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Materials Sci ence & Technolog y

Environmental impact of ICTA conceptual framework and some strategic recommendations

Prof. Dr. Lorenz M. HiltyTechnology and Society Lab (TSL)Technology and Society Lab (TSL)Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and ResearchSt. Gallen, Switzerland

www.empa.ch/tsl

Hilfe2

Dias nummer 1

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Materials Sci ence & Technolog yProblem:Problem:Society is overusing the services provided by Nature What is the role of ICT?by Nature What is the role of ICT?

ICT is a necessary ICT is part of theICT is a necessary part of the solution

ICT is part of the problem

Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 2

Materials Sci ence & Technolog yConceptual Framework

ICT as part of the l ti

ICT as part of the bl

Conceptual Framework

solution

T h l1stProduction

Life cycle

problem

Technology Making more from less ordereffects[direct]

enables

Use

End-of-life treatment

yof ICT hardware

ApplicationOptimization effects

Substitution effects

2ndordereffects

Induction effects

Societal Deep structuralh t d

3rd

[indirect]enables

Rebound effectsSocietalchange

change toward a dematerialized economy

ordereffects[systemic]

New critical infrastructure




ICT as part of the blsolution

T h l1stProduction

Life cycle

problem


enables

Use


yof ICT hardware



2ndordereffects

Induction effects


3rd

[indirect]enables






Materials Sci ence & Technolog yMaking More from LessMaking More from Less

Moore‘s La (S M 2005)Moore‘s Law (Source: Mattern, 2005)

Moore‘s Law in terms of energyffi iefficiency (Source: Mattern, 2005)

If other industries would make the same progress in efficiency…


If other industries would make the same progress in efficiency…




T h l1stProduction

Life cycle

problem


enables

Use


yof ICT hardware



2ndordereffects

Induction effects


3rd

[indirect]enables






Materials Sci ence & Technolog yThe Life Cycle of ICT Hardware

ICT Services

The Life Cycle of ICT Hardware

ICT Services

ProductionPhase

UsePhase

End-of-lifePhase

DesignPhase ResiduesResources

Recycling

Life Cycle of an ICT product

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies calculate the relevant environmental impacts of the life cycle per functional unit.


Materials Sci ence & Technolog ySome Results from LCA StudiesSome Results from LCA Studies

‘Desktop PC Production’ to ‘1 year of use’ is ~ 3:1 forDesktop PC Production to 1 year of use is 3:1 for energy and ~ 6:1 for aggregated environmental impacts under Chinese conditions (Eugster et al. 2007)

The environmental impacts of a 2G mobile phone t k d i t d b th hnetwork are dominated by the use phase

(Scharnhorst et al. 2005)

Recycling of WEEE (e-waste) clearly pays off in environmental terms due to the metals recoveredenvironmental terms due to the metals recovered, saving energy otherwise used for their primary production (Hischier et al. 2005)


p ( )


Impact of recovering secondary materials from e-waste (from collection to final materials)

Impact of primary production of the same materials and e-waste incineration

Acidification

5.00E+05

Climate Change

6.00E+07

collection to final materials) incineration

5.00E+05

0

Colle

ction

&Di

sman

tling

Batte

ries

Met

als

Cable

s

Scre

ens

Print

ed W

iring

Boar

d

Othe

rm

ater

ials

subs

titut

eden

ergy

g SO

2-eq

.

2.00E+07

2.00E+07

ollec

tion

&sm

antlin

g

Batte

ries

Met

als

Cable

s

Scre

ens

ted

Wirin

gBo

ard

Othe

rm

ater

ials

ubst

itute

den

ergy

CO

2-eq

.

