Mexican Revolution 1910 1940 Lecture (1)

7/27/2019 Mexican Revolution 1910 1940 Lecture (1)

1/62

Mr. McKinley

IB History of the Americas 2010-2011


2/62

Objectives Causes of the Revolution

Role of the Porfiriato regime

Revolution and its leaders (1910-1917)

Construction of post-revolutionary state

(1920-38)

Lazaro Cardenas and renewal of therevolution (1939-40)

Role of foreign powers Impact of the revolution on the arts, music,

education, literature


3/62

What is a revolution?

A revolution is a change in power thatusually occurs in a short period of time.

Revolutions result in changes in culture,

economy, politics, and social programs Aristotle defines revolution in two ways:

Complete change to a new constitution

Modification of an existing constitution

Mexican Revolution was the first longlasting political revolution of the 20thcentury.


4/62

Names to Know

Porfirio Diaz (Jose

de la Cruz Porfirio

Diaz Mori)

Benito Juarez Francisco I. Madero

Pancho Villa

(Doroteo Arango)

Victor Huertas

Venustiano

Carranza

Alvaro Obregon

Lazaro Cardenasdel Rio

Emiliano Zapata

Pascual Orozco

James Creelman


5/62

Terms to Know

Porfiriato: Years in which Diaz ruledMexico

Hacienderos: Land lord and owners

Haciendas: Estates, plantations, mines,or factories

Soldaderas: Female soldiers who wentinto combat in the revolution

Morelos: a state in Mexico

Caudillo: Military dictator


6/62

Mexican Revolution Causes

Two Main Causes: Porfirio Diaz and the

plantation owners.

Political: After being president for 20

years, Porfirio Diaz told an Americanjournalist, James Creelman, that he was

looking forward to retire and that he

welcomed an opposition party.


7/62


Economic: Entire villages disappeared

and the haciendas became huge.

The hacienderos (plantation owners)

still wanted more power but couldnt getthe peasants to sell their land. So the

plantation owners started to pressure,

bribe, and blackmail the peasants offtheir land.


8/62


Economic: Major industries were

controlled by foreign investment

Poverty ensued throughout the country

97% owned no land

Creole populations thrived while the

indigenous population suffered

Social: 50% of all households unfit, 80%of population were illiterate, 16% of

population were homeless


9/62


What options did a villager have in those

days?

He could try to find other legal sources of

revenue (very limited) He could become fully dependent on the

haciendas

He could become a criminal


10/62

Role of the Porfiriato

Regime Came to power in 1877

Ruled in caudillo (dictator) style

Rigged most elections

Tight grip on all governmental affairs

Dispatched governors all over Mexico

Enlarged the police force Foreign film investments allowed for

highways, railroads, telegraph lines, oil

fields


11/62

Creelman Interview

In 1908, Diaz told James Creelman that

he was prepared to retire in 1910.

Was Diaz serious or just trying to test his

country?

Read the Interview


12/62


13/62

Fall of Diaz

Poor working conditions, inflation,

inferior housing and low wages, and

deficient social services caused fighting

within the classes and the fight forfreedom.

The revolution was the rise and fall of

many great leaders including Diaz


14/62

Fall of Diaz

While Diaz did many things including

transforming Mexico into a developing

country, he also destroyed Mexico as

well. The powerful became wealthy and the

dependence on foreign investments was

unhealthy.Ambition fueled political desires


15/62

Francisco Madero

Son of a wealthy landowner

Politically inexperienced

Desired to run for president

Believed in democracy and wanted to

immediately establish it in Mexico

Favored British power rather than US


16/62

Francisco Madero

Diaz falsely accused Madero and had

him thrown in jail during the election in

1910

Madero fled to Texas and claimed thathe was President Pro-Temp until

another election

Penned a document that officiallystarted the revolution.


17/62

The Plan of San Luis Potosi

Madero assumed role as president

Called for re-election (free election)

Claimed to return land

Claimed to establish a democracy


18/62

Mexican Liberal Party

(PLM) Peasant risings became more frequent

Members organized an urban revolt

Requested agrarian reform, eight hour

work day, equal work for equal pay,

access to education


19/62

Treaty of Ciudad Juarez

PLM combined with Diazs lack of

confidence led to this treaty

Ultimately removed Diaz from power

Kept existing institutions in place

Francisco Leon de la Barra (Mexican

Ambassador to US) assumed interim

presidency until another election couldbe held

General Victoriano Huerta ran the army


20/62

Supporters of Madero

Pancho Villa (North)

Alvaro Obregon (North)

Pasqual Orozco (North)

Venustiano Carranza (North)

Emiliano Zapata (South)


21/62

Emiliano Zapata

Before Maderos election even took

place he rode into town

Peasant hero to the revolution

Known for the phrase Land and

Freedom (Land Redistribution)

Covered Mexicos southern area

It is better to die on your feet than to

live on your knees.


