Mccurdy 15e Part 4 Imtb Final

PART 4

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The introduction to Part 4 discusses the basic elements of the economic system including types of exchange.

KEY DEFINITIONS

The economic system refers to the provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants.

Production refers to the process of rendering material items useful and available for human consumption.

Allocation of resources refers to the cultural rules people use to assign rights to ownership and use of resources.

Technology is the cultural knowledge for making and using tools and extracting and refining raw materials.

The division of labor refers to the rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

Unit of production defines the persons or groups responsible for producing goods and services.

Distribution is a strategy for apportioning goods and services among the members of a group.

Market exchange is the transfer of goods and services based on price, supply, and demand.

Reciprocal exchange is the transfer of goods services between two people or groups based on role obligation.

Redistribution refers to the transfer of goods and services between a central collecting source and a group of individuals.

Subsistence economies are those that meet the local material necessities and social obligations; they depend largely on the nonmarket mechanisms, reciprocity, and redistribution to motivate production and exchange.

Market economies are associated with larger economies; drive production and consumption through market factors of price, supply, and demand; and are characterized by high economic specialization and impersonality.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.45

Neo-liberalism is a redistribution economic philosophy in capitalist countries that emphasizes the free movement of goods, capital, and services, with cuts to public expenditure for social services.

PART 4 QUESTIONS

True or False?

T 1. A good example of reciprocal exchange in American society is gift giving at birthdays.

F 2. Division of labor refers to the person or organized group responsible for producing something.

F 3. When people buy and sell goods and services on the basis of price, supply, and demand, we call the process redistributive exchange.

T 4. Market exchange is associated with many larger societies where people must be able to procure a wide variety of goods and services from strangers.

F 5. Because they are based on role obligations, taxes are an example of reciprocal exchange.

T 6. The economic system defines the provision of goods and services to meet human biological and social wants.

F 7. Technology refers only to the machines people use to make things.

Multiple Choice

1. The provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants is called a. production.b. the economic system.c. market exchange.d. the unit of production.Correct Answer: b

2. One would expect to find the least job specialization in aa. hunting and gathering society.b. horticultural society.c. industrial society.d. pastoral society.Correct Answer: a


3. The cultural knowledge for making and using tools and extracting and refining raw materials is calleda. production.b. division of labor.c. unit of production.d. technology.Correct Answer: d

4. Some acts of reciprocal gift giving may not always be benevolent, as in the case of a. swapping.b. authors’ citations in academic works.c. potlatching.d. scientific contributions.Correct Answer: c

5. An economic philosophy that emphasizes the free movement of goods, capital, and services, with cuts to public expenditures for social services is calleda. redistribution.b. neo-liberalism.c. subsistence.d. allocation of resources.Correct Answer: b

6. Gift giving among family members at Christmas is an example of a. barter.b. market exchange.c. reciprocal exchange.d. redistributive exchange.Correct answer: c

7. Taxes would best be classified as a form of a. redistributive exchange.b. allocation of resources.c. market exchange.d. reciprocal exchange.Correct answer: a


Article 12Reciprocity and the Power of Giving LEE CRONK

Summary Cronk argues that everywhere in the world, gifts are used positively to establish and maintain social relationships, but also negatively to intimidate and fight others. These characteristics apply just as fully to gift exchange in industrial societies as they do for other peoples.

Anthropologists learned about the complexities of gift giving through first-hand experience during fieldwork. Richard Lee's !Kung informants criticized his gift of an ox, saying the ox was thin and inadequate when clearly it was not. (See article 2 in Conformity and Conflict). Rada Dyson-Hudson met with a similar reaction when she attempted to give pots to her Turkana informants. Cronk also experienced the same reaction when he gave clothing to the Mukogodo, who elaborate the act of gift exchange more than do most people. In every case, informants attached different meanings to gift giving than did the anthropologists..

Gift giving has several dimensions, including how the gift is received and how it is reciprocated. Often “to reciprocate at once indicates a desire to end the relationship,” Cronk points out. He also notes that some gift giving arrangements, such as hxaro among the !Kung, are designed solely to maintain a friendly relationship. In addition, the worth of gifts may not be taken into account. The Trobriand kula ring, involving shell necklaces and armbands, represents one of the most elaborate gift exchanges ever described by anthropologists.