1.50E+06

1.00E+06

kg

1.00E+08

6.00E+07

Co Dis

Print B s

kg C

2.00E+06 1.40E+08

Eutrophication

4.00E+04

Photochemical Oxidation

2.00E+04

4 00E+04

0

Colle

ction

&Di

sman

tling

Batte

ries

Met

als

Cable

s

Scre

ens

nted

Wirin

gBo

ard

Othe

rm

ater

ials

subs

titut

eden

ergy

O4-

eq. 1.00E+04

Colle

ction

&Di

sman

tling

Batte

ries

Met

als

Cable

s

Scre

ens

Print

ed W

iring

Boar

d

Othe

rm

ater

ials

subs

titut

eden

ergy

lene

-eq.

8.00E+04

4.00E+04 C D

Prin

kg P

O

4.00E+04

P

kg e

thyl


1.20E+05 7.00E+04

Source: Hischier et al.: Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective? Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25, 2005.

Materials Sci ence & Technolog yComposition of E Waste (WEEE)Composition of E-Waste (WEEE)

Ferrous Metals 39 1 %Ferrous Metals 39.1 %Non-Fe Metals (Aluminium, Copper, Silver, Gold…) 21.0 %Plastics 14 2 %Plastics 14.2 %CRT Glass 13.4 %Mixed Materials with Plastics 5 8 %Mixed Materials with Plastics 5.8 %Cables 2.2 %Printed Circuit Boards 1 9 %Printed Circuit Boards 1.9 %Others 1.6 %Hazardous Fractions 0 8 %

Source: Empa

Hazardous Fractions 0.8 %



Source: Empa Source: Empa

S E


Source: EmpaSource: Empa

Materials Sci ence & Technolog yInformal E-waste Recycling: Copper Extraction Process

(Source: Empa)

Manual extraction of copper from printed wiring boards in Delhi, India. Typical backyard compan ith 12 orkers Yield 1 2 tons/month

(Source: Empa)


company with 12 workers. Yield: 1-2 tons/month

Materials Sci ence & Technolog yInformal E-waste Recycling: Gold Extraction Process





T h l1stProduction

Life cycle

problem


enables

Use


yof ICT hardware



2ndordereffects

Induction effects


3rd

[indirect]enables






Materials Sci ence & Technolog yEffects of ICT ApplicationEffects of ICT Application

T i l b d f h i ICT i tTerminology borrowed from research in ICT impactson traffic:

Optimization effect: ICT optimizes traffic processes

Substitution effect: ICT-based processes replace trafficSubstitution effect: ICT-based processes replace traffic

Induction effect: ICT creates traffic demand

We generalize this terminology to all ICT applicationswhich influence environmentally relevant processesy p



ServicesLife Cycle of Any Product:

ProductionPhase

End-of-lifePhase

UsePhasePhase Phase

DesignPhase ResiduesReso rces

Induction

Phase

Phase ResiduesResources

Optimization

Life Cycle of ICT Product:

SubstitutionOptimization

ICT Services

ProductionPhase

End-of-lifePhase

UsePhasePhase Phase

DesignPhase ResiduesReso rces

Phase


Phase ResiduesResources

Materials Sci ence & Technolog ySome Unused Optimization PotentialsSome Unused Optimization Potentials

Save 3-6% of total energy consumption under EuropeanSave 3 6% of total energy consumption under European conditions by intelligent control of room temperature (IPTS 2004)

Use ICT for demand side management (DSM) by shifting electrical laods to cope with fluctuating energy sources (such as wind and solar power), e.g. for fridges(Stadler et al 2008)(Stadler et al. 2008)


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yUnused Substitution PotentialsUnused Substitution Potentials

Videoconferencing equipment is not used becauseVideoconferencing equipment is not used because

eye contact does not workeye contact does not work

WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See)WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See)does not work


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yThe virtual squintThe virtual squint

The normal case





T h l1stProduction

Life cycle

problem


enables

Use


yof ICT hardware



2ndordereffects

Induction effects


3rd

[indirect]enables






Materials Sci ence & Technolog yFrom the Agricultural to the Industrial Society

Resource

From the Agricultural to the Industrial Society

flow

today

yesterdayyesterday(before the steam machine was invented)

Labourintensity


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yFrom the Industrial to the Information Society

Informationi t it

SustainableI f ti

UnsustainableInformation

From the Industrial to the Information Society

intensity

tomorrow

InformationSociety

InformationSociety

d ?

