Methods cont. Discussion - UTEP...assumptions of similarities, microinvalidations, and media...
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Research reported in this poster was supported by the National Institute Of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under linked Award Numbers RL5GM118969, TL4GM118971, and UL1GM118970. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Introduction Background • U.S./Mexico border college students have reported subclinical levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (Camacho, 2016). • Various research has shown that Hispanics report greater levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms compared with non-Hispanic Whites, while other suggest that there are no differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites (Jardin et al., 2018). • Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms are some of the most prevalent mental health problems among college students (Kitzrow, 2003). • Approximately 18% of college students reported depression, 22% reported anxiety, and 44% reported stress as factors affecting their functioning in the past 12 months (American College Health Association, 2014). • Recent concerns about immigration and deportation status may affect previous reports and be related to cultural constructs. Aim • The aim of the study was to assess depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as potential culturally based risk and protective factors in a Hispanic college student sample. • Mild reports of depression, anxiety, and stress seem to be consistent with the limited number of previous studies on Latina/os by the US-Mexico border (Camacho et al., 2016). • The associations between age and depression, anxiety, and stress must be further explored; however, there are factors that may explain the possibility for decreased symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress while age increases. A few explanations would be decreased emotional responsiveness, increased emotional control, and psychological immunization (Jorm, 2000). • Studies have shown that protective factors, such as familism, have been linked to decreases in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (Ayon et al., 2010). Remaining close to and/or prioritizing family may reduce symptoms and prevent other risks such as substance use. • Research has shown that discrimination is positively associated with depression and anxiety (Kessler et al., 1999). We know that discrimination negatively affects people, yet research is still lacking when it comes to more novel constructs such as microaggressions. Microaggressions such as feeling like people see one as inferior or being microinvalidated is seemingly enough to heighten reports of depression, anxiety, and stress. While the directionality of these relationships may seem intuitive in that microaggressions precede mild symptom reports, it certainly could be that those who report symptoms filter others’ behavior through a negative lens. Thus, future studies, especially those prospective in nature, are warranted. Strengths and Limitations • Limitations of this study include its reliance on self-report and its generalizability to the young adult population of the U.S. because of the predominantly Mexican-American sample. However, the applicability remains and is also a strength due to its uniqueness and contribution to the dearth of literature focused on a Hispanic sample. Future Directions • Studies should include ways to maintain familial connectedness and cope with microaggressions in future prevention and intervention efforts to reduce the escalation of symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Studies can also expand sample to other Latino/a populations and include other age groups. Procedure • After IRB approval was received, participants were recruited online via Sona-system. Participants signed an informed consent form before they were prompted to begin the survey. Participants were provided course credit for their participation. Approach to Analyses • Age, familism, Latino values, and the five subscale scores of the Racial Ethnic Microaggression scale that measured assumptions of criminality, assumptions of inferiority, assumptions of similarity, microinvalidations and media microaggressions were entered as potential correlates of the overall DASS score in a linear regression model. • Participants reported mild levels depression (M=7.97; SD=10.57), anxiety (M=7.80; SD=9.84), and stress (M=9.87; SD=10.57). Five different linear regressions were conducted, however, all had similar findings. • Age (β=-0.11, ⍴ < 0.05), familism (β=-0.127, ⍴ < 0.05), assumptions of inferiority (β=0.202, ⍴ < 0.05), and microinvalidations (β=0.259, ⍴ < 0.01), were significantly associated with overall depression, anxiety, and stress (Adjusted R 2 =0.19). Table 1: Continuous Characteristics Mean Std. Deviation Range Age 20.13 3.92 17 - 53 Familism 120.45 21.98 45 - 180 Latino Values 102.16 12.98 65 - 140 Assumption of Criminality 1.49 0.95 1 – 5.60 Assumption of Inferiority 1.57 1.01 1 - 6 Assumption of Similarity 2.47 1.35 1 - 6 Microinvalidations 1.74 1.09 1 - 6 Media Microaggression 2.18 1.46 1 - 6 Depression 7.97 10.57 0 - 42 Anxiety 7.80 9.84 0 - 42 Stress 9.87 10.90 0 - 42 DASS Total 25.64 30.23 0 - 125 Table 2: Summary of linear regression predicting depression, anxiety, and stress B SE B β Gender 1.26 3.80 .019 Age -.859 .429 -.11 Familism -.184 .084 -.127 Latino Values -.186 .137 -.077 Assumption of Criminality 2.32 3.07 .070 Assumption of Inferiority 6.33 2.98 .202 Assumptions of Similarity -1.71 1.50 -.076 Microinvalidations 7.70 2.42 .259 Media Microaggression -.846 1.38 -.040 Notes. Bold indicates p < .05. Adjusted R 2 = .19 Methods Methods cont. Results Tables Discussion References Acknowledgements American College Health Association (2017). American College Health Association - National college health assessment undergraduate student reference group executive summary sprint 2014. Baltimore, MD: Author. Ayon, C., Marsiglia, F. F., & Bermudez-Parsai, M. (2010). Latino Family Mental Health: Exploring the role of discrimination and familismo. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(6), 742-756. Camacho, A., Cordero, E. D., & Perkins, T. (2016). Psychometric properties of the DASS-21 among Latina/o college students by the US- Mexico Border. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(5), 1017-1023. Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non- clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 111-131. Esparza, P., & Sanchez, B. (2008). The role of attitudinal familism in academic outcomes: a study of urban, Latino high school seniors. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(3), 193. Forrest-Bank , S., Jenson J.J.,& Trecartin, S. (2015) The Revised 28-Item Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (R28REMS): Examining the Factorial Structure for Black, Latino/Hispanic, and Asian Young Adults. Journal of Social Service Research, 41(3), 326-344. Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018). Clarifying the relation of acculturative stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms: The role of anxiety sensitivity among Hispanic college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221-230. Jorm, A. F. (2000). Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychological Medicine, 30, 11-22. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40(3), 208-230. Kim, B. S. K., Soliz, A., Orellana, B., & Alamilla, S.G. (2009). Latino/a Values Scale: Development, reliability, and validity. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 42, 71-91. Kitzrow, M. A. (2003). The mental health needs of today’s college students: Challenges and recommendations. NASPA Journal, 41(1), 167- 181. Lovibond, P., Lovibond H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343. Marín, G., Sabogal, F., VanOss, M. B., Otero-Sabogal, R., & Pérez-Stable, E. (1987) Development of a short acculturation scale for Hispanics. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 183-205. Nadal, K. L. (2011). The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): construction, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 470. Rangel, S. J. (2013). Familismo, enculturation, and acculturation as predictors of psychological well-being in Latina/os (Doctoral dissertation, WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY). Participants • The present sample (n = 274) represents a subset of Hispanic college students (72.2% female; Mage = 20.13; SD = 3.92) from a larger data subset (N = 345) collected via online survey. Measures • Sociodemographics. This questionnaire collected typical sociodemographic information (e.g., age, sex, education). • Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). This 42-item assesses constructs of depression, anxiety and stress (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). The DASS is a set of three 14 item self- report scales which is scored on a 4 point scale of frequency or severity of a symptom over the past week. The resulting item responses are scored by summing the items within each of the three factors. The three scales have high internal consistency with all scales having ⍺>.89 (Crawford & Henry, 2003). The Cronbach’s alpha for the subscales are greater than or equal to .94 with an overall alpha of .98. • Attitudinal Familism Scale (AFS). This 18-item four subset scale measures beliefs and attitudes towards family members (Esparza & Sanchez, 2008). The four subscales are familial support, family interconnectedness, family honor, and subjugation of self for the family. The AFS is rated using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree). The scale had a high internal consistency reliability of ⍺=.83 (Esparza & Sanchez, 2008). The Cronbach’s alpha is .89. • Latino/a Values Scale (LVS). This 35-item four subset scale measures an individual’s adherence to Latino/a cultural values (Kim et al., 2009). These subscales include 1) LVS-Cultural Pride, 2) LVS- Simpatia, 3) LVS-Familismo, and 4) LVS-Espiritismo. Each part of the scale consists of a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly agree) and 4 (strongly disagree). The LVS and LVS-subscales validities yielded: LVS overall α = .88 and .85; LVS- Culture Pride α = .89 and .85; LVS- Familismo α = .75 and .68; LVS- Simpatia α = .46; LVS- Espiritismo α = .50 (Rangel, 2013). The overall Cronbach’s alpha is .87. • Revised Racial and Ethnic Microaggression Scale (R-REMS). This 28-item five subset scale measures second-class citizen and assumptions of criminality, assumptions of inferiority, assumptions of similarities, microinvalidations, and media microaggressions (Nadal, 2011). Questions were rated on Likert scale ranging from 0-5 asking how many times the participant has experienced on specific subscale of microaggression in the past 6 months. The subscales had an alpha greater or equal to .75 and each racial group had an alpha greater or equal to .88 (Forest- Bank et al., 2015). The Cronbach’s alpha for the subscales are greater than or equal to .78 with an overall alpha of .97.
Transcript of Methods cont. Discussion - UTEP...assumptions of similarities, microinvalidations, and media...