Gift giving may not always be benevolent. The Kwakiutl potlatch, where rivals tried to “flatten” each other with gifts, is a good example. Potlatching actually became a substitute for war after the Canadian government suppressed real fighting.

Reciprocal gift giving is also important in U.S. society. Examples include a form of benevolent gift giving, called swapping among African Americans living in an area of Illinois called the flats. Scientific papers, usually referred to as contributions, are really gifts and have higher value than those papers written for money. Even the citations of other people’s work so liberally scattered throughout academic papers may be viewed as a form of gift exchange. Gifts may also be used to manipulate people, as Grace Goodell documents for a World Bank-funded project in Iran. The gift of an irrigation project crushed local level political organizations and shifted control to the central government. International relations often involve gift giving. The “concessions” made between the U.S. and Soviet governments during disarmament negotiations several years ago are a good example. Cronk concludes by pointing out that American Indians understood the gift’s power to unify, antagonize, or subjugate and that all of us would do well to learn the same lesson.

48Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

ARTICLE 12 QUESTIONS

True or False?

T 1. According to Cronk in his article, “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” gift giving can be used to intimidate people.

F 2. In “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” Cronk argues that in most instances of gift giving, donors expect those who have received the gift to reciprocate promptly.

T 3. Both the Turkana and the Mukogodo peoples of Kenya diminished gifts given to them by anthropologists as a way of diminishing any reciprocation they might feel was expected of them.

T 4. In “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” Cronk cites Hagstrom’s argument that citations of other people's work in academic articles as well as the articles themselves, are a form of gift.

F 5. According to Cronk in “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” the phrase “Indian giver” arose because North American Indians misunderstood European customs and wanted gifts they gave to colonists to be returned promptly and with interest.

F 6. In “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” Cronk reports that no matter how little he gave his Mukogodo informants while he was doing fieldwork, they always seemed grateful, which led to a warmer, more trusting relationship demonstrating the positive power of giving.

T 7. In “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” Cronk argues that gift giving is an important way for people to initiate and maintain relationships in every society.

Multiple Choice

1. According to Cronk in “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” the Kwakiutl potlatch is a good example of a way toa. maintain equal social relationships between different clan members.b. fight or flatten social rivals.c. establish alliances between competing political factions.d. create future material wealth for the giver.Correct Answer: b


2. In “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” Cronk, citing work by sociologist Warren Hagstrom, argues that __________ represent gifts in a system of reciprocal exchange.a. citations in academic articlesb. business lunchesc. alcoholic drinksd. blankets, coppers, and arm shellsCorrect Answer: a

3. In “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” Cronk notes that three of the following are good examples of reciprocal gift giving. Which one is not?a. shoes bought at a local mallb. concessions made between U.S. and Russian negotiators during peace negotiations a

few years agoc. shell necklaces and arm bands traded in ritual fashion in the Trobriand Island exchange

system called the kulad. “swapping” reported by Carol Stack by African Americans living in a place in Illinois

called the flatsCorrect Answer: a

4. In “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” Cronk, reporting on a study by Grace Goodell, notes that monetary support of an irrigation project by the _________ served to __________ in Iran.a. U.S., support local level political organizationsb. World Bank, support local level political organizationsc. U.S., crush local level political organizationsd. World Bank, crush local-level political organizationsCorrect Answer: d

5. According to Cronk in “Reciprocity and the Power of Giving,” the Mount Hagen tribes of New Guinea use a gift giving system called “moka” to gain prestige and a. guarantee security.b. establish new relationships.c. build trust. d. shame rivals.Correct Answer: d


Article 13

Poverty at Work: Office Employment PHILIPPE BOURGOISand the Crack Alternative

Summary The transition from a manufacturing economy to one based on office work is more culturally disruptive to poorly educated working class city dwellers than one might suspect. This is the conclusion drawn by Philippe Bourgois based on his three and one-half year ethnographic study of Puerto-Rican crack cocaine dealers in New Your City’s Spanish Harlem.

When Puerto Ricans first moved to New York City, men with little education were able to find factory work that enabled them to support their families with dignity. As time went by, sons followed in their fathers’ footsteps, quitting school in their middle teens to take manufacturing jobs that required little formal education but provided a decent living and a respected place in surrounding Puerto Rican working class society. Protected by unions, their macho urban street culture could be openly expressed on the production line without serious consequences.

