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w i r e l e s s d e s i g n m a g . c o m

VIEW THE LATEST PRODUCTS & TECHNOLOGIES FOR TODAY'S WIRELESS ENGINEERS AT WWW.WIRELESSDESIGNMAG.COM | VOL. 20 NO. 3

IN THIS ISSUE

SELECTING THE OPTIMAL LOW NOISE

AMPLIFIER FOR YOUR APPLICATION

EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS DEMAND

EXTREME LITHIUM POWER

SECONDARY-SIDE BRIDGE

RECTIFICATION FOR WIRELESSCHARGING APPLICATIONS

Find It Here.Faster.

The Newest Products for Your Newest Designs

mouser.com

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ORE.

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Mouser and Mouser Electronics are registered trademarks of Mouser Electronics, Inc.

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USA: 781-376-3000 Asia: 886 -2-2735 0399 Europe: 33 (0)1 43548540 Email: [email protected]

www.skyworksinc.com NASDAQ: SWKS

Handsets and Mobile DevicesPart Number Description Frequency (GHz) Package (mm)

SKY65534 WLAN / Bluetooth Front-End Module with Integrated PA, Filter, LNA, and T/R Switch 2.4 QFN 20L 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.45

SKY65535 WLAN Front-End Module with Integrated PA with Filter, LNA, and SPDT Switch 5.0 QFN 16L 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.45

SKY77701-16 High PAE Power Amplifier Module for CDM A / WCDM A / HSPA+ / LTE Band I 1.921.98 10-pin MCM 3 x 3 x 0.9

WiFi ConnectivitySE5516A 802.11ac Dual-Band Front-End Module with PA, LNA, and SP2T Switch 2.4, 5.0 LGA 4 x 4 x 1

SE5003L1 802.11ac Matched Power Amplifier with Harmonic Filter 5.0 QFN 20L 4 x 4 x 0.9

TT20P6-0709P0-1825E High Power Infrastructure Filter can be Configured in a Pass Band Design 0.72.1 5" x 1.9" x 1"

Wireless InfrastructureSKY12210-478LF High Power (100 W) T/R SPDT Switch, 44 dB Isolation @ 2.6 GHz 0.94.0 QFN 16L 4 x 4 x 1.5

SKY13419-365LF CMOS DBS Switch Matrix with Tone/Voltage Detector

High Isolation 40 dB @ 900 MHz

0.252.15 QFN 20L 4 x 4 x 0.9

SKY65185 Dual-Channel Variable Gain Ampli fier Front-End Module wi th 31.5 dB Control Range 1.72.7 32-pin MCM 7 x 7 x 1.35

SKY65373-11 Variable Gain Low Noise Amplifier with High Linearity @ 35 dB and Low NF @ 1 dB 1.7 16-pin MCM 8 x 8 x 1.3

SKY67130-396LF High Linearity Amplifier Driver with +16 dBm OP1 dB and 39.5 dBm OIP3 @ 22 mA 0.72.7 DFN 8L 2 x 2 x 0.75

SKY73208 Wideband Rx Mixer with Integrated Integer-N PLL and VCO 0.355.0 36-pin MCM 6 x 6 x 1.35

SKYFR-000782 Single Junction Circulator with Very Low Insertion Loss of 0.08 dB Typical 2.112.17 Drop-in 19 mm

SKYFR-000827 Single Junction Circulator with Very Low Insertion Loss of 0.12 dB Typical 2.32.4 SMT Robust Lead, 23 mm

Smart EnergyConnected Home and Automation 802.15.4, ISM, and ZigBee

SE2435L High Power RF Front-End Module, 1 W High Efficiency with Integrated PA,LNA, and Diversity Switch

0.860.93 QFN 24L 4 x 4 x 0.9

SE2436L High Power 0.5 W Front-End Module for ISM band applications, with PA, LNA, Bypass andAntenna Diversity

2.4 QFN 24L 4 x 4 x 0.9

SE2438T Ultra Low Power ZigBeeFront-End IC with PA, LNA, Tx/Rx Bypass 2.4 QFN 20L 3 x 3 x 0.5

SKY65367-11 High Power / High Ef ficiency Tx /Rx Front- End Module with Integrated PA and Bypass 0.17 16-pin MCM 4 x 4 x 0.9

SKY67012-396LF Low Noise Amplifier with < 0.85 dB NF and < 5 mA Current @ 3.3 V 0.30.6 DFN 8L 2 x 2 x 0.75

Discrete and IntegratedRF Solutions

SeeOur New ProductsSupporting Diverse Applications atIEEE MTT-S IMS2012Booth 1507Montreal,Canada June1921!

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4|

EYE ON AMPLIFIERS

10 Selecting the OptimalLow Noise Amplifier for

Your Application Delve into an LNAs role within a

typical receiver architecture.

TECH EXCHANGE12 Base Station Design An interview with Damian Anzaldo,

Communications Segment Manager,Strategic Marketing Group andStephen Turnbull, Marketing Leaderfor QorIQ Qonverge, Freescale

POWER

16 Extreme EnvironmentsDemand ExtremeLithium PowerHarsh environmental conditionsdemand long-life lithium batteriescapable of powering remote wire-less sensors reliably for 25+ years

ONLINE BLOGS

24Wire Less, Write MoreOnline blogs written by our industry's own design engineers.

DEPARTMENTS

6 Up Front|By Janine E. Mooney

8 Editor's Choice

PRODUCT SHOWCASE:14 Oscillators32 NFC

COVER STORY

20 Is Digital Power the Right Choice?Digital power creates a new design environment forpower supplies, and proves to be a very powerful tool.

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

WDDContents

MAY|JUN 2012 wirelessdesignmag.com

POWER

26 Secondary-Side BridgeRectification for WirelessCharging ApplicationsEfficiency considerations are criticalfor wireless charging solutions.

BRAINSTORM

22 Oscillators/TimingDevicesWhere in the design cycle is it bestto spec in a timing device, andwhy?

NO STRINGS ATTACHED

24 Podcasts Six web-based interviews talking

about the latest wireless technology,components, and design issues.

FEATURES

page 8

page 33

page 14

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wirelessdesignmag.com6|

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

Volume 20, Number 3Editorial Office

100 Enterprise Drive, Suite 600, Box 912Rockaway, NJ 07866-1112

973-920-7129

Group Publisher, Nick [email protected]

Editorial Director, Jeff [email protected]

Editor, Janine E. [email protected]

Senior Features Editor, Nancy [email protected]

Art Director, Beverly [email protected]

Production Manager, Conshella [email protected]

Administrative Assistant - Pattie [email protected]

Web Production Specialist - Christine [email protected]

Audience Development Director, Don [email protected]

Subscriptions/Change of Address:847-559-7560; [email protected]

Chief Executive Officer, Rich Reiff

President, George Fox

Chief Financial Officer, Terry Freeburg

Vice President/Human Resources, Susanne Foulds

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDMike Civiello, Broadcom

Frank Ditore,Agilent EEsof

David Donovan, Bitwave Semiconductor, Inc.

Eric Hakanson,Anritsu

David Hall, National Instruments

Jerry Kolbe, Murata Electronics

Giampaolo Marino, Intersil Corporation

Mark Vitellaro, Richardson Electronics

Jim Norling, Jr., Freescale Semiconductor

Justin Panzer, Rohde & Schwarz, Inc.

Kevin Walsh, RF Micro Devices

By Janine E. Mooney, [email protected]

Personal devices are popping up all over the office, and are quickly morphing

from personal, to business and back to personal, all with the touch of a finger.

Lets face it from executives, to interns, employees want access to their work

at all hours of the day, every day of the week. Work is no longer a nine to fivegig - employees must be on at (almost) all times. This is where the Bring

Your Own Device (BYOD) initiative comes into play. Not only are employees

insisting on connecting their personal devices to the company network, they

are refusing to hand over control of the devices to IT security managers.

