Measuring brain activity

Blood flow

fMRI, PET, NIRS

Electrical activity

EEG

Measuring brain activity

Blood flow

fMRI, PET, NIRS

Electrical activity

EEG, MEG, Intracranial,Single cell,Intracellular

Measuring brain activity

Blood flow

fMRI, PET, NIRS

Electrical activity

= Can be direct, when you insert the electrode in the brain, or even in the neuron

Awake

REM

Stage 1

Stage 3

Stage 2

Stage 4

alpha beta

theta beta

theta

delta

delta

alpha beta

theta beta

theta

delta

delta

Slow waves,hence ‘slow-wavesleep’

Brain waves and sleep states

K

Effects of attention

Gambling and the frustrated brain

ERP: event-related potentialChannel FCz: electrode over Frontal Cortex, central

• Single-unit studies, recording electrical discharges of individual neurons

The work of Wolfram Schultz et al. Dopamine neurons & reward

Not a response to reward itself, but to information about reward

• More than predicted (“unexpected”)= increased activity

• Exactly as predicted (“expected”)= no change in activity

• Less than predicted (“unexpected”)= reduced activity