Research reported in this poster was supported by the National Institute Of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under linked Award Numbers RL5GM118969, TL4GM118971, and UL1GM118970. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Introduction
Background
• U.S./Mexico border college students have reported subclinical levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (Camacho, 2016).
• Various research has shown that Hispanics report greater levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms compared with non-Hispanic Whites, while other suggest that there are no differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites (Jardin et al., 2018).
• Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms are some of the most prevalent mental health problems among college students (Kitzrow, 2003).
• Approximately 18% of college students reported depression, 22% reported anxiety, and 44% reported stress as factors affecting their functioning in the past 12 months (American College Health Association, 2014).
• Recent concerns about immigration and deportation status may affect previous reports and be related to cultural constructs.
Aim
• The aim of the study was to assess depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as potential culturally based risk and protective factors in a Hispanic college student sample.
• Mild reports of depression, anxiety, and stress seem to be consistent with the limited number of previous studies on Latina/os by the US-Mexico border (Camacho et al., 2016).
• The associations between age and depression, anxiety, and stress must be further explored; however, there are factors that may explain the possibility for decreased symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress while age increases. A few explanations would be decreased emotional responsiveness, increased emotional control, and psychological immunization (Jorm, 2000).
• Studies have shown that protective factors, such as familism, have been linked to decreases in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (Ayon et al., 2010). Remaining close to and/or prioritizing family may reduce symptoms and prevent other risks such as substance use.
• Research has shown that discrimination is positively associated with depression and anxiety (Kessler et al., 1999). We know that discrimination negatively affects people, yet research is still lacking when it comes to more novel constructs such as microaggressions. Microaggressions such as feeling like people see one as inferior or being microinvalidated is seemingly enough to heighten reports of depression, anxiety, and stress. While the directionality of these relationships may seem intuitive in that microaggressions precede mild symptom reports, it certainly could be that those who report symptoms filter others’ behavior through a negative lens. Thus, future studies, especially those prospective in nature, are warranted.
Strengths and Limitations
• Limitations of this study include its reliance on self-report and its generalizability to the young
adult population of the U.S. because of the predominantly Mexican-American sample.
However, the applicability remains and is also a strength due to its uniqueness and
contribution to the dearth of literature focused on a Hispanic sample.
Future Directions
• Studies should include ways to maintain familial connectedness and cope with
microaggressions in future prevention and intervention efforts to reduce the escalation of
symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Studies can also expand sample to
other Latino/a populations and include other age groups.
Procedure
• After IRB approval was received, participants were recruited online via Sona-system. Participants signed an informed consent form before they were prompted to begin the survey. Participants were provided course credit for their participation.
Approach to Analyses
• Age, familism, Latino values, and the five subscale scores of the Racial Ethnic Microaggression scale that measured assumptions of criminality, assumptions of inferiority, assumptions of similarity, microinvalidations and media microaggressions were entered as potential correlates of the overall DASS score in a linear regression model.
• Participants reported mild levels depression (M=7.97; SD=10.57), anxiety (M=7.80; SD=9.84), and stress
(M=9.87; SD=10.57). Five different linear regressions were conducted, however, all had similar findings.
• Age (β=-0.11, ⍴ < 0.05), familism (β=-0.127, ⍴ < 0.05), assumptions of inferiority (β=0.202, ⍴ < 0.05), and
microinvalidations (β=0.259, ⍴ < 0.01), were significantly associated with overall depression, anxiety, and
stress (Adjusted R2=0.19).
Table 1: Continuous Characteristics
Mean Std. Deviation Range
Age 20.13 3.92 17 - 53
Familism 120.45 21.98 45 - 180
Latino Values 102.16 12.98 65 - 140
Assumption of Criminality 1.49 0.95 1 – 5.60
Assumption of Inferiority 1.57 1.01 1 - 6
Assumption of Similarity 2.47 1.35 1 - 6
Microinvalidations 1.74 1.09 1 - 6
Media Microaggression 2.18 1.46 1 - 6
Depression 7.97 10.57 0 - 42
Anxiety 7.80 9.84 0 - 42
Stress 9.87 10.90 0 - 42
DASS Total 25.64 30.23 0 - 125
Table 2: Summary of linear regression predicting depression, anxiety, and stress
B SE B β
Gender 1.26 3.80 .019
Age -.859 .429 -.11
Familism -.184 .084 -.127
Latino Values -.186 .137 -.077
Assumption of Criminality 2.32 3.07 .070
Assumption of Inferiority 6.33 2.98 .202
Assumptions of Similarity -1.71 1.50 -.076
Microinvalidations 7.70 2.42 .259
Media Microaggression -.846 1.38 -.040
Notes. Bold indicates p < .05. Adjusted R2
= .19
Methods
Methods cont.
