Market Economies, the Mexican Revolution and the “Mexican Problem”
Mexican Revolution Mr. Turner IB HOTA. WHY? The seeds of the Mexican Revolution were planted in the...
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Transcript of Mexican Revolution Mr. Turner IB HOTA. WHY? The seeds of the Mexican Revolution were planted in the...
Mexican Revolution
Mr. Turner
IB HOTA
WHY?
The seeds of the Mexican Revolution were planted in the soil of economic growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The uneven distribution of wealth, uneven distribution of land, tied together into the formation of a society ruled by the elite, and paid for by the work of the peasant class.
Mexico Divided
Mexico is in political and economic chaos after independence
Race/Class Structure Remains Creoles Mestizos Indians Africans
Iturbede ousted in 1824 and Mexico becomes a republic
Santa Anna is the most dominant political leader.
1810-1821 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE MEXICO OVERTHROWS SPAIN 1821-PLAN OF IGUALA PROMISES
EQUALITY FOR CITIZENS AND PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
1824
CONSTITUTION THAT ESTABLISHES MEXICO AS A REPUBLIC WITH A FEDERAL SYSTEM.
1836- TEXAS REPUBLIC BECOMES INDEPENDENT.
1846-1848- MEXICAN WAR WITH U.S.- MEXICO LOSES HALF OF TERRITORY
Mexican-American War Americans proclaim
independence of Texas—March 2, 1836
French try to take Mexico in 1838.
Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Mexico defeated. Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo
on February 2, 1848. California, Texas, Arizona
and New Mexico to US. US pays Mexico $15,000,000 Property owners assured can
keep property
LA REFORMA
Liberals gain seats in congress due to loss of territory to USA.
Enact sweeping reforms. Destroy Feudal Vestiges and implement Capitalism! People Panic!! Why?
Santa Anna briefly returns and implements a terror campaign against opponents.
Led to Liberal Revolt: Alvarez, Juarez, Tejada
1854-1861-WAR OF REFORM
BENITO JUÁREZ AND OTHER LIBERALS OVERTHROW SANTA ANNA (REVOLUTION OF AYUTLA)
1857- CONSTITUTION DRAFTED – FEDERAL SYSTEM-UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE- DENOUNCED BY CONSERVATIVES. THIS LEADS TO CIVIL WAR.
Mexico continued
Benito Juarez is elected president in 1858.
He confiscated Church property.
Mexico suspends payment of foreign debt in 1861. France, Great Britain,
and Spain protest.
LIBERALS WIN THE WAR-1861
BENITO JUÁREZ – ZAPOTEC INDIAN FROM OAXACA- PRESIDENT.
CONSERVATIVES FLEE (MANY TO EUROPE)
MEXICO IN TERRIBLE DEBT. JUÁREZ DECLARES A 2 YEAR MORATORIUM ON FOREIGN DEBTS UNTIL COUNTRY COULD GET ON ITS FEET.
French occupy Mexico
The French occupy Mexico in 1861 and capture Mexico City in 1863.
Louis Napoleon makes Archduke Maximillian Emperor (April 10, 1864) Maximillian was Austrian and
never understood Mexico There were many revolts Maximillian is captured and
executed with the rest of his family.
Juarez is restored.
NAPOLEION III-FRENCH INTERVENTION WANTS TO ESTABLISH EMPIRE 30,000 FRENCH TROOPS ENTER MEXICO
CITY ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN SET UP AS
EMPEROR (HAPSBURG) MAXIMILLAN WAS MORE LIBERAL THAN
CONSERVATIVE
1866-RESTORED REPUBLIC
FRANCE WITHDRAWS TROOPS MAXIMILIAN EXECUTED JUAREZ REGAINS POWER INSTITUTION OF MANY REFORMS IN
FISCAL POLICIES AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
JUAREZ REELECTED IN 1872-THEN DIES.
LERDO DE TEJADA 1872-1876
TRIES TO IMPOSE HIMSELF FOR ANOTHER TERM
OVERTHROWN BY PORIFIRO DIAZ
In 1876…PORFIRIATO
PORFIRIO DIAZ CAME TO POWER IN MEXICO.
HE WOULD RULE UNTIL 1911. HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC
GROWTH, INDUSTRIALIZATION, MODERNIZATION…AND LITTLE REGARD FOR HUMAN RIGHTS.
ORDER FOLLOWED BY PROGRESS DIAZ, ALTHOUGH CLAIMING TO BELIEVE
IN THE “NO CONSECUTIVE TERM” RULE CONTAINED IN THE CONSTITUTION, ONLY RELINQUISHED HIS RULE ONE TIME, AFTER HIS FIRST YEARS IN OFFICE. FROM THEN ON HE MANIPULATED EVERY ELECTION---FOR THE GOOD OF MEXICO.
PORFORIO
MEXICO SAW GREAT GAINS IN INFRASTRUCTURE, AND INDUSTRY, AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT, PARTICULARLY BY THE U.S.
NO FREEDDOM OF THE PRESS LAND , WEALTH, AND ACCESS TO
EDUCATION WAS LIMITED TO A SMALL GROUP OF ELITE.
DIAZ
In 1908, Diaz gave an interview to James Creelman, in which ha stated that Mexico was ready for democracy. He said he would step down and allow others to compete for the presidency.
He changed his mind, however, when the possibility of a new leader seemed to cause disruption.
He ran again in 1910- and was sure he could control the results as in the past.