All this changed, however, between 1963 and 1983 when over half the factories in New York City either closed or moved to less expensive areas. Toughness and male swagger that worked well on the factory production line now intimidated the better-educated largely Anglo people who worked above them. The poor workers were often unable to read even the simplest directions. Worse, they often found themselves supervised by women, a rare occurrence in Puerto Rican society. Even the way they walked and looked intimidated Anglo co-workers. Above all, they felt “dissed” (disrespected) by office Anglos, who would often comment openly about their lack of education and ability. Working at the minimum wage, most lasted on the job for only a few days. Unemployed once again, many turned to selling crack in a lucrative underground economy, which placed them on a self-destructive track of drug addiction, violence, and arrest. Even becoming bicultural, adopting Anglo office culture at work and street culture at home, did not work well. Friends and family members accused them of selling out their heritage.

In an epilogue, Bourgois notes that four things changed this bleak underground work environment in Spanish Harlem during the late 1990s: the economy grew at a high and sustained rate providing more jobs even for the poor; the size of the Mexican immigrant population increased significantly in Spanish Harlem; the war on drugs criminalized many of the poor; and marijuana, not crack, became the drug of choice. As a result, more men found work in the regular economy. But despite this turn of events, Bourgois concludes that there is little hope in the long run for New York’s inner city poor.



True or False?

F 1. According to Bourgois in the article “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” second generation Puerto Rican residents living in Spanish Harlem began to sell crack cocaine because they could find no other work in New York City.

F 2. In “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” Bourgois claims that only 15 percent of second generation Puerto Ricans living in New York’s Spanish Harlem have ever held a job in the formal economy.

T 3. In “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” Bourgois notes that many Puerto Rican men living in Spanish Harlem have at one time or another held normal (not underground) jobs in New York City’s service economy.

F 4. According to Bourgois in “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” the New York underground economy in which many Puerto Rican men work largely consists of dirty sweatshop manufacturing jobs.

T 5. In “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” Bourgois argues that Puerto Rican men feel degraded and disrespected in the entry-level service jobs found in New York’s office-bound economy.

F 6. In “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” Bourgois notes in an addendum to his article that prosperity in the 1990s increased the number of Puerto Rican men who sold crack as the price of the drug escalated.

Multiple Choice

1. In “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” Bourgois argues that the most important reason that second generation Puerto Rican men living in Spanish Harlem find it unpleasant to work in New York City’s professional offices isa. the work pays too little.b. they feel they are treated with disrespect.c. they can’t get to work because they are too poor to own cars.d. they speak no English.Correct Answer: b


2. According to Bourgois in “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” second generation Puerto Rican men failed at entry-level service sector jobs becausea. they were discriminated against by Anglo supervisors. b. they tried to unionize their places of employment.c. most dealt drugs at their workplace. d. the way they looked and walked often frightened middle-class Anglos on the job.Correct Answer: d

3. According to Bourgois in “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” East Harlem men and women view their neighbors who manage to follow the “white woman’s rules” during the day and street culture at night asa. proud of their cultural heritage.b. people to aspire to be like.c. ashamed of who they truly are.d. admirable.Correct Answer: c

4. According to Bourgois in “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” the New York City economya. has lost tens of thousands of jobs since 1963.b. is dominated by manufacturing jobs requiring unskilled labor.c. has the same number of jobs that it did in 1963 but more of these are located in offices.d. has gained more jobs in the service sector.Correct Answer: c

5. According to Bourgois in “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” the unionized jobs associated with manufacturing in New Yorka. provided life-time security for Puerto Rican workers.b. were difficult for Puerto Ricans to get because they were foreigners.c. permitted some rebellious behavior.d. required more education than non-unionized jobs.Correct Answer: c

6. According to Bourgois in “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” as reported in the 1990 census, a. 78.4 percent of the women living in New York’s Spanish Harlem received public

assistance.b. 48.3 percent of men living in Spanish Harlem were “officially employed.”c. more than half the Puerto Rican men living in Spanish Harlem sell crack cocaine.d. 42.4 percent of Puerto Rican men living in Spanish Harlem have fathered children with

women to whom they are not married.Correct Answer: b


7. According to Bourgois in “Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative,” his informant, Primo, a. never held a job in New York’s office environment.b. left a job in a service company office primarily because of the low pay it offered.c. had to quit his job because of repetitive stress syndrome.d. failed at his office job because he could not alter his street identity and mimic

professional office culture.Correct Answer: d


Article 14

Women in the Mine JESSICA SMITH ROLSTON

Summary This article details the unique and complex gender roles that have developed in the coal mines in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin. Typically thought of as full of stereotypically ultra macho men, the coal mines in Wyoming disprove this assumption. In addition to being comprised mostly of family men, women work alongside men as equals—in numbers greater than in the industry as a whole—in nearly every capacity. Women miners have developed ways to build rapport with male coworkers that ensure that they are treated with respect. This article details this complex system.

