Material Managment..Quality Control

8/3/2019 Material Managment..Quality Control

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QUALITY CONTROL

NAME: SHIVANGI TALATI

ROLL NO. 110

DIV: B

CLASS: SYBMS


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INTRODUCTION

Qualitycontrol is one aspect of production planning and control. It is basically

concerned with quality production. Quality is a combination of characteristics

pertaining to the manufacture of the product and control is the quality of the

product, when the deviations in the product are more than expected. To most

people quality is variable. It is subjectively judged because it deals with the

relative goodness of a product. When a buyer boasts that his house or car is the

best, it implies high quality.

The ultimate aims of quality system should be to enable companies to share thebenefits sensibly and fairly among consumers, employees, and share holders to

raise countries standard of living and to make life better for the world as a whole.

Qualitycontrol uses statistical methods, so it is referred to as statistical quality

control (SQC). The effective implementation of qualitycontrol requires the

participation and cooperation of all the employees at every stage of the companys

activities. They are such as market research, product planning, designing,

purchasing and subcontracting production.

QUALITY requires developing, designing, producing, marketing and servicingproducts and/or service with optimum cost effectiveness and usefulness, which

customer will purchase with satisfaction. To achieve these goals all the parts of a

company top management must work together.

Introducing total quality enables the realization of benefits for everyone i.e.

Management, consumers, employees and shareholders.

Total qualitycontrol is applicable to all the functions:

Quality at work, service, information, process, divisional units, people, system and

company has to be maintained at minimum cost.In order to implement an effective QC program, an enterprise must first decide

which specific standards the product or service must meet. Then the extent of QC

actions must be determined (for example, the percentage of units to be tested

from each lot). Next, real-world data must be collected .


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MEANING OFQUALITYCONTROLQualityControl is an effective system for integrating the quality development,quality maintenance. And quality-improvement efforts of the various groups in an

organization so as to enable marketing, engineering, production and service at the

most economical levels, which allow for full customer satisfaction.

In order to carry on these functions a separate department is created which is

called control department or simply, department of quality. The person who heads

this department carries the title of manager of qualitycontrol, manager of quality

assurance, or chief inspector. The level of qualitycontrol in an organization is

influenced by several factors namely, the quality level of significance (e.g.: food

and pharmaceutical industries), the complexity of manufacturing, and the policy of

customers. Thus, each company must establish a type of organization which best

fulfill its needs. Frequently, the qualitycontrol department is composed of a

quality engineering function, an inspection function, an a laboratory function

Qualitycontrol (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a

manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality

criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. QC is similar to, but

not identical with, The phrase QualityControl is used to cover all those activities

which are directed for Defining, Controlling and Maintaining quality.

In simple words, QualityControl can be defined as:

The operational techniques and the activities that sustain the quality of a product

or service in order to satisfy given requirements. It consists of quality planning,

data collection, data analysis, and implementation.


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OBJECTIVES OFQUALITYCONTROLOBJECTIVES: qualitycontrol is designed to ensure economical production of

products of uniform quality which is acceptable to the customer.Quality controlaims at preventing the defects rather than detecting the defects

1] Establishment of quality standard:

The main objectives of qualitycontrol are the economical production of a high

quality of uniform product at the quality level the customer wants. Qualitycontrol

is basically for eliminating variations in production and in order to have uniformity

in production. So, the firm establishes quality standard to achieve its objective.

2] Locating quality deviations:

It is necessary to analyze the trend and extent of quality deviations in a

manufacturing process. Such deviations should be explained by statistical

techniques when they cannot be attributed to the element of chance. Accordingly

the deviation must be overcome with the help of the quality standard fixed by the

firm at the earlier stage.

3] Evaluation of methods and processes of production:

By evaluating the methods of processes of production, qualitycontrol helps to take

corrective measures to maintain the quality of the product during the

manufacture. And these corrective measures are indeed very important for the

firm so as they can maintain the quality and let it not fall below the standard

4] Quick sales of quality goods:

In todays world, consumers are looking for quality goods and services, so to live up

to the consumers expectation the firm needs to maintain quality. Qualitycontrol

accelerates the sale of the goods by supplying only the quality goods in the market.

Consumers also support quality goods.