But can you blame them? Who wants the IT guy knowing what youre chatting about in personal

emails and texts, who youre calling, or what photos you recently uploaded to Facebook?

Unfortunately for employees reluctant to hand-it-over, there is another side to the story. Ensuring data

integrity is not an easy task for IT considering the traditional security issues associated with mobile

devices, and now they have extra dangers to worry about with the addition of mainstream cloud ser-vices. Security managers have their work cut out for them as Malware creators can now gain access to

loads of data on one net-

work, which could tap into

multiple mobile and fixed

computers. This exposure

to public cloud services is

a risk that many companies

may not be willing to take.

Companies also need to take into consideration the legal issues concerning the BYOD trend. Canemployers legally monitor employee owned devices for data or policy infringement, improper use of

resources, device usage policies, etc? Juniper Networks recently surveyed more than 4,000 mobile-

device users and IT professionals. One surprising stat concluded: 41 percent of all respondents who

use their personal devices for work are doing so without permission from the company.

Putting aside security and legal issues, it is fair to say that there can be significant advantages

found in implementing a BYOD policy, such as, increased productivity in employees with customer-

facing roles, lower costs and of course increased access for employees. Plus, BYOD devices tend to

be more cutting edge, so you get the benefit of the latest features and capabilities.

Lets look at retail and hospital environments, for example. The use of tablets can improve pro-

ductivity immensely in answering customer questions, or make patient health-checks much easier

and more time-efficient. This will certainly increase customer/patient satisfaction.

Next up costs. Tablets are fairly durable (an IT delight) and, when ordered in bulk, tablets can have

a fairly low corporate cost per unit, compared to laptops. At the same time, a BYOD policy can lead to

less corporate control over what happens to the device, and concerns linger over physical security.

While the initiative might not be right for every company, it is quite compelling but is it worth

the hassle? Would you be willing to potentially sign away personal information to the IT depart-

ment, or more importantly, do they trust you with a host of company data? Shifting the focus of theBYOD adoption, we must look at the productivity gains in the workplace, often thanks to the ability

to access work anywhere, anytime. Mobile BYOD is one of the hottest trends in technology today,

and with the big push from eager employees, BYOD could be implemented at a company near you

very, very soon.

BYOD: A Cloudy Adoption

UP FRONT

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wirelessdesignmag.com8|

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

MAY|JU

N2012

|

WDD

ED

ITOR

S

CHOICE

CHOICE

EDITOR'S

CSP Sockets Enable Testing of Any Area-ArrayDevice to +200 Degrees CAries Electronics offers CSP sockets that accept any area-array device for high-temperature testing up to

+200C. The new AR4HT Series sockets incorporate a low-profile 0.45 mm contact structure (compressed)

that is shorter than other low-profile contacts and provides excellent compliance for reliable ATE testing

and burn-in. The sockets are successfully employed in military, aerospace and geophysical environments as

well as in research and development. The AR4HT sockets accommodate a variety of area-array devices includ-

ing BGA, LGA, QFN, DFN, CSP, MLCC and POP as well as bumped die with full and partial arrays. Full socket

operating temperature is -55C to +200C with a life expectancy of more than 10,000 actuations. The socket can ac-

commodate IC devices with a pitch of 0.4 mm or greater as well as mixed pitch environments.

Aries Electronics, www.arieselec.com

Amplifier and Mixer Solutionsfor Backhaul Radios to46.5 GHzHittite Microwave Corporation announces the release

of two new amplifier and three new mixer products

which are ideal for microwave & millimeterwave ra-

dios, military sensors, test & measurement equipment

and SatCom applications from 24 to 46.5 GHz. The

HMC1040LP3CE is a self-biased GaAs MMIC LowNoise Amplifier (LNA) which operates between 24

and 43.5 GHz and delivers 23 dB gain, 2.2 dB noise

figure and output IP3 up to +22 dBm. This versatile

LNA consumes only 70 mA from a +2.5V supply

while the output P1dB rating of +12 dBm enables it to

serve as a LO driver for many of Hittites balanced, I/

Q and image reject mixers. The HMC1040LP3CE fea-

tures I/Os that are DC blocked and internally matched

to 50 Ohms, and is ideal for high capacity microwave

radios and VSAT applications. The HMC1040LP3CE

is housed in a compact 3 x 3 mm QFN plastic pack-

age. The HMC1016 is a four stage GaAs PHEMT

MMIC Medium Power Amplifier die which operates

between 34 and 46.5 GHz. This powerful amplifier

provides 22 dB of gain, +26 dBm of saturated output

power, and 17% PAE from a +6V supply.

Hittite Microwave Corporation, www.hittite.com

BLDC Motor Drivers Serve AutomotiveApplicationsMelexis announces the next-generation IC Family for sensor-less

and sensor-based BLDC motor control for automotive applications.

The new IC family follows the very successful MLX81200 core inte-

gration concept. This newest family of driver ICs combines voltage regula-

tor, LIN -Transceiver, MCU, EEPROM, Flash, RAM, Power FET Pre-Driver

and several dedicated circuit blocks for highly efficient BLDC motor control from

a single IC. Customers can realize a very small PCB design with an absolute minimum BOM to create

simple or sophisticated actuators. The new IC family consists of 4 base family members; MLX81205,

MLX81207, MLX81210 and MLX81215. Each is available in different memory configurations and in dif-

ferent package options. The IC family is 45V load dump protected and will be qualified according AEC-Q100 Grade 0 for high temperature automotive application support.

Melexis, www.melexis.com

6 Watt DC/DC Power ModulesThe Minmax MSGWI06 Series is a compact 6 watt DC/DC converter in an SMD

package with a footprint of .87 x .80 x .40 The product features remote on-off and

an ultra wide 4:1 input. This series is EMC compliance to EN55022 Class A

emissions and EN61000 immunity standards. With an ultra wide input rangeand international safety approvals, these worldwide marketable power modules

are ideally suited for space critical applications in battery-powered equip-

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Comprehensive preventative circuitry includes a fully regulated input, operat-

ing temperature range of -40C to +80C and overload protection. The MSGW106

Series AC/DC power modules use high quality, 100% RoHS compliant materials and

are manufactured to Minmaxs rigorous ISO-9001 quality control program to ensure

high product reliability. The MSGWI06 Series provide a cost effective solution for many

space critical applications in commercial and industrial electronic equipment.

Minmax Power, www.minmaxpower.com

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caded NF. Clearly, high LNA gain works to reduce the cascaded

NF but there is an issue. LNA gain directly degrades the receiver

linearity. The limiting stage in terms of linearity is usually the

first down converting mixer and, for a given input signal level,

higher LNA gain results in higher power applied to the mixer

input. The NF improvements of increasing LNA gain must be

balanced against the linearity degradation caused by this gain.

To see the LNA gain contribution to cascaded NF more

clearly, imagine three receivers which have the following cas-

caded NF characteristics:

Receiver 1: Cascaded NF of 12 dB. Example: High-perfor-

mance discrete architecture receiver such as that used in cellular

infrastructure.Receiver 2: Cascaded NF of 8 dB. Example: Integrated

CMOS transceiver with a relatively poor cascaded NF.

Receiver 3: Cascaded NF of 4 dB. Example: High perfor-

mance transceiver which already has an integrated LNA.

Now, imagine that we are able to add a hypothetical LNA to the

input of each of these three receivers. This LNA has a constant NF

of 0.7 dB and a variable gain from 0 to 24 dB. Figure 2 shows the

effect of increasing LNA gain on the resulting cascaded NF.

Figure 2 shows there is an LNA gain level beyond which the

NF improvements diminish. These curves enable the designer

to specify an LNA gain and NF which represent an intelligent

compromise between improving NF and degrading receiver

linearity. A key point here is any LNA can only improve sen-

sitivity by a finite amount equal to the difference between its

NF and the NF of the receiver cascade with no LNA present.

