uksh" ´,kaoh" brdkh" b;d,sh"

cmdkh yd reishdkq iuQy wdKavqj wd° rgj,

†hqKqjg m;a úh'

1980 oYlh ;=<° iS>%fhka †hqKqjQ c,frdams; j.djka

m˙.Kl wdY%fhka iajhxl%Shj l%shd;aul jk úYd,

m%udKfha yhsfv%dfmdakslaia f.dúfmd,j,a olajd

jr®Okh úh'

1990 oYlfha .DydY%s; uÜgfï

l=vd m˙udK c, frdams; j.djka

m%p,s; ùu wdrïN úh'

wkQj oYlfha ° wdrïNjQ YS%

,xldfõ c,frdams; j.djka

l%ufhka jHdma; fjñka mj;SS'

c,Sh udOH Ndú;h fukau

fldyqn;a jeks >k udOH Ndú;d

lr wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< ^4 jk

remh& fukau újD; fÌ;% ;=<o

is≥lrk j.djka YS% ,xldfõ

≤kg m%p,s;h'

c,frdams; j.dfõ uQ,slwjYH;djhka

mfia j.d ls¯fï° Ydlfha uQ, moaO;sfha jr®Okh

i|yd n,mdk jd;kh iy WIaK;ajh mi u.ska

iajNdúlj md,khg ,lafõ' mdxY= ;;aj ≥r®j,

wjia:djkays° jd;kh iy WIaK;ajh m%udKj;a

f,i hdukh fkdùfuka fnda. jr®Okh wvd, fõ'

†h iSrdj jeä" c, jykh ≥r®j, mil fnda. j.d

ls u wmyiq jkafka o tu fya;=fjks' mdxY= iajdrCIl

Ndjh o udOHh ;=<skau fnda. j.djg ys;lr m˙†

md,kh fõ' mfiys iajNdúlj ckkh jk fmdaIl

jr®. Ydl j,g wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSfï yelshdjla

we;'

c,fha" udOHfha fyda ødjKfha wdï,sl;dj yd

CId˙h;dj ^mStÉ w.h& iy úoaHq;a ikakdhl;dj

Ydl uQ, uKav,hg ys;lr mrdihl fkdfjkiaj

mej;Su iajdrCIl;dj f,i y∫kajhs' c,frdams;

j.dfõ° fuu ;;a;ajhka lD;%Su wdldrhg md,kh

l< hq;=fõ'

4 jk rEmh( ≤,a .Dy ;=< c,frdams; iafg%dafn˙ j.djla

6

´kEu c,frdams; j.d moaO;shl my;ska olajd we;s

lreKq m%Yia; f,i iemhSu yd md,kh ls¯u j.d

l%ufha uQ,sl wjYH;djhka f,i ≤laúh yel '

l Ndú;d lrk c,fha fyda udOHfha

iajdrÌl Ndjh

l Ndú;d lrk fmdfydr ñY%k ødjKh Ydl

wjYH;djhka imqrd,k uyd fmdaIl yd CIqø

fmdaIl j,sska iukaú; ùu

l fmdaIl ødjKfha iajdrCIl Ndjh Ydl

uQ, uKav,hg yd udOHhg ys;lr mrdihl

mej;Su

l c,fha" udOHfha fyda uQ, uKav, l,dmfha

ksr;=re jd;kh yd Ydl uQ, uKav,hg

ys;lr WIaK;ajh

jr®.SlrKh

c,frdams; j.djka ødjK ;=< j.dj" >k udOHl

j.dj yd jdhj frdams; j.dj hkqfjka m%Odk fldgia

3 lg fn∞ we;' ixjD; j.d moaO;shl°" fhd∞

.kakdjQ fmdaIl ødjKh pl%SlrKh lrk w;r

újD; j.d moaO;s j,° tfia is≥ fkdlrhs'

1' fmdaIl ødjK ;=<j.dj(Solution culture orLiquid hydroponic)

ixjD; moaO;s ;=<ixirKh jk l%u

l fmdaIK ødjK mg, ;dCIKh

(Nutrient Film Technique - NFT)

l .eUqre fmdaIK Odrd ;dCIKh

(Deep Flow Technique - DFT)

újD; moaO;s ;=< ødjKixirKh fkdjk l%u

l c,Sh fmdaIl udOHhl uq,a .s,ajQ j.d

;dlaIKh

(Root Dipping Technique)

l mdfjk ia:rhl j.d ;dlaIKh

(Floating Technique)

l flaIdlr®Il wjfYdaIK j.d ;dlaIKh

(Capillary Action Technique)

2' >k udOHhl j.dj(Solid media cultureor Aggregate system)

újD; fyda ixjD; l%uhg j.d jHqy Ndú;d l,

yels fõ'

l isria f,i /|jQ j.d uΩ ;dCIKh

Hanging Bag Technique

l ;sria j.d uΩ ;dCIKh

Horizontal Grow Bag Technique

l >k udOH msrjQ ldkq fyda md;a;s ;=< j.d

;dlaIKh

Trench or Trough Technique

l n∫ka ;dCIKh

Pot Technique

3 jdhjfrdams; j.djAeroponics

l fmdaIK ødjK j<djla ;=< j.d ;dlaIKh

Fog Feed Technique

l fmdaIK ødjK úisreula ;=< j.d

;dlaIKh

Root Mist Technique

7

fuu j.d l%u j,ska iq≥iq l%uhla f;a¯fï° my;

i|yka idOl flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ls˙u jeo.;a

fõ'

l m˙irfhys ,nd .; yels bv

l fhoúh yels iïm;a yd uQ,Ok m%udKh

l myiqfjka$ ,dN∞hsj ,nd.; yels iajNdúl

fyda lD;%Su udOHh

l talSh fCIa;%hlska ,nd.; yels wiajekak

l ksIamd†;fha .=Kd;aul Ndjh

meyeh" fmkqu" yevh

lDIs ridhk j,ska f;dr ùu

ñksidg ydks∞hl CIqø „úkaf.ka f;dr

ùu

fmdaIl ødjK ;=< j.djSolution culture or Liquidhydroponic

fmdaIl ødjK mg, ;dlaIKhNutrient film technique (NFT)

fuh i;H c,frdams; j.djla jk me<Eá j, uq,a

Rcqju fmdaIl udOHh yd iïnkaO jk j.d l%uhls'

fuys° b;d ;=kS ñ'ó'® 5 la muK jQ& ødjK mg,hla"

myiqfjka kefuk iqΩ úfYaIs; ;yvq uÛska iEª

j.d k,hla ;=<ska .uka lrùug i,iajhs ^5 jk

rEm igyk&'

5 jk rEmh ( fmdaIl ødjK mg, j.d moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia

j.d k,h

lrdu lmdgh

,S ;Ügqj

ld,.klh

fmdaIl ødjKh

fmdaIl gexlsh

fmrkh

msùiS k,h

ødjKh ;=< .s,aúh

yels fmdïmh

8

j.d udOHhl fyda l=vd n∫kl isgqjkq ,enQ me<

;yvqfõ uOHfha ;nd jdIamSlrKh ùu iy wdf,dalh

m;s;ùu je,elaùu i|yd ;yvq odr fol tlg

isák fia ;nd lgq .id ;%sfldaKdldr k,hla f,i

ilikq ,efí' k,fha yrialv 6 iy 7 jk rEm

igyka uÛska fmkajhs' l=vd me< fmdaIl ødjKfhka

fmdfydr yd c,h ,nd .kakd w;r uq,a jr®Okh

jkúg uq,a cd,h k,h ;=< me;s¯ jefâ' k,fhys

Wm˙u †. ógr® 5-10 la w;r jk w;r nEjqu 1(50

isg 1(75 olajd fjkia lr .; yelsh'

k,fha by, fl,jrg fmdïm lrk fmdfydr wvx.=

c,h nEjqu Tiafia k,fha my< fl<jrg .uka lr

gexlshg kej; tl;= fõ' kej; Ndú;hg fmr

ødjKfha ,jK idkaøKh m¯laId lr ksjer† lrkq

,efí' iuyrla j.d lrejka úiska iEu i;shlg

jrla fmdaIK ødjKh wÆ;a lrhs' fmdaIK ødjKh

,nd °fï iS>%;djh ñks;a;=jlg ,Sgr 2-3 la muK

jk w;r th k,fha †. wkqj fjkia fõ' Wig

jefvk me<Eá i|yd wdOdrl iemhSu wjYH fõ'

b;d ;=kS mg,hla f,i fmdaIK ødjKh iemhSu

m%dfhda.slj ;rula wmyiq ksid fuu l%uh fkdfhl=;a

fjkia ls¯ï j,g Ndckh lr ≤kg Ndú;d lrhs'

.eUqre fmdaIK Odrd ;dCIKhDeep flow technique (DFT)k, l%uhPipe system

fi' ó' 10 l úIalïNh iys; k, ;=<ska fi' ó' 2-

3 la .eUqre Odrdjla fia fmdaIK ødjKh .uka

lrùug i,iajhs' k,h Wvme;af;a ilia l< is≥re

;=<ska ≤,a n∫ka j, ieliQ me< k,h ;=< ødjKh

iu. .eàu is≥ fõ' mSùiS ng ;ks ;Ügqjg isák

f,i fyda wla-jlaa (Zig-Zag) wdldrhg j.d moaO;s

ieliSug yels w;r" fnda.h wkqj fjkia lr .;

yels fõ' 8 yd 10 jk rEm igyka fuu l%uj,

uQ,sl wx. fmkakqï lrhs' mSùiS k,fha me;slv 13

jk rEm igyk u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'

7 jk rEmh( NFT j.d k,fha isrialv

6 jk rEmh ( NFT j.d k,fha uQ,sl ieleiau

→ lgq

9

;ks ;Ügq kd, l%uh ishÆu fnda. tkï Wig

jr®Okh jk je,a wdldr fnda. fukau m∫re wdldr

fnda. j,g o tlfia fhda.Hh' wla-jlaa wdldrhg

ieliSfuka N+ñ Ndú;h jvd;a ldr®hlaIu jk kuq;a

ishÆu fnda. i|yd fhda.H fkdfõ'

fldyqn;a fyda ldnkSlD; oyhshd fyda fuu

fojr®.fhau ñY%khka n∫ka udOH i|yd Ndú;d

l< yel' j.d udOH n∫kg oeóug fmr khsf,daka

oe,a lene,a,lska n∫ka we;=,; wdjrKh ls¯fuka

>k udOH fmdaIl ødjKh ;=<g .uka ls u j<lajhs'

8 jk rEmh( ;ks ;Ügqfõ DFT j.d moaO;sh

9 jk rEmh( ;ks ;Ügqfõ NFT j.d moaO;shl i,do j.djla

mSùiS k,

CIø fmdaIl

iemhqï k,

fmdïmh

bj;a jk fmdaIl

ødjKh kej; gexlshg

.uka lrhs

N+.; fmdaIl

ixÑ; gexlsh

↓

↓

10

≤,a n∫ka fjkqjg me;sj, is≥re lSmhla iys;

ma,diaála n∫ka jqjo Ndú;d l< yelsh ^12 jk

rEmh&' fmdaIl ødjKh ixirKh ùfï° yd ixÑ;

gexlshg fhduq ùfï° fyd¢ka jd;kh fõ' mSúiS

k,fha nEjqu 1( 30-40 j;a úh hq;= w;r fï ksid

≤,a n∫ka ma,diaála n∫ka

isgqùug iq≥iq ;;a;ajfha me< iys; n∫ka

12 jk rEmh( úúO n∫ka jr®.

