Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture

Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture

By

Mahmoud M. Farag

Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture By Mahmoud M. Farag This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Mahmoud M. Farag All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4471-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4471-0

To

Penelope, Sherif, Sophie, Eamon, Hisham, Nadia and Nadine

CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................ xi

List of Tables ........................................................................................ xxxii

Preface ................................................................................................. xxxiii

Introduction .......................................................................................... xxxv Chapter 1 .................................................................................................... 1 Interrelationship between Concept, Design, Materials and Processes

1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Changing Nature of Sculpture 1.3 Uses of Sculpture 1.4 The Role of the Sculptor 1.5 Design of Sculpture: Form 1.6 Design of Sculpture: Geometrical Aspects 1.7 Design of Sculpture: Materials and Processing Aspects 1.8 Appreciation and Appraisal of Modern Sculpture 1.9 Discussion and Reflection on the Kiss

Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 22 Historical Overview: Dawn of History to Neoclassism

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Prehistoric Sculpture 2.3 Ancient Egypt 2.4 Ancient Near and Far East 2.5 Ancient Greece and Rome 2.6 India 2.7 China and Japan 2.8 Africa 2.9 The Americas 2.10 Islam 2.11 Early Christian, Byzantine and Gothic 2.12 Renaissance 2.13 Baroque and Rococo 2.14 Neoclassism

Contents

viii

Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 68 Historical Overview: Nineteenth to Twenty First Centuries

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nineteenth Century 3.3 First Half of the Twentieth Century: The Advent of Modernism 3.4 Cubism 3.5 Dadaism 3.6 Futurism 3.7 Constructivism 3.8 Surrealism 3.9 Abstraction 3.10 Post Second World War 1945–70 3.11 Pop-Art Sculpture 3.12 Minimalist Sculpture 3.13 Hyperrealism 3.14 Land Art: Environmental Sculpture 3.15 Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries

Chapter 4 ................................................................................................ 104 Overview of Material Properties and Process Capabilities for Sculpture

4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Work of the Sculptor 4.3 Strength, Stiffness, Hardness and Toughness of Materials 4.4 General Characteristics of Metals and Their Processes 4.5 General Characteristics of Traditional Carving Materials: Stone

and Wood and Their Processes 4.6 General Characteristics of Traditional Modelling and Casting

Nonmetallic Materials: Clay, Plaster, Synthetic Stone, Ceramics and Glass and Their Processes

4.7 General Characteristics of Plastics and Composites 4.8 Finishing Processes 4.9 Economics of Materials and Processes 4.10 Recommended Combinations of Materials and Processes 4.11 Discussion and Reflection on the Sculpture of a Horse

Chapter 5 ................................................................................................ 133 Traditional Carving Materials: Hard Stone, Marble, Sandstone, Limestone, Wood

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Granite and Basalt 5.3 Marble

Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture ix

5.4 Sandstone 5.5 Limestone 5.6 Alabaster 5.7 Stone Carving Techniques 5.8 Wood 5.9 Occupational Health and Safety in Carving 5.10 Economics of Stone and Wood Sculpture 5.11 Discussion and Reflection on Basalt and Wooden Sculptures

Chapter 6 ................................................................................................ 150 Traditional Modelling and Casting Materials: Plaster, Clay, Ceramic, Glass and Concrete

6.1 Introduction 6.2 Modelling and Casting Processes and Tools 6.3 Plaster 6.4 Clay and Ceramics 6.5 Glass 6.6 Cement and Concrete 6.7 Economics of Modelled and Cast Concrete Sculpture 6.8 Discussion and Reflection on a Concrete Sculpture

Chapter 7 ................................................................................................ 168 Steel Sculpture

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Grades of Steel 7.3 Shapes, Sizes and Finishing of Steel Products 7.4 Processing of Steel Sculpture 7.5 Economics of Steel Sculpture 7.6 Discussion and Reflection on a Stainless Steel Sculpture

Chapter 8 ................................................................................................ 183 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Copper, Brass and Bronze 8.3 Aluminum and Magnesium and Their Alloys 8.4 Zinc, Lead and Tin and Their Alloys 8.5 Gold, Silver and Platinum 8.6 Economics of Nonferrous Sculpture 8.7 Discussion and Reflection on Sculptures of Reclining Figures

Contents

x

Chapter 9 ................................................................................................ 197 Plastics and Composite Materials

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Characteristics of Plastics 9.3 Characteristics of Composite Materials 9.4 Processing of Plastics and Composite Materials 9.5 Artworks in Plastics and Composites 9.6 Economics of Making Sculpture from Plastics and Composites 9.7 Discussion and Reflection on FRPC and Bronze Sculptures

Chapter 10 .............................................................................................. 218 Constructions, Installations, Combines and Assemblages

10.1 Introduction 10.2 Public Sculpture 10.3 Constructions and Assemblages 10.4 Combines 10.5 Installations 10.6 Light Art 10.7 Environmental Art 10.8 Discussion and Reflection on an Installation

Chapter 11 .............................................................................................. 238 New Materials and Processes

11.1 Introduction 11.2 Shape Memory Materials 11.3 Smart Materials 11.4 Eco-Friendly Materials 11.5 Ice Sculpture 11.6 Sand sculpture 11.7 Translucent Concrete 11.8 Metamaterials 11.9 CAD/CAM Systems 11.10 Additive Manufacturing 11.11 Virtual Reality in Sculpture

Bibliography and Further Reading ......................................................... 254 Glossary .................................................................................................. 260

LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter 1 Fig. 1-1 Auguste Rodin (1840–1917), The Kiss from different angles, original marble 1898, this bronze was cast in 1902, 182.9 cm, Jardin des Tuileries, Paris, France, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, public domain, photos, left to right, by

1. Vassil, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6562779, 2. I, Yair Haklai, 2007, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4100534, 3. Vassil, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6562754

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_the_Jardin_des_Tuileries#/media/File:Tuileries_Rodin_Le_Baiser_120409_4.jpg

Fig. 1-2 Louise Bourgeois (1911–2010), Maman, the mother, 1999, steel with white and grey marble in the egg sac beneath the head, 927 x 891 x 1024 cm (30 ft. high and 33 ft. wide), weight about 3660 kg., Creative Commons stock photo, license: CC 0, public domain, Dreamstime.com, Image ID 109921496.

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/brown-wooden-spider-formed-statue-photography-public-domain-image-free-109921496

Fig. 1-3 Ganymede feeding the eagle, Roman relief, 1st Century BCE, after a Greek original, marble, 58 x 44 cm (c. 23 x 17 in.) the State Hermitage Museum, Inv. No. A.195, Saint Petersburg, photo by Chatsam, 2015. Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_reliefs_of_Ganymede#/media/File:Ermitage_Relief_of_Ganymede_and_the_eagle.JPG

Fig. 1-4 Sunken relief, ancient Egypt, 1400 BCE, Luxor, Egypt, Dreamstime® Free Stock Photos, public domain,

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/relief-sculpture-ancient-history-art-public-domain-image-free-114296706

List of Figures

xii

Fig. 1-5 Barbara Hepworth, St. Ives, Cornwall, photo by Malivsey, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0

Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/e0fd1eed-fcc1-44fe-9fc1-60605ed8347b

Fig. 1-6 Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Dancer Looking at the Sole of Her Right Foot (Fourth State), bronze, modelled before ca. 1895–1900, cast 1920, 46.4 x 24.4 x 17.1 cm (18-1/4 x 9-5/8 x 6-3/4 in.), Metropolitan Museum of Art, H.O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H.O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.377, public domain,

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196446?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=open+access+sculpture+degas&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=13

Fig. 1-7 Alfred Gilbert (1854–1934), Eros, cast aluminum alloy, Piccadilly Circus, London, England, UK, photo by Diego Delso, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuente_Eros,_Piccadilly_Circus,_Londres,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-11,_DD_159.JPG

Fig. 1-8 Aristide Maillol (1861–1944), The Three Graces, 1930, lead, in Jardins du Carrousel, Paris, France, photo by Coyau, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_the_Jardins_du_Carrousel#/media/File:Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_(Tuileries)_01.jpg

Fig. 1-9 Ossip Zadkine, The Destroyed City,1953, bronze, height 6.5 m (21 ft.), photo by Rogier Bos at Dutch Wikipedia, 2005, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Zadkine_rb_I.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_the_Jardins_du_Carrousel#/media/File:Les_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_by_Aristide_Maillol_(Tuileries)_01.jpg

Fig. 1-10 Anish Kapoor, Cloud gate, 2006, stainless steel, 10 × 13 × 20 m (33 × 42 × 66 ft.), Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinoi, USA. Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/cloud-gate-public-domain-image-free-117689040

Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xiii

Fig. 1-11 Jordi Raga, The Kiss, limestone, 80 x 40 x 40 cm., Salazar Spain, 2004, photo by J Raga Frances, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0

Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/c822b337-0774-416c-9ef2-1187d807a136

Chapter 2 Fig. 2-1: Venus of Willendorf, 11.1 cm, limestone, found in Austria and dates back to 28,000–25,000 BCE, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria, photo by Matthias Kabel, 2007, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.5

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf#/media/File:Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg

Fig. 2-2 “Sleeping Lady” of Hal Saflieni, 3100 BCE, terracotta, National Museum of Archaeology of Malta, photo by Hamelin de Guettelet, 2008, Creative Commons, license: CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sleeping_Lady_Hal_Saflieni.jpg

Fig. 2-3 Great Sphinx of Giza, Egypt, c. 2558–2532 BCE, reclining mythical figure with the body of a lion and the head of a human facing from west to east, cut from the limestone bedrock, length 73 m (240 ft.), width 19 m (62 ft.), height 20.2 m (66.3 ft.), Creative Commons, license: CC 0

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/great-sphinx-giza-public-domain-image-free-95109088

Fig. 2-4 Portraits of the Pharaoh Rameses II, 19th Dynasty, 1257 BCE, Abu Simbel, Egypt, each of the portraits is 20 m (66 ft.) high, photo from Dreamstime.com, ID 134765336, © Publicdomainphotos, Creative Commons, license: CC 0

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/historic-site-mortuary-temple-egyptian-temple-ancient-history-public-domain-image-free-134765336

Fig. 2-5 Bust of Queen Nefertiti, c. 1345 BCE, lime stone and stucco, height: 48 cm (19 in), The Egyptian Museum of Berlin, Germany, Photo by Zserghei, public domain

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust#/media/File:Nefertiti_berlin.jpg

Fig. 2-6 Seated scribe, from Saqqara, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2500 BCE. Painted limestone, Height: 53.7 cm (21.1 in.); Width: 44 cm (17.3 in.); Thickness: 35 cm (13.7 in.), Musée du Louvre, Paris, accession no. E 3023, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seated_Scribe#/media/File:The_seated_scribe-E_3023-IMG_4267-gradient-contrast.jpg