Resource

today ?

Labour

flowyesterday


Labourintensity




T h l1stProduction

Life cycle

problem


enables

Use


yof ICT hardware



2ndordereffects

Induction effects


3rd

[indirect]enables






Materials Sci ence & Technolog yRebound EffectsRebound Effects

Ti S i i ti ti l t d dTime-Saving innovations stimulate demand

Software Bloat: Software-Induced Hardware Obsolescence (SIHO)

Miniaturization ParadoxMiniaturization Paradox


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yThe Miniaturization ParadoxThe Miniaturization Paradox

Moore‘s Law in physical terms Moore‘s Law in economic termsy

hip

S-$

stor

s / C

hG

SC

ALE

/ 100

0 U

SG

SC

ALE

Tran

sis

LOG

MIP

S /

LOG

Source: Brunner, 2005

exponential growth of performance per chip

double exponential growthof performance per moneyperformance per chip of performance per money

Hardware is getting cheaper faster than it is getting smaller!


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yNew Critical InfrastructureNew Critical Infrastructure

S i t i i i l d d t ICT i f t tSociety is increasingly dependent on ICT infrastructure

ICT infrastructure is complex and vulnerableICT infrastructure is complex and vulnerable

ICT has pervaded other infrastructures (such asICT has pervaded other infrastructures (such as transport, energy, finance, national security)

Both cyber terrorists and providers of cyber security may concentrate too much power for a free society


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yRecommendations toRecommendations to …

Individual usersIndividual users

OrganizationsOrganizations

Data CentersData Centers

H d d lHardware developers

S ft d lSoftware developers


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yIndividual UsersIndividual Users

Use ICT as a means to a defined endUse ICT as a means to a defined end.Don’t let your goals be biased by technological products. Be reluctant against technological determinism and techno-paternalism.

Extend the service life of your ICT hardware to an extreme.Each month or year of additional service saves considerable amountsEach month or year of additional service saves considerable amounts of energy and scarce materials.

E l t l f i t l ll b ti d dExplore new styles of virtual collaboration and reducetravel.

Demand and use “green computing” features:Power management, energy-efficient software.


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yOrganizationsOrganizations

U thi li t l tiUse thin-client solutions.This may save > 50% of the energy in the use phase.

(Fraunhofer UMSICHT, 2008).( , )

Support environmentally conscious behavior of yourSupport environmentally conscious behavior of your employees.Don’t force them to use new software rendering operational hardware obsolete s pport irt al collaborationobsolete; support virtual collaboration.

Implement intelligent room temperature managementImplement intelligent room temperature management.Install IP thermostats and try to use existing information such as room reservations to optimize your HVAC system; it may even make sense t l d d th f t d t


to use personal agendas and weather forecasts as data sources.

Materials Sci ence & Technolog yData CentersData Centers

Virtualize hardware resources er

Virtualize hardware resources.This makes it possible to pool hardware capacities and toreduce the total capacity that has to be installed. t i

st p

owe

year

s

Use the most energy efficient servers and powersupplies C

ente

r cu

half

in 3

y

supplies.

Optimize air conditioning by precise control and by an D

ata

Cm

ptio

n to

h 2

007)

Optimize air conditioning by precise control and by changing the layout of the data center for optimal air flow. A

Ger

ma

cons

um(R

osso

l

Utilize waste heat for space heating.

s sa

ved

n m

ore

rgy


This

even

ene

Materials Sci ence & Technolog yHardware developers

A id t i t

Hardware developers

Avoid toxic components.Toxic components of ICT hardware such as lead, mercury, cadmium and brominated flame retardants are the main barrier to efficient recycling.They either cause high costs in formal (industrial) recycling or endanger people and the environment in informal (backyard) g p p ( y )recycling.