10 jk rEmh( wla-jla wdldr j.d moaO;shl uQ,sl ie,eiau

11 jk rEmh( wla-jla wdldr DFT j.d moaO;shl j.djlaa

bj;a jk fmdaIl ødjKh

uQ,sl gexlshg .uka lrhs

N+.; fmdaIl ixÑ; gexlsh

fmdaIl ødjK

iemhqï k,

iq≥ meye;s

j.d k,

fmdïmh

↓↓

↓↓↓

11

taldld¯ f,i fmdaIK ødjKh my<g .e,Sula is≥fõ'

k,fha msg; mDIaGfha iq≥ mdg wdf,am ls¯fuka

ødjKfha WIaK;ajh by< keÛSu wvq fõ' fuu

j.d l%uh újD; fCIa;% j.d l%uhg fukau" md,s;

j.d ;;a;aj hgf;a (Controlled EnvironmentAgriculture) wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< jqjo myiqfjka

ia:dmkh l< yel ^9 iy 11 jk rEm&'

ødjk ixirKh fkdjkj.d l%uNon circulating solutionculture

fuys° fnda. i|yd wjYH fmdaIl" ødjKhla u.ska

,nd fok w;r" ødjKfha ^ixjD; Ndckhl"

ixirKh fkdjk& uQ, uKav,hg wjYH jd;dY%h

yd WIaK;ajh m%Yia:j md,kh lrhs'

c,Sh fmdaIl udOHhl uq,a.s,ajQ j.dj

fuu l%ufha° îÜrEÜ" rdnq" lerÜ jeks fnda. i|yd

>k udOHhla iys;j Ndú;d l< yels jHqy fukau"

wfkl=;a fnda. i|yd ødjK udOHh muKla Ndú;d

jk jHqy y∫kajd ° w;'

^w& w, fnda. yer wfkl=;a fnda. i|yd

fuys° mshk iys; n∫kla j.dj i|yd Ndú;d fõ'

´kEu yevhl yd jr®.hl n∫kla f;`rd .; yels

jqjo f,dayuh n∫ka iq≥iq fkdfõ' iaghsrfmdaï fyda

,S n∫ka" ma,diaála fmÜá fukau isfuka;s j,ska

idok ,o ;eá jqjo Ndú;d l< yel' WIaK;ajfha

by< ke.Sula is≥ fkdjk neúka iaghsrfmdaï fmÜá

jvd;a iq≥iqq fõ' n∫fka .eUqr fi'ó' 28-30 la

muK úh hq;=h' fujeks n∫kl isrialv fmkqu

14 jk rEmh u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'

13 jk rEmh( mSsùiS k,fha isrialvla

Tlaiscka wjfYdaIKh lrk uq,a

ysia wjldYh

j.d k,h

fmdaIl ødjKh

12

me< iys; l=vd n∫k

n∫ka udOHh

mshk

ødjK n∫k

fmdaIl ødjKh

fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh

lrk uq,a

jd;h wjfYdaIKh

lrk uq,a

jd ixirKh yd ødjKh

kej; msrùfï is≥r

m<uqj ñ'ó' 0'15 >klu lÆ fmd,s;Ska j,ska n∫k

we;=<; wdjrKh lrhs ^15jk rEmh&' tuÛska

fmdaIl ødjKh n∫fkka jEiaiSu j<lk w;r n∫k

;=<g wdf,dalh we;=,aùu j,lS' wdf,dalh we;=,aùu

je<elaùu i|yd fukau me< /|ùu i|yd mshkla

o wjYH fõ ^16 jk rEmh&' mshfkys ilik ,o

is≥re ;=<ska n∫ka.; me< ødjKh yd iïnkaO

lrkqq ,efí'

j.d lrk fnda.h wkqj we;s lrkq ,nk is≥re

ixLHdj fjkia fõ' n∫ka me< ;nk is≥re j,g

wu;rj tla is≥rla fmdaIl udOH kej; iemhSu

i|yd ysiaj ;nd .; hq;=h' fï is≥r u.ska n∫k

;=< jd; ixirKh is≥fõ' n∫fka isgqùu i|yd

wjYH me< ilid .ekSu i|yd ≤,a n∫ka fyda l=vd

ma,diaála fldamam Ndú;d l< yels fõ 17 jk rEmh&'

ma,diaála fldamam j, ì;a;sfha yd m;=f,a is≥re we;s

l< hq;=h' n∫ka udOH ≤óug fmr fld, meye;s

khsf,daka l=vd ≤,lska (green net) n∫k we;=<;

wdjrKh lr „jdkqy˙; fldyqn;a fyda lr lrk

,o oyhshd fyda ta fojr®.fha ñY%khlska n∫ka

mqrjd .kq ,efí'

14 jk rEmh( ixirKh fkdjk fmÜá wdldr j.d n∫kl isrialv

15 jk rEmh( l¨ fmd,s;ska wdjrKh l< n∫k

16 jk rEmh( me< /|ùu Ndú;d lrk is≥re iys; mshk

13

îc fl,skau n∫fka me< ls¯uo l< yelsh' uq,a

jr®Okh i|yd m%udKj;a bvla ødjKhg by,ska

;sìh hq;= neúka fmÜáfhys 2$3 la muKla msfrk

fia fmdaIl udOH mqrjkq ,efí' me< n∫ka iys;

wdjrK ,E,a, 18 jk rEm igyk m˙† ;nkq

,efí' n∫ka j, hg fldgfika fi'ó' 2-3 la muK

fmdaIl udOHfha .sf,k fia ;eìh hq;= fõ'

fujeks iïmQr®K l< fmÜá ^19 jk rEmh& ≤,a

.Dy" md,s; m˙ir ;;a;aj hgf;a wdrlaIs; .Dy

;=<" idudkH újD; ia:dkhl fyda jr®Id wdjrKhla

iys; ;ekl fukau ksji ;=<o ;eìh yel' Wig

jr®Okh jk me<Eá i|yd wdOdrl iemhSu wjYH

fõ'

n∫fka fmdaIK ødjKhg by<ska m%udKj;a ysia

wjldYhla mj;ajdf.k hdfuka uq,a jr®Okh fyd†ka

is≥fõ' ixirKh fkdjk c, frdams; j.d l%ufha

idr®:l Ndjh rπ mj;skafka jd;hg ksrdjrKh

jk uQ, uKav, m%udKh yd tajdfha iS>% jr®Okh

u;hs' jvd;a iq≥iq jkafka uQ, uKav,fha by<

;=fkka foll fldgila jd;hg ksrdjrKh ùu;a

wfkla fldgi fmdaIl ødjKh ;=< .s,S yd mdù

;sîu;ah'

fnda. jr®Okh jkúg fmdaIl ødjKfha uÜgu

wvqùu;a iu. ødjKfha whk idkaøKh jeä úh

yel' fujeks wjia:dj,° tu ødjKh bj;a lr

kj fmdaIl ødjKhla tl;= l< hq;=h' kuq;a mStÉ

udml fyda õoaHq;a ikakdhl;d udml u.ska ødjKfha

idkaøKh uek .; yels kï ms˙is≥ c,h fhd∞

ødjKh ielish yelsh' tfia ieliSfï° m%Yia:

mStÉ w.hka ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH úgl kj

ødjKh tl;= l< yel'

^wd& w, fnda. i|yd >k udOHiys; j.d jHqyh

fi'ó' 20-30la .eUqr fmÜáhla fï i|yd Ndú;d

lrhs' tys we;=<; mDIaGh lΩ fmd,s;ska j,ska

wdjrKh lr n∫fkka 1$3 muK jkfia fmdaIl

ødjKh mqrjkq ,efí' ødjKhg by<ska fi'ó' 7'5l

muK ysia wjldYhlaa ;sfnk fia hlv ≤,la n∫kg

iúlr thg udOHh mqrjd me< isgqùu lrkq ,nhs'

l=vd me< j, uQ, uKav,h fmdaIl ødjKh olajd

jr®Okh jk ;=re wÛ,l muK úIalïNfhka hq;="

iõjr is≥re iys; mSùiS k,h ;=<g >k udOHh

mqrjd fmdaIl udOHh ;=< .sf,k fia ;nk neúka

17 jk rEmh( Ndú;d l< yels

frdamK øjH n∫ka

18 jk rEmh( me< iys; mshk

19 jk rEmh( iaghsfrdf*daï fmÜáhl ieliQ

ixirKh fkdjk j.d moaO;shla

14

21 jk rEmh( mdfjk ia:rhl is≥ lrk j.dj

mdfjk ;yvqj

fmdaIl ødjKh

lD;S%u jd

Odrdjla iemfha

>k udOHh r|jk ≤,

mdfjk ia:rhl j.d ;dlaIKh

we;=<; mDIaGh lΩ fmd,s;ska j,ska wdjrKh l,

fi'ó' 10 la muK .eUqre fmÜáhla fï i|yd

Ndú;d lrhs' fmdaIl ødjKh mqrjd iDcqf*daï fyda

mdùug myiq ieye,aÆ ;yvqjl /|jQ me< ødjKh

u;=msg mdùug i,iajhs' lD;%su jd Odrdjla u.ska

ødjKh jd;kh ùug i,iajkq ,efí 21 jk rEmh&'

fmdaIl ødjKh flaIdlr®Yk l%shdj,sfhka me< j,g

imhkq ,nhs' uQ, uKav,h fmdaIl ødjKh lrd

jr®Okh jQ miqj >k udOHh bj;a lr.;a tu

k,hu fmd a aIl ødjKh jd;kh ùu i|yd

wdOdrlhla f,i Ndú;d lrhs ^20 jk rEmh&'

jd ixirKh i|yd mSùiS k,h

jd;kh i|yd bv

>k udOHh

fmdaIl ødjKh

j.d n∫k

20 jk rEmh( w, fnda. j.d lrk l%uh

15

flaIdlr®IK wjfYdaIs; j.d;dlaIKh

m;=f,a is≥re iys; õõO m%udK n∫ka fï i|yd

Ndú;d l< yel' >k udOHh msrjQ n∫ka j, me<

isgjd th fmdaIl ødjKh wvx.= fkd.eUqre Ndckhl

;nkq ,efí ^22 jk rEmh&' n∫ka udOHh f,i

fldyqn;a iu. je,s fyda .,al=vq iys; ñY%khla

Ndú;d ls¯fukaa c,jykh yd jd;kh fyd¢ka

mj;ajd.; yelsfõ' fmdaIl ødjKh wvx.= Ndckfha

ødjK uÜgu wvqjk úg kej; msrùu l< hq;= fõ'

fuu l%uh jeä jákdlula iys; me<Eá" w,xldr

Ydl" .DydY%s; Ydl j.d ls¯u i|yd fhd∞.; yel'

>k udOHhl j.djSolid media culture orAggregate system

fï i|yd úúO j.d udOHhka Ndú;d l< yels fõ'

j.d udOHhla f;a¯fï° my; olajd we;s ,ÌK

iys; udOHhla f;`rd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

l kuHYs,S nj (flexibility)

l Nx.=rYs,S nj (friability)

l c,h r|jd ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj

(water holding capacity)

l m%Yia: jd;kh (areation)l fyd¢ka c,jykh ùu (drainage)

l iajdrCIl .=Kh (buffering capacity)

l ridhksl úI ix>gl j,ska f;dr ùu'

l ydks∞hl laIqø„ù yd jg mKq .yK j,ska

f;dr ùu'

j.dj i|yd Ndú;d l<yels >kudOHh

l wldnksl iajdNdúl >k udOH-fndrΩ" .,a

l=vq

l ldnksl iajdNdúl udOH-ldnkSlD;

oyhshd" ,S l=vq" fldyqn;a" mSÜ fudia

l wldnksl lD;S%u fyda ieliQ >k udOH

-frdla jQ,a" mr®,hsÜ" jr®ñlHq,hsÜ

l ldnksl lD;Su udOH-fmd,shqfr;ska"

fmd,smSSfkd,a" fmd,sB;r®" fmd,sjhskhs,a

>k udOH u; is≥lrk j.dfõ° >kudOH r|jkakd

jQ úúO jHQy wkqj id∞.; yels j.d moaO;Ska

my; i|yka fõ'''''

22 jk rEmh( flaIdlr®YK wjfYdaIs; j.d n∫kl isrialvla

>k udOHh

fmdaIl

ødjKh

16

isria f,i /|jQ j.d u¨;dlaIKhHanging bag technique

fuu l%ufhaos ógr® 1'3 la os." is,skavrdldr" mdrcïnq,

lsrK m%;sfrdaë" fmd,s;Ska j,ska ie∫ u¨ ;=< mqrjk

,o cSjdkqyrKh l< fldyq fl|s iys; j.d u¨

Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' fuu fmd,s;ska nE.fha msg;

iq≥ meye;s jk w;r we;=<; lÆ meye;s fõ' u,af,ys

my, fl<jr uqød ;nd we;s w;r by< fl<jr

l=vd mSùiS k,hlg iïnkaO lr we;'

23 jk rEmh( isria f,i /|jQ j.d u¨ iys; moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia

fuu j.d u¨" wdOdrlhl isria w;g t,a,d úiqreï

c, iïmdok ysila u.ska tys by< wNHka;rhg

taldld¯j fmdaIl ødjKh imhkq ,efí' ilid .;a

;jdka me< fy` o~qlen,s j.d u¨j, iE≥ l=vd

is≥re ;=<ska fldyqfl¢ udOHfha isgjkq ,efí'

fm`Il ødjKh fldyqfl¢ yryd me<Eá uQ,uKav,

j,g fm`IKh ,ndfoñka my,g .,d hhs ' bj;ajk

fm`Il ødjKh k, ;=,ska kej; fm`Il gexlshg

tl;= fõ ^23 jk rEmh&'

fldyq fl¢ msrjQ

j.d u¨

N+.; gexlsh

fmdaIl ødjK

iemhqï k,

fmdïmh

plS%lrkh jk

fmdaIl ødjKh

17

fuu l%uhg újD; ia:dkhl fukau wdrÌs; .Dy;=<

jqjo j.dl, yelsh' wjqre≥ folla muK Ndú;d

l,yels fuu u,a,l isgqjk me< m%udKh fn`.h

wkqj fjkia fõ' i,do me< úiaila muK tla

u,a,l isgqúh yel'

fldyqn;a $ fl¢

msrjQ j.d u¨

fmdaIl ødjK

iemhqï CIqø k,m%Odk fmdaIl ødjK

iemhqï k,

fuu l%uh fld, t<jΩ" iafg%dafn˙ iy l=vd u,a

jr®. j.d ls¯u i|yd fhda.H fõ ^24 jk rEmh&'

j.d u,af,ys lÆ meye;s we;=<; mDIaGh" n∫k ;=<

mdis yd †,Sr jr®Okh j<lk w;r uQ,uKav,fha

ys;lr jr®Okhg wjYH w∫re m˙irh ,nd foa'