List of Figures

xiv

Fig. 2-7 Osiris offered by the Astronomer of the House of Amun, Ibeb, Dynasty 21–24, ca. 1070–712 BCE, Leaded bronze; precious-metal leaf; inlays of other materials; wood base with ink or black paint inscription, dimensions without base H. 35 cm (13 3/4 in); W 12.2 cm (4 13/16 in); D 9 cm (3 9/16 in); Base H. 9.5 cm (3 3/4 in); W 13.4 cm (5 1/4 in); D 26.2 cm (10 5/16 in), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Gift of Egypt Exploration Fund, 1903, Accession Number:03.4.11a–d, public domain,

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/547898?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=sculpture%252C+public+domain&offset=80&rpp=20&pos=87

Fig. 2-8 The funerary mask of Tutankhamun, c. 1341–1323 BCE, 54 cm (21 in) tall, 39.3 cm (15.5 in) wide and 49 cm (19 in) deep, made from two layers of gold, a lighter 18.4 karat shade for the face and neck, and 22.5 karat gold for the rest of the mask gold decorated with semi-precious stones, thickness varying from 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in), weight 10.23 kg (22.6 lb), The Egyptian Museum in Cairo, ID Carter no. 256a, photo by Roland Unger, 2016, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_of_Tutankhamun#/media/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg

Fig. 2-9 Bull’s head from ceremonial lyre (c. 2600 BCE), The bull’s head is covered with gold and the eyes are lapis lazuli. Found in the tomb of queen Pu-Abi, the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. The British Museum, London, photo by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0. The photo was changed to B&W in reproduction.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur#/media/File:Bull's_head_of_the_Queen's_lyre_from_Puabi's_grave_PG_800,_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur,_Southern_Mesopotamia,Iraq. The_British_Museum,_London..JPG

Fig. 2-10 Human-headed winged lion (lamassu), Gypsum alabaster, ca. 883–859 BCE, Assyrian, Mesopotamia, excavated at Kalhu (modern Nimrud) from the entrance into king Nimrud’s North-West Palace, height 3.1 m (10 ft. 2 1/2 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Gift of John D. Rockefeller Jr., 1932, Accession Number:32.143.2, public domain.

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/en/art/collection/search/322609

Fig. 2-11 The Kneeling Bull with Vessel (c.3000 BCE) is one of the oldest works of metal sculpture in silver, 16.3 cm (6 3/8 in), from Mesopotamia, has the head and hooves of a bull with the lower half decorated with abstract incised patterns. Metropolitan Museum of Art, MET DT848, Creative Commons, license: CC 0, public domain.

Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xv

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeling_Bull_with_Vessel#/media/File:Kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel_MET_DT848.jpg

Fig. 2-12 The Kroisos Kouros, 530 BCE, 185 cm (6ft 1in), Parian marble, found in Anavyssos (Greece), the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, photo by Mountain, Creative Commons, license: CC 0, public domain.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros#/media/File:Kouros_anavissos.jpg

Fig. 2-13 Discobolus in the National Roman Museum in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, c. 140 AD, marble, After Myron 450 BCE, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38682321

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discobolus#/media/File:Discobolus_in_National_Roman_Museum_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG

Figure 2-14 The Hindu God Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance, Chola period, (c. 1100–1200) CE, copper alloy, 112 cm. (44 in.). Dimensions: H. 68.3 cm (26 7/8 in.); D. 56.5 cm (22 1/4 in.), Southern India, Creative Commons, license: CC0, CC1.0

Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/5a88e632-f765-4d96-a6a1-a7b86c25b932

Fig. 2-15 Celestial dancer (Devata), mid-11th century, sandstone, life-size, Central India, Madhya Pradesh, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, public domain.

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38153?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=public+domain+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=17

Fig. 2-16 Buddha Shakyamuni, 552 AD, Northern Qi Bodhisattva, Changzi-xian, Shanxi, China, photo by Per Honor et Gloria at English Wikipedia – Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Premeditated Chaos using CommonsHelper., public domain, CC 0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17823496

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi#/media/File:NorthernQiBuddha.JPG

Fig. 2-17 Chinese Terracotta worriers (c. 246–208 BCE), photo by Peter Morgan from Nomadic – detail, Terracotta Warriors, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2909770

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army#/media/File:Terracotta_pmorgan.jpg

List of Figures

xvi

Fig. 2-18 Shang dynasty tripode bronze ding vessel, (c. 1600–1046 BCE), photo by: Dinastia shang, 2013, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty#/media/File:Dinastia_shang,_tipode_ding_biansato,_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG

Fig. 2-19 Haniwa horse statuette, complete with saddle and stirrups, 6th century, fired clay, París, Musée Guimet, photo by: Miguel Hermoso Cuest, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haniwa#/media/File:Caballo_Haniwa_Guimet_01.JPG

Fig. 2-20 Tamonten, also called Bishamonten, one of the four heavenly kings, guardian at Todai-ji temple in Nara, Japan, 733 AD, life-size, painted clay, photo by Gilles Desjardins , 2016, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamonten-Bishamonten_-_temple_Todai-ji_-_Nara.jpg

Fig, 2-21 Wooden African Sculpture from Mali. Seated Female Figure (15th–19th century), wood, 102.9 × 22.2 × 27.3 cm (40 1/2 × 8 3/4 × 10 3/4 in.), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1965, Accession Number:1978.412.338, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/310780