22/62

Plan of Ayala

Read it!

Identify the overall goals of the plan.

It is also saved on www.fairhopehs.com

under the file manager tab. There is a

file labeled IB History.
http://www.fairhopehs.com/http://www.fairhopehs.com/


23/62

Pancho Villa

Born Dorotea Arango (name of bandit)

No real ideology

Modern day Robin Hood

Joined the revolution with Madero but

fell out with others

Wanted to bring down Diaz and help the

peasants have a better life


24/62

Madero Rise and Fall

Takes power in 1912

At odds with Zapata and other

revolutionaries over land reform

Zapata writes Plan of Ayala about their

land dispute

Pascual Orozco rebelled because of

land reform as well Madero had to call in the services of

Huerta to defend his presidency


25/62

Final Fall of Madero

U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson

stationed 100,000 troops along the

border

Wilson threaten Madero withintervention if his government failed to

protect U.S. lives and property

General Huerta, Felix Diaz and otherswere staging an overthrow

Wilson was secretly negotiating with

Huerta and his associates


26/62

Final Fall of Madero

Huerta asked Wilson what he should do

with Madero

Wilson said do whatever was best for

Mexico

Huerta had him shot after staging a fake

battle

President William Howard Taft thoughtWilson had gone too far


27/62

General Victoriano Huerta

At a meeting at the U.S. embassy,

Huerta was named President and Felix

Diaz would succeed him

Restored Diazs dictatorship

Felix Diaz soon was sent on a

diplomatic mission


28/62

Villa during Huertas Reign

Villa assumed power of Huertas

opposition, the Constitutionalists

In Chihuahua he:

Employed soldiers

Reduced meat prices

Distributed money and clothing

Opened fifty new schools Expropriated land

Cattle was sold for ammunition


29/62

Zapata during Huertas

Reign Estates were promptly distributed

among the peasants but would remain

under control of state until the end of the

revolution Revenues from estates would fund

revolution and widows/orphans

Southern states had more hunger andmore peasants in need


30/62

General Huerta meets

opposition President Woodrow Wilson took office

just eleven days after Madero was

murdered

Wilson felt Huerta was a drunkard

Arms began to flow to Carranza (paid for

with cattle) from U.S. and Wilson


31/62

Huertas Downfall

February 1914, Huerta regimeimprisoned some unarmed U.S. sailors

from the cruiserDolphin at the port of

Tampico

Pres. Wilson then stopped arms

shipments to Huerta from Germany to

the port of Veracruz

The holding of Veracruz caused a lot ofanti-American sentiment

Carranza ordered the U.S. to leave


32/62

Venustiano Carranza

March 26, 1913 announced his Plan of

Guadalupe which called for the

overthrow of the dictator (Huerta) and a

new election Entitled first chief of the Constitutionalist

Army

Villa placed himself under Carranzascommand

Alvaro Obregon also joined his side


33/62

Carranza

Promised to dissolve great estates and

return land to Indians

Signed an agreement to provide a better

deal for labor unions and industrialworkers

Promised a minimum-wage law

Appealed for womens support


34/62

Venustiano Carranza

First president of post-Diaz 1917-1920

Ideologies: Favored political reform but

no social reform

Aims: Opposed U.S. intervention and

wanted a new constitution

Methods: Constitution Convention


35/62

U.S. and Mexican Relations

1916 relations deteriorated sharply Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico

Wilson set General John Pershing to

pursue Villa into Mexico

Carranza demanded immediate

withdrawal of U.S. troops

In 1917 influenced by a troubled

international scene, Wilson liquidated

the Mexican venture entirely


36/62

Constitution of 1917

1916 Carranza called for an election to

frame a new constitution

Neglected to elect women or anyone

that did not support his Plan ofGuadalupe

No real agrarian reforms or worker

reforms Be sure to read Articles 3, 24, 27, 34,

35, 123, 130


37/62

Carranzas Presidency

First legally elected President since

Madero

Alvaro Obregon (secretary of war)

Only a small amount of land distributed

Hacienda owners still exist

Working class suffered

Ignored the promise of free education

Kept Mexico neutral in WWI


38/62

Carranzas Presidency

Women were able to legalize divorce,

alimony rights, own and manage

property

Law and Family Relations (1917) childcustody, file lawsuits, sign contracts

Zapata and his followers continued to

fight Carranzas control until Zappatawas killed in 1919


39/62

Carranzas Fall

1920 Carranzas term was up but he

could not be reelected

He tried to elect a puppet but was

unsuccessful

He fled to Veracruz with 5 million pesos

from the national treasury

He was killed shortly after (1920)