In the case of the receiver with a 4 dB NF, with infinite LNA

gain, the improvement is only 3.3 dB. With only 12 dB LNA

gain, the improvement would still be around 3 dB.

CATAGORYEYE ON XXXXXXXXXXXwirelessdesignmag.com 10|

Selecting the Optimal Low NoiseAmplifier for Your ApplicationDelve into an LNAs role within a typical receiver architecture.

|By Alan Ake, Skyworks Solutions, Inc.

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

The purpose of this article is to help designers of receiver

products select the optimal low noise amplifier (LNA) for

their particular application. First, we will take a look at a

typical receiver architecture and the LNAs role within it. From

there, the article will offer some practical tips regarding things

to consider when selecting a specific LNA device regarding

process, biasing and cost. Finally, we will take a look forward to

a device which will serve as the foundation for a new generation

of state-of-the art LNAs from Skyworks.

The LNA from a System PerspectiveAn LNA is simply an amplifier with sufficient gain and

suitable low noise figure (NF) which allows it to reduce the cas-

caded NF of the receiver to an acceptable level. However, before

we go further, let us step back and consider a generic receiver

(Rx) architecture to get an idea of the role played by the LNA.

Figure 1 shows a collection of amplifiers, f ilters, mixers,

attenuators, demodulators, etc. which would be common to

most receivers. These signal processing stages all contribute to

the cascaded noise factor (F) of a receiver and the noise con-

tributions of each stage are given by the Friis cascaded noise

equation below. Note that NF(dB) = 10Log(F).

An understanding of this equation lies at the heart of the LNA

selection process for any application. It shows how the gain andnoise figures of each receiver stage contribute to the total cas-

Figure 1: Generic Receiver Architecture Figure 2: Plot of Cascaded NF vs. LNA Gain

Right, equation 1:The Friis Cascaded Noise Formula.

CATAGORYEYE ON AMPLIFIERSwirelessdesignmag.com 10|

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General Device Considerations

Process: E-mode pHEMT is the dominant technology for the

lowest NF LNA and these modern processes have led to lower cost,super low noise, high linearity devices which can be used anywhere

from high volume commercial applications to the highest perfor-

mance infrastructure applications. A key advantage of the E-mode

pHEMT is that it provides optimal performance from a single posi-

tive supply voltage.

Bias Voltage and Current: Typically, the gain and NF of modern

pHEMT devices is insensitive to supply voltage over the common

supply ranges of 2.7 to 6 volts. Higher supply voltage tends to

result in a higher compression point for the amplifier while IP3

is usually more a function of device current. Look for devices

having bias control pins which allow quiescent current to be set

independently from the supply voltage. Having this flexibility in

bias voltages and quiescent current allows the device linearity to

be adjusted according to the specific application requirements thus

maximizing efficiency.

Device Cost: Given todays high performance, low cost

pHEMT, there is little reason from a price perspective for not

choosing a pHEMT device. That said, the LNA NF will tend to

drive the cost of the device up sharply as the NF drops belowabout 0.7 dB. Requirements for higher linearity will also tend

to increase the device cost often due to the need for

larger amplifier die sizes. A clear understanding

of the NF and linearity requirements is essential

towards finding the most cost-effective solution.

Figure 3: The SKY67151 next-gen-eration LNA measured NF and Gaindata for 1600-2170 MHz tune.

A look ahead to new levels of NF performance:

Figure 3 shows a preview of Skyworks next-generation

pHEMT device. Devices from this product family will allow

designers to create LNA modules and receivers with lower NF

than ever before.

Selecting an LNA involves achieving the desired cascaded NF

while keeping LNA gain to a minimum to preserve the receiver

linearity. A key takeaway is that a LNAs only purpose is to reduce

the cascaded receiver NF. Todays advanced pHEMT devices offer

optimal LNA solutions for applications ranging from high volume

WLAN and ISM applications up to infrastructure LNA

applications requiring the highest levels of performance.

WDD

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BASE STATION DES IGN12|wirelessdesignmag.com

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

Base Station DesignTECH EXCHANGE

Q: What are some of the most challenging issueswhen designing products for remote base station

applications?Damian Anzaldo, Communications Segment

Manager, Maxim: Todays remote base stationsmust be power efficient, smaller in size and deliver excel-

lent radio performance. Power efficiency is important to

improve mobile operator total cost of ownership, help

reduce CO2 emissions and minimize heat dissipation

to address passive cooling requirements. Smaller size is

important to meet diverse site installation scenarios and

help lower operator CAPEX; and excellent radio performance is needed to

deliver exceptional user Quality-of-Experience.

There are two areas where Maxim is focused in developing solutions for

remote base stations and each area has its own unique challenges. The two areas

are radio signal path and analog baseband. The radio signal path includes RF

devices, high-speed data converters and frequency synthesizers. Analog basebandsolutions support the radio and digital baseband. Maxims analog baseband solu-

tions include power management, precision measurement and control, system

management and signal integrity with fiber optics for front haul applications.

In the radio the most challenging issues related to RF and high-speed data

converters are weighing the tradeoff for wideband, high dynamic performance

and circuit partition against total power consumption and the right levels of

integration. Next is balancing these tradeoffs with IC process selection to meet

performance and price expectations. This becomes more complex as remote

base station segmentation now includes macro cells, different classes of small

cells and different wireless backhaul technology.

In analog baseband the challenges are more function specific but the under-

lying trend is miniaturization through integration and high reliability. For

example, in power conversion a challenging issue is developing intelligent and

high efficiency DC-to-DC converters to address increasing power density.

Stephen Turnbull, Marketing Leader for QorIQ Qonverge,

Freescale: The challenge is to meet high levels of integration within therequired power and cost budgets. Individually these are not challenging, but

the combination of performance, cost and power can be a difficult balance toachieve. Of course, there are also considerations related to software partitioning

and how to architect the SoC to meet the power/performance balance while also

making the device easy to use. Freescales approach is to provide smart acceler-

ation combined with high performance DSP and processor cores. This provides

This Month: Damian Anzaldo, Communications Segment Manager,Strategic Marketing Group and Stephen Turnbull, Marketing Leader forQorIQ Qonverge, Freescale

optimal power/performance balance while still maintaining flexibility.

Q: What new temperature control techniques haveyou developed to maintain good performance over awide range of temperature ranges when developing

remote electronics for base stations?Damian Anzaldo: To address wide operating temperature range, Maximtakes a holistic approach at meeting this challenge. We look at device and

system level issues. At the device level Maxim temperature control techniques

for RF devices and high-speed data converters include advanced packaging

and innovative circuit topologies; but fundamentally you need, and we are for-

tunate to have, world class analog IC designers and product definers.

In terms of innovative circuit topologies for lowering power while maintaining

high dynamic performance in mixers, modulator/demodulators and high-speed

data converters; our RF DACs employ a proprietary differential current-steering

topology; our high-speed ADCs use a proprietary zero crossing detection topol-

ogy. Our mixer cores on a SiGe BiCMOS process use a passive topology whichdelivers high linearity at low power while enabling the high levels of integration.

Production test and bench characterization is an important customer require-

ment to ensure high-reliability operation over a wide temperature range. Maxim

production tests all devices and guarantees operating parameters over the full

temperature range.

At the system level, smart system partitioning with innovative architectures

help address temperature control challenges. This includes solutions that

diverge from conventional designs and operate at much lower total power. For

example multi-carrier/multi-band MIMO transmitters that employ direct digital

synthesis with the MAX5879 direct RF DAC.

Stephen Turnbull: Freescale uses thermal diodes which allow users to mon-itor the junction temperature of our devices and use that to prevent thermal run-

away and control loadings in software. We also employ a wide range of power

management techniques to minimize power and temperature, such as clock gat-

ing, voltage islands, waterfall power management and drowsy circuits.