The Powder River Basin is home to a dozen coal mines that were opened in response to the energy crisis of the mid-1970s and early 1980s. Many women in the area had grown up riding horses, fishing, hunting, or working on farms and ranches, and were quite comfortable getting dirty and doing manual labor. Mining seemed a natural fit, and offered high pay for those without a college education. Females employed by the mines can make between $65,000 and $100,000, depending on experience and overtime.

In addition to having to learn the ins and outs of a new industry, women had to learn how to succeed in a traditionally male environment. They have done so by adjusting their identities and taking on personas at work in order to gain respect and craft camaraderie with male coworkers. Common labels like tomboy, lady, girly girl, and bitch have developed very specific connotations; these personas represent specific gender identities that bring a range of emotions—from respect to disdain to disapproval—from coworkers. Smith Rolston details how the persona a woman chooses at the mine can have far reaching implications and how adopting a single persona is not enough; women in the mines must constantly and strategically adjust their personas to fit the situation, potentially changing identity mid-conversation, mid-shift, or at any time to respond appropriately to their male coworkers’ notions of femininity.


True or False?

F 1. Women represent between 25 and 50 percent of the total employees working in Wyoming’s Power River Basin coal mines.

T 2. In the coal mining industry overall, women represent from 6 to 8 percent of theworkers.

F 3. Gender divisions in the Powder River Basin coal mines are very rigid and make itdifficult for women to work alongside men productively.


T 4. Some of the women interviewed at the Power River Basin felt that their physical size gave them an advantage over their male counterparts.

T 5. In the social universe of the mine, the term ‘lady’ generally has a negative connotation.

F 6. Men and women are judged equally for their sexual aggressiveness on the job. There is no double standard in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.

F 7. To be successful as a female coal miner, one must choose an identity—tomboy, lady, orgirly girl—and never stray from that identity

Multiple Choice

1. The first phase of the coal mining reclamation process isa. blasting the large horizontal seam of coal in the ground.b. removing and storing the delicate layer of topsoil.c. picking up, moving, and dropping the overburden into an already excavated mine.d. removing the coal from the ground with draglines, shovels, and haul trucks.Correct Answer: c

2. Women who work in the coal mines in the Powder River Basin a. typically only hold positions in administration and management. b. operate all of the heavy equipment used to extract the coal. c. work in all departments except as frontline supervisors in charge of crews.d. work mostly as mechanics. Correct Answer: b

3. Rank in the coal pits correlates toa. a worker’s gender.b. an individual’s age.c. number of years working in the mine.d. hierarchy of the machines used to expose the coal.Correct Answer: d


4. Melissa, one of the subjects of Jessica Smith Rolston’s essay “Women in the Mine,” identifies herself as a a. tomboy.b. bitch.c. lady.d. girly girl.Correct Answer: a

5. One of the more successful gender identities in a coal mine is the tomboy, defined as awomen whoa. departs very far from the conventional notions of femininity and acts in a more masculine manner.b. purposely emphasizes her femininity at the expense of forming friendships with guys.c. departs from the conventional notions of femininity, does not mind getting dirty, and does not get worked up about things. d. strictly adheres to societally accepted gender roles.Correct Answer: c

6. A key way for women in the mines to build workplace relationships with their male coworkers is to

a. cultivate a very professional demeanor.b. swear excessively and in the most vulgar manner.c. come to work with well manicured nails and nice makeup.d. engage in practical jokes.Correct Answer: d

7. Of the many stereotypical personas active in the coal mining industry, __________ comprise only a minority of the workforce.

a. ultra macho menb. bitchesc. ladiesd. tomboysCorrect Answer: a


Article 15

Malawi Versus the World Bank SONIA PATTEN

Summary This article by Sonia Patten describes the impact of market-oriented World Bank and International Monetary Fund policy on the subsistence farmers of Malawi. Early on these two lending institutions adopted the “Washington Consensus,” a policy designed to reform the economies of poor nations by instituting capitalism and bringing them into the world economy. The “Consensus” required borrowing countries to adopt five rules in order to receive loans: (1) cut spending on health, (2) privatize state-owned enterprises, (3) allow market set interest rates, (4) open their economies to foreign investment and competition, and (5) manage currency rates.