Fig. 2-22 Portrait of Queen Mother Idia, 16th Century, Benin, ivory, iron and copper; Height 23.8 cm (9 3/8 in), width 12.7 cm (5 in) depth 8.3 cm (3 ¼ in), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318622?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=commercial+use%2c+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=3

Fig. 2-23 Nok sculpture, (c. 500 AD), Character with chin resting on his knee., Nigeria, terracotta, Height: 38 cm (14.9″); Width: 13 cm (5.1″); Depth: 19 cm (7.4″), Collection of the Louvre Museum, accession number: 70.1998.11.1, public domain

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg

Fig. 2-24 Colossal head labeled as number 1 in the Xalapa’s museum of Anthropology. It is also known as the King. Found in San Lorenzo, Mexico, 1200 to 900 years BCE, 2.9 m high and 2.1 m wide, sandstone, photo by Utilisateur: Olmec, 2006, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0.

Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xvii

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads#/media/File:Cabeza_Colosal_n%C2%BA1_del_Museo_Xalapa.jpg

Fig. 2-25 Toltec warriors, c. 750 AD, sandstone, Tula, Mexico, photo by Luidger, 2004, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0.

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telamones_Tula.jpg

Fig. 2-26 Moai sculptures, ar Rano Raraku, Easter Island, Chile, basalt, photo by Aurbina, 2004, Creative Commons, license: Public Domain,

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133096

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai#/media/File:Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg

Fig. 2-2 7 Mosque Lamp of Amir Qawsun, fourteenth-century Mamluk Cairo, ca. 1329–3, glass gilded and enamelled inscriptions, H 35.9 cm (14 1/8 in.), Diameter 25.6 cm (10 1/16 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Your City, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917, Accession Number:17.190.991, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/447006?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=sculpture%252C+public+domain&offset=140&rpp=20&pos=157

Fig. 2-28 Icon with the Virgin and Child, Byzantine style, mid-10th–mid-11th century, ivory, made probably in Constantinople, 23.4 x 7 x 1.3cm (9 3/16 x 2 3/4 x 1/2in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917, Accession Number:17.190.103, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/463984

Figure 2-29 Gothic sculpture, adoration of the Magi, 14th Century, sculpture by Jacques de Landshut, the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Strasbourg, executed during the years 1494-1505, photo by Rebecca Kennison, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1565173

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art#/media/File:France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg

Figure 2-30 Donatello, David, ca. 1440, Bronze,158 cm., Museo del Bargello, Florenz, photo by Rufus46, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35346488

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Donatello)#/media/File:David,_Donatello,_ca._1440,_Bargello_Florenz-02.jpg

List of Figures

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Fig. 2-31 Michelangelo, David (1501–4), marble, 515 x 199 cm (17 x 6.5 ft.), Galleria dell’ Accademia, Florence, Italy, photo by Jörg Bittner Unna, 2016, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)#/media/File:'David'_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg

Fig. 2-32 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, David, 1623–24, marble, 170 cm (67 in.), Galleria Borghese, Rome, photo by Burkhard Mücke, 2017, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Bernini)#/media/File:Galleria_Borghese_42.jpg

Fig. 2-33 Edme Bouchardon, Cupid carving darts of love from the club of Hercules, c.1744, Marble, 74.3 × 35.56 × 31.75 cm (29 1/4 × 14 × 12 1/2 in.), National Gallery of Art, accession number: 1952.5.93, Samuel H. Kress Collection, open access, Creative Commons, license CC 0.

Link: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19753087#/media/File:Edme_Bouchardon,_Cupid,_1744,_NGA_41708.jpg

Fig. 2-34 François Joseph Bosio, “Hercules fighting Achelous metamorphosed into a snake” (1824), Bronze, H. 2.6 m (8 ft. 6 ¼ in.), W. 2.1 m (6 ft. 10 ½ in.), D. 95 cm (3 ft. 1 ¼ in.), Louvre Museum, France, photo by Urban, 2004, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Hercule_Bosio_Louvre_LL325-1.jpg

Fig. 2-35 Antonio Canova, Psyche Revived by Cupid’s Kiss (1759), Italian, marble, 155 cm × 168 cm (61 in × 66 in), The Louvre Paris, photo by Kimberly Vardeman from Lubbock, TX, USA, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52697014

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_Revived_by_Cupid%27s_Kiss#/media/File:Psyche_revived_by_cupid's_kiss,_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg

Chapter 3 Figure 3-1 Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, Statue of Liberty, New York, Copper sheets on a steel frame built by Gustave Eiffel, 46 meters (about 150 feet) and 93 meters (305 feet) with the base, dedicated in 1886, photo by Elcobbola, 2010, public domain

Materials and Processes of Contemporary Sculpture xix

Link: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg

Fig. 3-2 Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, The Dance, 1865–9, marble, 420x298x145 cm, Façade de l’Opera Garnier, Paris, photo by Benh, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1872759

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_in_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay#/media/File:AllegorieDanse.jpg

Fig. 3-3 Auguste Rodin, The Age of Bronze, modelled in 1876 cast in bronze c.1906, life-size 178 x 59 x 61 cm, Brooklyn Museum, USA, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0

Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/caed3dd2-a0ac-449a-8d1b-21f3db95fb87

Fig. 3-4 Aristide Maillol, The Night, bronze, modelled in 1902, 104.8 x 57.2 x 108 cm (41 1/4 x 22 1/2 x 42 1/2 in.) Stuttgart, photo by Rufus46, 2006, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristide_Maillol_la_nuit_1902-1.jpg