;sria j.d u¨ ;dlaIKhHorizontal grow bagtechnique

fuu l%ufha° o ógr® 1'5 la muK †." mdrcïnq,

lsrK m%;sfrdaë" msg; iq≥ iy we;=<; l¨ meye;s

fmd,s;Ska n∫ka" „jdkqy˙; fldyq fl¢ j,ska mqrjd

Ndú;d lrhs' j.d u,af,ys Wi fi'ó' 6-10 la jk

w;r m<, fi'ó' 18 ls' fujeks u¨ j.d ìfï

;sria w;g" tla j.d u,a,l fl<jr wfkla j.d

u,af,a fl<jr yd iamr®Y jk f,i" ;ks fma,s fyda

fofma,s l%uhg ;eìh yel' fma,s 2la w;r mr;rh

tla whl=g myiqfjka tyd fuyd hd yels f,i;a"

fnda.fha kv;a;= lghq;= myiqfjka l< yels f,i;a

;sìh hq;=h ^25 jk rEmh&'

24 jk rEmh( isria j.d u¨j, iafg%dafn˙ j.djla

25 jk rEmh( j.d u¨ ;nd we;s wdldrh

18

ilid .;a ;jdka me< n∫fkka bj;a lr j.duÆ

mDIaGfhaa l=vd lemqula ;=<ska fldyq fl¢ udOHfha

isgqjhss' tla j.d u,a,l me< 2-4 la isgqúh yelsh'

jeä c,h bj;a ùu i|yd iEu j.d u,a,lu há

me;af;a l=vd lemqï 2la l, hq;=h'

fuu l%ufha° ìx≥ c, iïmdok l%uhg l¨ meye;s

fmd,st;s,Ska l=vd ng ;=<ska fmdaIl ødjKh k,fha

isg u¨ ;=<g iemhSu is≥ lrhs' fmdaIl ødjKh

fyda c,h w;ska iemhSu o l< yelsh' †klg

iemhsh hq;= c, m%udKh fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêh yd

ld,.=K ;;a;ajh u; fjkia fõ' j.d udOHh

c,fhka fyda fmdaIl ødjKfhka ika;Dma; ùu

kqiq≥iqh' tfia jqjfyd;a me<Eá uq,a j,g Tlaiscka

,eîu ≥r®j, ù Ydl jr®Okhg wys;lr úh yel'

j.d uÆ ;eîug fmr j.d ìu iq≥ meye;s mdrcïnq,

lsrK m%;sfrdaë fmd,s;Ska uÛska wdjrKh l< hq;=h'

fuu iq≥ fmd,s;Skh wdf,dalh mrdjr®;kh lrk

w;r me< w;r idfmalaI wdr®ø;djh wvq lrk

neúka †,Sr wdidok fukau mdxY= ckl jHdêldrl

ydkso j,lajhs' Odrl Yla;sh fkdue;s fnda. i|yd

wdOdrl ,nd°u o wjYH fõ ^26 jk rEmh&'

>kudOH msrjQ ldkq fy` md;a;s;=< j.d ;dlaIKhTrench or Trough technique

újD; j.d l%uhla jk fuh msysá ìfï fi'ó' 30-

35la .eUqrg ieliQ ldkqq ;=< ^27 jk rEmh& fyda

fmdf<dj u;=msg .fvd,a fyda fldkal%SÜ Ndú;d lr

f.dvkxjk ,o nlals jeks md;a;s ^28 jk rEmh&

j, fnda. j.d lrk l%uhls'

27 jk rEmh( >k udOHh msrjQ ldkqjl me;slvla

rEm igyk 26( j.d u¨ j, isgjQ ;lald,s j.djla

fmd,s;ska mg,h

c,jyk

k,h

j.d udOH

iys; ldkq

m%Odk fmdaIl

iemhqï k,h

fmdaIl ødjK

iemhqï k,

19

CIqø k,

m%Odk fmdaIl iemhqï k,h

>k udOH iys;

j.d n∫k

fmdaIl ødjK

iemhqï CIqø k,

j.d udOH

iys; md;a;s

fmd,s;ska mg,h

m%Odk fmdaIl

iemhqï k,h

c,jyk k,h

28 jk rEmh( >k udOHh msrjQ md;a;shl me;slvla

by; l%u foflys°u" c,h ldka≥ fkdjk fia

mdrcïnq, lsrK j,g m%;sfrdaë fmd,s;Ska ;Ügq 2la

ldKqj fyda md;a;s iy ta wjg ìu jefik fia t,d

bka miqj j.d udOH msrúh hq;=h' fï uÛska ldkqfjys

wvx.= udOH mi yd .eàu j<lajhs' ldkq j, m<,"

j.d l%uh wkqj ;SrKh l< hq;=h' jvd m<,a ldkq

;=< fofma,s l%uhg me< isgqùu is≥ lrhs' ldkq j,

.eUqr fnda.h wkqj fjkia jk w;r wju jYfhka

fi'ó' 30 la j;a ;sîu wjYH fõ'

j.d udOH f,i „jdKqy˙; fldyq n;a ^mer◊&"

„jdKqy˙; je,s" ,S l=vq" mSÜ" jr®ñlHq,hsÜ" mr®,hsÜ"

fyda tajdfha ñY%khka Ndú;d l< yel''''' j.d udOH

frda. ldrl „ùkaf.ka f;dr ùu wjYH fõ'''''

ìx≥ c, iïmdok l%uhla uÛska fyda w;ska

(manually) tla tla me<hg fjk fjku fmdfydr

ødjKh fh°u l< yel' fi'ó' 2'5 la úIalïNh

iys; iújr k,hla ldkqfõ fyda md;a;sfha wvx.=

udOHh háka ;ekam;a ls¯u uÛska c,jykh myiq

lrhs' msms[a∆" ;lald,s jeks fnda. i|yd Ydl

wdOdrl j,g wu;rj" M, ord .ekSu i|ydo

wdOdrl iemhSu wjYH fõ'

n∫ka ;=< j.djPot culture

29 jk rEmh( n∫ka j.d l%ufha c, frdams; me<

by; ldkq l%uhg iudk j.d l%uhla jk fuys me<

isgqùu lrkqfha fi'ó' 30 la muK .eUqr ueá"

ma,diaála fyda fmd,s;ska n∫ka j,h ^29 jk rEmh&'

n∫fka ;sìh hq;= m˙udj fnda.h wkqj fjkia jk

w;r idudkHfhka th ,Sgr® 1-10 olajd fjkia fõ'

j.d udOH" fmdaIl ødjKh iemhSu" wdOdrl iemhSu

j.d kv;a;=j by; ldkq l%uh yd iudk fõ'

20

jdhjfrdams; j.djAeroponics

l=vd is≥re iys; iaghsrf*daï ;eá fhd∞ ieliQ we;=<;

ysia wjldYh iys; l=á fyda fmÜá j,ska iukaú;

fõ' jdhj m˙irfha t,a,d jefgk uQ,uKav,hla

,efnk m˙† is≥re ;=<ska me< j, uQ,uKav,h fmÜá

;=<g we;=,a lrhs' uq,a j, jr®Okh †˙u;a ls¯u

i|yd iy †,Sr jr®Okh je<elaùu i|yd fuu l=á

;=<g wdf,dalh fkd,efnk wdldrhg ilid we;

^30 jk rEmh&'

jdhj frdams; j.dj wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< is≥ ls¯u

jvd;a fhda.Hh' y˙;.Dy ;=< bv ldr®hlaIuj

Ndú;d ls¯u i|yd bx.S%is §ta¶ wl=r (A) yeve;s

jHqyhla fï i|yd Ndú;d l< yel' ^30 jk

rEmh&'

fuu j.d l%ufha ° iu fCIa;%hl wksl=;a j.d l%u

j, fhdok me< m%udKh fuka fo.=Khla muK

j.d l, yels neúka N+ñ Ndú;h jvd;a ldr®hCIu

fõ' fld, t<jΩ" úis;=re me< iy iafg%dafn˙ jeks

m<;=re o fuu l%u u.ska j.d l< yel' wmkhkh

i|yd mia rys; uq,a weoao jQ úis;=re me< ksIamdokh

l< yels ùuo ;j;a jdishls'

fuu j.d l%ufha° fmdaIl ødjKh ishqï ñys≥ula

fyda >k j,djla wdldrhg uq,a j,g ,nd foa' fñ

i|yd úkdä 2-3 jrla ;;amr lSmhla fmdaIK

ødjKh úiqrejd y˙kq ,nhs' fï u.ska uQ,uKav,fha

m%Yia; f;;ukh iy jd;kh mj;ajd .ekSug

yelsfjk w;r uq,a j, .efgk ødjK mg,fhka

fnda. j,g wjYH fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu

is≥fõ'

30 jk rEmh( jdhj frdams; j.d moaO;shl fldgia

iaghsfrdaf*daï

;yvqj

ma,diaála wdjrKhfmdaIl ødjKh biskh

21

c,frdams; j.dj i|yd;jdka me< ieliSuNursery techniques

Wiia wi ajek akl a fok

idr®:l j.djla ,nd .;yels

jkafka .=Kd;aufhka hq;= frdamK

øjH Ndú;fhks' idudkH

j.djl o S fuk au

c,frdams; j.dj i|yd o

îc me< fukau jr®Ol fldgia

u.ska ,nd .kakd frdamK øjHh o Ndú;d

fõ' .=Kd;aufhka hq;= frdamK øjH

ksmojd .ekSu i|yd ;jdka md,kh

l%udkql+,j is≥l, hq;=h'

;jdka udOHGrowing media

;jdka udOH i|yd f;dard .kakd øjH ydks∞hl

„ùkaf.ka f;dr" îc me,fha m%frdayKh yd jr®Okh

i|yd iq≥iq ;;a;aj imqrd,k udOHhla úh hq;=h'

j.dj i|yd udOHh f;dard .ekSfï° ie,lsh hq;=

lreKq fuys° o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h' fï ishÆu

udOHhka „jdKqyrkh lr ;sîu ksfrda.S †˙u;a

me< ,nd .ekSu i|yd w;HjYH fõ'

Ndú;d l< yels ;jdka udOH

l „jdKqy˙;" mer◊ fldyqn;a

l lr lrk ,o oyhshd

(carbonized rice husk)l ishqï je,s$fldyqn;a ñY%kh

l frdlajQ,a" mSÜ fy` mr®,hsÜ

;jdka udOHh i|yd fldyqn;a Ndú;d lrkafka kï

udi 6 j;a mer◊ ù ;sîu WÑ; fõ' fldyqn;a j,

mStÉ w.h W∞iSk ;;ajhg f.k tau i|yd Ndú;hg

fmr †h .eiQ yqKq Ca (OH)2 wjYH m˙† tla l<

yelsh' jr®. fi'ó' 15l m˙udj iys; ls'.%E' 5l

muK úh<s fldyqn;a l=Üáhlg †h.eiQ yqKq .%Eï

100-250 la muK fh†h hq;=h' ms˙is≥ fldyqn;a"

úh,d f;rmSug ,la lr m˙udj wvqjk wdldrhg

ieliQ fldyqn;a l=Üá f,i fjf<o fmdf,ka ,nd.;

yel'

;jdka n∫ka yd ;eá;jdka n∫ka yd ;eá;jdka n∫ka yd ;eá;jdka n∫ka yd ;eá;jdka n∫ka yd ;eáNursery containers & trays

îc m%frdayKh i|yd iq≥iq ;;a;aj ,nd †h yels

;jdka n∫ka fyda ;eá Ndú;d l< yel'

01' n∫ka yd j.d l=Üá

(Individual containers/growingblocks)

lvodis" ma,diaála" ueá" iaghsrf*daï fyda fldyq fl¢

j,ska idok ,o n∫ka ^31 jk rEmh& yd frdlajQ,a

fyda iafmdka√ l=Üá Ndú;d l< yel'

31 jk rEmh( úúO n∫ka jr®.

22

l f;;a l< lv∞ishlska fyda fr† lene,a,lska

;jdk jid ;nd îc m%fr`yKh jk úg

ksrdjrKh ls¯u hk l%shd wkq.ukh l<

hq;= fõs'

jr®Ol fldgia u.ska me<ksIamdokh

îc me< fukau jr®Ol fldgia u.ska ,nd .kakd

ksfrda.S †˙u;a me< o c, fr`ms; j.dj i|yd

Ndú;d lrhs' fï i|yd ksfrda.S uõ Ydl j,ska

iq≥iq frdamk øjH f;dard .; hq;=fõ'

uõ m∫re j,ska fjka lr.;a me<fyda Odjl

f.dgqfld, - jgmKqydksh fkdue;s" kSfrda.S uõ

m∫re j,ska ,nd.kakd uq,a iys;"

uOHia: m%udKhg fïrE me< fyda

Odjl

iafg%dafn˙ - uõ m∫re j,ska fjka lr.;a fyda

Odjl j,ska ,nd .;a me<

cr®fnrd - uõ m∫re j,ska fjka lr.;a me<

o~q fyda l| len,s

uql=Kqjekak- uOHia:j fyda fyd¢ka fïrE" fi'ó'

10-12la †. o~q len,s

lxl=ka - uOHia:j fïrE" .eg 3-4la iys;"

fi'ó' 20-30la muK †. l| len,s

^33 yd 34 jk rEm&

ñxÑ - uOHia:j fïrE" fi'ó' 10-12la muK

†. o~q len,s

idrK - uOHia:j fïrE o~q len,s

fuys° „jdkqy˙; je,s fyda fldyqn;a j, uq,a woaojd

.;a jr®Ol fldgia ;jdka n∫ka j, isgqùu fyda

tlajru ;jdka n∫ka j, isgqùu l< yelsh'

02' ;eá - Trays

fï i|yd o ≤kg fjf<| fmdf,ka úúO wdldrfha

yd m%udKfha ;jdka ;eá ,nd .; yel' tla tla

;eáhl we;s l=àr ixLHdj wkqj ksmoúh yels

me< ixLHdj fjkia fõs' tu ksid isgqùug

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fnda.h i|yd iq≥iq ;jdka ;eá

f;dard .; hq;= fõ ^32 jk rEmh&'

iaghsfrdf*daï ;eá

ma,diaála ;eá (speedling/cell plugtrays)

îc m%frdayKh

jeä jákdlï iys; fnda. c,frdams; j.dj i|yd

Ndú;d lrk w;r tjeks fnda.-îc j, ñ, wêl

fõs' fï ksid iEu îchlskau b;d fyd| ;;a;ajfha

me<hla ,nd .ekSug wruqKq lr .; hq;= fõs'

taldld¯ îc m%frdayKhla i|yd-

l n∫ka fydaa ;eá m<uqj fyd¢ka ms˙is≥ lr

le,aishï fy` fidaähï yhsfmdlaf,darhsâ

;Kql ødjKhlska ^10]& fida∞ ye¯u

l ;jdka udOH msrùu iy kshñ; .eUq˙ka îc

;ekam;a ls¯u

l m%frdayKh i|yd wjYH m%Yia; f;;ukh"

WIaK;ajh yd wdr®ø;dj ksishdldrj ,nd°u

32 jk rEmh( úúO ;eá jr®.

