ME 515 Mechatronics

ME 515 Mechatronics

Introduction to C++Asanga Ratnaweera

Department of Mechanical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering

University of PeradeniyaTel: 081239 (3627)

Email: [email protected]

Sem 7 Asanga Ratnaweera, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Introduction to C++ Programming

C++ Improves on many of C's features Has object-oriented capabilities

Increases software quality and reusability Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in 1980

Called "C with classes" C++ (increment operator) - enhanced version of C

Superset of C Can use a C++ compiler to compile C programs Gradually evolve the C programs to C++


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Output in C++ Included in iostream.h header file cout - standard output stream (connected to screen) << stream insertion operator ("put to") cout << "hi";

Puts "hi" cout, which prints it on the screen End line

endl; Stream manipulator - prints a newline and flushes output

buffer Some systems do not display output until "there is

enough text to be worthwhile" endl forces text to be displayed

Cascading Can have multiple << or >> operators in a single

statementcout << "Hello " << "there" << endl;


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// Program: Display greetings/* Author(s): A.B.C. Dissanayake Date: 1/24/2001*/#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() { cout << "Hello world!" << endl; return 0;}

Basic components of a simple C++ Program

Preprocessor directives

InsertionstatementEnds executions

of main() which ends program

Comments

Function

Function named main()

indicates start of

program

Provides simple access


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// Program : Program01.cpp // First program in C++.#include <iostream.h>// function main begins program executionint main() {

cout << "Welcome to C++!”; return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully } // end function main


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Visual C++ Editors Click new on file menu to create a new file Select file tab on new dialogue box

Select C++ Source File

Click OK Write the code Save with the

extension cpp


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Visual C++ Editors To compile a program

Press Ctrl+F7 To build a program

Press F7 This will straight away

compile and link a program To execute a program

Press Ctrl+F5 This will straight away

compile and link and execute a program

To run a program Press F5

All these commands are available in Build Minibar


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// Program : Program02.cpp // Printing a line with multiple statements.#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std;// function main begins program execution int main() {

cout << "Welcome "; cout << "to C++!\n“<<endl;

getchar(); // program waits until key board input is given

return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully} // end function main


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Escape sequences Escape

Sequence

Description

\ n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the next line.

\ t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next tab stop.

\ r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the current line; do not advance to the next line.

\ a Alert. Sound the system bell.

\ \ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.

\ " Double quote. Used to print a double quote character.


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A Simple Program:Printing a Line of Text

// Program : Program03.cpp // Printing multiple lines with a single statement#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>>using namespace std;// function main begins program executionint main() {

cout <<" \t\t Welcome to C++! \n\n“ <<endl; // Tabs and new line

cout <<“ My First Programme \a“ <<endl; // Alert sound

cout <<“ \t\t\t\t\"Bye\“ "<<endl; // double quotation

getchar(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully } // end function main


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C++ Data Types

charshortintlong

float double long double

String

Numbers without fractions(integers)

Numbers with fractions(floating-point numbers)

Non-numbers

Characters


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Type Name Bytes Other Name Range of Values

intsystem dependent

* signed integer system dependent

unsigned intsystem dependent

* unsigned integer system dependent

char 1 signed character -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 unsigned character 0 to 255

short 2 signed short integer -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short 2 unsigned short integer 0 to 65,535

long 4 signed long integer-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long 4 unsigned long int 0 to 4,294,967,295

float 4 none 3.4E +/- 38 (7 digits)

double 8 none 1.7E +/- 308 (15 digits)

long double 10 none 1.2E +/- 4932 (19 digits)

bool 1 bit boolean 0 to 1* signed means the number can be positive or negative.


