Mathias Fraaß, Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin...
Transcript of Mathias Fraaß, Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin...
InhouseSmartGrid
M2M between HVAC appliances
ETSI M2M Workshop, Mandelieu/France, 2013/11/5-7
TOPICS:
ENERGETICAL ASPECTS OF HVAC
THERMAL HOUSEHOLD OF A BUILDING
INHOUSE SMART GRID AND M2M
Mathias Fraaß, Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin
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InhouseSmartGrid
ΣQM
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μP Bus I/O ... μP Bus I/O ...PowerCircuits Controller Controller
Today`s Building Automation and Control (BAC)
ATTRIBUTES
▪ lifetime of plants and controllers up to 30 years
▪ steady processes under fixed control regime
STAKEHOLDERS
▪ BAC manufacturers, operators used to a certain BAC
▪ Building owners want interoperability → BACnet.
▪ Service providers (e.g. monitoring) need open data.
▪ Users want to access BAC with their smartphone.
▪ Manufacturers of advanced HVAC appliances needflexible communication beyond a fixed regime
MANAGEMENT
AUTOMATION
FIELD
M
MM
KL02
KL01
LÜ2
LÜ1FIL LH1 LK1 LH2 DB
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Why HVAC has to advanceDISTRIVUTION OF SITE ENERGY EU 2010 (BDH)
THERMAL ENERGY
▪ 35% of site energy in the EU
▪ HVAC is a key technology.
ROOM HEATING
▪ 30% of site energy in the EU
▪ mainly done by combustion
▪ crucial point: fuel consumption
Buildings41%
Industrial Sector28%
Transportations31%
Electrical 15%
Thermal85%
CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS
▪ high and increasing
DHW 15%
RoomHeating
85%
RoomHeating
30%
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Exploitation Rates of Fuels in Room Heating
BOILERS
CENTRAL POWER PLANTS
ELECTRICAL HEAT PUMPS
enhanced
THERMAL OUTCOME
▪ Combustion in domestic power stations, exploitation < 100%
▪ Central power plants/heat pumps/district heating, exploitation > 200%
DOMESTIC POWER STATIONS
33..50%Fuel
95%Fuel
Fuel 28..35%
Power Plant
83%
Heat Pump
250%33%
50% 200%400%
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InhouseSmartGrid
Distribution of Energy Sources
SITE ENERGY (Germany 2011)
87,5%Fossil and Nuclear
Biomass8,5%
4%
SOLAR ENERGY
▪ neither by biomass nor by solar generated electric energy
▪ any kind of fuel to be substituted by solar energy
▪ heating and cooling aggregates only at peak load
▪ advanced methods of using the environment
2,0% Wind Energy
0,7% Water Energy0,8% Photovoltaics0,5% Solar- and Geothermics
SUSTAINABLE HEATING AND COOLINGSolar
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Advanced Methods - Buffering
▪ more important for heating
▪ suitable mainly in industrialized countries
▪ large extra storages needed
▪ not state of the art – technical challenge
16..26°C
SEASONAL DIURNAL
▪ more important for cooling
▪ suitable even in extreme climates (desert)
▪ concrete inside the building is sufficient
▪ feasable with today‘s appliances
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tsid
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Year Day
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Basic Principles of Buffering
STORAGES
STORED ENERGY (EXERGY)
20°C 50°C
Anergy Exergy
20°C 28°C
PRINCIPLES
1. Large capacities
2. Low energy demand
3. Low temperatures of heating systems
45°C 23°CHigh temperature Low exergy Low temperature High exergy
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Using 23°C
23°C
21,3°C20°C
3K 2K20°C
22°C20°C
23°C
22,9°C
22,8°C20°C
2,9K3K
THICK TUBES CAPILLARY TUBES
▪ conventional heating floor
▪ thick tubes deep in the plaster
▪ suitable for heat pumps
▪ advanced thermoactive slab
▪ capillary tubes (mats) below the finish
▪ suitable for advanced HVAC methods
13W/m²
28W/m²
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Advanced Methods / Harvesting
▪ today‘s coverage of consumption: 2..5%
▪ better coverage with 23°C being exploitable
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING WITH SHIFTING
▪ shortening of heating period (<10 months)
▪ feasable, if 23°C gains high heat flow
ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING
23°C 23°C
Q
Q Q
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.2 0.3 0.40.1
Combined Methods / Harvesting and Buffering
OUTSIDE CONDITIONS (GERMANY)
WET BULB:
17 °C
HYBRID COOLER
free and adiabaticcooling
HYBRID SLAB
24°C
16°C
24°C
21°C
Background matbuffering from free coolingduring the night
Foreground matdirect Cooling mainly fromadiabatic cooling
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Combined Methods / Harvesting and Shifting
VARIABLE INSULATION ACTIVE INSULATION
12°C 13°C
23°C 28°C26°C
-10°C
20°C5°C
-5°C
▪ good insulation is a winter coat in the summer
▪ buildings cannot chill out in the night
▪ room temperature increases daily
▪ variable insulation pulls off the coat
▪ suitable for monolithic walls
▪ low temperatures from solar collectors in winter
▪ raise of temperature profile in the wall
▪ lower transmission loss
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Temperature Household
LONG TIME BUFFERING
FREE AND ADIABATIC COOLING
SHORT TIME BUFFERING
VARIABLE INSULATION
ACTIVE INSULATION
SOIL COOLING
SOLAR HEATING
SPATIAL SHIFTING
▪ organs: decentral HVAC components working together
▪ bloodstream: heat transport by (capillary) tubing
▪ nerveous system: communication beyond conventional BAC
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Requirements for Inhouse Smart Grids
▪ No steady processes, building behaviour and weather conditions relevant.
▪ Components (collector, insulation, …) become players in an interaction.
▪ Collector offers an energy supply, insulation claims an energy demand.
▪ Solar collector could also deliver energy to room heating or buffers.
▪ Insulation could also get energy from soil collectors or buffers.
▪ Which is the best supply, which ist the most urgent demand on the market?
▪ Components must become smart appliances making their own decisons.
▪ Additional data, BIM support and advanced status information are needed.
E.G. ACTIVE INSULATION ALONG WITH SOLAR COLLECTOR
Insulation
Solar Collector
M2M App.
M2M App.
dIA
dIA
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Requirements for Semantics in M2M Ontology
PRINCIPLES
▪ multilayer: different layers, transition from machines (device A, input 1) to things (room D127)
▪ abstraction: semantics used to establish a common taxonomy (site, room, indoor temperature …)
▪ interactions: smart appliances work together based on common abstract termes (supply, demand …)
Anatomy
Availability
Operations
Presentation
Proceedings
Transactions
THINGS
MACHINES
plug (machines): who is?, connectivity, …
get status information: mode, charge control, …
play (machines): read inputs, write outputs, set values, …
plug (things): room, solar collector, location …
play (things): status informations, interactions of things
market: supplies, demands, contracts
REQUIREMENTS
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Conclusions
▪ HVAC is a key technology for thermal energy turnaround.
▪ Advanced HVAC uses solar energy to a maximum extend, aggregates run only at peak load.
ENERGETICAL ASPECTS OF HVAC
▪ Technical processes are replaced by balance processes, which relate to weather and building behaviour.
▪ Thermal household needs systems which transports heat even at low temperature differences.
THERMAL HOUSEHOLD
INHOUSE SMART GRID
▪ Fixed regime is replaced by a market with supplies and demands of the involved smart appliances.
▪ Communication requirements are beyond conventional BAC, M2M and semantics are needed.