Fig. 3-5 Edgar Degas, Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, 1881, wax body (cast in bronze in 1922) with real ballet slippers, muslin and silk for costume and ribbon, and strands of horse hair for the hair, 97.8 x 43.8 x 36.5 cm, (38 1/2 x 17 1/4 x 14 3/8 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.370, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196439?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=sculpture%2c+public+domain&offset=60&rpp=20&pos=68

Fig. 3-6 Constantin Brancusi, Male Torso, 1917, polished brass, without base: 63.8 x 30.5 x 19.1 cm (25 1/8 x 12 x 7 1/2 in.), Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection 3205.1937, photo by Tim Evanson from Cleveland Heights, Ohio, USA, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Torso_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_2014-11-26_(17840571301).jpg

Fig. 3-7 Otto Gutfreund, Cello Player, bronze, 1912–1913, photo by Ablakok, 2017, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59076490

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cubist_sculpture#/media/File:Otto_Gutfreund_-_Cello_Player.jpg

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Fig. 3-8 Joseph Csaky, Tête (Cubist portrait), bronze, 38.5 cm, 1914, photo by Szilas in the Virág Judit Gallery, Budapest (modified by Coldcreation), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67150191

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cubist_sculpture#/media/File:Joseph_Csaky,_1914,_T%C3%AAte_(Cubist_portrait),_bronze,_38.5_cm.jpg

Fig. 3-9 Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz at 291 (art gallery) following the 1917 Society of Independent Artists exhibit, with entry tag visible. NPR arthistory.about.com, public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74693078

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)#/media/File:Marcel_Duchamp,_1917,_Fountain,_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg

Fig. 3-10 Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, cast in bronze 1950, 121.9 x 39.4 x 91.4 cm (48 x 15 1/2 x 36 in.) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Bequest of Lydia Winston Malbin, 1989, Accession Number:1990.38.3, public domain.

Link: https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/ma/original/DT6411.jpg

Fig. 3-11 Vladimir Tatlin and an assistant in front of the model for the Third International, (1919–1920), the monument was intended to be 400 m (1,300 ft.) high, but was never built, Wikipedia, public domain

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatlin%27s_Tower

Fig. 3-12 Naum Gabo, Head No. 2, 1916, enlarged version 1966, CorTen steel, 175.3 x 134 x 122 cm (69 x 52 3/4 x 48 in.), Tate Liverpool, England. photo by Rept0n1x, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19489624

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Naum_Gabo#/media/File:Head_No._2_by_Naum_Gabo,_Tate_Liverpool.jpg

Fig. 3-13 Salvador Dali, Lobster Telephone (1936), materials (steel, plaster, resin, rubber and paper), 178 x 330 x 178 mm, photo by Nasch92, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77785554

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_Telephone#/media/File:Lobster_Telephone_Photo.jpg

Fig. 3-14 Henry Moore, reclining figure, bronze, 1957, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, photo by: malivsey, 2006 Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0

http://www.flickr.com/photos/110500004@N07/14199971096"

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Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/2b8b0e80-5def-4ccc-aac2-4f48aca40b74

Fig. 3-15 Bert Flugelman, cones, stainless steel, 1982, the National Museum of Australia , Canberra photo by John O’Neill 2006, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=799323

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_Garden_of_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia#/media/File:Cones_-_Bert_Flugelman.jpg

Fig. 3-16 David Smith, Cubi VI, stainless steel, 1963, 285 x 75 x 55.5 cm, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Gift of Meshulam Riklis and Judith Stern-Riklis, accession number: B73.0165, photo by Talmoryair (talk), 1965–1906 , public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=706508

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smith_(sculptor)#/media/File:SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG

3-17 Anthony Caro, promenade, painted steel, Yorkshire Sculpture Park/U.K., Photo by Daniel Milner from Pauillac, France, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8834522

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthony_Caro_at_Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park#/media/File:Promenade-_Anthony_Caro.jpg

Fig. 3-18 Louise Bourgeois (1911–2010), Maman, the mother, 1999, steel with white and grey marble in the egg sac beneath the head, 927 x 891 x 1024 cm (30 x 29 x 33 ft.) weight about 3660 kg., Creative Commons stock photo, license: CC 0 Dreamstime.com, Image ID 109921496, public domain

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/brown-wooden-spider-formed-statue-photography-public-domain-image-free-109921496

Fig. 3-19 Louise Nevelson, Dawn’s landscape, painted wood, 1975, photo by smallcurio from Austin, TX, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68144215

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louise_Nevelson#/media/File:Dawn's_Landscape._(23589575130).jpg

Fig. 3-20 Jean Tinguely, Heureka, 1963, steel, rubber and machine parts, Zürichhorn in Zürich-Seefeld, photo by Roland zh, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11704339

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heureka_(Jean_Tinguely)#/media/File:Jean_Tingueley's_Heureka_2010-10-05_17-23-02.JPG

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Fig. 3-21 Jeff Koons, balloon dog, 1994–2000, Stainless steel with 5 different transparent color coatings (Blue, Magenta, Orange, Red, Yellow), 307.3 × 363.2 × 114.3 cm (121 × 143 × 45 in.), photo by mibuchat, Flickr, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0

Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/c68e652d-77e8-45e0-8dc3-416138966c95