Q: Do you see operators trending towards a multi-

band/multi-standard architecture that must be scal-able to accommodate, picocell, femtocell and macrocell

base station development?Damian Anzaldo: Yes, operators are trending toward a multi-band/multi-standard architecture. This has always been the operator and equipment manufac-

|

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turer desire and is becoming more important as we move to a Heterogeneous Network

(HetNet). But different classes of base station have different performance requirements,

operating conditions and cost tolerance. In the short term there will be optimized solu-tions for groups of equipment like pico and femto cells versus micro and macro cells.

In the long term as active antenna and active antenna arrays are more widely adopted,

a single multi-standard/multi-band architecture or software defined radio will come

closer to realization. We have a good jump start on this challenge with the MAX2550-

family of single-chip RF transceivers that address femto cells and the MAX5879 RF

DAC which addresses multi-band/multi-standard transmitters in micro and macro cells.

Stephen Turnbull: Absolutely, and this is exactly the strength of FreescalesQorIQ Qonverge family of heterogeneous multicore basestation-on-a-chip SoCs.

Qonverge incorporates multiple integrated antenna interfaces, accelerators archi-tected for WCDMA or LTE and a common software architec-

ture spanning from residential solutions (covering a handful of

users) to macro solutions (which can handle 3 x 20MHz sector

of LTE). This common, scalable architecture has been popular

with our customers, allowing them to migrate from residential

to enterprise implementations without significant development

costs, or produce macro and metro solutions leveraging pin

compatible hardware and providing operators a common soft-

ware solution.Q: What new temperature control techniques have youdeveloped to maintain good performance over a wide rangeof temperature ranges when developing remote electronics

for base stations?Damian Anzaldo: To address wide operating

temperature range, Maxim takes a holistic approachat meeting this challenge. We look at device and sys-

tem level issues. At the device level, Maxim tempera-

ture control techniques for RF devices and high-speed

data converters include advanced packaging and inno-

vative circuit topologies; but fundamentally you need, and we are fortunate to

have, world class analog IC designers and product definers.

In terms of innovative circuit topologies for lowering power while main-

taining high dynamic performance in mixers, modulator/demodulators and

high-speed data converters; our RF DACs employ a proprietary differential

current-steering topology; our high-speed ADCs use a proprietary zero cross-

ing detection topology. Our mixer cores on a SiGe BiCMOS process use a

passive topology which delivers high linearity at low power while enabling

the high levels of integration.

Production test and bench characterization is an important customer

requirement to ensure high-reliability operation over a wide temperature

range. Maxim production tests all devices and guarantees operating param-

eters over the full temperature range.

At the system level, smart system partitioning with innovative architectures

help address temperature control challenges. This includes solutions that divergefrom conventional designs and operate at much lower total power. For example

multi-carrier/multi-band MIMO transmitters that employ direct digital synthesis

with the MAX5879 direct RF DAC. WDD


8/10/2019 Mawirede

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OSCILLATORS|SHOWCASE|wirelessdesignmag.com14|

3200 MHz VCO Ideal for Digital Radio

EquipmentCrystek's CVCO55CCQ-3200-3200 VCO operates at 3200 MHz with a controlvoltage range of 0.5V~4.5V. This VCO features a typical phase noise of -115 dBc/

Hz @ 10KHz offset and has excellent linearity. Output power is typically +6 dBm.

The model CVCO55CCQ-3200-3200 is packaged in the industry-standard 0.5-in.

x 0.5-in. SMD package. Input voltage is 6V, with a typ. current consumption of 27

Oscillator Features High-Speed CurrentSteering LogicTellurian Technologies introduces its newest crystal

oscillator, the T4000HCSL. The oscillator touts a

small package size of 5.0 mm x 3.2 mm x 1.3 mm

and provides a high-speed, current steering logic

output (HCSL). It is designed to reduce the cost and

need for the additional circuitry needed to translate

CMOS, LVDS, and LVPECL outputs. The oscillator provides a lifetime stability

of +/- 25 ppm for all conditions over -40 C to +85C and boasts an RMS jitterof less than 1 ps (12 kHz to 20 MHz) by using a 3rd overtone crystal design. The

T4000HCSL eliminates spurs through a PLL chip set using voltages as low as 2.5 V

and drawing a maximum current of 88 mA. The oscillator targets PCI express appli-

cations and other communications devices requiring high speed data transfer.

Tellurian Technologies, www.telluriantech.com

Ultra Small VCO Idealfor Mobile Radios

Z-Communications announces aRoHS compliant Voltage Controlled

Oscillator model USSP2350-LF for

mobile communication system applica-

tions where low power consumption

and small package size are critical. The

USSP2350-LF covers the frequency

range of 2300-2400 MHz in 0.5 to

3.0V of tuning voltage. This high

performance VCO comes available in a compact surface mount package measur-

ing a mere 0.2" x 0.2" x 0.04" while operating off 2.7V and drawing only 6mA,

typically. The USSP2350-LF provides a spectral purity of -82dBc/Hz, typically, at

10kHz from the carrier and is designed to operate over the commercial tempera-

ture range of -20 to 70C. This ultra miniature VCO delivers 04dBm of output

power into a 50 ohm load and suppresses the 2nd harmonic to better than -13dBc.

Z-Communications, www.zcomm.com

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mA. Pulling and Pushing are minimized

to 0.3 MHz and 0.1 MHz/V, respectively.

Second harmonic suppression is -12 dBc

typical. The CVCO55CCQ-3200-3200

is ideal for use in applications such as

digital radio equipment, fixed wireless

access, satellite communications sys-

tems, and base stations.

Crystek Corporation,

www.crystek.com

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POWER16| i l d i

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Able to last over 25 years under the mostchallenging conditions, Tadiran standard lithiumbatteries are ideal for remote locations andchallenging environmental conditions.

The more challenging the environment, the more critical

the choice of power management solution. This maxim

is especially true if the hostile environment is also

located in an inaccessible location, making battery replacement

difficult or impossible.

Remote sensors are increasingly finding their way into exotic

locations, from seismic monitoring stations in Antarctica, to

GPS tracking of icebergs in the North Atlantic, to sensors that

must withstand the extreme temperatures of oil and gas drilling

equipment and oceanographic sensors

that must survive the frigid cold and

high pressure of ocean depths.

Extreme environmental conditions

can also found in everyday life. For

example, millions of motorists flash

their E-ZPass at toll booths each day,

unaware that this RFID device is

powered by a lithium thionyl chloride

(LiSOCL2) battery capable of withstanding the extreme heat,

vibration and rapid temperature cycling to which automotivewindshields are subjected. LiSOCL2 chemistry is also utilized

to power tens of millions of wireless automated meter reading

(AMR) units worldwide, demanding reliable performance in all

types of conditions, from artic cold to desert heat. These batter-

ies are also utilized in medical RFID tags that must withstand

the prolonged heat of autoclave sterilization cycles, and data

loggers that must work continuously in the cold chain.

Lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCL2) chemistry is ideal for

long-term deployment in challenging environmental conditions

because it offers the highest specific energy (energy per unit

weight) and energy density (energy per unit volume) of all

existing battery chemistries. One reason for the high energy

density is lithiums large electric potential, exceeding that of

other metals and producing the high voltages typical of lithium

batteries (2.7-3.9 VDC). Lithium cells use a non-aqueous elec-

trolyte, which enables certain LiSOCL2 batteries to operate in

extreme temperatures (-55C to 125C), with certain models

adaptable to the cold chain (-80C). Recently, Tadiran LiSOCL2

cells were placed in a chyro chamber and subjected to progres-sively lower temperatures down to -100C and continued to

operate as needed.