5] Production of standard quality goods:

Qualitycontrol aims at manufacturing standard quality goods. Such standard


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quality goods give satisfaction to consumers and also create goodwill in the market.

As explained in the earlier point, that the quality goods makes quick sales, so while

taking this in mind the firm go for production of standard quality goods.

EVOLUTION OFQUALITYCONTROLOPERATOR QUALITYCONTROL

It was applicable during the end of nineteenth century. One worker or a group of

workers were responsible for the manufacture of the entire product and therefore

each worker controlled the quality. Since the worker or groups of workers were

responsible for that particular product, more efficiency was produced. But slowlyit became unpopular and as time progressed another method of qualitycontrol

came into existence.

FOREMAN QUALITYCONTROL

During industrial revolution, foreman or supervisor assumed the responsibility of

qualitycontrol. A production strategy designed to ensure product quality that

involves a foreman responsible for directing a group of employees performing one

set of similar tasks. So it can be said that maintaining quality of a product lied inthe hands of the foreman or supervisor of the firm. The Foreman is responsible

for supervising the inspectors at the site, and reports directly to the highest level

of supervision assigned to the site, and receives daily workload from the manager.

INSPECTION QUALITYCONTROL

Manufacturing system became complex during world war I. this time, full-time

inspectors appeared on the scene to inspect already manufactured products.

QualityControl Inspection is performed to verify quality of materials, parts and

final products. The object of this service is to independently assure that the

activities of a specified project are being performed in accordance with all

contractual specifications, codes and standards or government regulations. This is

verified through checks audits, inspections and witnessing. This service is carried

out completely independently of both the individual manufacturer or sub-


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contractor as well as the purchaser or final user. QualityControl is concerned with

actual measurement or testing or supervision of manufacturers own final product

control, either by inspection of each unit or by sample testing.

STATISTICAL QUALITYCONTROL

It is extension of inspection qualitycontrol. Statistical QualityControl provides

the statistical techniques necessary to assure and improve the quality of products.

Most of the Statistical QualityControl techniques used now have been developed

during the last century. One of the most commonly used statistical tools; Control

Charts was introduced by Dr. Walter Shewart in 1924. The end of World War II

saw increased interest in quality; primarily among the industries in Japan.

Inspectors were aided by special qualitycontrol tools like control charts. So it can

be said that in this evolution of qualitycontrol, the responsibility of the inspector

increases and also the quality of the product also increases at the same rate.

TOTAL QUALITYCONTROL

When step 4 was found to add inspection cost, firms began to develop a specific-

decision-making and operating framework for the product quality which was

effective enough to take suitable action on the qualitycontrol findings, to obtain

better quality and lower costs. System for optimizing production based on ideasdeveloped by Japanese industries from the 1950s on. The system, which blends

Western and Eastern ideas, began with the concept of quality circles, in which

groups of 10-20 workers were given responsibility for the quality of the products

they produced. It gradually evolved into various techniques involving both workers

and managers to maximize productivity and quality, including close monitoring of

staff and excellent customer service. The concept of Kaizen, the notion that

improvement must involve all members of a company, is central to TQC (Total

QualityControl).

ADVANTAGES OFQUALITYCONTROL


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The importance of qualitycontrol is, now, accepted at a global level. It is an

essential pre-condition for promoting exports. Qualitycontrol is important as it

gives benefits to producers, consumers and the society at large. Consumers are

now extremely quality conscious and they support quality products. They even

insist for superior quality goods for their safety and protection. This suggests the

importance of qualitycontrol. Even the survival of a manufacturing unit depends on

its ability to supply high quality goods to consumers. It gets capacity to compete

with rival producers through effective qualitycontrol. The advantages of quality

control to consumers and manufacturers are:

1] LOWER COSTS:

Improvement in the designs of products and process to enable production at lower

costs. Since the cost is low, it is both beneficial to manufacturer and consumer.

First, when the manufacturer will produce goods and incur low cost, then he will sell

to consumers also at comparatively low cost. So, at the end of the day, both the

parties enjoy the benefit.

2] UNIFORMITY:

Improvement in the quality level and uniformity of the finished goods and incoming

materials. If there is uniformity in the finished goods, it would be advantageous to

both manufacturers and consumers. And from the point of view from the firm, its

obligatory to maintain standard or homogeneity in their product, so as to show

consistency.