23

fï i|yd we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%kfhka ^j.= wxl 3&

.%Eï 10 la c,h ,Sgr® 10l ñY% lr id∞.kakdjQ

ødjKh iq≥iq fõ'

;jdka n≥ka fyda ;eá fmdfydr ødjKh wvx.=

fkd.eUqre Ndckhl n∫fka wvla muKla .sf,k

fia ;eîfuka c,h iy fmdaIl Wrd .ekSug ie,eiaúh

yelsh ^35 jk rEmh&' ;jdka n∫ka fyda ;eá j,

há me;af;a we;s is≥re j,ska fmdaIl ødjKh

flaYdlr®IKfhka ;jdka udOHhg wjfYdaIKh lrhs'

wjYH kï l%ufhka me< jr®Okh jk úg n∫ka

udOH u;=msgg fmdaIl ødjKh fh†h yels fõ'

;jdka udOHh u;=msgg fmdaIl ødjKh fh°fï°

l ;jdka n∫k fyda ;eáh iu;,d u;=msgl

;nd fmdaIl ødjKh l=vd me< u;g

fkdjefgk fia ;jdka udOHfha fl,jrlg

fh†h hq;=h'

l îc me< uq,a wjêfha° †klg ñ',S' 5-10la

tla j;djlg ,nd†h hq;=h'

l îc me< jr®Okh jk úg ñ',S' 10-25la

†klg tla j;djl° fyda foj;djl° ,nd†h

hq;=h' fuu m%udKh me< j.d moaO;sfha

ixia:dmkh ls¯u olajd iq≥iq fõ'

;dhs lxl=ka" idrK yd ksú;s îc u.skao m%pdrKh

lr .; yelsh' iafg%dafn˙" ldfkaIka" cr®fnrd jeks

Ydl j, mgl frdams; me< o" c,frdams; j.dj

i|yd fhd∞ .efka'

;jdka me< j,g fmdaIl,nd°u

îc m%frdayKh ù m<uq m;% 2-3 la u;=jk ;=re

;jdka udOH wê ika;Dma; fkdjk fia ms˙is≥ c,h

muKla imhkq ,efí' bka miq îc me< isgqùug

iq≥iq wjêh olajd ffokslj ;kql fmdaIl ødjKhla

fyda ffoksl c, iemhqu iu. †k follg jrla

fmdaIl ødjKh iemhSu l< hq;=h'

33 jk rEmh( f;dard .;a lxl=ka o~q len,s

34 jk rEmh' uq,a weoaojQ lxl=ka me<

35 jk rEmh' fmdaIl ødjKh iys; n∫ka j, ;enQ ;jdka me<

24

jr®Ol fldgia u.ska m%pdrKh lr .kakd Ydl o

by; wdldrhgu fmdaIK ødjK wvx.= Ndck j,

;eîu jvd;a iq≥iq jk w;r tlajru c, frdams;

n∫ka j,o isgqúh yelsh'

;jdka ld,h

îc me< fyda w;= len,s kshñ; m%udKhg jevqk miq

;jdka ;eáfhka bj;afldg iq≥iq j.d moaO;shl

isgqõh hq;=hs' fnda. wkqj iy j.d l%uh wkqj

îc me< ;jdfka ;sìh hq;= ld, iSud fjkia fõs'

l ;lald,s i;s 3-4 l ° ^m;% 2-3 wjia:dj&

l f.dajd i;s 4-5 l ° ^m;% 3-4 wjia:dj&

l i,do msms[a[d i;s 3l ° ^m;% 3-4

wjia:dj&

l i,do i;s 2-3

l fn,a fmmr® i;s 4-5

isgqùu i|yd jr®.hg wdfõksl ,CIK iys; úlD;s

j,ska f;dr jQ †˙u;a" kSfrda.S îc me< muKla

f;dard .; hq;=hs'

iafmdaka– ;jdka l%uh

by; i|yka l< ;jdka udOHhka fjkqjg iafmdka–

udOH jqjo me< iE°u i|yd Ndú;d l< yel'

fï i|yd fi'ó' 2'5 >klu iys; iafmdka– lene,a,la

f.k th j._ fi'ó' 2'5 l l=Üá j,g lmd ^36 jk

rEmh&" l=Üáh f;;a lr" iafmdkaa– l=Üáfha ueo

l=vd is≥rla fyda u;= msáka wÛ,a 1$2 muK .eUqrg

uOHh yryd hk lemqula lr îc ;ekam;a lsrSu

l< hq;=h'

iafmdkaa– l=Üáfha f;;ukh mj;ajdf.k hdu

i|yd;a" fmdaIl iemhSu i|yd;a" fuu len,s ;eáhla

;=< ;eìh hq;=hs' kv;a;= ls%hd idudkH ;eá ;jdka

fukss' îc m%frdayKh ù m<uq îc m;% fol †.

yefrk wjia:dfõ isg †hr fmdaIl ,nd°u wdrïN

l< hq;= fõ' iafmdkaa– l=Üáh iuÛu ;jdka me<

j.d udOHfha isgqúh yelsh ^37 jk rEmh&'

36 jk rEmh' lmd .;a iafmdka– lene,a,

37 jk rEmh ( isgqùug iq≥iq ;;a;ajfha me<hla

25

c,frdams; j.dfõ fmdaIlødjK ilid .ekSuPreparation of nutrientsolution for soil-lessculture

me<Eá jr®Okh i|yd uQ,øjH 17 la wjYH fõ ^38

jk rEmh&' úYd, jYfhka Ydl j,g wjYH uQ,øjH

uyd uQ,øjH f,i o" thg jvd ;rula wvqfjka

wjYH jk uQ,øjH oaú;Sl uQ,øjH f,i o ye¢kafõ'

iqΩ jYfhka jqj;a Ydl jr®Okhg wjYH uQ,øjH

CIqø uQ,øjH f,i y∫kajhss'

uyd uQ,øjH w;=˙ka ldnka (C), yhsv%cka (H) iy

Tlaiscka (O) iajNdúlj c,h yd jd;fhka ,efnk

neúka fmdfydr f,i Ndú;d fkdlrhss' tfy;a

khsg%cka (N), fmdiamria (P) yd fmdgEishï (K)fmdfydr f,i ,nd†h hq;=h'

le,aishï (Ca), ue.akSishï (Mg) iy i,a*r® (S)oaú;Sl uQ,øjH hg;g .efka'

CIqø uQ,øjH jk iskala (Zn), fldmr® (Cu), hlv

(Fe), ueka.kSia (Mn), fndafrdaka (B), fud,síäkï

(Mo), laf,da˙ka (Cl) iy ksl,a (Ni) Ydl j,g

iqΩ jYfhka jqj;a w;HjYH fõ'

c, frdams; j.djka j,° ishÆu fmdfydr c,fha

†hlr fmdaIl ødjKhla f,i ,ndfoa' iajNdúl

mdxY= udOHfha° ndysrfhka fhdok fmdfydrj, fuka

c, úÉf√ok fyda whkSlrK l%shdj,sh mia rys;

j.d udOH j,° is≥ fkdfõ' tksid c, frdams;

j.djka j,° fhdok fmdfydr whkSlrK

;;a;ajfhka ;sîu wjYH fõ' hQ˙hd c,fha fyd¢ka

†hjk kuq;a c,frdams; j.dj i|yd Ndú;d l<

fkdyel' hQ˙hd Ydl wjfYdaIKhg wjYH m˙†

c, úÉf√okh ùu fyda iajNdúlj mfiys ° fuka

ì| fy,Sula c, frdams; udOH j,° is≥ fkdùu

fuhg fya;=jhs'

c, frdams; j.dj,°" fnda.fha wjYH;dj yd jr®Ol

wjêh u; fmdaIl iemhSfï yelshdj j.dlrejdg

we;' fï ksid mfiys° fuka fmdaIl ,nd .; yels

njg wys;lr n,mEula c,frdams; j.dfõ° is≥

fkdjk neúka fnda. blaukska jr®Okh ù Wiia

wiajkq ,ndfohs' tfy;a j.dlrejd Ydl fmdaIl yd

tajdfha kv;a;=j ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd

;sîu u; fuu j.d l%ufha idr®:lNdjh rπmj;S'

NCl

PB

KMn

Ca

Mg

S

Fe

Zn

Mo

Ni

Cu

38 jk rEmh ( fnda. jr®Okhg w;HdjYH uQ,øjH

26

fmdaIl ødjK md,kh

m%Yia: fmdaIl ;Fjhka myiqfjka md,kh l< yels

kuq;a ksrjoH fkdjk l%u fya;=fjka fmdaIK ødjKh

wiu;=<s; ù fnda.hg ydks ùfuka j.dj widr®:l

úh yelsh' fï ksid ksjer† ;=<s; fmdaIl ødjK

iemhqï jev igykla mj;ajd f.k hdu b;d jeo.;a

fõ' fï i|yd ødjKfha mStÉ (pH) uÜgu"

WIaK;ajh iy úoaHq;a ikakdhl;dj kshudldr f,i

mj;ajdf.k hdu;a wjYH wjia:d j,° fmdaIl

ødjK w¨;ska msrùu;a b;d jeo.;a l%shdjka fõ'

mStÉ w.h pH Value

udOHfha wdï,sl;djh yd NdIañl;djh fmkakqï

lrkakd jQ or®Ylh f,i ir,j ye†kaúh yel'

fuh 1-14 olajd mrdihl ñkqï.; lr we;s w;r

1-7 olajd wdï,sl mrdih;a" 7 W∞iSk wjia:dj;a"

7-14 olajd NdIañl mrdih f,i o iïu; h'

ødjKfha mStÉ w.h 7'5 g jvd jeäjk úg hlv"

ueka.kSia" fldmr®" iskala iy fndafrdaka hk uQ,øjH

Ydlhg ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj wvqfõ' ødjKfha mStÉ

w.h 6 g jvd wvqjk úg fmdiafmda˙la wï,h"

le,aishï iy ueka.kSia j, ødjH;djh iS>%fhka

wvqfõ' fï ksid j.djl idr®:l Ndjh i|yd fhda.Hh

mStÉ mrdih mj;ajdf.k hdu w;HdjYH fõ'

c, frdams; j.dj i|yd m%Yia; mStÉ mrdih

5'8-6'5 w;r fõ'

mStÉ w.h 4-10 olajd mrdifhys fmdaIl j,

,nd.; yels nfjys fjkia ùu 40 jk rEm

igykska fmkajhs' ;sria w;g msysá jr®K fr®Ld

j,ska tla tla uQ,øjHh ,nd .; yels iq,n;djh

fmkajk w;r" fr®Ldfõ m<, jeä jkúg Wm˙u

,nd .; yels nj fmkakqï lrhs' fr®Ldfõ m<,

wvq mrdij, fmdaIl ,nd .; yels nj wvqh'

uQ,øjH jeä m%udKhla myiqfjka ,nd.; yels

m%Yia: mStÉ w.h 6'25 r;= jr®K isria fr®Ldj

u.ska fmkakqï lrhs' udOHfhys mS tÉ mrdih

m%Yia:j fkdue;súg fmdaIl W!K;d fukau fmdaIl

úIùï o we;súh yel' fuh fnda. jr®.h wkqj

fjkia fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i mStÉ w.h 7'5

uÜgfuys †.gu mej;=kfyd;a hlv W!K;djh

we;s lrk w;r" th me<Eáfha m;% j, kdrá

w;r lyùu fkdfyd;a y˙;CIh we;sùu u.ska

fmkakqï lrhs'

me,Eá u.ska fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lr .kakd úg

ødjKfha mS tÉ w.h fjkia fõ' fï ksid th

†km;d m¯CId lr ksjer† ls¯u l< hq;=h ^39

jk rEmh&' idudkHfhka fm`Il ødjK ksr®foaY

ls¯fï° ødjKfha iajdrÌl nj mj;ajd .kakd

ridhksl ixfh`. tl;= lrhs s' b;d ;kql

fmdiafmd˙la wï,h fy` khsÜ%la wï,h Ndú;h

u.ska mStÑ w.h wvq l, yels w;r" ;kql

fmdgEishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ u.ska mStÉ w.h jeä

l, yelsh' mStÑ w.fha Ì◊l fjkia ùï fn`.hg

ydks∞hl ksid udOHfha iajdrCIl Ndjh mj;ajd

.ekSu w;HdjYH lreKls'39 jk rEmh( ir, mstÉ udkhla

27

úoahq;a ikakdhl;djElectrical conductivity-EC

úoahq;a ikakdhl;dj hï ødjKhl wvx.= ødjH

,jK idkaøkh fmkakqï lrk ñkquls' ødjKh

;=<ska úoahq;h .uka ls¯ug i,iajd úoahq;a

ik akdhl;d udkhla Ndú;fhka úo ah q; a

ikakdhl;djh ukskq ,nhs ^41 jk rEmh&' tys

tall ógrhg fvisiSuka (dS/m) fõ' flfia kuq;a

fuu ñkqu u.ska ,efnkqfha ødjKfha wvx.= ødjH

,jK idkaøKh muKla jk w;r" tla tla fmdaIlhka

wvx.= m%udK fkdfõ'