Fig. 3-22 Robert Indiana, LOVE, painted steel, 1970, 3.66 x 3.66 x 1.83 m, on the corner of 6th Avenue and 55th Street in Manhattan, NY, reproduced in a series of over 50 editions varying in scale and color starting in 1970 and continuing for several decades in sites around the world, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/love-sculpture-public-domain-image-free-87780567

Fig. 3-23 Sol LeWitt, Tower, 1984, Figge Art Museum, Davenport, Iowa, USA, public domain

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_LeWitt#/media/File:Tower_1984.jpg

Fig. 3-24 Carl Andre, sculpture 43 Roaring forty, 1968, photo by Gerardus, 2008, at KMM in Otterlo/The Netherlands, public domain

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carl_Andre#/media/File:KMM_Andre.JPG

Fig. 3-25 Eva Hesse, Repetition nineteen III, fiberglass and polyester resin,1965, 19 units each 48 to 51 cm height and 27.8 to 32.2 cm diameter (19 to 20 ¼ and 11 to 12 ¾ in.), Museum of Modern Art, New York, photo by Source (WP:NFCC#4), 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42071683,

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Hesse#/media/File:Eva_Hesse_-_Repetition_Nineteen_III.jpg

Fig. 3-26 Seward Johnson, a man asleep on a bench, 1983, painted bronze, life-size, Grounds for Sculpture in Hamilton Township, New Jersey, photo by Ihad Zajdawicz, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain.

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/snoozin-public-domain-image-free-84923001

Fig. 3-27 Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970, dimensions 4.6 × 460 m (15 × 1500 ft.), consists of about 6500 tons of basalt, earth and salt, photo taken from the top of Rozel Point, in 2005 by Soren.harward aten.wikipedia – Transferred from en.wikipedia to Creative Commons, public domain.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Jetty#/media/File:Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png

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Fig. 3-28 Christo and Jeanne-Claude, The floating Piers, 2016. The project consisted of a series of floating pontoons in high density polyethylene anchored to the bottom of the lake, connected two islands in Lake Iseo, Italy, took 2 years to complete, was 4.5 kilometers long and 16 meters wide, and used more than 100,000 square meters of yellow fabric. It was open to the public between 18 June and 3 July 2016, photo by NewtonCourt, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50238213

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Floating_Piers#/media/File:The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799.jpg

Fig. 3-29 Richard Serra, “The Matter of Time”, installation 2005, COR-TEN steel, photo by “Seasickness Enducing Art”, Big Richard C, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0

Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/5f05a6cd-9f57-4177-b20b-585a6a0e7547

Fig. 3-30 Antony Gormley, Angel of the North, 1998, near Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, England, 20 m (66 ft.) tall, with wings measuring 54 m (177 ft.) across, the body weighs 100 tonnes and the wings 50 tonnes each and are made of welded COR-TEN steel on concrete foundations, photo by Picnicin, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_the_North#/media/File:Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png

Chapter 4 Fig. 4-1 Types of welded joints: 1, butt; 2, lap; 3, corner; 4, edge; 5, tee

Fig. 4-2 Edgar Degas, walking horse, modeled in wax before 1885, cast in bronze 1920, 22.5 x 22.2 x 9.2 cm (8-7/8 x 8-3/4 x 3-5/8 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, H.O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H.O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.432, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196501?&searchField=Description&sortBy=Relevance&ft=bronze+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=71

Chapter 5 Fig. 5-1 Granite head of Amunhotep II, showing the grains of the different minerals, 18th Dynasty (c. 1420 BCE), Luxor, Egypt, in Brooklyn Museum, Creative Commons, license CC BY 3.0

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Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/c4bd4ed9-7830-4f5c-b67b-5860d02d1b8f

Fig. 5-2 Basalt statue of Aphrodite, late 1st–early 2nd century A.D., Roman, 42.2 cm (16 5/8in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1928, Accession Number:28.57.6, public domain,

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252958

Fig. 5-3 Jean Antoine Houdon (1741–1828), bust of a child, white marble, 27.3 x 22.5 x 14.9 cm (10 3/4 x 8 7/8 x 5 7/8 in.), 1788, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Bequest of Mary Stillman Harkness, 1950, Accession Number:50.145.66, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/200668?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=marble+sculpture&offset=60&rpp=20&pos=65

Fig. 5-4 Multi-colored sandstone, rock-cut tombs (Kokh) in Petra, Jordan, photo by Etan J. Tal, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12310208

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone#/media/File:PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg

Fig. 5-5 Mahmoud Farag, The conversation, white limestone, 2010, 40 x 20 x 15 cm (16 x 8 x 6 in.), photo by Mahmoud Farag 2019.

Fig. 5-6 Ancient Egyptian Canopic jars, alabaster, c. 1000 BCE, in the Museo archeologico nazionale (Florence), photo by Sailko, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canopic_jars#/media/File:Epoca_tarda_o_tolemaica,_oggetti_funerari_da_el_hibeh,_664-30_ac_ca._02_canopi.JPG

Fig, 5-7 Heiltsuk (Bella Bella). House Post, from a Set of Four, 19th century. Cedar wood, 248.9 x 89.5 x 44.5cm (98 x 35 1/4 x 17 1/2in.), Waglisla (Bella Bella), British Columbia, Canada, Brooklyn Museum, Museum Expedition 1911, Museum Collection Fund, 11.700.1. Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 11.700.1_installation_SL1.jpg, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 3.0

Link: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/9306ef6a-5658-4764-9333-7593606bbecc