40/62


41/62

Carranza passes the torch

Obregon had temporarily retired but in

1919 he declared his candidacy for

president

Carranza announced his support ofIgnacio Bonillas

Obregon supporters made Bonillas look

bad


42/62

Obregons Presidency

Established what other revolutionaries

could not

He was a mechanic and farmer

Began distributing land immediately

He encouraged labor to organize (and

when necessary, strike)

Made solid achievements in educationand indigenous cultural heritage


43/62

Obregons Changes

Made the walls of public buildings

available for the painting of murals

Muralist Diego Rivera and David Alfaro

Siquieros

Believed that school was the most

important instrument to unify a nation

Trained 4000 teachers, opened colleges Published paperback copies of classic

literature for schools


44/62

Obregons Changes

Signed agreements to repay foreigndebt

Returned the National Railways to

private owners

Continued positive communication with

U.S.

Re-elected in 1928 but murdered before

attaining office

Responsible for instituting Constitution

1917


45/62

Article 27

1920 Carranza attempted to enforceArticle 27

20% of all oil imports came from Mexico

Obregon increased taxes to pay off debt

but major U.S. producers stopped

shipping Mexican oil

1923 Obregon offered the Bucareli

Accord which Calles rejected


46/62

Plutarco Elias Calles

In 1920 Calles aligned himself with

Obregon to overthrow Carranza

Took presidency in 1924

Continued to be de facto ruler from

1928-1935, a period known as the

Maximato

During the Maximato Presidents EmilioPortes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio,

Abelardo Rodriguez (puppets)


47/62

Plutarco Elias Calles

Created Bank of Mexico

National Road Commission

National Electricity Code

1925 Ford Motor Company Agreement

Land distribution increased until 1930

1929 Great Depression affected

economics and spurned peasant revolts

C ll C th li d


48/62

Calles, Catholics and

Cristero

Noted for his oppression of Catholics Bishops started a peaceful resistance in

response to Calles Law. Catholics

stopped going to mass, movies, schools

Cristero War, a civil war between

Catholic rebels and the government

August 3, 1926 Catholics shut

themselves in the Our Lady ofGuadalupe church until they ran out of

ammunition


49/62

Cristero War continued

1926 Calles Law ordered the registration

of priests and closing of religious

primary schools

In 1927 ambassador Dwight WhitneyMorrow initiated a series of breakfasts

with President Calles to settle this issue

and Article 27


50/62

Cristero War and U.S.

About five percent of Mexicos

population fled to U.S.

Most made their way to Los Angeles and

San Diego


51/62

Obregon and Calles

Instability lead them to establish an

amendment to extend the presidency

term to six years and allow for re-

election after one term out of office Obregon was supposed to serve

another term until assassinated


52/62

Calles Problems

1930 grain production halted

Supported labor unions

Did little for womens rights

Neglected to loan money to ejidos but

only to haciedados


53/62

General Lazaro Cardenas

Campaigned vigorously

1933 elected President

Spent 50% on education

Honest regime

Six year plan to strengthen eijdos, build

modern schools, land distribution of

villages, efforts to raise agriculturalproductivity


54/62

Cardenas continued

Cut his own salary in half

Made himself available to peasants and

workers

Closing down of illegal gambling houses

Villages received schools, medical care,

roads

Peasants received their land from thegovernment (caused dependency)


55/62

Cardenas continued

Land distribution injured the traditional

hacienda system

Increased the wage system, if warranted

Nacional Financiera, (federal bank)

Oil nationalization stimulated industry

and independence

Mining industry remained in foreigninterests


56/62

Cardenas continued

Women granted suffrage not granted

until 1953

Encouraged the study and interests of

indigenous peoples Solved many of the social problems of

the revolution but his hard work was lost

by his successor (Avila Camacho)


57/62


58/62

Vasconcelos

Obregons secretary of education

Continued supporting the arts after

leaving office

Offered the walls of public buildings forthe painting of murals that glorified

natives of the past and present

Reestablished the power and value ofnative arts


59/62

Muralists

The Big Three were Diego Rivera,

David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jose

Clemente Orozco.

Responsible for the Renaissance ofmurals throughout the city


60/62

Siqueros

Influenced and glorified the revolution

Sought realism

Mixed classic style with modern

machines

Witnessed peasant life while fighting in

Constitutional Army


61/62

Rivera

Studied art in Italy and Renaissance

frescos

First mural Creation was painted while

he guarded himself with a pistol Helped establish union of artists


62/62

Orozco

Involved in the renaissance of mural

painting

Avoided bloody (real) aspects of the

revolution

Mexican Revolution 1910 1940 Lecture (1)

Documents

Transcript of Mexican Revolution 1910 1940 Lecture (1)