Bobbin vs spiral wound construction

Lithium primary LiSOCl2 cells are constructed two ways:

bobbin-type and spiral-wound. Bobbin cells combine the high-

est energy density, the highest voltage, a wide temperature

range and very low annual self-discharge (less than 1 percent

per year). Bobbin cells consist of an outer cylinder made of

lithium metal and an inner electrode that is reminiscent of a

bobbin of thread. Spiral-wound cells use flat sheets of metal

wound around a core, providing a large surface area that can

create high currents. The greater number of layers within the

spiral-wound cell reduces the volume of electrolyte these bat-

teries can hold, whereas bobbin cells can hold more electrolyte,

enabling them to deliver about 30 percent more energy than

spiral-wound cells of equivalent size.

Bobbin-type LiSOCl2 cells have a proven track record in remote

wireless applications. In 1984, this battery technology was chosenby Aclara (formerly Hexagram) to power their first generation of

wireless AMR meters. Today, millions of these units remain in

operation, the earliest of which are still operating on their original

LiSOCl2 battery after 28+ years in the field.

Extreme Environments DemandExtreme Lithium PowerHarsh environmental conditions demand long-life lithium batteries

capable of powering remote wireless sensors reliably for 25+ years.

|By Sol Jacobs, Tadiran Batteries

POWER 16|wirelessdesignmag.com

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

8/10/2019 Mawirede

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Trade in your current signal generator today

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The Agilent MXG X-Series signal generator lets you

simulate complex signal technologies and extreme

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POWER18| wirelessdesignmag com

8/10/2019 Mawirede

18/38

Tadiran lithium thionyl chlo-ride cells are the most pow-erful and reliable lead-free, RoHSand WEEE compliant batteries in the world.

subjected to load, volt-

age can drop temporar-

ily, and then return to

its nominal value. TRR

Series batteries virtually eliminate this voltage drop

as well as voltage drop under pulse (or transient

minimum voltage level).The final result is zero delay

during the voltage response. These unique attributes

enable TRR Series batteries to utilize available capac-

ity more efficiently, thus extending the operating

life of the battery by up to 15 percent under certain

conditions, especially in extremely hot or cold tem-

peratures.

Lithium battery technology is evolving rapidly

to address the needs of high current pulse applica-

tions in extreme environments, providing designengineers with greater flexibility to craft optimized

solutions that result in decades of maintenance-free

battery performance. WDD

A choice of batteries

for high current pulse

applicationsWireless sensors are becoming increasingly com-

plex and feature-rich, with a growing demand for On

Demand 2-way RF communications that require

high current pulses for data gathering and transmis-

sion. To address the unique power requirements of

high current pulse applications, Tadiran developed

the PulsesPlus battery, which combines a standard

bobbin-type LiSOCL2 battery with a patented Hybrid

Layer Capacitor. This combination allows remote

wireless devices to operate continuouslywith low background current, periodi-

cally drawing high current pulses for data

capture and transmission, then returning

to a low current sleep or standby state. The

PulsesPlus battery also features a unique voltage

curve that allows devices to be programmed to

generate low battery status alerts. PulsesPlus batter-

ies are available in a 3.6V system that indicates when

approximately 95 percent of the batterys capacity

has been exhausted, and a 3.9V system that indicates

when approximately 90 percent of available capacity

has been used up.

Tadiran recently introduced a second alternative,

Tadiran Rapid Response TRR Series batteries,

which do not require the use of an HLC but stilldeliver high capacity and high energy

density without voltage or power delay.

When a standard LiSOCl2 battery is first

POWER18|wirelessdesignmag.com


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Experienced digital power users are normally

well aware of the benefits of digital power sys-

tem management. However, for those who are

considering whether it makes sense for their products,

its benefits may not be so obvious. Typical questions

being asked are: Will our time-to-market be

longer when incorporating digital power?

How difficult is it to implement? How

long is the learning curve? What is the

additional cost? Will our customers value

digital power? Will this technology open

up new markets? Will we be left behind if

we dont incorporate digital power into our

product portfolio? The answers to these

questions need to be understood to help

determine if digital power is a good choice

in the end application.

Why Digital Power?Having digital control over analog power supplies

with a simple PC connection is especially valuable

during the development stage where designers need

to get their systems up and running quickly. There

can be as many as 30 point-of-load (POL) voltage

rails and users need to be able to easily monitor and

adjust supply voltages, sequence supplies up/down,

set operating voltage limits, and read parameters like

voltage, current and temperature as well as access

detailed fault logging via a digital interface. High

accuracy is extremely important in these systems to

maintain tight control over the rails and achieve the

maximum performance.

In data centers, a key challenge is to reduce overall power

consumption by rescheduling the work flow and moving jobs to

underutilized servers, thereby enabling shutdown of other serv-

ers. To meet these demands, it is essential to know the power

consumption of the end-user equipment. A properly designed

digital power management system can provide the user withpower consumption data, allowing for smart energy manage-

ment decisions to be made.

Knowing the condition and operating status of a voltage

regulator is perhaps the last remaining blind spot in todays

modern electronic systems, since they normally do not havethe means for directly configuring or remotely monitoring key

operating parameters. It can be critical for reliable operation

that a regulators output voltage drift over time or an over tem-

perature condition be detected and acted on before a potential

failure event occurs. A well designed digital dower system can

monitor the performance of a voltage regulator and report back

on its health in so that corrective action can be taken prior to it

going out of specification or even failure.

In order to protect expensive ASICs from the possibility of

an over voltage condition, high-speed comparators must moni-

tor the voltage levels of each rail and take immediate protective

action if a rail goes out of its specified safe operating limits. In

a digital power system, the host can be notified when a fault

occurs via the PMBus alert line and dependant rails can be shut

down to protect powered devices such as an ASIC. Achieving

this level of protection requires excellent accuracy and very fast

response times.

Digital power management is being adopted because of its abil-

ity to provide accurate information about the power system and itsability to autonomously control and supervise dozens of voltages

with ease. It can be very difficult to probe around and monitor

30 POL voltages on a complex system board. System designers

dont have to write a single line of code unless they want their host

Is Digital Power|By Bruce Haug, Senior Product Marketing Engineer, Power Products, Linear Technology

g g

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

Digital power creates a new design environment for powersupplies, and proves to be a very powerful tool.

LTC3880/-1 Programming Resolution

VOUT Command

12-bit Resolution 5.5V Range, 1.375mV per step 2.75V Range, 687V per stepCurrent Limit Set Point 3-bit Resolution, 5mV Accuracy 25mV to 75mV spanOV/UV VOUT Supervisor 8-bit Resolution, 2% of AccuracyOV/UV VIN Supervisor 8-bit Resolution, 2% of Accuracy

LTC3880/-1 Telemetry ResolutionInput Current 16-bit Resolution Per Phase and CombinedVIN 16-bit Resolution, 2% AccuracyVOUT 16-bit Resolution, 0.5% Accuracy

IOUT 16-bit Resolution 1% for 6mV VSENSE Calibration factor for DCR

Figure 1. LTC3880 Applications Schematic


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the Right Choice?

processor to read telemetry and do simple fault inter-

vention. It is clear that manufacturers need to provide

cost-effective parts tailored and targeted at specific

niches that can be easily implemented by new, as well

as experienced users. Linear Technology has several

digital power products and the LTC3880 (see page 20)

is one that has recently been released.

Digital Power Done Right

The LTC3880 and LTC3880-1 are dual output

high efficiency synchronous step-down DC/DC

controllers with I2C-based PMBus inter-

face for digital power system management.

These devices combine best in class ana-

log switching regulator performance with

precision mixed signal data conversion for

ease of power system design and manage-

ment, supported by the LTpowerPlay soft-

ware development system with easy-to-use

graphical user interface (GUI).

