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MEMS-based Storage System
Kim Tae Seok (2004.7.20.)
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MEMS in terms of research topic
• Research Trend in OSLAB
2004 time
Web server/cache
Multimedia system
Flash memory
Low power systemUbiquitous Computing
MEMS-based storage?
MEMS-based storage system topic is in the infancy !!!
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Contents
• What is MEMS(MEMS-based storage)?• Why MEMS-based storage?• MEMS-based storage structure• OS view of MEMS-based storage• The future for MEMS-based storage
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What is MEMS(MEMS-based storage)?
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The need of new storage technology
Disk
RAMCPU
time
speed
gab
cache
memory
gab
?
The RAM-to-disk performance gab
- 6 orders of magnitude in 2000
- widen by 50% per year
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Alternatives to Disk
• Solid state storage• Flash memory• Ferro-electric (FeRAM)• Magnetic RAM (MRAM)• Polymer• Chalcogenic/Ovonicmaterials• Organics (protein, DNA)
• Non-rotating magnetic media• MEMS
• Small-format arrays (multiple disks in one package)
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What is MEMS?
• Micro Electro Mechanical System• the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and
electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology.
• electronics parts : integrated circuit (IC) process (e.g., CMOS)• micromechanical parts : micromachining processes
• MEMS promises to make possible the realization of complete systems-on-a-chip.• Enable co-location of nonvolatile storage, RAM, network module
and processing on same physical chip• augments the decision-making capability with "eyes" and "arms", to
allow microsystems to sense and control the environment.
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Applications of MEMS
• Ubiquitous use in everyday world!!!• Ongoing research
• Sensors/Actuators• accelerometers• micromirror arrays for LCD projectors• heads for inkjet printers• optical switches• …
• MEMS-based storage
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Why use MEMS-based storage?
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Why Use MEMS-based Storage?
• Cost
0.01 GB
0.1 GB
1 GB
10 GB
100 GB
$1 $10 $100 $1000
CACHE RAM
DRAM
HARDDISK
Entry Cost
MEMS
Capacity @ Entry Cost
10X cheaper than RAM
Lower cost-entry point than disk
$10-$30 for ~10 Gbytes
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Why Use MEMS-based Storage?
• Volume
100,000
Occupiedvolume [cm3]
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,0000.1
10100
100010,000
3.5” Disk Drive
Flash memory, 0.4 µm2 cell
Chip-sized data storage@ 10 GByte/cm21
Storage Capacity [GByte]
10 GByte/cm2
= 65 GB/in2
density (100x CD-ROM)
30 nm x 30 nm bit size
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Why Use MEMS-based Storage?
• Data latency
Worst-CaseAccessTime
(RotationalLatency)
Cost $ / GB
$1 / GB
$3 / GB
$10 / GB
$30 / GB
$100 / GB
10ns 1µs 100µs 10ms
DRAM
HARD DISK
Prediction2008
$300 / GBEEPROM (Flash)
MEMS
No rotation delay
10x faster access time than today’s disk drive
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Why Use MEMS-based Storage?
• Storage 10 Gbytes of data in the size of a penny• Deliver 100 MB – 1 GB/sec bandwidth• Deliver access times 10X faster than today’s drives• Consume ~100X less power than low-power disk drives• Cost less than $10• Integrate storage, RAM, and processing on the same die
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Why Not EEPROM?
• We have computers on a chip now (Embedded computers)• Currently nonvolatile memory is EEPROM (FLASH memory)
• EEPROM Feature (size and cost)
• Taking EEPROM prices as $0.27/MB --> $2,700 / 10GB • For MEMS-based Storage in 2009 we predict cost ~$25 / 10GB
• > 100X better than EEPROM
1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2009
NOR Cell Area(um2) 0.6 0.3 0.22 0.15 0.08 0.04
density(MB/cm2) 16 32 44 64 120 240
EEPROM cost($/MB) $4 $2 $1.5 $1 $0.53 $0.27
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MEMS-based storage is available now?
• MEMS-based storage devices are still several years away from commercialization• Design details are not revealed
• Many designs are possible• While design details for MEMS are differ, most use a similar media
sled design• Ongoing device development company
• IBM(Millipede), Hewlett-Packard, Kionix, Nanochip• http://www.zurich.ibm.com/st/storage/millipede.html
• Ongoing software research group• Computer Systems LAB. of Carnegie Mellon University
• http://www.lcs.ece.cmu.edu/research/MEMS• Feedback loop with MEMS device group
• Design parameter (e.g., the number of tips)
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Design parameter Example
• size : 1-1.5 cm2
• capacity : 2-10GB• power : 1-3W (during access)• avg. access time : 1-3ms (random)• bandwidth: 10-100MB/sec• many tradeoffs
• # of active tips, multiple sleds, etc• capacity vs. latency vs. power vs. bandwidth
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MEMS-based storage structure
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MEMS-based Storage
• On-chip Magnetic Storage - using MEMS for media positioning
Read/Writetips
MagneticMedia
Actuators
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MEMS-based Storage
Read/writetips
Media
Bits storedunderneath
each tipside view
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MEMS-based Storage
Media Sled
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Springs Springs
SpringsSprings
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Anchors attachthe springs to
the chip.
