Matter & Change Notes

8/2/2019 Matter & Change Notes

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Matter & Change

«characterizing matter anddescribing how it changes



Properties of Matter

Matter is anything thattakes up space and

has mass.

Mass* is the amount of matter that an object

contains.

*Note: Mass doesnt change, regardless of location. Weight, which measures the

pull of gravity, DOES change under different gravitational conditions.



States of Matter

Solid

definite shape and volume

Liquid

flows; fixed volume;

takes the shape of its container

Gas

takes shape and volume of container



States of H2O

Zumdahl & Decoste, 2008.



Properties of Matter

Physical Properties: describe observablecharacteristics; change without changing

composition of matter

Chemical Properties: describe

behavior of matter; change as aresult of contact with other matter

or the influence of energy

WU1



Slide 5

WU1 Physical: texture, size, colorChemical: has to change into something elseWindows User, 9/15/2011



Classify as a Physical or Chemical

Property:

boiling point of ethanol

(78°C)

solid state of ice

ability of propane to burn in

air

Physical

Physical

Chemical

WU2



Slide 6

WU2 1. because if you boil something, you are not changing it into something different 2. same reason. its still water3. because its forming something new by reacting with oxygen in the airWindows User, 9/15/2011



When Matter Changes«

Physical change

does not alter the composition of the

substance

Includes changes in state of matter, or shape

Chemical Change Alters the chemical structure of the substance

Cannot get original substance back (usually)

WU3



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WU3 physical : changes the appareancechemical: changes the idenitityWindows User, 9/15/2011



Physical vs. Chemical Changes


Boiling water

Decomposing water

http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/wpp/boil/index.html

WU4



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WU4 1st:in the pot: water in liquid formin the air: water in gas form

2nd:water goes in as liquid and comes out the contraption as H2 (gas) and O2 (gas) no longer gasWindows User, 9/15/2011



4 Indicators of a Chemical

Reaction:Evolution of a gas

Production of heat/light

Unexpected color change

Formation of a precipitate

NOTE: These are hints to help distinguish a

chemical process from a physical change. This list is

not all-inclusive!

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Slide 9

WU5 1. example: baking soda and vinegar --> foaming volcano CO22. example: strike a flame. the heat and the light indicate chemical change. heat and light comes from the initial energy and theenergy in the chemical bonds

3. when two colorless and colorless mix together and you randomly get pink. theres a new substance born and it is pink4.when you mix two liquids together and some white flakes come floating down to the bottom because there is something new that you created that doesnt dissolve in your liquid solution (precipitate: the solid that falls out of the solution)Windows User, 9/15/2011



Classify as a Physical or Chemical

Change

iron metal melting

iron combining with

oxygen to form rust

sugar fermenting to formethyl alcohol

Physical

Chemical

Chemical

WU6



Slide 10

WU6 1. because its still iron no matter what state2. because rust and iron are two different substances -->indicator: change of color3.because sugar is different from ethyl alcohol --> indicator: evolution of a gas because bacteria are making gas)Windows User, 9/15/2011



Types of Matter

Pure SubstanceConstant Composition

Homogeneous

MixtureVariable Composition

Matter



Examples

Physical Changes

Melting ice cream,

chocolate, ice

Melting wax on candle

Dissolving

Ripping paper

Making ice

Melting butter

Juicing fruit

Cutting hair

Crushing a can

Chemical Changes

Spoiling of food

Fall foliage (changing of color)

Mold on/eating bread

Alka Seltzer in water and

it bubbles

Burning wick

Baking cake

Fireworks

Cooking scrambled eggs Penny oxidizing

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Running engine



Types of Matter Pure Substance ± made of only

one type of matter (elements or

compounds)

Mixture ± physical blend of matter

Can be:

Homogeneous ± uniform composition, 1 visible

phase, also called solutions

Heterogeneous ± not uniform, more than 1 phase



Matter andS

ubstance A substance is a kind of matter

that has a uniform composition

that is always the same fromsample to sample.

WATER

HELIUM

Element: cannot be

broken down into a

simpler substance

Compound: can be broken down into

elements by chemical change

WU7



Slide 14

WU7 difference between element and compouds is that elements is in its simplist form and compounds can be broken down but it requires achemical change.Windows User, 9/16/2011



ChemicalS

ymbols One- or two-letter abbreviations are used

for elements.

Ex.

H ± hydrogen

Na ± sodium

O ± oxygenCl - chlorine

NOTE: The first letter of a

chemical symbol is

capitalized. The second

letter (if present) is lower-

case. The first letter of thename of a chemical is not

capitalized.



ChemicalS

ymbols For compounds, the symbol for each element

forming the compound is used.

Subscripts tell how many atoms of each elementare present.

NaCl: There is 1 sodium atom and 1 chlorine atom.

H20: There are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

WU8



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WU8 just put two symbols togethe to abbriviate a compoundWindows User, 9/16/2011



Elements and Compounds

The properties of a compound are different from the

properties of the elements that make up the

compound:

Example:

water (H2O): liquid at 25°C, melts at 0°C, boils at 100°C

hydrogen (H2): gas at 25°C, melts at ±259°C, boils at ±253°C

oxygen (O2): gas at 25°C, melts at ±219°C, boils at ±183°C



Types of Matter Pure Substance ± made of only one type

of matter (elements or compounds)

Mixture ± physical blend of matter

Can be:

Homogeneous ± uniform composition, 1 visible

phase, also called solutions Heterogeneous ± not uniform, more than 1

phase

WU9



Slide 19

WU9 some mixtures can seem like one component (like air because there is nitrogen, oxygen, argon etc but you wouldnt know it)others can see the two phases (oil and water)Windows User, 9/16/2011



Solutions (homogeneous mixtures)

Solutions can be made in any state of

matter.

Solutions can be separated by physical

means.

WU10



Slide 20

WU10 solution are not only luqiud and can be separatedWindows User, 9/16/2011



Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous

Salad Dressing Heterogeneous

Gasoline Homogeneous

Brass Homogeneous

Potting Soil Heterogeneous

Watermelon Heterogeneous



Separating Mixtures

EvaporationVolatility

ChromatographyAdherence to a surface

FiltrationState of matter

(solid/liquid/gas)

DistillationBoiling point

TechniqueDifferent Physical Property

Using physical means«

WU11



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WU11 the way you separate depends on the type of mixture and state of matterWindows User, 9/16/2011



Distillation: Separation by B.P.

BEFORE AFTER

Salt water is a homogeneous mixture.


WU12



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WU12 since the water boils at 100 degrees celcius and salt boils at thousands of degrees so the water evaporates and the salt stays.water goes into condensing tube and drips down into flaskWindows User, 9/16/2011



Filtration:Separation by

State

The ³original mixture is

heterogeneous.


WU13



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WU13 when you pour the solution through the funnel, the liquid passes through the filter paper and the solid stays in the filter called theresidue.works best for heterogeneous solutionsWindows User, 9/16/2011

WU14



Chromatography (ex. Paper)

Separates homogeneous mixturesby polarity in solvent.


WU14



Slide 25

WU14 used for homogeneousblue likes the paper and runs the farthest while the yellow doesnt like it so much and sticks to the paper and red is just in betweenalso used in forensics to test fake or realWindows User, 9/16/2011



U15



Separation of a Multicomponent

Mixture


U15



Slide 27

WU15 methods can be combined:hetergenous solution. filter it first to get the sand out then distill water to get the salt out Windows User, 9/16/2011



Elements and Compounds

Summary of the Classification System for

Matter:

Matter & Change Notes

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