Fig. 5-8 Mbembe peoples, Seated Female and Child,15th–17th century, Wood, pigment, resin, nails, 108 × 33 × 24.1cm (42 1/2 ×13 × 9 1/2 in.), Nigeria, The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, New Your City, Accession Number:2010.256, public domain

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Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/320599?&searchField=Description&sortBy=Relevance&ft=wood+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=55

Chapter 6 Fig. 6-1 George Segal, from the “Gay Liberation Monument”, 1992, made of plaster gauze, life-size, Greenwich Village, Manhattan, NY, photo by Polka0505, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62966701

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gay_Liberation_Monument#/media/File:Greenwich_Village,_NY_(2).jpg

Fig. 6-2 Seger cones after use, photo by Tinux,2006, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1163404

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrometric_cone#/media/File:Segerkegel.jpg

Fig. 6-3 Duk-Kyu Ryang, Body and Soul, glass, 2015, in front of the office building of the LVM, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, photo by Dietmar Rabich, 2016, Creative Common, license: CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=File%3AGlass+Sculpture.JPG&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:M%C3%BCnster,_LVM,_Skulptur_-K%C3%B6rper_und_Seele-_--_2016_--_0820.jpg

Fig. 6-4 Dale Chihuly, A complex hanging glass sculpture at Chihuly glass museum, blown glass, photo by Adithyavr, 2017, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=File%3AGlass+Sculpture.JPG&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:Inverterd_glass_sculpture.jpg

Fig. 6-5 Paul Landowski, sculptor, and Heitor da Silva Costa, designer, Christ the Redeemer, detail from a monumental concrete sculpture, commissioned in 1920 and completed 1931, 32 m (98 ft.) tall, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Creative Commons, license: CC0, public domain.

Link: https://www.dreamstime.com/statue-sky-monument-sculpture-public-domain-image-free-135105497

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Fig. 6-6 Sumgayit Vagif Nazirov and architect A. Guliyev, Peace Dove, Concrete, 1978, Sumgayit, Azerbaijan, photo by Qolcomaq, 2017, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57705921

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Dove_(Sumgayit)

Fig. 6-7 Henry Moore sculpture “Reclining Woman”, Green Hornton stone, 1930, exhibited at the National Gallery of Canada, photo by Gbuchana, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC 0, public domain

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore#/media/File:Moore_Reclining_Woman_Ottawa_2015.JPG

Fig. 6-8 John Bridgeman (1916–2004), fish-like sculpture, concrete, 1960, Curtis Gardens, Fox Hollies, Birmingham, UK, photo by Elliott Brown, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bridgeman_play_sculpture,_Birmingham#/media/File:Curtis_Gardens_-_Fox_Hollies_-_Fish-like_sculpture_(4237271598).jpg

Chapter 7 Fig. 7-1 Alexander Calder, three discs (Trois disques), steel plates and structural sections assembled by welding, bolting, riveting and painted, 1967, 21.3 x 22 x 16.25 m, Montreal, Canada, photo by Idej Elixe, 2011, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder#/media/File:Oeuvre_de_Calder.jpg

Fig. 7-2 Detail from Alexander Calder, three discs, Fig. 7-1

Fig 7-3 Bernard Kirschenbaum, Way Four, Stainless steel, 1976, 250 × 220 × 24 cm (100 × 86 × 9.6 in), Lynden Sculpture Garden, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, photo by Gabrielle DuCharme, 2012, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Four#/media/File:WayFour1976.jpg

Chapter 8 Fig. 8-1 Tim Tolkien, Sentinel, anodized aluminum alloy, Spitfire Island, Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, UK, photo by Sisaphus, 2010, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0, https://www.flickr.com/photos/sisaphus/4497757311/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10132907

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Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_(sculpture)#/media/File:Sentinel_sculpture_TimTolkien_02.jpg

Fig. 8-2 Gustav Haug, Spirit of commerce, cast zinc, 1881, height 4.6 m (15 ft.), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, photo by Ilona Gonzalez, 2012, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21610313

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_Commerce#/media/File:SpiritofCommerce1881.jpg

Fig. 8-3 Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, Fontaine Bartholdi, 1892, lead, Lyon, France, photo by Tim069, 2018, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=69854173

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine_Bartholdi#/media/File:Fontaine-bartholdi-restauree.jpg

Fig. 8-4 Fernando Botero (b. 1932), woman with fruit, bronze, c. 1990, Bamberg, Germany, photo by JoachimKohlerBremen, 2013, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Botero#/media/File:%22Liegende_mit_Frucht%22_Skulptur_von_Fernando_Botero_in_Bamberg_-_Deutschland.jpg

Chapter 9 Fig. 9-1 Frederick Hart, Elegy, 1990, acrylic, photo by NotTheRealShaneFontaine, 2018, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hart_(sculptor)#/media/File:Elegy_1990.jpg

Fig. 9-2 John Dubuffet, Monument Au Fantome “Monument to the Phantom”, painted fiberglass, 1983, Discovery Green Park, Houston, Texas, photo by Carol M. Highsmith – Library of Congress, Catalog: http://lccn.loc.gov/2015630415 , image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/highsm/30100/30179a.tif Original url: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/highsm.30179, public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51847917

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_au_Fant%C3%B4me#/media/File:John_Dubuffet's_%22Monument_Au_Fantome%22_sculpture_in_Houston,_Texas's_Discovery_Green_Park._Its_title_means_%22Monument_to_the_Phantom%22_or_imaginary_city,_in_French_LCCN2015630415.tif