Anchor Anchor
AnchorAnchor
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Sled is freeto move
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Sled is freeto move
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Springs pullsled toward
center
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
X
Y
Springs pullsled toward
center
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MEMS-based Storage
Actuators pullsled in bothdimensions
Actuator
Actuator
Actuator
Actuator
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Actuators pullsled in bothdimensions
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Actuators pullsled in bothdimensions
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Actuators pullsled in bothdimensions
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Actuators pullsled in bothdimensions
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
Probe tipsare fixed
Probe tip
Probe tip
X
Y
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MEMS-based Storage
X
Y
Probe tipsare fixed
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MEMS-based Storage
X
Y
Sled onlymoves overthe area of asingle square
One probe tipper square
Each tipaccesses dataat the same
relative position
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ManagingMEMS-based Storage
• MEMS Data Layout
Sector is8 data bytes +ECC + servo
Media areadivided into“regions”
2500
2500
Data storedin “sectors”of ~100 bits
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Read-modify-writeexample
1 2 3 2500…
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Fast Read-Modify-Write
• Disks must wait an entire disk rotation to perform a read-modify-write • MEMS devices can quickly turn around and write (or rewrite a
sector)• Example: Read-modify-write of 8 sectors (4KBytes) in msecs
Atlas 10K MEMSRead 0.14 0.13Reposition 5.98 0.07Write 0.14 0.13Total 6.26 0.33
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X-dimension Settling Time• Consider a simple seek
...
...
...
...
Sweep area of one probe tip
Oscillations in X
Oscillations in Y
Why do we onlycare about theX dimension?
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X-dimension Settling Time
Oscillations in Xlead to off-track
interference!
In Y, the oscillationsappear as slight
variations in velocity,which can be
tolerated.
Sled is movingin Y
Why do we onlycare about theX dimension?
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Seek Time from Center
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
Seek
tim
e (m
s)
X displacement (bits)
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OS view of MEMS-based storage
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OS view of MEMS-based storage
• High-level MEMS characteristics:• Long positioning times• High streaming rate
• Logical block interface works well• Opportunities for device optimization, but convoluted tricks not
necessary
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Disk scheduling
0
20
40
60
80
100
10 50 90 130 170 210
Mean arrival rate (Hz)
Ave
rage
resp
onse
tim
e (m
s) FCFSSSTFSPTF
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MEMS scheduling
0
20
40
60
80
100
100 500 900 1300 1700 2100
Mean arrival rate (Hz)
Ave
rage
resp
onse
tim
e (m
s) FCFSSSTFSPTF
Curves saturatein same order,relative position
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Disk vs. MEMS-based storage
• How to schedule requests?
in outprobe tip
Disk
One-dimension problem
MEMS
Two-dimensions problem
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Data layout
• Basically as for disks• Sequential access >>> not sequential• Local access > not local
• Some interesting differences• File size vs. physical location
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Small requests
0.42 ms/movein this subregion
0.37 ms/movein this subregion
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Large requests: 256KB
• Transfer time dominates positioning time
0
1
2
3
4
Distance (in X)
Aver
age
resp
onse
tim
e (m
s)
0 MAX
Short seek Long seek
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Bipartite layout
Metadata orsmall objects
Large/streaming objects
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Failure Management
• MEMS devices will have internal failures• Tips will break during fabrication/assembly … and during use
• With multiple tips, data and ECC can be striped across the tips• ECC can be both horizontal and vertical• On tip or tip-media failure, ECC prevents data loss• Could then use spares to regain original level of reliability
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Failure Management
• MEMS devices will have internal failures• Tips will break during fabrication/assembly … and during use• Media can wear
Probe Tip
Spare Tip
Spare Tip
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Failure Management
• MEMS devices will have internal failures• Tips will break during fabrication/assembly … and during use• Media can wear
Probe Tip
Spare Tip
Spare Tip
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MEMS in Computer Systems
• MEMS-based storage device simulator• Uses first-order mechanics
• Integrated into DiskSim• Models events, busses, cache• Compare against simulated disks
• SimOS-Alpha• Full machine simulator with DiskSim as storage subsystem
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Random Workload - 15X Speedup
10,000 small random requests, 67% reads,exponentially sized with mean 4KB.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1999 Disk 2003 Disk MEMS
Storage Device Type
Ave
rage
Acc
ess
Tim
e (m
s)
MEMS has smallpositioning variability
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MEMS-based Storage as Disk Cache