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C++ Programming Variables

Location in memory where value can be stored Common data types

int - integer numbers char - characters double - floating point numbers

Declare variables with name and data type before useint integer1;

int integer2;

int sum; Can declare several variables of same type in one

declaration Comma-separated listint integer1, integer2, sum;


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C++ Programming Variables

Variable names (identifier) Series of characters (letters, digits,

underscores) Cannot begin with a digit Case sensitive Should not be a keyword


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C++ Programming Input

cin - standard input object (connected to keyboard)

>> stream extraction operator ("get from") cin >> myVariable;

Gets stream from keyboard and puts it into myVariable


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio >> using namespace std; // programme to add two user input variables int main() { int integer1; // first number to be input by user int integer2; // second number to be input by user int sum; // variable in which sum will be stored cout << "Enter first integer = "; // prompt cin >> integer1; // read an integer cout << "Enter second integer = "; // prompt cin >> integer2; // read an integer sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // print sum getchar(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>>using namespace std; // programme to add two user input variables int main() { double value1; // first number to be input by user double value2; // second number to be input by user double sum; // variable in which sum will be stored cout << "Enter first integer = "; // prompt cin >> value1; // read an integer cout << "Enter second integer = "; // prompt cin >> value2; // read an integer sum = value1 + value2; // assign result to sum cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // print sum getchar(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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C++ Programming Arithmetic calculations

Multiplication * Division /

Integer division truncates remainder 7/5 evaluates to 1

Modulus operator % Modulus operator returns remainder

7%5 evaluates to 2


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std;

// programme to add two user input variables int main() { double value1; // first number to be input by user double value2; // second number to be input by user double ratio; // variable in which sum will be stored cout << "Enter first integer = "; // prompt cin >> value1; // read an integer cout << "Enter second integer = "; // prompt cin >> value2; // read an integer ratio = value1/value2; // assign result to sum cout << “The ratio is " << ratio << endl; // print sum getchar(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std; // programme to add two user input variables int main() { int value1; // first number to be input by user int value2; // second number to be input by user int rem; // variable in which sum will be stored cout << "Enter first integer = "; // prompt cin >> value1; // read an integer cout << "Enter second integer = "; // prompt cin >> value2; // read an integer rem = value1%value2; // assign result to sum cout << “The remainder is " << rem << endl; // print sum getchar(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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Equality and Relational Operators

Standard operator

C++ equality

Example Meaning

> > x > y x is greater than y < < x < y x is less than y

>= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y

<= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

= = x = y x is assigned with y = == x == y x is equal to y

!= x != y x is not equal to y


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if Selection Structure Selection structure

Choose among alternative courses of action

If the condition is true Print statement executed, program continues to

next statement If the condition is false

Print statement ignored, program continues Indenting makes programs easier to read

C++ ignores whitespace characters (tabs, spaces, etc.)


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std;int main() { int num; // first number to be read from user cout << "Enter an integer variable : “; cin >> num;// num % 2 computes the remainder when num is divided by 2 if ( num % 2 == 0 ) {

cout << num << “ \t is an Even Number" <<endl;

cout << “Enter another number" <<endl; } else {

cout << num << " \t is Odd Number“<< endl; cout << “ Enter another number" <<endl; }getchar(); return 0;}


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std; // simple if statement int main() { int number; cout<<"Enter an integer number" <<endl; cin>> number; if (number == 1) cout<<"You entered 1.“<<endl; else if (number > 1) cout<<"That number is greater than 1.“ <<endl; else if (number < 1) cout<< "That number is less than 1.“ <<endl; else cout<<"That wasn't a number.“ <<endl; getchar()return 0;}


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while Repetition Structure Repetition structure

Action repeated while some condition remains true

while there are more items on my shopping list Purchase next item and cross it off my list while loop repeated until condition becomes

false Example

int product = 2;

while ( product <= 1000 )

product = 2 * product;


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do/while Repetition Structure

Similar to while structure Makes loop continuation test at end, not

beginning Loop body executes at least once

Formatdo

{

statement(s)

}

while ( condition );

true

false

action(s)

condition


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// Using the do/while repetition structure.#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std; // function main begins program execution int main() { int counter = 1; // initialize counter (essential) do { cout << counter << " "; // display counter counter = counter+1; // incremental counter } while (counter <= 10 ); // end do/while cout <<“End of program”<< endl; getchar(); return 0; // indicate successful termination } // end function main