Malawi is a small African nation. Ninety-five percent of its population lives on small one to four acre plots of land typically producing just enough food (maize in this case) to feed family members and participate in ceremonies such as weddings. Maize is hard on the land because it requires substantial nutrients to grow properly. There is no land left to farm in Malawi, thus no way to let some of it lie fallow to recover its fertility. British colonial officials recognized the negative impact of exhausted land on maize yields and started providing subsidized fertilizer by 1952, a policy continued after independence. By the early ‘80s Malawi approached the World Bank for a loan because of a balance of payments problem. By 1990 the government had ended fertilizer subsidy programs, price controls, and regulated seed prices, and devalued its currency. Unable to afford the cost, farmers grew crops without using fertilizer. The result was vastly reduced crop yields, starvation and malnutrition, and a life expectancy of 37 years. Malawians responded by skipping meals, mixing brans with maize flour, adding cassava to maize four, selling assets and land, and in some cases begging.

Before the 2007 planting season, Malawi’s president reinstituted the subsidization of fertilizer. The resulting yield that year so large that the country was able to export grain. Malnutrition dropped and health increased. The Malawian case illustrates the impact of macro-economic policy on a local micro economy.


True or False?

F 1. According to Patten in the article “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund sought to loan Malawi money in the 1980s until recently because the people there were no longer able to meet their daily need for food.

F 2. In “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” Patten claims that the goal of the World Bank and IMF is to lend poor countries money in order to build more efficient government agencies concerned with health and the control of HIV/AIDS.


T 3. In “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” Patten notes that the goal of the World Bank and IMF is to loan poor countries money to help them institute capitalism and to bring them into the global economy.

F 4. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” the effect of the World Bank on Malawi was to drive people off their land and into cities where they could work in newly established businesses.

T 5. In “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” Patten argues that 95 percent of the Malawian population lives on small farms 1 to 4 acres in size.

T 6. In “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” Patten notes that the World Bank and the IMFrequired Malawi to quit subsidizing fertilizer.

F 7. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” the Malawian farmers responded to their inability to grow enough food by seeking work in the country’s cities.

Multiple Choice

1. In “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” Patten notes that the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, along with approval of the U.S. Treasury, adopted a “Washington Consensus” designed to __________ in poor countries.a. underwrite better health programs b. institute capitalism c. help subsistence farmers increase their crop yields d. strengthen democratic governmentsCorrect Answer: b

2. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” the “Washington Consensus” required countries that borrowed money from the World Bank and IMF toa. privatize state-owned enterprises.b. increase spending on health and education.c. limit their trade with foreign markets.d. use public monies to subsidize commodities.Correct Answer: a

3. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” the main crop of subsistence farmers in Malawi isa. cassava.b. wheat.c. sorghum.d. maize.Correct Answer: d


4. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” officials of the World Bank thought that __________ were the reason why Malawi experienced a balance of payments problem in the 1980s.a. government corruptionb. lack of a manufacturing sector in the economyc. fertilizer subsidiesd. military expendituresCorrect Answer: c

5. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” the effect of the World Bank loans on the people of Malawi was toa. stimulate the growth of tourism and local manufacturing.b. raise agricultural production.c. lower the amount of maize produced.d. increase the individual wealth of the farmers of Malawi. Correct Answer: c

6. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” Malawians responded to the lower maize yields that occurred when fertilizer was no longer subsidized bya. skipping meals.b. eating nsima three times a day.c. using a government voucher to purchase food.d. emigrating to other African countries.Correct Answer: a

7. According to Patten in “Malawi Versus the World Bank,” when the president of Malawi reinstituted the subsidized fertilizer program thea. IMF withdrew its financial assistance from Malawi.b. World Bank changed its policy concerning government subsidies.c. U.S. wholeheartedly supported his actions.d. maize yields grew substantially enough for Malawi to begin exporting again.Correct Answer: d


Mccurdy 15e Part 4 Imtb Final

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