File System
Disk
MEMSCache
HP Cello tracehas 8 disks
10.4GB total capacity
1999 Disk(Quantum Atlas 10K)
9 GB
Baseline MEMS3 GB
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Disk Cache Configuration
File System
Disk
MEMSCache
Disk
MEMSCache
Disk
MEMSCache
Disk
MEMSCache
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MEMS-based Storage As a Disk Cache
02468
10121416
1999 Disk MEMS only 1999 Disk +MEMS Cache
Storage Device Type
Ave
rage
Acc
ess T
ime
(ms)
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File System-managed Layout
• File system could allocate data directly
MEMS Disk
File system
• Metadata• Small files• Paging
• Large, streaming files
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Perf Idle Fast
Idle Low power Idle Standby
Active
Low-power Disk Drives
• IBM Travelstar 8GS
Time (s)
Pow
er (W
)
0
1
2
3
0 5 10
Command stream ends
40 ms2 s400 ms
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MEMS-based Storage
• Lower operating power• 100 mW for sled positioning• 1 mW per active tip• For 1000 active tips, total power is 1.1 watt• 50 mW standby mode
0.5 ms
Active
Time (s)
Pow
er (W
)
0
1
0 5 10
Standby(not to scale)
• Fast transition from standby
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PostMark
0500
100015002000250030003500
Travelstar MEMSStorage Device Type
Ene
rgy
(Jou
les)
3111
58
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PostMark
0500
100015002000250030003500
Travelstar MEMSStorage Device Type
Ene
rgy
(Jou
les)
Performance Idle
Active
Active
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Conclusions
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Future of MEMS-based Storage
• Perfect for portable devices• Size, capacity, power
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System-on-a-Chip
• Filling memory gap• Operating system support
• Scheduling• Data layout• Fault management
• New applications• PDA, digital music, video, archival
storage
2 cm2 cm
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MEMS-based Storage Is On the Way
• Interesting new storage technology• Gigabytes of non-volatile data in a single IC• Sub-millisecond average access time• Low power
• Can fill various roles• Augment memory hierarchy• Portable devices• Active storage devices
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Research topic
• What applications are beneficial?• Developing new applications
• Where/how to use it in a system?• System architecture
• How can maximize it’s performance as a storage?• Using parallelism effectively• …
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Conclusions
• MEMS-based storage • It is an exciting new technology :)
• Large capacity, low cost, low volume, low power,…• Block device (e.g., disk) background in OSLAB may be helpful. :)
• I/O scheduling, data layout…• But, it is not available now… :(
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Reference
• [1] Schlosser, S., Griffin, J., Nagle, D., Ganger, G., Filling the Memory Access Gap: A Case for On-Chip Magnetic Storage. Technical Report CMU-CS-99-174, Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science, November 1999.
• [2] Schlosser, S., Griffin, J., Nagle, D., Ganger, G., Designing Computer Systems with MEMS-based Storage. In ASPLOS 2000, November 13-15, 2000.
• [3] L. Richard Carley, Gregory R. Ganger, and David F. Nagle, MEMS-Based Integrated-Circuit Mass-Storage Systems. in COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM November 2000, Vol.43, No.11.
• [4] Griffin, J., Schlosser, S., Ganger, G., Nagle, D., Operating Systems Management of MEMS-based Storage Devices. In OSDI 2000, October 23-25, 2000.
• [5] Griffin, J., Schlosser, S., Ganger, G., Nagle, D., Modeling and Performance of MEMS-Based Storage Devices. In Proceedings of SIGMETRICS 2000, June 18-21, 2000. Published as Performance Evaluation Review 28(1):56-65, June 2000.
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Reference
• [6] Tara M. Madhyastha, Katherine Pu Yang, Physical Modeling of Probe-Based Storage. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems (April 2001).
• [7] Z.N.J. Peterson, S.A. Brandt and D.D.E. Long. Data Placement Based on the Seek Time Analysis of a MEMS-based Storage Device. A Work in Progress (WIP) at: the Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), USENIX, 2002.
• [8] Pu Yang. Modeling Probe-based Storage Devices. Tehcnical report. Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Cruz, June 2000. Master's thesis.
• [9] B. Hong, Exploring the Usage of MEMS-based Strorage as Metadata Storage and Disk Cache in Storage Hierarchy. Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Cruz. 2003
• [10] Steven W. Schlosser, Jiri Schindler, Anastassia Ailamaki, and Gregory R. Ganger, Exposing and Exploiting Internal Parallelism in MEMS-based Storage. Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report CMU-CS-03-125, March 2003.
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Reference
• [11] M. Uysal, A. Merchant, and G. Alvarez, Using MEMS-based stroage in disk arrays. Proc. of 2nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies, April 2003
• [12] Hailing Yu, Divyakant Agrawal, and Amr El Abbadi, Towards Optimal I/O Scheduling for MEMS-Based Storage. 20 th IEEE/11 th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSS'03) April 07 - 10, 2003 San Diego, California
• [13] H. Yu, D. Agrawal, and A. E. Abbadi, Tabular Placement of Relational Data on MEMS-based Storage Devices. In proceedings of the 29th Conference on Very Large Databases(VLDB), 680-693. September 2003
• [14] MEMS-based Storage Systems (including slides from OSDI, Sigmetrics and ASPLOS) ppt. Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science