Results
Tables
Discussion
References
Acknowledgements
American College Health Association (2017). American College Health Association - National college health assessment undergraduate student reference group executive summary sprint 2014. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Ayon, C., Marsiglia, F. F., & Bermudez-Parsai, M. (2010). Latino Family Mental Health: Exploring the role of discrimination and familismo. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(6), 742-756.
Camacho, A., Cordero, E. D., & Perkins, T. (2016). Psychometric properties of the DASS-21 among Latina/o college students by the US-Mexico Border. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(5), 1017-1023.
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 111-131.
Esparza, P., & Sanchez, B. (2008). The role of attitudinal familism in academic outcomes: a study of urban, Latino high school seniors. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(3), 193.
Forrest-Bank , S., Jenson J.J.,& Trecartin, S. (2015) The Revised 28-Item Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (R28REMS): Examining the Factorial Structure for Black, Latino/Hispanic, and Asian Young Adults. Journal of Social Service Research, 41(3), 326-344.
Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018). Clarifying the relation of acculturative stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms: The role of anxiety sensitivity among Hispanic college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221-230.
Jorm, A. F. (2000). Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychological Medicine, 30, 11-22.
Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40(3), 208-230.
Kim, B. S. K., Soliz, A., Orellana, B., & Alamilla, S.G. (2009). Latino/a Values Scale: Development, reliability, and validity. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 42, 71-91.
Kitzrow, M. A. (2003). The mental health needs of today’s college students: Challenges and recommendations. NASPA Journal, 41(1), 167-181.
Lovibond, P., Lovibond H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343.
Marín, G., Sabogal, F., VanOss, M. B., Otero-Sabogal, R., & Pérez-Stable, E. (1987) Development of a short acculturation scale for Hispanics. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 183-205.
Nadal, K. L. (2011). The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): construction, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 470.
Rangel, S. J. (2013). Familismo, enculturation, and acculturation as predictors of psychological well-being in Latina/os (Doctoral
dissertation, WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY).
Participants
• The present sample (n = 274) represents a subset of Hispanic college students (72.2% female; Mage = 20.13; SD = 3.92) from a larger data subset (N = 345)collected via online survey.
Measures
• Sociodemographics. This questionnaire collected typical sociodemographic information (e.g.,
age, sex, education).
• Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). This 42-item assesses constructs of
depression, anxiety and stress (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). The DASS is a set of three 14 item self-report scales which is scored on a 4 point scale of frequency or severity of a symptom over the past week. The resulting item responses are scored by summing the items within each of the three factors. The three scales have high internal consistency with all scales having ⍺>.89 (Crawford & Henry, 2003). The Cronbach’s alpha for the subscales are greater than or equal to .94 with an overall alpha of .98.
• Attitudinal Familism Scale (AFS). This 18-item four subset scale measures beliefs and
attitudes towards family members (Esparza & Sanchez, 2008). The four subscales are familial support, family interconnectedness, family honor, and subjugation of self for the family. The AFS is rated using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree). The scale had a high internal consistency reliability of ⍺=.83 (Esparza & Sanchez, 2008). The Cronbach’s alpha is .89.
• Latino/a Values Scale (LVS). This 35-item four subset scale measures an individual’s adherence
to Latino/a cultural values (Kim et al., 2009). These subscales include 1) LVS-Cultural Pride, 2) LVS-Simpatia, 3) LVS-Familismo, and 4) LVS-Espiritismo. Each part of the scale consists of a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly agree) and 4 (strongly disagree). The LVS and LVS-subscales validities yielded: LVS overall α = .88 and .85; LVS- Culture Pride α = .89 and .85; LVS- Familismo α = .75 and .68; LVS-Simpatia α = .46; LVS- Espiritismo α = .50 (Rangel, 2013). The overall Cronbach’s alpha is .87.
• Revised Racial and Ethnic Microaggression Scale (R-REMS). This 28-item five subset
scale measures second-class citizen and assumptions of criminality, assumptions of inferiority, assumptions of similarities, microinvalidations, and media microaggressions (Nadal, 2011). Questions were rated on Likert scale ranging from 0-5 asking how many times the participant has experienced on specific subscale of microaggression in the past 6 months. The subscales had an alpha greater or equal to .75 and each racial group had an alpha greater or equal to .88 (Forest-Bank et al., 2015). The Cronbach’s alpha for the subscales are greater than or equal to .78 with an overall alpha of .97.