The LTC3880/-1 allows for digital pro-

gramming and read back for real-time con-

trol and monitoring of critical point-of-load

converter functions. Programmable control

parameters include output voltage, mar-

gining and current limits, input and output

supervisory limits, power-up sequencing

and tracking, switching frequency and iden-

tification and traceability data. On-chipprecision data converters and EEPROM

allow for the capture and nonvolatile stor-

age of regulator configuration settings and

telemetry variables, including input and

output voltages and currents, duty cycle,

temperature and fault logging.

The LTC3880/-1 has an analog control

loop for best loop stability and fastest

transient response without the quantization

effects commonly found in slower digital

control loops. This device can provide two

independent outputs or be configured for a

two phase single output. Up to 6 phases can

be interleaved and paralleled for accurate

sharing among multiple ICs, minimizing

input and output filtering requirements for

high current and/or multiple output appli-

cations. An integrated amplifier provides

true differential remote output voltagesensing, enabling high accuracy regulation,

independent of board IR voltage drops. Figure 1

shows a typical application using the LTC3880 to

develop 1.8V @ 20A and 3.3V @ 15A from a 12V

bus voltage.

Configurations for the LTC3880/-1 are easily

saved to internal EEPROM over the devices I2C seri-

al interface using Linear Technologys LTpowerPlay

GUI-based development software. Onboard memory

allows for specific user settings. In addition, this

controller can power up autonomously without bur-

dening the host processor. Default settings can be

optionally configured by external resistor dividers

g g

WDD|MAY|JUN|12

for output voltage, switching frequency, phase and

device address. The LTC3880/-1 has an onboard 16-

bit ADC that provides best in class programmability

and telemetry read-back.

Programming Resolution & Telemetry

Accuracy of the LTC3880/-1

The LTC3880/-1 features onboard integrated

MOSFET gate drivers to drive all N-channel power

MOSFETs from input voltages ranging from 4.5V

to 24V, and it can produce 0.50% accurate output

voltages from 0.5V to 5.5V with output currents up

to 30A per phase over the full operating temperature

range. The LTC3880/-1 can also drive power blocks

or DR MOS devices. The LTC3880/-1s minimum

on-time of just 90ns makes it ideal for compact

high frequency/high step-down ratio applications.

Accurate timing across multiple chips and event-based sequencing allow the optimization of power-up

and power-down of complex, multiple rail systems.

The LTC3880 features an onboard LDO. The

LTC3880-1 allows for an external bias voltage for

highest efficiency. Both parts are available in a ther-

mally enhanced 6mm x 6mm QFN-40 package with

a -40C to 105C operating junction temperature

range.

Digital System Management for Real-LifeApplications

A large multirail power board is normally com-

prised of an isolated intermediate bus converter,

which converts a 48V, 24V or other voltage from

the backplane to a lower intermediate bus voltage

(IBV), typically 12V that is distributed around the

PC card. Individual point-of-load (POL) DC-DC

converters step down the IBV to the required rail

voltages, which normally range from 0.6V to 5Vwith currents ranging from 0.5A to 120A. Figure

2 shows how a multi-rail system can be controlled

with various Linear Technology controllers and

DC/DC converters. The point of load DC/DCs can

be self-contained modules, monolithic devices or

solutions comprised of DC-DC controller ICs with

associated Ls, Cs and MOSFETs. These rails nor-

mally have strict requirements for sequencing, volt-

age accuracy, over current and over voltage limits,

margining and supervision.

Clearly, the sophistication of power management

is increasing and its not uncommon for circuit board

to have over 30 rails. These types of boards are

Figure 3. LTC2978 Controlling an External DC/DC Converter

Figure 2. Block Diagram on How to Control 15 Rails via an I2C/PMBus

COVER STORY22|wirelessdesignmag.com

8/10/2019 Mawirede

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densely populated and the digital power system man-

agement circuitry must not take up too much board

space. It must be easy to use and be able to control a

high number of rails. Linear Technology's LTC2978

combines all the necessary features to work in

conjunction with the LTC3880/1 and LTC2874 to

control up to 72 voltages on a single segment of

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an I2C bus. The LTC3880/-1 controls,

monitors and generates up to two high

current rails. The LTC2978 controls and

monitors up to 8 rails, and the LTC2974

controls and monitors up to 4 rails. Such solutions

must operate autonomously or communicate with

a system host processor for command, control and

to report telemetry. Figure 3 shows an

example of one channel of an LTC2978

controlling a DC/DC converter.

The PMBus command language was

developed to address the needs of large multirail

systems. In addition to a well-defined set of stan-

dard commands, PMBus compliant devices can

also implement their own proprietary commands to

provide innovative value-added features. The stan-

dardization of the majority of the commands and the

data format is a great advantage to OEMs producing

these types of system boards. The protocol is imple-mented over the industry-standard SMBusTM serial

interface and enables programming, control, and

real-time monitoring of power conversion products.

Command language and data format standardization

allows for easy firmware development and reuse by

OEMs, which results in reduced time-to-market for

power systems designers.

With over 75 PMBus standard command func-

tions, users can take full operational control of

their power system using one of the most popular

open standard power-management protocols. Users

can also generate interrupt requests for the system

controller by asserting an ALERT pin in response to

supported PMBus faults. The supplied LTpowerPlay

GUI gives users easy access to the LTC3880/-1s

operations and settings.

Conclusion

Digital power creates a new design environmentfor power supplies which adds value in several areas.

First, having digital control over analog power sup-

plies with a simple PC connection is valuable during

the development stage enabling designers to get their

systems up and running quickly. Designers of high

rail count systems need an easy way to monitor, con-

trol and adjust supply voltages, limits and sequenc-

ing. Production margin testing is easier to perform

than traditional methods since the entire test can be

controlled by a couple of standard commands over

an I2C/PMBus bus. Power system data can be sent

back to the OEM about the power supplies health,

effectively opening up the blind spot with regards to

a DC/DC converters well being.

A properly designed digital power management

system provides the user with power consump-

tion data, allowing for smart energy management

decisions to be made, which can be used to reduce

overall power consumption. Digital power is not allthings to all people; however, for high rail count

complex systems and OEMs who want to keep

track of their power systems status it is a very pow-

erful tool. WDD

MAY|JUN|12|WDD


GO TO:

http://bit.ly/wdd-tech

8/10/2019 Mawirede

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ofANT+wireless chip solut

ions

fromNordicSemiconducto

r

MeetNORDIC

SEMICONDUCTOR

A

ANT+ wireless technology is employed in its

millions in the vast majority of sports and fitness

sensors and hub products (such as sports

watches and bike computers) in use around the

world today?

BANT+ compatibility is now being included as

standard in an ever growing list of smartphones?

C

ANT+ is considered to be the wireless

technology of choice by the worlds top sports

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...and would it interest you to know that...Did you know that...

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WWW.NORDICSEMI.COM

24|wirelessdesignmag.com

8/10/2019 Mawirede

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MAY|JUN|12|WDD

WRITE MORE

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The 4G Challenge That Networking Users Now Faceby Dan-Joe Barry, VP of Marketing with Napatech

One of the biggest technical challenges facing the networking industry today are the de-

mands that the next generation of cellular communications known as 4G (for fourth gen-eration) will place on the network backhaul and communications networks generally.

4G better known as Long Term Evolution by those in the know is a revolution in termsof data speeds, but is actually a natural upgrade for existing 2G and 3G cellular networks,

achieving downstream speeds of an astonishing 300 Mbps and uplink speeds of 75 Mbps.

Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-Napatech

Noise on Vcc - A Challenge for Designersby Wolfgang Damm, Director Product Marketing, Wireless Telecom Group

Highest component integration and ultra-fast switching speed of electronic chips and

devices forces circuit designers to re-think their Vcc and GND architecture.