40 jk rEmh( úúO mStÉ w.hkays ° uQ,øjH ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj

khsg%cka

fmdiamria

fmdgEishï

i,a*r®

le,aishï

ue.akSishï

hlv

ueka.kSia

fndafrdaka

fldmr® iy iskala

4'54'0 5'0 5'5 6'0 6'5 7'0 7'5 8'0 8'5 9'0 9'5 10

6'25

wê wdï,sl wdï,sl

≥r®j,

wdï,sl

b;d

≥r®j,

wdï,sl

b;d

≥r®j,

NdIañl

≥r®j,

NdIañl NdIañl wê NdIañl

c,frdams; j.d j,° m%Yia: úoahq;a ikakdhl;d

mrdih 1'5-2'5 dS/m fõ'

28

wêl úoahq;a ikakdhl w.hl° ødjKh ;=< wdi%e;s

mSvkh fjkia ùu ksid fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh j<lajk

w;r" b;d wvq w.hka fnda.fha ksfrda.S njg yd

wiajekakg ydks∞hs f,i n,mdhs'

jr®Okh jk fn`." fmdaIl ødjKfhka c,h yd

fmdaIl Wrd .kakd úg ødjKfha ,jK idkaøKh

fjkia fõ' úoahq;a ikakdhl;djh m%Yia: mrdihg

jvd jeä jQ úg ms˙is≥ c,h tl;= ls¯u l< yelsh'

th wvqjk úg fmdaIl tl;= ls¯u iq≥iq fõ'

fmdaIl ødjK ieliSu

j.dlrejkg wjYH kï Tjqkagu fmdaIl ñY%kh

ilid .; yels w;r ta i|yd iïmQr®Kfhkau c,fha

ødjH ridhksl ixfhda. Ndú;d l< hq;=fõ'

c,frdams; j.dfõ wjYH;djh wkqj f;dard .;

yels úúO fmdfydr jr®. fjf<o fmdf,ka ,nd .;

yel'

je,s" ueá fyda frdka uv jeks wmøjH wvx.= fkdjk

fmdfydr fï i|yd f;dard .; hq;= w;r" tjeks

wmøjH jeä úg tajd c,iïmdok moaO;s wjysr

lr" fnda.hg ydks muqKqjhs' fmdaIl W!K;d we;sjk

neúka ødjH fkdjk fyda wvq ødjH;d iys; fmdaIl

wvx.= ridhk ixfh`. Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=h' ≤kg

Ndú;fha mj;sk c, ødjH fmdfydr tlsfkl ñY%

lr .ek Sfï yel shdj tkï ix>;Ndjh

(Compatibility) j.= wxl 1 ys i|yka fõ'

W∞yrKhla f,i wefudakshï khsfÜ%Ü (AN) yd

le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) tlsfkl ñY% l< yel'

fujeks ;;a;ajhl° tu fmdfydr jr®. fol

tlsfkl ix.;Ndjfhka hqla;h' th C ,l=◊ka

olajhs' wefudakshï i,afmaÜ (AS) yd le,aishï

khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) tlsfkl ñY% ls¯u iSñ;j is≥

l< yel' fujeks ;;a;ajhl° tu fmdfydr jr®.

fol tlsfkl iSñ; ix.;Ndjfhka hqla; nj

ie,lsh hq;=h' th L i,l=fKka olajhs' iSñ;

ix.; fmdfydr ñY% ls fï ° Ndú;d lrk fmdfydr

jr®. wkqj iq≥iq f,i fyda ñY% l< ú.iska Ndú;d

ls¯u wjYH fõ' le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) yd

fudfkdwefudakshï fmdiafmaÜ jeks fmdfydr ñY% lr

Ndú;d l< fkdyel' fujeks ;;a;ajhl° tu

fmdfydr jr®. fol tlsfkl wix.;Ndjfhka hqla;

nj ie,fla' fuh X i,l=fKka olajhs'

41 jk rEmh ( ir, wdldrfha úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d udmlhla

29

C: ix>;

L: iSñ; ix>;

X: wix>;

c, ødjH fmdfydr AN AS CAN MAP SOP MOP

wefudakshï khsfÜ%Ü (AN) - C C C C C

wefudakshï i,af*aÜ (AS) C - L C C C

le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) C L - X C C

fudfkda wefudakshï fmdiafmaÜ (MAP) C C X - C C

fmdgEishï i,afmaÜ (SOP) C C L C - C

fmdgEishï laf,darhsâ(MOP) C C X C C -

‚maiï (G) X X X X C C

lSirhsÜ (KS) C C C X C C

fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü (PN) C L C C - C

iuyr ridhksl ixfhda. tlsfkl iu. m%;sls%hd

lr ødjH;djh wvq lrhs' wefudakshï i,af*aÜ yd

fmdgEishï laf,darhsâ ñY%k gexlshg tljr fhd∞

ñY% ls¯fï° fmdgEishï i,af*aÜ ie° ødjH;djh

wvqfõs' le,aishï iy nhsldnfkag wêl c,fhys

‚maiï wjfCIamKh jk w;r" fuu wjfCIams;

‚maiï jd˙ moaO;sfha l=vd is≥re wjysr lrhs'

c,frdams; j.dj i|yd fhd∞ .;yels fmdfydr ñY%k

úúO ridhksl ixfhda. wvx.= fmdfydr ñY%k y∫kajd

° we;s w;r" nyq,j Ndú;d lrk tjeks ñY%k 2

la j.= wxl 2 iy 3 ys wvx.= fõ'

j.= wxl 2( wdpdr®h we,ka l+mr® úiska

y∫kajd ≥ka fmdaIl ñY%kh ^ødjK ,S' 1000

la ms<sfh, ls˙ug fhd∞ .kakd ridhksl ixfhda.

j, nr .%Eï j,ska&

ridhksl ixfhda. nr ^.%Eï&

fmdgEishï vhsyhsv%cka fmdiaf*aÜ KH2PO4 263'00

fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü KNO3 583'00

le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü Ca(NO3)2.H2O 1003'00

ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ MgSO4 513'00

hlv lSf,ag FeEDTA 79'00

ueka.kSia i,af*aÜ MgSO4 6'10

fnda˙la wï,h H3BO3 1'70

fldmr® i,af*aÜ CuSO4 0'39

wefudakshï fud,sìfâÜ NH4Mo7O24 0'37

iskala i,af*aÜ ZnSO4 0'44

j.= wxl1( c, ødjH fmdfydr iy tajdfha ix>;Ndjh

30

fmdfydr-c, iemhquFertigation

j.= wxl 03 ( we,anÜ ñY%kh ^ødjK ,S' 1000

la ms<sfh, ls˙ug fhd∞ .kakd ridhksl ixfhda.

j, nr .%Eï j,ska&

ridhksl ixfhda. nr ^.%Eï&

u,aá fla-fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü KNO3 38'00

ms˙my≥ le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü Ca(NO3)2.H2O 952'00

ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ MgSO4 308'0

hlv lSf,ag FeEDTA 8'00

iskala i,af*aÜ ZnSO4 0'15

fnda˙la wï,h H3BO3 0'20

ueka.kSia i,af*aÜ MgSO4 1'15

fldmr® i,af*aÜ CuSO4 0'10

fudfkd fmdgEishï fmdiafmaÜ KH2PO4 269'00

fmdgEishï i,af*aÜ K2SO4 423'00

wefudakshï fud,sìfâÜ NH4Mo7O24 0'03

we,anÜ ñY%kh foaYSh fjf<o fmdf,ka ñ,° .;

yel'

fujeks fmdaIl ñY%k uQ,uKav, fmdfydrla f,i

,nd °u .egΩjla fkdjk kuq;a m;%uh †hr

fmdfydrla f,i Ndú;h iq≥iq fkdfõ' fuu ñY%k

j, hlv Öf,ag ixfhda.hka f,i we;s fyhska †hr

fmdfydrla f,i ,nd≥ka úg th myiqfjka ì|

fy,Su is≥ fkdjk neúka tjeks t<jΩ wdydrhg

.ekSu iq≥iq fkdfõ' fï ksid m;% fmdfydrla f,i

Ndú;d lf,a kï kshñ; †k .Kkla blaujQ miqj

wiajkq fk,Su WÑ; fõ'

c, iïmdokh iu. me<Eá jr®Okh i|yd wjYH

fmdaIl c,fha †hlr ,nd°u fmdfydr-c, iïmdokh

fõ'

fmdfydr-c, iïmdokfha jdis

l ksjer† iy taldld˙ f,i fmdfydr fh°ug

yelsùu

l fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêhg i˙,k m˙†"

foaY.=◊l ;;a;ajhg wkql+,j fnda.fha

fmdaIl wjYH;djhka ,nd°fï yelshdj

l fmdfydr Ndú;fha ldr®hCIu;djh jeä ùu

yd uq,uKav, l,dmfhka fmdaIl CIrKh

ùu wvq ls¯u u.ska N+.; c, ¥IKh wju

l< yels ùu

42 jk rEmh( fmdfydr ñY%k gexlsh iys;

c,iïmdok tallhla

31

l fnda. wiajekak fukau wiajekafka .=Kd;auh

o jeä lr .; yels ùu

l lïlre Y%uh b;s˙ lr .; yelsùu

fmdfydr c, iïmdokfha°ie,lsh hq;= lreKql j.d udOHfha ,CIK

l Ndú;d lrk fmdfydr

l jd˙ c,fha .=Kd;auh

m<uq m˙Éf√o j,° úia;r lr we;s udOHfha ,CIK

yd Ndú;d l< hq;= fmdfydr jr®. yd tajdfha .=Kdx.

ms<sn| lreKq wkq.ukh ls¯u jeo.;a fõ'

c, frdams; j.djka i|yd Ndú;d l< hq;= c,h

ms˙is≥ úh hq;= w;r" mStÉ iy úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d

w.hka fnda. j.djg ys;lr uÜgfï ;sìh hq;=h'

c,fha mStÉ iy úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d w.hka yd

ødjH ,jK jr®. wkqj tys .=Kd;auh m%Odk mx;s

3 lg fn∞ we; ^j.= wxl 4&'

ydks∞hl fkdjk iy uOHia: mrdih ;=< msysá

c,h c, frdams; j.dj i|yd Ndú;d l< yels fõ'

kuq;a uOHia: mrdifha c,h Ndú;d lrkafka kï

jirlg jrlaj;a j.d moaO;sh ms˙is≥ c,fhka

fida∞ye˙h hq;= fõ'

fmdfydr-c, iïmdokh is≥lrk wdldrh

ffoksl fnda. c, wjYH;djh wkqj †hlr .;a

fmdfydr" c, iïmdok moaO;sh Tiafia fyda w;ska

fnda. j,g ,nd†h yelsh' fnda.h" j.d l%uh iy

fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêh wkqj Ndú;d lrkq ,nk

fmdfydr m%udKh fjkia fõ'

Courtesy: Guidelines for Interpretation of water quality for irrigation, Western fertilizerhandbook, page 38

j.= wxl 4' jd˙ c, iïmdokfha° c,fha .=Kd;auh i|yd i,lkq ,nk lreKq

ie,lsh hq;= lreKq tall .=Kd;aul mx;sh

ydks∞hl fkdjk$ uOHia: mrdih ydks∞hs mrdih

fhda.H mrdih

mStÉ w.h idudkH mrdih 6'5-8'4

,jK;dj ^úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj& dS/m 0.0 -0.8 0.8 - 3.0 >3

fidaähï ñ,s iul$,S <3 >3 -

laf,darhsâ ñ,s iul$,S <3 >3 -

fndafrdaka ñ,s .%Eï$,S <0.7 0.7 - 3.0 >3.0

nhsldnfkaÜ ñ,s iul$,S <1.5 1.5 - 8.5 >8.5

32

fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêh wkqj fmdaIl wjYH;djh

fjkia jk kuq;a ish¨u jr®Ol wjê j,° ødjKfha

mStÉ 5'8-6'5 mrdifha iy úoaHQ;a ikakdhl;djh

1'5-2'5 dS/m f,i kv;a;= l< hq;=h'

ixirKh jk DFT iy NFT l%u j,° fmr

;SrKh lr .;a ld,dka;r wkqj fmdaIl ødjK

,nd †h hq;= fõ'