Causes of the Mexican Revolution
Reign of Porfirio Díaz Ruled as a dictator
“New Creoles” Modernized Mexico Masses suppressed
Working class wages declined
95% of rural population did not own any land
Mestizo population grew rapidly after 1850
Porfirio Díaz (1876-1910)
Start of the Revolution
Election of 1910 Francisco Madero ran
against Díaz Díaz had Madero
arrested on election day Madero called for Díaz to
be overthrown Movement supported by
peasants and the middle class
Díaz forced to resign in May 1911 Francisco Madero (1911-1913)
Mexican Revolutionaries (1910)
Francisco MaderoPancho Villa
FRANCISCO I. MADERO
EDUCATED IN EUROPE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DECIDED TO RUN AGAINST MADERO. SIMILAR IN IDEOLOGY- BUT WANTED
MORE POWER FOR THE ELITE IN POLITICS.
BEGINNING OF REVOLUTION
MADERO RELEASED- WENT TO U.S. OCTOBER 5, 1910- ISSUES A LETTER
FROM JAIL PLAN DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ- CALLING
FOR “FREE SUFFRAGE AND NO RE-ELECTION”
CALLED THE DIAZ REGIME ILLEGAL-CALLED FOR REVOLT- NOVEMBER 20
MADERO MADE VAGUE PROMISES OF AGRARIAN REFORM
HE RECEIVED SUPPORT OF PEASANT CLASS
HIS OWN ARMY- WITH SUPPORT OF THE INDIANS HAD SOME SUCCESS AGAINST THE DÍAZ ARMY.
OTHER REVOLUTIONARIES JOINED.
DIAZ AGAIN
WHEN DIAZ REALIZED THE GROWING POPULARITY OF MADERO, HE HAD MADERO JAILED ON CHARGES OF CONSPIRACY TO OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT
ELECTION DAY- MADERO WAS IN JAIL DIAZ WON…
The Revolution Spreads
Madero was unprepared Lack of land reforms led to
open rebellion Emiliano Zapata
“Land and Liberty” Pancho Villa
Madero was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 Madero was eventually
assassinated
Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata
Mural to Zapata in Cuba
Map of the Revolution
PANCHO VILLA in the North
Doroteo Arango Arámbula – BETTER KNOWN AS FRANCISCO “PANCHO” VILLA
As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, which, due to its size, mineral wealth and proximity to the United States of America gave him great popularity.
He was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914.
VILLISTAS
VILLA AND HIS SUPPORTERS USED PROPAGANDA/ INTIMIDATION (FIRING SQUADS)
SEIZED HACIENDA LAND AND DISTRIBUTED IT TO THE POOR/ SOLDIERS
ROBBED TRAINS/ PRINTED FAKE MONEY
THE CENTAURO OF THE NORTH VILLA’S GROUP MOVED FAST- USING
TRAINS/ AND AN ELITE CAVALRY UNIT LOS DORADOS (THE GOLDEN ONES)
AS A “COLORFUL” FIGURE, VILLA CAPTURED THE EYE OF THE MEDIA AND DEVELOPED AN ALMOST CULT FOLLOWING
VILLA AND OROZCO
WON CONTROL OF CUIDAD JUAREZ- BORDERING THE RIO GRANDE
MAY 21, 1911 TREATY OF CUIDAD JUÁREZ
EMILIO ZAPATA in the South
STATE OF MORELOS Born August 8, 1879, in Anenecuilco,
Morelos. Was a mediero (sharecropper) and horse trainer. Conscripted into the army for seven years attaining the rank of sergeant. As president of the village council, he campaigned for the restoration of village lands confiscated by hacendados. His slogan was "Tierra Y Libertad." Zapata sided with Madero. .
¡Tierra y Libertad!
Between 1910 and 1919, Zapata continued his fight for land and liberty, rebelling against anyone who interfered with his Plan of Ayala which called for the seizure of all foreign owned land, all land taken from villages, confiscation of one-third of all land held by "friendly" hacendados and full confiscation of land owned by persons opposed to the Plan of Ayala.
Timeline of the Revolution
The Revolution Continues
Huerta was opposed by a coalition led by Venustiano Carranza (top), Alvaro Obregón (bottom), Villa, Zapata, etc.
Huerta was overthrown in 1914 Carranza appealed to masses
Mexican Constitution of 1917 Villa and Zapata continued to rebel
until 1919 and 1920 Carranza was overthrown in 1920
Replaced by Obregon (1920-1924)
VENUSTIANO CARRANZA
AS PRESIDENT, HE ORGANIZED THE CONVENTION THAT WROTE THE CONSTITUTION OF 1917 THAT IS STILL IN PLACE TODAY.
EJIDO- AGRARIAN LAND COOPERATIVE REFORM- REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND – FROM WEALTHY TO THE PEASANTS
Constitution of 1917
Conferred strong powers to the president Laid basis for land reform
No major redistribution until 1934 Government ownership of mineral and water
resources New labor laws
No major labor laws until 1931 Placed restrictions on the church and clergy
Church went on strike in 1926
Women in the Revolution
Intellectuals Called for equal rights, women’s suffrage, and
other reforms Often endured threats, imprisonment, etc.
Soldaderas Served as nurses, cooks, foraged for food,
washed clothes and other services Served in the rebel army and the federal army
Women Soldiers
Women in the Revolution
Women in the Revolution
Aftermath of Revolution
Over one million people died Revolution lacked a plan, a philosophy,
intellectual leadership, or political parties Farming, ranching, and mining economies
were destroyed Oil industry improved during revolution
No major bank or newspaper survived
Aftermath Continued
Alvaro Obregón (1920-1924) Built schools and encouraged nationalism
Diego Rivera
Mexico becomes a single-party system Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI)
Dominated politics until 2000
Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) Redistributed 45 million acres of land
253 million would be redistributed by 1984 Promoted economic nationalism
Nationalized railroads (1937) and oil (1938)
PRI PARTY –DOMINANT PARTY FOR 71 YEARS UNTIL VICENTE FOX OF THE PAN PARTY WAS ELECTED.