The Vcc level should be flat and GND should be a clean reference unfortunately, this isnot always the case. With increasing integration and growing requirements for speed and

accuracy, noise starts to permeate supply power and, even if minute, may affect the function-ality of integrated circuits and systems.

Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-wtg

Building a Success-ful All-CMOS SiliconOscillator - An Age-old Problem Solvedby Steve Cliffe, VP Worldwide

Sales and Marketing, eoSemiThe march of silicon integration

has proved irresistible in almost every

area of electronics design. Even the most intrac-table problems such as mixed signal circuits have

succumbed to the power of CMOS: in the process,vast swathes of hardware and software have been

sucked into the silicon chip. Oscillator design is

one of the very few exceptions to this rule. As soonas you learn a little about the subject, it becomes

clear that its a special challenge and it becomesobvious why the existing solution, the crystal, has

been in use for nearly a century now.Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-

eosemi

Change in Your PocketBy Janine E. Mooney, WDD Editor

For retailers tablets equal gold. After entering the e-commerce space in the last years, and

with the help of user-friendly mobile apps, retailers are pleased and profitable. But this isnt

the only wireless technology that theyre (almost) smiling about.Mobile payments are developing in their favor, thanks to near field communication. The

act of pointing your NFC-enabled phone at a card reader to pay your train fare, to downloaddetails about the next time your favorite band is coming to town, or to quickly pay for din-

ner, is so simple and intuitive. Some retailers have already started using the technology, andalthough there is considerable activity around mobiles payments, uncertainty still lingers.

Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-jm

WiGig is ComingBy Ali Sadri, President and Chairman of the WiGig Alliance

The widespread availability and use of digital multimedia content has created a need forfaster wireless connectivity that current commercial standards cannot support. This has

driven demand for a single standard that can support advanced applications such as wire-less display and docking. The Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) Alliance was formed to meet this

need by establishing a wireless technology operating in the unlicensed 60 gigahertz bandthat promises data rates of up to 7 gigabits per second, or more than 10 times the speed of

the fastest wifi networks available today. The band has much more spectrum available thanthe 2.4 or 5 gigahertz bands used by existing wifi products.

Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-wigig

Automating In-dustrial EquipmentControls with M2MCommunicationsPlatforms andServicesby Brian Anderson, VP of

Marketing, Sierra Wireless

Traditional control systems used to monitor and

automate industrial field equipment provide very spe-cific functions. These systems generally control localequipment functions, like process control, and allow

one-way data communication of data from the indus-trial product to a business application typically used by

a few individuals working within a single department.New machine-to-machine (M2M) communica-

tions technologies can vastly expand and improveupon those earlier control systems. These new

M2M solutions make it possible to build and deploysmart automation systems, providing new control

and management capabilities, that deliver more de-tailed, actionable information.

Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-sw

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divided by the intrinsic permeability, or:

Relative Permeability =

0

A very popular material used in todays indus-

try is the Ferrite core. The relative permeability

of a manganese zinc ferrite core is 640 or greater.

For wireless chargers, however, air is the core

material. This is because the primary winding

is located in a separate unit from the secondary

winding. The relative permeability of air is 1,resulting in a much less efficient transformer.

Because the transformer efficiency is low, the

efficiency of the rest of the circuit becomes very

important.

Secondary Side Bridge Rectification

The full-bridge rectifier and filter circuit pro-

duces a constant DC voltage from the AC signal

induced in the secondary winding. Figure 2 shows

a full-bridge rectifier circuit using a four-diode

configuration.

When diodes 1 and 3 are forward-biased, diodes 2

and 4 are reverse-biased, and vice versa. Therefore,

the main power loss across the bridge is the forward

drop across the two diodes. A standard diode has a

voltage drop of approximately 0.7 V. This means that

the power loss across the two diodes is:

Ploss= ILoad* (VF1+ VF2) = ILoad* 2(0.7V)

A Schottky diode has a much lower forward volt-

age drop, typically around 0.4 V. For the bridge con-

figuration shown in Figure 2, the Schottky diodes

give better efficiency. The example input waveform

shown in Figure 2 is a sine wave with amplitude

VPK. The rectified output has an amplitude of VPK

and both halves of the cycle are positive.

Figure 3 shows the current path across the bridge

and load for Region 1 and Region 2 of the input

voltage sine wave. During the first half of the input

voltage cycle (Region 1 and Figure 4a) the voltage at

node a is higher than the voltage at node b. Current

flows through diode 1, across the load, and returns to

the transformer through diode 3. During the second

half of the input voltage cycle (Region 2 and Figure

4b) the voltage at node b is higher than the voltage

at node a, and current flows in the opposite direc-

tion through diode 2, across the load, and returns tothe transformer through diode 4. In each

case, current flows in the same direction

across the load itself, producing the out-

put voltage waveform seen in Figure 2.

A second full bridge rectifier configuration con-sists of two diodes and two MOSFET devices.

Figure 4 shows an example of this configuration.

For this bridge configuration, diodes 3 and

4 are replaced with N-channel MOSFETs. The

gate of MOSFET 3 is tied to node a and the gate

of MOSFET 4 is connected to node b. The body

diode of each MOSFET blocks current flow

when that MOSFET is off. The example bridge

input and output waveforms are the same as the

previous bridge conf iguration. During Region 1,

the voltage at node a is higher than the voltage

at node b. Diode 1 is forward-biased, Diode 2 is

reverse-biased, MOSFET 3 is on and MOSFET 4

is off (with the body diode of MOSFET 4 reverse-

biased). During Region 2, the voltage at node b is

higher than the voltage at node a. Diode 2 is for-

ward-biased, Diode 1 is reverse-biased, MOSFET

4 is on and MOSFET 3 is off (with the body diode

of MOSFET 3 reverse-biased).The current path and resulting output

waveform is the same as the previous

configuration. However, by replacing two

diodes with MOSFETs, the bridge effi-

ciency is increased, and the power loss across thediode and MOSFET becomes:

Ploss

= ILoad

* VF1

+ I2Load

* RDS(ON)

The third implementation results in the lowest

power loss. This power loss savings translates

directly into improved efficiency of the secondary

circuit as a whole, making the wireless charging

solution more energy efficient.

Efficiency considerations are critical for wire-

less charging solutions, due to the lower efficiency

nature of the air-gap transformer over traditional

wired solutions. Therefore, to maximize the per-

formance for wireless charging, the efficiency of

each circuit block must be carefully considered

and addressed. Implementing a two-diode and

two-MOSFET solution results in a large power loss

savings. For the electronics industry today, energy

conservation and improved efficiency are at theforefront of the minds of both consumer and manu-

facturers. As wireless charging gains momentum,

so too does the increased need for high-efficiency

and high performance solutions. WDD

MAY|JUN|12|WDD

Figure 3: Current Path During (a) Region 1 and (b) Region 2 of the Input Waveform.

Figure 4: Full Bridge Rectifier: 2 Diode, 2 MOSFET Configuration


GO TO:http://bit.ly/wdd-tech

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Five-in-oneWireless

ConnectivitySolutions for Next-generation MobileExperiencesTexas Instruments introduced

the WiLink 8.0 product family:

a collection of 45-nanome-

ter single-chip solutions that

integrate up to five different

radios, and set the stage for next-generation mobile Wi-Fi, GNSS, NFC, Bluetooth and FM transmit/receive

applications. The WiLink 8.0 architecture supports various combinations of

these technologies, allowing for customized solutions to address the unique

needs and price points of all mobile markets. Each chip variant comes in a

compact WSP package that can be mounted directly on a PCB, and includes

all required RF front ends, a complete power management system, and com-

prehensive coexistence mechanisms. WiLink 8 solutions are available for all

Wi-Fi throughput ranges, either using 2x2 MIMO or SISO 40MHz. Capable

of reaching more than 100Mbps Wi-Fi TCP throughput on the 2.4GHz and

5GHz bands, the chips promise the fastest mobile streaming and high-defini-

tion (HD) mobile video capabilities.