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// Program : Program06.cpp // Class average program with counter-controlled

repetition.#include#include <iostream> <iostream>

#include#include < <cstdio>>

int main() { int total; // sum of grades input by user int gradeCounter; // number of grade to be entered next int grade; // grade value int average; // average of grades// initialization phase

total = 0; // initialize totalgradeCounter = 1; // initialize loop counter

Ex: Average of 10 input values


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// processing phase while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) { // loop 10 times cout << "Enter grade: "; // prompt for input cin >> grade; // read grade from user total = total + grade; // add grade to total gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment

counter } // termination phase average = total / 10; // integer division // display result cout << "Class average is " << average << endl; getchar(); return 0; // indicate program ended successfully } // end function main


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// Program : Program07.cpp // Class average program with sentinel-controlled

repetition.#include#include <iostream> <iostream>

#include#include < <cstdio>>

#include#include <iomanip> // parameterized stream manipulators

using namespace std;

// function main begins program execution int main() { int total; // sum of grades int gradeCounter; // number of grades entered int grade; // grade value double average; // number with decimal point for average // initialization phase

total = 0; // initialize totalgradeCounter = 0; // initialize loop counter


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// processing phase// get first grade from usercout << "Enter grade, -1 to end: "; // prompt for inputcin >> grade; // read grade from user // loop until sentinel value read from user while ( grade != -1 ) { total = total + grade; // add grade to total gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter cout << "Enter grade, -1 to end: "; // prompt for input cin >> grade; // read next grade } // end while // termination phase // if user entered at least one grade ... if ( gradeCounter != 0 ) { // calculate average of all grades entered average = static_cast< double >( total ) / gradeCounter;


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// display average with one digits of precision cout << "Class average is " << setprecision( 2 )<< average << endl;

} // end if part of if/else else // if no grades were entered, output appropriate message cout << "No grades were entered" << endl; getchar(); return 0; // indicate program ended successfully } // end function main

Note : 1. static_cast< double > will convert the integer variable to double variable

2. setprecision( n ) set the number of decimal places to n-1, where n is an integer


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Nested Control Structures Refine

Print a summary of the exam results and decide if tuition should be raised

toPrint the number of passesPrint the number of failuresIf more than eight students passed

Print “Raise tuition”

Program next


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// Program : Program08.cpp// Analysis of examination results.#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std; // function main begins program execution int main() { // initialize variables in declarations int passes = 0; // number of passes int failures = 0; // number of failures int studentCounter = 1; // student counter int result; // one exam result // process 10 students using counter-controlled loop while ( studentCounter <= 10 ) { // prompt user for input and obtain value from user cout << "Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): "; cin >> result;


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// if result 1, increment passes; if/else nested in while if ( result == 1 ) // if/else nested in while passes = passes + 1; else // if result not 1, increment failures failures = failures + 1; // increment studentCounter so loop eventually terminates studentCounter = studentCounter + 1; } // end while // termination phase; display number of passes and failures cout << "Passed " << passes << endl; cout << "Failed " << failures << endl; // if more than eight students passed, print "raise tuition" if ( passes > 8 ) cout << "Raise tuition " << endl; getchar(); return 0; // successful termination } // end function main


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Assignment Operators Assignment expression abbreviations

Addition assignment operator c = c + 3; abbreviated to

c += 3; Statements of the form

variable = variable operator expression;

can be rewritten asvariable operator= expression;

Other assignment operators

d -= 4 (d = d - 4)

e *= 5 (e = e * 5)

f /= 3 (f = f / 3)

g %= 9 (g = g % 9)


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Increment and Decrement Operators

Increment operator (++) Increment variable by one c++

Same as c += 1 (C=C+1)

Decrement operator (--) similar Decrement variable by one c--

Same as c -= 1 (C=C-1)


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Pre-increment Variable changed before used in

expression Operator before variable (++c or --c)

Post-increment Incremented changed after expression

Operator after variable (c++, c--)


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If c = 5, then

cout << ++c; c is changed to 6, then printed out

cout << c++; Prints out 5 (cout is executed before the

increment.) c then becomes 6


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When variable not in expression Pre-incrementing and post-incrementing

have same effect ++c; cout << c;

and c++;

cout << c;

are the same


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// Program : Program09.cpp // Preincrementing and postincrementing.#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>>using namespace std; // function main begins program execution int main() { int c; // declare variable // demonstrate postincrement c = 5; // assign 5 to c cout <<“C is ”<<c << endl; // print 5 cout <<“C++ is ”<< c++ << endl; // print 5 then post-increment cout <<“New C is”<< c << endl ; // print 6 // demonstrate preincrement c = 5; // assign 5 to c cout <<“C is ”<<c << endl; // print 5 cout <<“++C is ”<< ++c << endl; // pre-increment and print 6 cout <<“New C is”<< c << endl ; // print 6 getchar(); return 0; // indicate successful termination}