>k udOH i|yd fmdfydr-c, iïmdokh fmdïmhla

u.ska ls%hd;aul jk c, iïmdok moaO;s Tiafia

fyda w;ska fh°u l< yelsh' j.d udOHfha

f;;ukh fCIa;% Od˙;d uÜgfï /f|k m˙†

fh†h hq;=h' fmdaIl m%udKh fmr ;SrKh lr .;a

ld,dka;r j,ska Ydlfha uQ,uKav, l,dmhg ,nd†h

hq;=h'

fmdfydr fkdfhdok wjia:dj,° Ydlfha uQ,

uKav,h iys; >k udOHh fCIa;% Od˙;d uÜgfï

;nd .ekSug wjYH c,h muKla iïmdokh l<

hq;=fõ'

mqyqKq ls¯u yd lmamd≥ls¯u

mfiys° fuka fkdj c,frdams; j.djka j,° j.d

udOH u.ska m%udKj;a Odrl yelshdjla ,nd fkdfoa'

j.d udOHhka Ndú;d fkdjk ødjK j.djka j,°

fuh jvd;a ;Sj% fõ' fufia fyhska wu;r wdOdrl

,nd °u wjYH fõ' wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla iys; je,a

wdldr fnda. ^msms[a∆" ;lald,s& fukau wêl f,i

M, ork yd M, j, nr jeä fnda. fn,afmmr®" ngq&

i|yd fuu wdOdrl w;HdjYH fõ'

fuysoS Ydl l| jgd fh¥ ma,diaála uq≥jlg fyda

l| mduq,ska ,sys,aj .eg .eiQ fmd,st;s,ska kQ,a isria

wdOdrl f,i Ndú;d lrhs' fuu kQ,a" j.dfõ

by<ska iúl< ;sria wdOdrl lïì j, .eg .ikq

,efí ^43 jk rEmh&'

me< jr®Okh jkúg kQ, m%Odk l| jgd ,sys,aj

mg,jhs' Wig jr®Okh jk wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla

iys; ;lald,s m%fNao j,° iEu mr®j 3-4 lg w;˙ka

Ydl l| isria wdOdrl kQf,a .eg .eiSfuka" me<Eá

my,g ,siaid hdu j<lshs'

fnda. yd m%fNao wkqj me< mqyqKq ls¯fï l%u Ndú;d

fõs' wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla iys; ;lald,s j.djka

j,° fndfyda úg ;ks l|ka l%uh Ndú;d lrhs'

fuys° m%Odk l| muKla mj;akd fia iEu mdr®Yaúl

wxl=rhlau fi'ó' 5-6 muK jr®Okh jQ wjia:dfõ°

w;ska lvd bj;a lrhs ^44 jk rEmh&'

43 jk rEmh( isria wdOdrl iúlr we;s wdldrh

44 jk rEmh( mdr®Yaúl wxl=r bj;a ls˙u

33

lrk w;r" ;sria wdOdrl lïìh lrd ,Ûd jQ úg

w.%ia:h bj;a lr oaú;Sl YdLd folla lïìfha

fomiska my,g jr®Okh ùug i,iajhs' i,do

msms[a∆ Ydlfha tla .eghlska M, tllg jvd jeä

ixLHdjla yg.; yelsh' tu M, j,ska úlD;s

yevfhka hq;= M, muKla l=vd ld,fha°u bj;a

ls¯u l< hq;= fõ'

†.=ld,hla wiajkq ,ndfok wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla we;s

;lald,s Ydl j, Wi kv;a;= l< yels uÜgñka

mj;ajd .eksu wjYH fõ' fuys° me<fha wiajkq

,nd≥ka fldgfia mer◊ m;% lsysmhla 3-4 la& bj;a

lr Ydl l| fi'ó' 60 la muK my;a lr kej;

.eg .ihs ^45 jk rEmh&' fuh uqΩ j.d ld,h

;=<u i;s 2-3 lg jrla l< hq;= w;r" fï i|yd

isria wdOdrl kQ, m%udKj;a †.ska ;sìh hq;=h'

j.dfõ me< ish,a, tlu †idjlg mqyqKq l< hq;=h'

tla ;lald,s u,a lsks;a;l M, rdYshla yg .kakd

neúka taldldr .=Kd;aul wiajekakla i|yd M,

;=kS lss¯u wjYH úh yel' fuh m%fNao wkqj yd

wjYH lrkq ,nk f.äj, úYd,;ajh wkqj fjkia

jk kuq;a fmd≥fõ tla lsks;a;l M, 3-5 la muK

isák fia wfkl=;a M, l=vd ld,fha°u bj;a l<

hq;=h'

i,do-msms[a∆" m%fNaoh wkqj mqyqKq ls fï l%u fjkia

fõ' 46 jk rEmfha ≤lafjkafka l=vhl yevhg

mqyqKq lr we;s wdldrhhs' fï i|yd m%Odk l|

;sria wdOdrl lïìh olajd ;ks l|la f,i kv;a;=

fn,a fmmr® Ydlh oaú l|ka l%uhg tkï tla Ydlhla

m%Odk l|ka folla iys;j jr®Okh jk f,i mqyqKq

lrhs' m%Odk l|ka foflka muKla M, yg .kakd

f,i m;% 2-3 lg w;˙ka msysá mdr®Yaúl wxl=r

bj;a lrhs'

45 jk rEmh ( me< mqyqKq lrk wdldrh

46 jk rEmh( y˙; .Dy ;=< i,do-msms[a∆

Ydl mqyqKq ls¯u

34

md,s; ;;aj hgf;ac,frdams; j.djSoil-less culture incontrolled environmentAgriculture

jr®;udk lDIslr®udka;fha jvd;a iQCIu yd M,∞hs

j.d l%uh c, frdams; j.d l%uh f,i ye¢kaúh

yelsh' uQ,Ok úhoï wêl by< ;dlaIKfhka hq;=

jqj;a wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< md,s; ;;a;aj yd c,

frdams; l%u taldnoaO l< úg fuu l%ufha M,∞hs;dj

jvd;a jeä lr .; yelsfõ' fnda.fha jr®Okhg

n,mdk jdhj fukau uQ,uKav, m˙ir ;;a;aj

fnda.hg WÑ; f,i ,nd °u;a wys;lr foaY.=◊l

idOl u.yerùu;a fuu.ska bgq lr .; yelsfõ'

jr®Okhg wjYH CIqø foaY.=K ;;a;aj

myiqfjka md,kh lr jeä .=Kd;auhlska

hq;= by< wiajkq ,nd .; yelsùu

l jeä >k;aj Ydl .ykh u.ska Wm˙u fnda.

wiajekakla ,nd .; yels ùu

l fnda. j.djg mi Ndú;d l< fkdyels ia:dk

i|yd fhd∞ .; yels ùu

l foaY.=◊l idOl ksid fnda. j.d l< fkdyels

fyda wj∞ku jeä m%foaY j,g jqjo fhda.Hùu

l fmdfydr yd c,h jvd;a ldr®hlaIuj Ndú;d

l< yels ùu

l wju N+ñ m%udKhlska Wm˙u m%fhdack ,nd

.; yels ùu

Y%S ,xldj yd wfkl=;a ksjr®;k l,dmSh rgj,

wdrlaIs; .Dy fyda oe,a .Dy ;=< WIaK;ajh by<

ke.Su m%Odk .egΩjls' újD; ixirk c, frdams;

j.d l%u" WIaK;ajh wvq ls¯u i|yd ;rula bjy,a

fõ'

jy, uq≥fkys jd ljqΩ ;eîu" ≤,a fh¥ jy,hg

uola by<ska fmd,s;Ska wdjrKh fh°u" WIaK;ajh

jeä jkúg c,h ó≥ula f,i biSu (misting),ú≥,s mxld (exhaust fans) u.ska jd ixirKh

ls¯u" fhd∞ .kakd NdPk iy k, iq≥ meye;s ùu

fyda iq≥ meyeh wdf,am ls˙u WIaK;ajh wvqls¯u

ioyd ;j≥rg;a bjy,a fõ'

j.djkays we;súh yels.egΩ yd tajd uÛyrjd.ekSu

idudkH lafIa;% j.djl° fukau c,frdams; j.djka

j,°o m,sfndaO ydks" fnda. ldhsl widudkH;d yd

fmdaIl úIu;d fya;=fjka úúO .egΩ ;;a;aj

we;súh yelsh'

wdrCIs; .Dy ;=< c,frdams;j.dfõ uQ,sl jeo.;alï

l lDIs ridhk øjH j,ska f;dr ksIamdokhla

,nd .; yelsùu

l mdxY= ix>gl j,ska f;dr wiajekakla ,nd

.; yels ùu

l by< jákdlï iys; fouqyqï m%fNao j,

47 jk rEmh( c,frdams; j.djla iys; wdrCIs; .Dyhla

35

2' ;lald,s M, me,SuConcentric cracking andcatface

;lald,s me,fha kgqj jgd pl%dldrj iuflakaøsl

me,Sï fyda kgqfõ isg úys° hk me,Sï we;sfõ ^49

iy 50 jk rEm&' †jd l, wêl WIaK;ajh iy †jd

rd;%s WIaK;aj fjki jeä ùu jeks md˙i˙l ;;a;aj

ksid we;sjk fuu widudkH;djh wdrlaIs; .Dy

;=< md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a wju lr .; yels fõ'

fnda. ldhsl widudkH;d

laI◊l md˙i˙l fjkialñ" WIaK;aj úp,kh"

wl%uj;a fmdfydr yd c, iemhqu jeks fya;= ksid

we;sjk ;;a;aj fuhg wh;a fõ' iuyrla m%fNao

fujeks ;;a;aj j,g blaukska md;%s fõ'

1' ;lald,s M, w. l=Kq ùuBlossom end rot

;lald,s M,fha w. fl<jr ≥Uqre meye;s .sÆKq

me,a,ï we;s fõ ^48 jk rEmh&' uQ,sl jYfhka

le,aishï W!k;djh" laI◊l f;;uk fjkiaùï"

uQ, uKav, ,jK idkaøKh wêl ùu" wêl khsg%cka

iemhSu jeks ;;a;aj fuhg fya;= jk neúka tu

;;a;ajhka u.yerùu u.ska fuu widudkH;d

u.yrjd .;yels fõ'

48 jk rEmh( ;lald,s M, w. l=Kq ùu

picture courtesy: Compendium oftomato diseases

49 jk rEmh( ;lald,s iu flakaøsl M, me,Su

50 jk rEmh( ;lald,s kgqfõ isg úysfok me,Sï

picture courtesy: Compendium oftomato diseases

36

52 jk rEmh( i,do

msms[a∆ f.ä

jl%dldrj keóu

3' fn,a fmmr® f.ä yels,SuShirnk cracks

fn,a fmmr® f.ä j, Wrysia jgd M,h ;=<g .sΩKq"

meΩï wdldrhg fuu widudkH;dj fmkakqï lrhs

^51 jk rEmh&' M,h u; we;s c, ìx≥ CI◊lj

jdIam ùu" †jd rd;%s WIaK;aj fjkialï fuhg

fya;= fõ' rd;%s ld,fha hym;a jd ixirKhla

we;sùug bvye¯u u.ska fuh md,kh lr .; yels

fõ'

4' i,do msms[a∆ f.äjl%dldrj keóuFruit crooking

≥r®j, fmdaIKh" M, uq,a wjêfha wys;lr

WIaK;ajhka" f;;ukh wêl ùu jeks ;;a;aj

ksid fuh we;s fõ' fujeks ,CIK iys; M, uq,a

wjia:dfõ°u bj;a ls¯u jvd;a iq≥iqh ^52 jk

rEmh&'

51 jk rEmh( fn,a fmmr® f.ä yels,Su

frda. iy lDñ ydks

idudkH j.djl° fukau c,frdams; j.djka j,°o

fnda." lDñ yd frda. ydks j,g md;%s ùu is≥úh

yelsh' ksfrda.S frdamK øjHh Ndú;h" fnda.

ikSmdrlaIdj" jr®Okh i|yd iq≥iq m˙ir ;;a;aj

md,kh" ksjer† YIH l%u Ndú;h fuu ydks md,kh

lr .ekSfï uQ,sl wä;d,u fõ' frda. yd m,sfndaO

ydks ksjer†j y∫kdf.k õjD; lafIa;% j.dfõ°

md,kh i|yd Ndú;d lrk l%u wkq.ukh ls¯u

iy wjYH;djh wkqj ksr®foaYs; m<sfndaOkdYl

Ndú;d ls¯u;a l< hq;=h'

fmdaIl úIu;dNutritional disorders

c,frdams; j.djka j,° fmdaIl ødjKh fnda.hg

m%Yia: f,i fkd,enqKfyd;a fmdaIl W!k;d fukau

fmd aIl úIùï we;súh yel' fuu úIu;d

fndfydauhla Ydl jr®Ok fõ.h" m%udKh" m;% yevh"

>klu" lf|a jr®Kh" mr®j w;r ≥r" uQ,uKav,fha

iajNdjh" M, yg .ekSu yd M, j, iajNdjhkays

we;sjk fjkialï yd jr®K úmr®hdi u.ska ndysrj

fmkakqï lrhs' fuu ndysr ,laIK fnda.h wkqj

fjkia fõ' fmdaIl úIu;d ksid fnda.hka fmkakqï

lrk fmd≥ ,laIK j.= wxl 5 ys i|yka jk w;r

tjeks fmd≥ ,CIK lsysmhla rEm igyka wxl 53-

60 u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'