Texas Instruments, www.ti.com

Dual RFID-ZigBee SensorsEnable NFC Applications for

the Internet of ThingsLibelium has launched a RFID/NFC modulefor the Waspmote sensor platform. The

radio module extends Waspmote features

allowing the sensor data to be used in

Location Based Services (LBS),

such as asset tracking, supply

chain monitoring, intelligent

shopping or access management.

By using RFID/NFC along with

ZigBee, asset tracking can bemore accurate than ever along

the whole supply chain process.

Product management softwares,

like ERPs, will have access in real

time to information related to re-

maining stock, storage and transportation conditions, expiration dates and even

consumer profiles, knowing time spent in front of a shelf or products picked

up and not bought. Security applications, including access control, can also be

covered with this technology as the RFID standard -Mifare- uses a 6 bytes keyto ensure maximum privacy and authentication requirements, a major concern

in this technology.

Libelium, www.libelium.com

Single-chipSolution forMultifunctionCar KeysPioneering the marketfor smart car keys,

NXP Semiconductors

announced the avail-

ability of its produc-

tion-ready single-chip

solution for multifunc-

tion car keys - the

NCF2970 (KEyLink Lite). Enhancing the functionality of car keys by sup-

porting Near Field Communications (NFC) technology, NXPs KEyLinkLite enables car manufacturers to offer a new driving experience with keys

that connect to external NFC-compliant devices, such as mobile phones,

tablets and laptops. The launch of KEyLink Lite is timed to take advantage

of the growing popularity and availability of NFC. Drivers will be able

to simply wave their car key over an NFC-compliant mobile device to ac-

cess essential and useful car data. Based on NFC standards, and utilizing

the 13.56MHz frequency and cryptography such as Hitag-3 or AES-128,

KEyLink Lite provides secure storage and enables communication of sen-

sitive data. KEyLink Lite uniquely combines NFC capabilities and NXPs

industry-leading Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) and Passive Keyless Entry

(PKE) technologies. This allows NFC-compliant mobile devices to edit and

view data stored on a car key and opens many new use cases.

NXP Semiconductors, www.nxp.com

NFC|SHOWCASE|wirelessdesignmag.com |33

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Single-chipSolution for

MultifunctionCar KeysPioneering the market

for smart car keys,

NXP Semiconductors

announced the avail-

ability of its produc-

tion-ready single-chip

solution for multifunc-

tion car keys - the NCF2970 (KEyLink Lite). Enhancing the functionality of

car keys by supporting Near Field Communications (NFC) technology, NXPs

KEyLink Lite enables car manufacturers to offer a new driving experience with

keys that connect to external NFC-compliant devices, such as mobile phones,

tablets and laptops. The launch of KEyLink Lite is timed to take advantage of the

growing popularity and availability of NFC. Drivers will be able to simply wave

their car key over an NFC-compliant mobile device to access essential and use-

ful car data. Based on NFC standards, and utilizing the 13.56MHz frequency and

cryptography such as Hitag-3 or AES-128, KEyLink Lite provides secure storage

and enables communication of sensitive data. KEyLink Lite uniquely combines

NFC capabilities and NXPs industry-leading Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) andPassive Keyless Entry (PKE) technologies. This allows NFC-compliant mobile de-

vices to edit and view data stored on a car key and opens many new use cases.

NXP Semiconductors, www.nxp.com

Standalone NFCMicroSDaustriamicrosystems announced

the first demonstration that enables

NFC data transfer on removable

secure elements using a micro-an-

tenna design. This solution was

developed in cooperation

with Infineon Technologies

AG. It will speed up the

deployment and the ac-

ceptance of standalone

NFC solutions basedon ultra small form

factors such as

microSD. NFC

is now entering the

consumer mass market and

despite the release of new NFC enabled

phones, standalone solutions are needed

to enable NFC for the millions of mobile devices already in the field. The

NFC microSD solution is integrated with the micro-antenna included in the

ultra small form factor. No other design approach currently on the market al-

lows for reliable contactless payment fully enclosed within the microSD.

austriamicrosystems, www.ams.com

34|wirelessdesignmag.com

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MAY|JUN|12|WDD

Introducing No Strings AttachedEach month this section will highlight our web-based interview show where we talk

about the latest wireless technology, components and design issues.

NO

STRINGS ATTACHED

Listen as we discuss small cells and WiFi with Juan San-tiago, VP of Product Management at Powerwave. Small

cell technology boosts the capacity of cell networks, and

because the technology is designed to feature more, but

smaller transmitters, you'll find less dead zones and less

competition for cell tower resources. What does this mean

to you? It means more cell phone coverage and cheaper

data transmissions.

Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-pw

For more information about Powerwave, please visit: www.powerwave.com

We welcome Bill Saltzstein, President of connectBlue,

who is speaking with us about Bluetooth low energy tech-

nology. Bluetooth low energy technology is rapidly being

integrated in small mobile devices thanks to the unique

features of an extremely long battery lifetime, fast con-

nection times and interoperability focus provided by the

standard. Industrial and medical customers can now

easily utilize "apps" for Human Machine Interface (HMI),gateway and data acquisition functionality.

Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-cb

For more information about connectBlue, please visit: www.connectblue.se

In this podcast, Tom Dekker, Director of Sales and Mar-keting for RF Products at Cree, discusses the C-Band

GaN HEMT MMIC high-power amplifier. The device of-

fers superior linear efficiency in a small footprint package

facilitating reductions in transmitter size and weight with

lower cost thermal management. In addition, because this

device operates at higher voltages than GaAs MESFETs,

the transistors draw less current, resulting in lower power

distribution losses and higher overall system efficiencies.

Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-cree

For more information about Cree, please visit: www.cree.com

Talking with Andy Ross, Director of Wireless Appli-

cations for B&B Electronics, speaks with us about the

new airborne technology. This industrial-grade wire-

less access point is the first fruit of B&Bs October2011 acquisition of Quatech, whose Airborne wireless

networking devices feature WiFi connectivity technol-

ogy to network-enable industrial M2M devices.

Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-bbFor more information about B&B Electronics, please visit: www.bb-elec.com

Listen as Jennifer Ernst, VP of North America at Thinfilm

Electronics speaks with us about printed electronics and

the new printed temperature sensor system. They recently

announced a new partnership with PST Sensors to jointly

develop a printed temperature sensor system that will

monitor the temperature of perishable goods such as food

and pharmaceuticals. These systems are a successful ex-

ample of how low cost electronics can be manufactured in high volumes for a

fraction of the cost compared to traditional silicon microelectronics.

Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-tf

For more information about Thinfilm Electronics, please visit: www.thinfilm.no

We talk to Jeremy Hendy, VP of Sales and Marketing at

Nujira, who is speaking with us about envelope tracking.

Nujira has launched the first IC in its Coolteq.L product

family of Envelope Tracking (ET) power supply modula-

tors for mobile handsets. Nujiras NCT-L1100 has beendeveloped by the industrys largest and most experienced

ET team, delivering a chip that reduces wasted energy

from power amplifiers (PAs) in mobile handsets by more

than 50 percent, cutting heat dissipation and extending battery life.

Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-njFor more information about Nujira, please visit: www.nujira.com

No Strings Attached Sponsored by: Memory Protection Devices, Inc.

200 Broadhollow Road; Suite 4; Farmingdale, NY 11790

Phone: 1-631-249-0001; Fax: 1-631-249-0002

Email: [email protected]

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Publishing Headquarters100 Enterprise Drive, Suite 600, Box 912

Rockaway NJ 07866-0912

P R O D U C T & S E R V I C E S M A R K E T P L A C EFor Information on this monthly section For Product & Service Advertising contact Nick Pinto, 972-920-7745.

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