Reduce the variety of materials.Most materials used in small portions will not be recoverable

they are irreversibly dissipated. y y p

Exploit energy harvesting/scavanging techniques


Materials Sci ence & Technolog yMetals used in electronicsMetals used in electronics


Source: Behrendt et al. (2007) 57 elements

Materials Sci ence & Technolog ySoftware developers

A id ft i d d h d b l (SIHO)

Software developers

Avoid software-induced hardware obsolescence (SIHO).As a software developer you should be aware that relying on the availability of cheap hardware capacity on the user’s side is ecologically expensive, because it boosts hardware flow.

Avoid ‘unmastered complexity’ (E W Dijkstra)Avoid unmastered complexity (E. W. Dijkstra).Cope with the variety of user needs by conceptual clarity. Even an infinite variety can be generated from a finite set of well-defined

f f fconcepts and principles. If software functionality were presented in an ‘axiomatic’ style instead of an ‘additive’ style, its complexity would be masterable.



Features:Same functionality !Same functionality !Needs only half working memory !Doesn‘t clutter your display with rubbish !Doesn t clutter your display with rubbish !Runs faster even on older processors !Doesn‘t require more disk space than the older version !Doesn‘t require more disk space than the older version !Lets you work much longer with the same battery capacity !



Further Reading

"Minimizing air travel is the only way to reduce the environmental load of a conference significantly.“(p. 553):Hischier, R.; Hilty, L. M.: Environmental Impacts of an I t ti l C f E i t l I t

"The life cycle of electronics has to be improved significantly if we are to avoid an accelerated loss of scarce raw materials and emission of toxics into the environment." (p. 433):Hilt L M El t i W t A E i Ri k?International Conference. Environmental Impact

Assessment Review, Vol. 22, Issue 5, 2002, 543-557 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255%2802%2900027-6

"ICT has a high potential impact on the rational use of

Hilty L. M.: Electronic Waste – An Emerging Risk? Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Vol. 25, ssue 5, 2005, 431-435 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.002

heating energy.“ (p. 1628):Hilty, L. M.; Arnfalk, P.; Erdmann, L.; Goodman, J.; Lehmann, M.; Wäger, P.: The Relevance of Information and Communication Technologies for Environmental Sustainability – A Prospective Simulation Study.

“Consumption of scarce raw materials for the production of electronics and the energy consumption of stationary ICT infrastructure may increase sharply.“ (p. 872):Hilty L. M.; Som C.; Köhler A.: Assessing the Human, Social and Environmental Risks of Pervasive Computing.Sustainability A Prospective Simulation Study.

Environmental Modelling & Software, 21 (11) 2006, 1618-1629 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.05.007

"The environmental impacts of a 2G mobile phone network are dominated by the use phase " (p 560):

Social and Environmental Risks of Pervasive Computing. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 10(5) 2004, 853-874 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807030490513874

"ICT-related decisions under uncertainty should favour lower complexity over higher complexity open standardsnetwork are dominated by the use phase." (p. 560):

Scharnhorst, W.; Althaus, H.-J.; Classen, M.; Jolliet, O.; Hilty, L. M.: The End-of-life Treatment of Second Generation Mobile Phone Networks: Strategies to Reduce the Environmental Impact. Environmental Impact

lower complexity over higher complexity, open standards over proprietary standards, and adapting the technology to humans over adapting humans to the technology.“ (p. 796):Som, C.; Hilty, L. M.; Ruddy, T.: The Precautionary

Assessment Review, Vol. 25, Issue 5, 2005, 540-566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.005

Principle in the Information Society. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 10(5) 2004, 787-799 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1080703049051380

New book (June 2008):


More publications available at http://www.empa.ch/tslInformation Technology and Sustainability by L. M. HiltyISBN: 9783837019704

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