37

Ydl jr®Okh wvqjk neúka mr®j flá fõ' l| isyska

fõ' mer◊ m;% m<uqfjka ly meye jk w;r

iuia:hla f,i Ydlh ly ñY% fld, meyehla .kS'

me<EÜ l=reùu" ;o fld, meye;s fyda r;= fyda oï

meye;s m;% fyda m;% kgq iys; fõ'

mer◊ m;% y˙;CIh iys; ,m yd uereKq fldgia

j,ska hq;= ùu yd r;= jr®Kl iys; fldgia ;sîu fyda

†,sfik iajNdjfhka hqla; fõ'

idudkHfhka W!k;d fmkaùu úr, w;r W!k;djhl°

m;% ly meye ùu is≥ fõ' W!k;d ,laIK ,mÜ m;%

j, m<uqj fmkakqï lrhs'

m;% fl,jr fyda kdrá w;r y˙;CIh fmkajk

w;r y˙;CI ,CIK m;% fl,j˙ka wdrïN fõ'

jr®Ol ia:dk yd ,má m;% úh<S ue¯ hhs' m<;=re

fNda. j, fmkakqï lrk ,CIK fnda.hg úfYaIs;

fõ' ;lald,s yd fn,a fmmr® j, M, w. l=Kq ùu

we;súh yel'

,má m;% j, kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;sjk w;r

wêl W!k;djhl° iïmQr®K m;%hu iq≥ ly meye ù

ñh hhs'

y˙;CIfhka wdrïNù" m;% ue,fjk w;r ,m

wdldrhg mgl uefr®' uq,a l=re ù" uq,a w.%ia: >K

fõ'

kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;s fõ' wêl úg ,m fyda b˙

f,i mgl ñh hhs' y˙;,j wixúOdkh fõ'

jr®Ol ia:dk ue¯ hhs' mdr®Yaúl wxl=r msms¯u" M,

úlD;s ùu" m;% yev fjkia ùu is≥ fõ'

m;% l=vd ùu yd yevh fjkia úh yel" mr®j w;r

≥r wvq ùu ksid m;% fiõjka†hla f,i ≤lsh yel'

yg.;a m;%" kdrá w;r y˙;CI ,m we;s fõ'

W!k;d ,CIK wvqh' ,má m;% ;o fld< meyeùu yd

yevh fjkia fõ' mrd.Kh yd M, yg.ekSu wvq fõ'

m<uqj kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;s fõ' fndfyda úg

mer◊ m;% j,ska ,laIK wdrïN fõ'

khsg%cka

fmdiamria

fmdgEishï

i,a*r®

ue.akSishï

le,aishï

hlv

laf,da¯ka

uex.kSia

fndafrdaka

iskala

fldmr®

fud,síäkï

;o fld, meye;s fõ' m;% fl,jr ms,siaiSu" uQ,

uKav,h jr®Okh ≥r®j, fõ' u,a yg.ekSu" îc

ksIamdokh wvq fõ'

,má m;% j, kdrÜ w;r yrs;CIh we;sfõ' hlv

iy ;U W!k;d ,CIK fmkakqï l< yel'

idudkHfhka jeämqr wjfYdaIKh fkdlrhs' jeämqr

we;s úg th ue.akSisshï W!K;djh we;s lrk w;r

uex.kSia" iskala iy hlv W!k;d o we;s úh yelsh'

jr®Okh wvqjk w;r m;% l=vd fõ' l,d;=rlska m;%

fl,jr ms,siaiSu yd kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;s fõ'

fmkakqï lrk ,CIK b;d wvqh'

fmkakqï lrk ,CIK b;d wvqh'

iuyr úg ≥Uqre meye;s ,m we;s fõ'

m;% w.% yd ∞r ms,siaiSu" ≥Uqre meyeùu" m;% m˙K;

ùug fmr ye,S hdu yd y˙;CI ,CIK olakg ,efí'

jr®Ok fõ.h wvq fõ'

mer◊ m;% fyda m;% w. fl,j˙ka y˙;CIh wdrïN

fõ' iuyr úg m;% jl% fõ' jr®Okh wvq fõ'

m,uqj ,m f,i yg.kakd kdrá w;r y˙;CI ,CIK

fmkajhs'

hlv W!k;d ,CIK fmkakqï lrhs'

jr®Okh ≥r®j, ù hlv W!k;djh;a iu. w;= yg

.ekSu wvq fõ' uq,a uy;aùu yd wiajdNdúl l=vd ≥r®jr®K

jQ uq,a we;s fõ'

l,d;=rlska olakg ,efí' ;lald,s m;% rkajka lymdg

fõ' u,a f.dajd îc me, oïmdg fõ'

uQ,øjHh W!k;d ,CIK wêlùu fyda úIùu ksid fmkajk ,CIK

j.= wxl 5( fmdaIl úIu;d fya;=fjka me<Eá fmkakqï lrk fmd≥ ,CIK

38

picture courtesy: Compendium of tomato diseases, Compendium of Strawberry diseases-TheAmerican Phytopathological Society

53 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs le,aishï W!k;djh

54 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs hlv W!k;djh

55 jk rEmh( ;lald,s uex.kSia W!k;djh

56 jk rEmh( ;lald,s hlv W!k;djh

57 jk rEmh( ;lald,s khsg%cka W!k;djh

58 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs iskala W!k;djh

59 jk rEmh( ;lald,s ue.akSishï W!k;djh

60 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs i,a*r® W!k;djh

39

ksishdldrj M, yg fkd.ekSu

wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< j.d ls¯fï° mrd.khg Wmld˙

lDñka fkdue;s ùu" b;d jeä yd wvq WIaK;aj j,

mrd. ls%hdld˙ fkdùu" iQr®hdf,dalh m%udKj;a

fkdùu" iajNdúl iq<x Odrdj,g md;%S fkdùu jeks

úúO idOl ksid j.dj fyd¢ka jr®Okh ù u,a

yg.;a; o M, ≤¯u wvqúh yel'

ksishdldrj mrd.kh is≥ fkdfõkï lD;%Su mrd.kh

i|yd my; i|yka l%u Ndú;d l< yel'

ffcj l%u - lDóka u.ska mrd.khg bv ie,iSu

hdka;%sl l%u - Ydl fi,ùug Ndckh ls¯u i|yd

iq<x Odrd heùu

Ydl laI◊l lïmkhlg ,la l,

yels ir, lïml Ndú;h

ridhksl l%u- fydar®fudak Ndú;h fï i|yd TlaiSk

ldKavhg wh;a 0'15% 4CPAmerdlaf,dafrd mSfkdlais weisála

wï,h ;lald,s j.djka j,° M,

,nd .ekSu i|yd cmdkfha nyq,j

Ndú;d fõ' ;lald,s u,a lsks;a;l

mqIam 3-4 la msmqkq wjia:dfõ° u,a

j,g fydafudakh biskq ,nhs' jeä

idkaøkfhka fyda tlu u,g lsysm

jdrhla biSu fya;=fjka wNHka;rh

fc,suh iajNdjh iys; M, yg

.ekSug bv we;'

fnda.h iy ;sfnk iïm;a wkqj iq≥iq l%uhla f;dard

.; yel'

c,frdams; j.dfõ kv;a;=iy md,k wjYH;djhkaa

idr®:l j.djla mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd j.dlrejka

úiska my; i|yka lreKq flfrys ie,ls,a, fhduq

ls¯u w;HdjYH fõ' tu lreKq tlla fyda iSudld¯

jqjfyd;a wdr®:sl jákdlula iys; j.djla ,nd.;

fkdyels jkq we;'

l fmdaIl ødjKfha mStÉ w.h 5'8-6'5 w;r

mj;ajd.; hq;=h' úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj

ógrhg fvisiSuka 1'5-2'5 w;r mrdihl

;sîu fnda. jr®Okh i|yd iq≥iq fõ' by;

mStÉ iy úoHq;a ikakdhl;d mrdi j,ska jeä

fyda wvq w.hl mej;Su ødjKfhka fm`Il

wjfYdaIKhg iy fnda.fha uQ, uKav,hg ydks

is≥ ùug fya;= úh yelsh' me<Eá fmkakqï lrk

ndysr ,CIK fmdaIl ødjKfha fhda.H;djh

ms<sn| fydou or®Ylh fõ' tu ,CIK

y∫kdf.k fmdaIl ødjKh ksjer† ls¯u l<

hq;=h ^61 jk rEmh&'

l fmdaIl ødjKfha CIksl idkaøK fjkialï

kqiq≥iqh' fï ksid mStÉ iy úoHq;a ikakdhl;d

w.hka fjkia fõ'

61 jk rEmh( fmdaIl W!K;d iys; iafg%dafn˙ me<hla

40

l m%udKj;a whq˙ka ødjKfha WIaK;ajh mj;ajd

.; hq;=h' WIaK;ajh by< hk úg Ydl iajik

fõ.h jeä jk neúka Tlaiscka wjYH;djh

jeä fõ' ta iuÛu ødjKfha Tlaiscka †hùfï

yelshdj wvqh' fuh jvd;a ydkslr jkafka

y¯; iy ≤,a .Dy ;=< †jd ld,fha WIaK;ajh

jeä jkúg °h' tjeks ;;a;aj u.ye¯u i|yd

wjYH ;;a;aj ,nd†h hq;=h'

l me<Eá j, wjfYdaIKh i|yd iEu úgu fmdaIK

ødjKfha †h jQ Tlaiscka m%udKj;a whq ka ;sìh

hq;=h' Tlaiscka idkaøKh wvq jQ úg fmdaIl

wjfYdaIK fõ.h wvq jk fyhska th wiajkq

wvq ùug fya;=jla jk w;r uq,a l=Kq ùu i|yd

o fya;= ldrl fõ' újD; l%ufha° kej; Ndú;d

lrk fmdaIl ødjKh iajdNdúlj jd;kh jk

fia by< isg fmdaIl ødjK gexlshg jeàug

ie,eiaùu l< yelsh'

l újD; j.d l%u j,° ixirKh is≥ fkdjk

fyhska n∫fka fmdaIl ødjKhg by<ska m%udKj;a

ysia wjldYhla ;sîug bv ye˙h hq;=h 62 jk

rEmh&' ixirKh fkdjk j.d l%ufha

idr®:lNdjh rπ mj;skafka uq,aj, iS>% jr®Okh

i|yd jd;hg ksrdjrKh jk uq,a m%udKh u;h'

uq,a uÛska fnda.hg wjYH jk Tlaiscka

wjfYdaIK lrk neúka <má uq,a j, by< 2$3

fldgi jd;hg ksrdjrKh jk f,i iy b;s˙

fldgi fmdaIK ødjKfha mdfjk whq˙ka ;sîu

jvd;a fhda.Hh fõ'

l újD; j.d l%u j,° fnda.h jr®Okh jk úg

n∫fka fmdaIK ødjK uÜgu wvqjk w;r fï

ksid ,jK idkaøKh jeä úh yelsh' tjeks

;;a;aj fnda. jr®Okhg fhda.H fkdfõ' tjeks

wjia:djl° b;s˙ ù we;s ødjKh bj;a lr

wÆ;a ødjKhla msrùu wjYH fõ'

l j.dj i|yd m%udKj;a whq˙ka wdf,dalh iy

wfkl=;a wjYH;djka idudkH fCIa;% j.djl°

fukau c, frdams; j.dfõ° o ,nd †hhq;= fõ'

l c,frdams; j.djka j,° mdxY= ckl CIqø

„úkaf.ka is≥jk ydks fndfyda ≥rg wju fõ'

flfia kuq;a idudkHfhka iq,n frda. iy lDñ

ydks we;súh yelsh' ks;r m¯CIdfjka

isàu;a uQ,sl wjia:dfõu ydks y∫kd.ekSu;a"

tjeks .egΩ u.yrjd .ekSug Wmld¯ fõ' j.dj

ms˙is≥j mj;ajd .ekSu;a ksjer† YIH md,k

l%u wkq.ukh yd ;=,s; fmdaIl ñY%k Ndú;h;a

tjeks .egΩ we;sùu wvq lrhs' ksfrda.S †˙u;a

j.djla mj;ajd .ekSu m,sfndaO ydks wju

ls¯ug fya;=fõ'

l ieu úgu j.dj wdrïN ls˙u i|yd frda.

iy lDñ ydks j,ska f;dr frdamk øjH Ndú;d

lrkak' frda.S Ydl ≥gq ú.i .,jd úkdY

lrkak'

l >k udOHh ;=< j.dfõ° jgmKqjkaf.a ydks

olakg ,efíkï ish¨u me< úkdY lr j.d

udOH ‚jdkqyrKh lrkak' Ndú;d lrk c,ho

jgmKqjkaf.ka f;dr ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

l frda. iy lDñ wdidok j,oS lDIs ridhksl

Ndú;d ls¯u wjYH úh yel' m˙irhg iy

md˙fNda.slhdg ydkshla fkdjk fia lDIs ridhk

øjH Ndú;d lrkak' ieu úgu lDIs ridhk

j,ska f;dr ksIamdokhla ls¯ug W;aidy l<

hq;=h'