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Fig. 9-3 Katharina Fritsch, Cock, fiberglass composite colored bright blue, height 4.72 m (15.5 ft), created 2010, unveiled 2013 in Trafalgar Square, London, UK, photo by Rick Ligthelm from Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hahn/Cock#/media/File:London,_England_(15615977478).jpg

Fig. 9-4 Lawrence Argent, Blue Bear “I See What You Mean”, 2005, 12.2 m (42 ft.), painted fiberglass composite, in front of Colorado Convention Center, photo by: By Carol M. Highsmith – Library of Congress Catalog: http://lccn.loc.gov/2015633445 Image download: https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/highsm/33400/33430a.tif Original url: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/highsm.33430, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51981360

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=Big+blue+bear+sculpture&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:Sculptor_Lawrence_Argent's_big_blue_bear_peers_into_the_Denver,_Colorado,_convention_center_in_a_presentation_that_Argent_calls_%22I_See_What_You_Mean%22_LCCN2015633445.tif

Fig. 9-5 Niki de Saint Phalle (1930–2002), black nana, fiberglass-reinforced polyester, 1999, larger than life-size, photo by Kamahele, 2009, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle#/media/File:St-Phalle_Chur-114.jpg

Fig. 9-6 Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Arabesque Devant, modeled probably before 1890, cast in bronze 1920, 57.2 × 35.2 × 32.4 cm (22 1/2 × 13 7/8 × 12 3/4 in.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, H.O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H.O. Havemeyer, 1929, Accession Number:29.100.385, public domain

Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/196454?&searchField=Description&sortBy=Relevance&ft=bronze+sculpture&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=40

Chapter 10 Fig. 10-1 Detail of Anish Kapoor’s Cloud Gate, shown in Fig. 1-10.

Fig. 10-2 Marco Cianfanelli, Nelson Mandela, made of 50 painted steel columns of height between 6.5 and 9 m (21.5 and 29.7 ft.) anchored to the concrete foundation,

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2012, located near Howick, South Africa, photo by Pat Cullen, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35109699

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Cianfanelli#/media/File:Nelson_Mandela_Capture_Site.jpg

Fig. 10-3 Mario Merz Mario Merz, Igloo di pietra, natural slate,1982, in KMM sculpture park, The Netherlands, photo by Gerardus, 2008, public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4145439

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Igloo_di_pietra_(1982)_by_Mario_Merz#/media/File:KMM_Merz_01.JPG

Fig. 10-4 David Mach, Out of Order, made of 12 old red telephone booths, 1989, commissioned by the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, stands in Old London Road, London, photo by Walter Koscielniak, 2008, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13808395

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mach#/media/File:'Out_Of_Order'_by_David_Mach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1102588.jpg

Fig. 10-5 Bjørn Krogstad, Buksa mi (My pants), combine with a pair of pants on a painted background, 1968, 115 × 105 cm (45.2 × 41.3 in), photo by Bjørn Krogstad in his studio, NAPkjersti, 1968, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18033141

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_painting#/media/File:Bj%C3%B8rn_Krogstad_Buksa_mi.jpg

Fig. 10-6 Phyllida Barlow, Dock, at Tate Britain in 2014, photo by BettyLondon, 2014, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32920694

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllida_Barlow#/media/File:%22dock%22_(2014)_by_Phyllida_Barlow_at_Tate_Britain.jpg

Fig. 10-7 Rachel Whiteread, Embankment, installation consisting of 14,000 casts of the inside of different boxes, Turbine Hall, The Tate Modern, Bankside, London, 2005, photo by Fin Fahey, 2005, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 2.5.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art#/media/File:Whiteread_tate_1.jpg

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Fig. 10-8 Cornelia Parker, Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View, 1991, first shown at the Chisenhale Gallery in Bow, East London, UK, photo by Caroliney76, 1991,Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 4.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Parker#/media/File:Cold_Dark_Matter_.jpg

Fig. 10-9 Maurizio Bolognini, An interactive installation where the viewers can modify the lights by using cell phones, 2008, Art Palace, Cairo, Egypt, photo by V.fanis1, 2010, Creative Commons, license CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11630824

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Bolognini#/media/File:CAIROG.JPG

Fig. 10-10 Willy Tasso and unknown artists of Vanuatu, Wooden sculptures, c. 1970, Sculpture Garden of the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, photo by Bertie Mabootoo from Canberra, Australia, 2007, Creative Commons, license: CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7171362

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_Garden_of_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia#/media/File:NGA_Sculpture_Garden_(429172281).jpg

Fig. 10-11 An art installation, Mad crab, created with waste plastics and similar non-biodegradable wastes at Fort Kochi, photo by Augustus Binu : flickr, 2015, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art#/media/File:Mad_Crab.jpg

Fig. 10-12 Bruce Nauman (b. 1941), “Truncated Pyramid Room”, concrete, 6 x 6 x 6 m, 1982/1998, Lörrach, Germany, photo by Wladyslaw, 2005, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1233221

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Nauman#/media/File:Truncated_Pyramid_Room.jpg`

Chapter 11 Fig. 11-1 Edith Meusnier, Artefact, Bois de Belle Rivière, Québec, 2010, Photo by Edith Meusnier, Creative Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18196084

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art#/media/File:Edith_Meusnier_-_Artefact_-_Bois_de_Belle_Rivi%C3%A8re_-_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_%C3%A9t%C3%A9_2010.jpg