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>>using namespace std;// function main begins program execution int main() { int counter = 1; // initialization while ( counter <= 10 ) // repetition condition { cout << counter << endl; // display counter ++counter; // increment } // end while getchar(); return 0; // indicate successful termination } // end function main


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for Repetition Structure General format when using for loops

for ( initialization; LoopContinuationTest; increment )

statement

Example int counter;

for( counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )

cout << counter << endl;

Prints integers from one to tenNo semicolon after last statement

Where the counter variable is ONLY used within the for block, the variable can be declared within the for structure. For example, these two statements can be replaced by:

for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )


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for Repetition Structure

#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include <cstdlib> <cstdlib>using namespace std;

// function main begins program executionint main(){ // Initialization, repetition condition and incrementing // are all included in the for structure header. for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ ) cout << “counter” << endl; getchar(); return 0; // indicate successful termination} // end function main


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int main() { int x; // x declared here so it can be used after the loop // loop 10 times for ( x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) { // if x is 5, terminate loop if ( x == 5 ) break; // break loop only if x is 5 cout << x << " "; // display value of x } // end for cout << "\nBroke out of loop when x became " << x << endl;getchar();return 0;}

Break Command


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int main() { // loop 10 times for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) { // if x is 5, continue with next iteration of loop if ( x == 5 ) continue; // skip remaining code in loop body cout << x << " "; // display value of x } // end for structure return 0; // indicate successful termination}

Continue Command


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switch Multiple-Selection Structure

true

false

.

.

.

case a case a action(s) break

case b case b action(s) break

false

false

case z case z action(s) break

true

true

default action(s)


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switch Multiple-Selection Structure

switch Test variable for multiple values Series of case labels and optional default case

switch ( variable ) {

case value1: statementsbreak; // necessary to exit switch

case value2: case value3:

statementsbreak;

default: statements

break; }

This statement (s) executed if variable is equal to value1This statement (s) executed if variable is equal to value2 or to value3

This statement (s) executed if variable is NOT equal to any of the previous case values above.


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// Program : Program14.cp // please add the required header files // function main begins program executionint main() { char value; cout << "Enter + for Clockwise motion or - for Anticlockwise motion: "; cin >> value; // read value from use switch ( value) { case '+': // + is entered

cout<<“\n\n\t Forward motion is executed\n\n"<<endl;

break; case '-': // - is entered

cout <<“\n\n\t Backward motion is executed\n\n"<<endl;

break; default: // catch all other characters cout << "Incorrect entry.“ << " Enter a new direction." << endl; break; // optional; will exit switch anyway }getchar();return 0;}


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int main() { int value; cout << "Enter 1 for Clockwise motion or 2 for Anticlockwise motion: "; cin >> value; // read value from use switch ( value) { case 1: { // 1 is entered

cout<<“Forward motion is executed"<<endl;cout<<“The motor is rotating in clockwise

direction"<<endl;}break;

case 2: { // 2is enteredcout<<"Backward motion is executed"<<endl;cout<<“The motor is rotating in anticlockwise

direction"<<endl; }

break; default: // catch all other characters cout << "Incorrect entry.“ << " Enter a new direction." << endl; break; // optional; will exit switch anyway }getchar();return 0;}


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Logical Operators Used as conditions in loops, if

statements && (logical AND)

true if both conditions are trueif ( gender == 1 && age >= 65 ) ++seniorFemales;

|| (logical OR) true if either of condition is true

if ( semesterAverage >= 90 || finalExam >= 90 ) cout << "Student grade is A" << endl;