62 jk rEmh ( uQ,uKav,h fyd¢ka jr®Okh jQ j.djla

41

l fmdaIl ixirKh jk k, iy n∫ka ;=<

we,a.S Ydl jr®Okh ù k, wjysr úh yel'

tjeks ;;a;aj uÛyerùu i|yd we;=<; lÆ

meye;s k, Ndú;d lrkak' tla j.djla

wjika jQ miqj ;kql laf,da¯ka ødjKhla

fhd∞ k, ms˙is≥ lr kej; j.djg fmr

ms˙is≥ c,fhka fida∞ y˙kak'

l wdrCIs; .Dy ;=< isria fy` ;sria j.d u¨

Ndú;d jk l%u j,° we;=<; fma<s j,g

m%udKj;a f,i iQr®hdf,dalh fkd,eîu ksid

jr®Okh iy wiajekak wvq úh yel' fï ksid

fma<s msysgqùfï° fï ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh

hq;=h'

l lD;Suj mrd.Kh l< hq;= wjia:djkays° ta

i|yd iq≥iq l%u wkq.ukh l< hq;=h'

l >k udOHh iys; ixirKh fkdjk j.d l%u

j,° fmdaIl c,h ,nd °fuka wk;=rej c,

iïmdokh ls¯fï° fmdaIl laIrKh ùfï

yelshdj jeäh' fï fya;=fjka fnda. fmdaIl

W!k;djhka j,g myiqfjka Ndckh úh yels

neúka ta ms<sn|j wjOdkfhka hq;=j lghq;=

l< hq;=h'

l fnda. w;r m%udKj;a mr;rhla ;eîu;a" je,a

fnda. j.d lrk úg wdOdrl iemhSu;a jeo.;a

fõ'

l Ydl l=vd l, isgu mqyqKq lsrSu;a" ksjeros

wdldrhg lmamd≥ lsrsu;a b;d jeo.;ah'

c,frdams; j.dfõ jdis

l úYd, N+ñhla wjYH fkdfú' uy,a ksjdi

j, by< ud,fha l=vd bvl fukau wdrlaIs;

.Dy ;=<o j.d l< yelsh'

l mia Ndú;d fkdlrk ksid j.dlrejd ms˙is≥

j.d m˙irhl kshef,a'

l md;a;s ieliSu" j,a fk,Sï" c, iïmdokh

jeks lïlre Y%uh wêl" ≥Ialr ldr®hhka

fkdue;'

l wLKav j.djla mj;ajdf.k hdug yels fõ'

l mdxY= ckl frda. yd jgmKq ydks wju fõ'

l wjdrfha ksIamdokhla ^újD; m˙irfha

foaY.=◊l idOl iq≥iq fkdjk ld,m˙Éf√o

j,& l< yelsh'

l úfkda∞xYhla f,i l< yels j.djls'

l c, frdams; l%ufha° fndfyda fnda. blaukska

wiajkq ,nd foa'

l ksjer† md,k l%u hgf;a jvd jeä wiajekakla

,nd .; yel'

l j.d l%uh jvd;a wdlr®YkSh ksid mia iuÛ

iïnkaO fkdjk neúka& lïlrejka fh°ug

myiq fõ'

l mqΩ,a mrdihl t<jΩ yd u,a m%fNao j.d

l< yelsh'

l c, ydksh wju l< yelsh'

l ;rÛld˙ fjf<| fmd, i|yd mia rys;

me< yd uq,a weoao jQ w;= me< ,nd .; yel'

42

iSudld¯ idOl

l uQ,Ok úhou wêl fõ' wdrCIs; .Dy ;=<

c, frdams; j.djla lrkafka kï fuh ;j;a

jeä fõ'

l fmdaIl udOH ieliSu" mStÉ yd úoHq;a

ikakdhl;dj uekSu" fmdaIl udOHh ksjer†

ls¯u" m˙ir md,kh jeks lghq;= i|yd

;dlaI◊l ≤kqula iys; mqyqKq Y%uh wjYH

fõ'

l uQ,sl ksIamdok úhou wêl fyhska jeä

jákdlï iys; fnda. i|yd iSud fõ'

l tAllh l%shd;aul ls¯u i|yd bkaOk fyda

ú≥,sh wjYH fõ'

l WIaK;ajh m%Yia: uÜgñka mj;ajd .ekSu

i|yd wu;r fhojqï ,nd °ug is≥fõ'

j.d l< yels fnda.

mqΩ,a mrdihl fnda. j.d l< yel ^63 jk rEmh&'

fjf<| fmd, b,a¨u wkqj jvd jeä jákdlula

iys; fnda. j.d ls¯u fyda md˙fNdackh i|yd

.DydY%s;j wjYH jk fld, t<jΩ yd fjk;a t<jΩ

j.d ls¯u iq≥iq fõ'

l fld, t<jΩ-i,do" f.ä i,do (Headlettuce), lkal=ka" f.dgqfld,

l t<jΩ-;lald,s" ngq" fndaxÑ" îÜ" oU," udΩ

ñ˙ia" fn,a fmmr®" f.dajd" u,a f.dajd"

msms[a∆" rdnq" i,do-msmsCoaC∞

l u,a$úis;=re me<-weka;+˙hï" fu˙f.da,aâ"

flda,shdia" frdai" ldfkaIka" ´lsâ" cr®fnrd"

lmqre

l m<;=re-iafg%dfn˙" fu,ka

l l=Ω nvq-mdia,s" ñkaÑ" T˙.fkd

(Oregano), iaùÜ fíis,a (Sweet basil)

l ;DK yd OdkH-fida.ï" ndr®,s" nr®uqvd ;DK"

ù" nvb˙Û=

l T!IO me<-fl`ud˙ld

63 jk rEmh( c,frdams; f,i j.d l< yels fnda. lsysmhla

43

c,frdams; j.dfõ wiajkqfk<Su" fY%aKs.; ls¯u ydb†˙m;a ls¯uc,frdams; j.dfõ° by< .=Kd;aul wiajkq ,nd

.ekSu uQ,sl wruqKls' fuys° wiajkq fjf<| fmd,g

b†˙m;a ls¯fï° w∞, m%ñ;Ska ,nd .ekSug my;

mshjr wkq.ukh l< hq;=h'

l kshñ; wjia:dfõ wiajkq fk<Su'

l fjf<|fmd, b,aÆu wkqj wiajkq fY%aKs.;

ls¯u'

l weis¯u" .nvd ls¯u yd m%jdykh'

wiajkq fk<Su

kshñ; wjia:djg wiajkq fk<Su u.ska mYapd;a

wiajkq ydks wju lr .; yels fõ' l,a bl=;a ùug

fmr yd miq wiajkq fk<Sfï° is≥jk ydks je<elaùug

M,fha fyda Ydlfha jhi ksjr†j ≤k .ekSu wjYHh'

fï i|yd j.d jdr®;d igyka Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

fn,a fmmr® M,h Ydlfha ;sìh°u m%fNaohg kshñ;

meyeh ,enqKq miq fk<sh hq;=h' ;lald,s" i,do

i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka kï M,h iïmQr®Kfhkau

r;a meye .ekaùug m%:u ly r;= meye wjia:dfõ°

fk<d .; hq;=h'

i,do msmsCoaC∞ fï¯ug m%:u" fi'ó' 15-20la muK

os.e;s" uOHia:j fïrE M, fk<d .; hq;=h'

iafg%dafn˙ M,h r;a meye .ekajqk úg° wiajkq

fk<d.; hq;=h'

wiajkq fk<Sfï° M,h kgqfjka fjka fkdjk fia

iq≥iq WmlrKhlska lmd .; hq;=h' fn,a fmmr®

i|yd kgqj fi'ó' 4-6 †.g ;sîu iq≥iq fõ' M,

;e,Su fyda ;=jd, is≥ fkdjk m˙† ms˙is≥ w;ajeiqï

yd „jdKqy˙; msyshd fyda l;=re Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

fld< t<jΩ jr®. i|yd wiajkq fk<Sfï° uOHia:j

fïrE wjêh f;dard .; hq;=h' w,xldr Ydl fyda

u,a j.dfõ°o ta ta jr®.hg WÑ; wiajkq fk<Sfï

wjëka we;s neúka iq≥iq wji:dfõ° fk<d .;

hq;=h'

wiajkq fY%a◊.; ls¯u yd.nvd ls¯u

widudkH yeve;s fyda ydks jQ fyda me,a,ï iys;

f.ä bj;a lr l=vd" uOHu yd úYd, hkqfjka

f.äj, m%udKh wkqj fY%a◊.; l< hq;=h'

bka miq wjYH kï ksIAmdolhd y∫kd.ekSug f.ä

u; l=vd f,an,a we,úh yel' fnda.h m<sfndaOkdYl

j,ska f;dr kï ta nj jQ f,an,ao fuf,i we,úh

yel'

fjf<| fmd,g b†˙m;a lrk ;=re fk,d .;a wiajkq

YS;-úh<s ;;a;ajhl .nvd lr ;eìh hq;=h' ta

i|yd l%uj;aj weis˙h yels" jd is≥re iys; iq≥iq

m%udKfha wiqrK Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

fjf<| fmd,g b†˙m;a ls¯u

ksIamdokh yd fjf<| fmd, b,a¨u wkqj iq≥iq

weiqreï yd f,an,a Ndú;d ls¯fuka ksIamdokfha

fjf<| jákdlu jeälr .; yelsfõ ^64 jk

rEmh&'

64 jk rEmh( fp˙ ;lald,s fjf<|fmd,g

b†˙m;a lrk wdldrhla

44

c,frdams; j.djka i|ydwjYH WmlrK

c, fmdïmh

fnda. j.d moaO;sfha Od˙;djh yd j.d l%uh wkqj

iq≥iq c, fmdïm f;dard .; hq;=h' c, fmdïmhla

f;dard .ekSfï° my; i|yka lreKq .ek ie,ls,su;a

úh hq;=h'

l u, fkdnefok jdfka fyda fmd,sldnfkaÜ

bïfm,rh iys; úh hq;=h'

l c, fmdïmh yd bïfm,rh w;r

c, ldka≥ ùula is≥ fkdúh hq;=h'

tallfha úYd,;ajh wkqj fmdïmfha Od˙;djh

;SrKh l< hq;= w;r wjuh wYaj n, 0'5 j;a úh

hq;=h ^65 jk rEmh&' ixirKh jk c,frdams;

j.djkays°" ødjKh ;=< .s,aúh yels wdldr c,

fmdïm jqjo Ndú;d l< yel ^66 jk rEmh&'

66 jk rEmh( c,fha .s,aúh yels fmdïmhla

65 jk rEmh( .DydYs%; c, fmdïmhla

45

úoahq;a moaO;sh

y†isfha we;súh yels ú≥,s ldka≥ ùï je<elaúh

yels iajhxlS%h ú≥,s úixê ùfï Wmdx. wjYH fõ'

iajxlS%h WIaK;aj md,l

iajhxlS%h ld,.kl udk

me<Eá uq,a ld,fha Tlaiscka yd fmdaIl ixirKh

l< hq;= ld,h iSudjk neúka ú≥,s n, wjYH;djh

wju fõ' fï ksid ld,.kl udk u.ska fmdaIl

ødjKh iemhsh hq;= ld,h iajhxlS%hj md,kh l<

yels fõ'

udml

ir, WI aK;ajudk" f;;a yd úh, s n, an

WIaK;ajudk" mStÉ udml" úoahq;a ikakdhl;d udml

^67 jk rEmh& jeks ir, WmlrK Ndú;d ls¯fuka

jvd;a ksrjoH md,s; ;;a;ajhka we;slr .; yelsh'

kshqá% ógrhNutri meter

úoHq;a ikakdhl;djhg wu;rj fmdaIl ødjKfha

wvx.= fmdaIl m%udKh ms<sn|j ≤k .ekSu i|yd

fuh wOdr fõ ^68 jk rEmh&'

67 jk rEmh( ir< wdldrfha mStÉ yd

úohq;a ikakdhl;d udml

68 jk rEmh( kshqá% ógrh Ndú;h

kshqá% ñgrh

fmdaIl ødjKh

46

70 jk rEmh( íf,dajrhla

mSùiS fyda fmd,st;s,Ska k,

l fuu k, mdrcïnq, lsrK m%;sfrdaë ùu

uQ,sl wjYH;djhls' tfia fkdjk k, Ndú;d

lrkafka kñ u;=msg iq≥ meye;s ;Ska; wdf,am

l< hq;=h ^69 jk rEmh&'

l ì;a;s >klu ms<sn| ie<ls,su;a úh hq;=

w;r mSùiS k, y;rjk mx;sfha (classiv) ùu jvd;a iq≥iqh'

69 jk rEmh( mSùiS k, moaO;shla

mrd.Kh i|yd Ndú; l< yelsWmlrK

l ir, lïml (Vibrator)

tla tla Ydlh fjka fjkaj laI◊l

lïmkhlg Ndckh ls u i|yd fuh Ndú;d

lrhs'

l íf,dajr® (Blowers)

Ydl" iq<x Odrd u.ska fi,ùug Ndckh ls u

yd mrd. úiqrejd ye¯ug wdOdr fõ 70 jk

rEmh&'

l ng moaO;Ska i|yd 4§ mSùiS k, iq≥iqjk

w;r c, iïmdokh i|yd fmd,st;s,Ska k,

jvd iq≥iqh'