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#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std;int main(){ int value1; // variable 1 int value2; // variable 2 cout << "Enter 1 if the signal is high or 0 if low :"; cin >> value1; // read value for input signal cout << "Enter 1 if the signal is high or 0 if low :"; cin >> value2; // read value for input signal if (value1 == 1 && value2 == 1 ) // AND operation

cout <<“\nAND output is high"<<endl;if (value1 == 1 || value2 ==1 ) // OR operation

cout <<“\nOR output is high"<<endl;if (value1 == 0 || value2 ==0 ) // OR operation

cout <<“\nAND output is low"<<endl;if (value1 == 0 && value2 ==0 )

cout <<" \nOR output is low"<<endl;if (value1 > 1 && value2 > 1 )

cout<<“\nWrong Signal"<<endl; getchar(); return 0;}


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Arrays Consecutive memory locations all referring to same

data type with common name

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] locations 31 0 -9 17 3 -6 44 values

Size of a[7] declare as int a[7] (single dimension)

C++ representation a[7] ={31, 0,-9,17,3,-6,44 };

Multidimensional arrays (ex: two dimensional) A[3][5]


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Arrays

#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std;

// function main begins program execution int main() { int input_data[] ={1,2,3,4,5}; // Initialization of an integer array // displaying values cout << “The 1st element of the array \t =”<< input_data[0]<< endl; cout << “The last element of the array\t=”<< input_data[4]<< endl; getchar(); return 0; // indicate successful termination} // end function main


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Arrays#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> using namespace std;int main(){ float input_data[] ={1,2,3,4,5}; // Initialization of an integer array float output_data[10]; // Conversion of miles to kilometers // Multiply each element by 8 and divide by 5 for(int i=0; i<=4;i++) { output_data[i]= input_data[i]*8/5 ; // display the output values

cout << “The element ”<<i<< “ of the output array \t =”<< output_data[i]<< endl;} getchar(); return 0; // indicate successful termination} // end function main


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File handling

Keyboard I/P is limited and large files are normally read/written from disk

C++ data files are just streams of bytes For keyboard / screen we have used,

#include <iostream> - (cin & cout) For disc we use,

#include <fstream> and define our data by either ifstream(i/p) or ofstream (o/p)


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File handling#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> #include#include <fstream>using namespace std;

int main(){int i;float Data_Array[10]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};//writing data to a file data_out.txt

ofstream file_out("E:/C_data/data_out.txt", ios::out); for (i=0; i<10; i++)

file_out <<Data_Array[i]<<endl; cout<<"Data writing is completed"<<endl; getchar();return 0;} Note: the data will be written to a file data_out.txt at E:/E:/C_data//


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File handling#include#include <iostream> <iostream>#include#include < <cstdio>> #include <fstream>using namespace std;

int main(){int i;float Data_Array[10];// initialize the array for(i=0; i<10; i++) Data_Array[i]=0;/*Read values from the input file data.txt */ ifstream Data_in(“E:/C_data/data_out.txt", ios::in);

for(i=0; i<10; i++ )Data_in>>Data_Array[i];

for(i=0; i<10; i++ ) cout << Data_Array[i]<<endl; getch();return 0;}

Note: data.txt file should be in your working directorydata.txt file should be in your working directory


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In-built Maths Functions

Function Prototype Purpose

abs(x) int abs(int x); returns the absolute value of an integer.

fabs(x) double fabs(double x);

returns the absolute value of a floating point number

ceil(x) double ceil(double x);

rounds up to a whole number cout<<ceil(11.2); (prints 12)

floor(x) double floor(double x);

rounds down to a whole numbercout<<floor(11.5); (prints 11)


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Function Prototype Purpose

pow(x,y) double pow(double x, double y);

calculates x to the power of y. If x is negative, y must be an integer. If x is zero, y must be a positive integer.

sqrt(x) double sqrt(double x);

calculates the positive square root of x.(x is >=0)

fmod(x,y) double fmod(double x, double y);

returns floating point remainder of x/y with same sign as x. Y cannot be zero. Because the modulus operator(%) works only with integers, this function is used to find the remainder of floating point number division.


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In-built Maths Functions#include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <conio.h>#include <math.h> // header file for maths commandint main() {

int integer;float value;float abs_value;float round_up;cout << "Enter an integer "; cin >> integer;cout <<"The absolute value \t= "<<abs(integer) <<endl; //absolute

value of integercout <<"\nPress any key to continue "<<endl; getch(); //programme pausescout << "\nEnter a floating point number "; cin >> value;abs_value = fabs(value); //absolute value of floating point variablecout <<"The absolute value \t= "<<abs_value<<endl;


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cout <<"\nPress any key to continue "<<endl;getch();round_up = ceil(abs_value); //rounding upcout <<"Round up value \t= "<<round_up<<endl;cout <<"\nPress any key to continue "<<endl; getch();cout <<"Round down value \t= "<<floor(abs_value) <<endl; //rounding

downcout <<"\nPress any key to continue "<<endl;getch();cout <<round_up<<" to power "<<abs(integer) <<" is

"<<pow(round_up,abs(integer))<<endl; // variable round_up to power absolute value of variable integer

cout <<"\nPress any key to continue "<<endl;getch();cout <<" Square root of 100 is "<<sqrt(100) <<endl; //square root of 100 cout <<"\nPress any key to continue "<<endl;getch();cout <<"The remainder of 4.343/2.342 is "<<fmod(4.343, 2.342)

<<endl;//remainder of the floating point divisiongetch();

return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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cos(x) cosine of x

sin(x) sine of x

tan(x) tangent of x

acos(x)

arc cosine x

asin(x) arc sine of x

atan(x)

arc tangent x

cosh(x)

hyperbolic cosine of x

sinh(x) hyperbolic sine of x

tanh(x)

hyperbolic tangent of x

exp(x) exponential function

log(x) natural logarithm

log10(x)

base 10 logarithmThe trigonometric functions work with angles in radians rather than degrees.All of the trigonometric functions take double arguments and have double return types.


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Trigonometric functions #include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <conio.h>#include <math.h> // header file for maths command

# define PI 3.14159265358 // definition of a universal constant

int main(){ float angle;

float sine;cout << “ Enter the angle in degrees : "; cin >>angle; sine = sin(angle*PI/180); // converts the degrees to radians and

calculates sine cout << “ \n\n\t Sine "<< angle<< “ is ”<<sine<<endl;

getch(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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Time delay #include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <conio.h>#include <windows.h> // header file for Sleep () command

int main() {

int count=1; while ( count <= 10) // loop 10 times

{ cout << "counter value = "<<count<<endl;

count = count + 1; Sleep(10); // Delay time in ms is given inside the bracket

} getch(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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Hardware addressing

#include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <conio.h>#include <windows.h> // header file for Sleep ()

commandint main() {

_outp(0x378,1); // writes 1 to address 0x378 (parallel port)sleep(10); // Delay time in ms is given inside the bracket _outp(0x378,0); // writes 0 to address 0x378 (parallel port)

getch(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }

Command : _outp(address, value) or _inp(address,value)


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User defined functions

Syntax type Funtion_name (type variable, type

variable, …)

Ex: int my_function(int x, float y ) float my_function(float x, float y )

Return data type Data inputs


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User defined functions #include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <conio.h>#include <windows.h> // header file for Sleep ()

commandint delayed_counter (int);int main(){

int delay_time;int last;cout<<“Enter the delay time in seconds \t:”;cin>> delay_time;last =delayed_counter (delay_time*1000); // function call cout<<“ Last function value \t:”<<last<<endl;

getchar(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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int delayed_counter (int a){int count=1; while ( count <= 10) { // loop 10 times cout << "counter value = "<<count<<endl; //

prompt for inputcount = count + 1; // add grade to total

Sleep(a); // Delay time in ms }return count;}


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User defined functions #include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <conio.h>

float add (float,float);int main(){ float x,y; float addition; cout<<“Enter the first variable \t:”; cin>> x; cout<<“Enter the second variable \t:”; cin>> y; addition=add (x,y); // calling the function cout<<“The addition is \t:”<<addition<<endl; getch(); return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully }


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float add (float a, float b){float sum;sum =a+b;cout<<“the sum is \t =“ <<sum<<endl;return sum; // the function returns the value sum}


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Debugging a program

Break points Place the cursor at the line where a break

point is to be place and press F9 Stepping into a function

Press F11 Stepping out of a function

Press Shift+F11 Stepping over

Press F10 Run to the next cursor position

Press Ctrl+F10

ME 515 Mechatronics

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