3] RELATIONSHIP:

When there is uniformity in the finished goods and also high quality level, then the

bond between the manufacturer and consumers has to be strengthened. In thisscenario, both the parties enjoy the benefits they receive, and so the relationship

improves between firm and their loyal customers.

4] ENHANCING TECHNOLOGY:

Improvement in technical knowledge and engineering data and manufacturing


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design. When all the above points go in right path, then we see enhancement in

technology. And when the technology improves, it will again promote the firm first

and later to the consumers. So, this point is again common to both in terms of

advantage.

5] REDUCTION:

If the quality is improved with the enhanced technology, and if we see reduction in

rejections, scrap, re-work, and inspection costs, it wouldnt be surprising. Once the

firm sets it standard and work on it efficiently, then there could be reduction in

re-doing the work again and other costs.

6] EFFECTIVE COMPETITION:

Sales promotion and ability to face market competition effectively is another

advantage to the manufacturer. If all the firm produces quality goods, then they

can compete effectively. That competition will not only be beneficial to

manufacturers alone, but the consumers will be a part of it. Because at the end of

the day, their competition is for the consumers only.

7] PROMOTION:

Export promotion is possible through systematic qualitycontrol as consumers,

particularly from the developed and rich countries prefer quality goods. So the

firm would be getting extra profit because they can sell or they can export at a

rate higher than they sell in domestic market. So, they are expanding their

business and as well as they are making a good profit margin from foreigners.

STEPS IN QUALITY CONTROL

Inspection is indispensable to qualitycontrol. Precisely, inspection should be of

least amount to furnish the controlrequired. Inspection should be carefully


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selected and fully linked. An inspector must remain fully acquainted with his duties

possessing keen insight for inspection jobs. He must be carefully instructed about

his responsibilities pertaining to the end produce. The principal steps in quality

control are as noted below:

1] Devising control over raw materials:

The quality of the finished product is determined mostly by the quality of raw

materials. It calls for close connection between the Raw Material Purchase

Department of the company and the vendors. As and when necessary, a resident

inspector may be deputed by the qualitycontroldepartment in the vendors place

to see that only goods in accordance with specifications are supplied. It is

advisable to inspect again the raw materials before putting them to actual use.

2] Fixing standards and specifications:

In order to make any scheme of qualitycontrol successful, It is essential to

predetermine standards and specifications. The practice should be to provide

quality instructions in the form of drawings, showing shapes, dimensions and

specifications describing color, strength, thickness, chemical composition and

similar other characteristics.

3] Exercising control over production operations:

In order to execute efficient practices, the technical expert of the Quality

control department must investigate, from time to time, the operating methods.

When such an investigation is carried out, it helps to eliminate all possible

variables.

4] Locating inspection points:

When the points at which defects occur are wrongly located or located with delay,

it hinders qualitycontrol. Therefore, there should first be the inspection of the

raw materials at the vendors places, then at the companys plant, then at the

various points during the process of production and finally at the time of packing.

The defects are likely to occur at these points. The finished goods can be cleared

after obtaining O.K. or All Correct from the qualitycontrol department.


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5] Maintaining quality of equipments:

The final quality of the products is conditioned by the quality of the equipments

and other devices used. Therefore, the qualitycontrol department is responsible

for testing the equipment used in inspection such as gauges, which measure

dimensions, electronic devices, magnetic devices, industrial radio graphical

instruments and so on.

6] Maintaining records:

The qualitycontrol department is responsible for maintaining all records relating

to quality inspection and control and the number rejected. On the part of the firm,

this is essential because a time may arrive where they will have to take a decision

on the basis on these reports of records.

QUALITY CONTROL CLASSIFICATIONQuality is a relative term. It is generally stated with reference to the end us of a

product. A product is said to be a good quality if it works well in a particular

situation for which it is meant. Quality may be classified as per the following.

1] Quality of design:

Before the product is produced, quality of design is determined. This is the level o

quality which the engineer desired the product to possess. It is desirable to get

quality level approved by marketing and operations departments. Quality of design

is stated in terms of the tolerable variations.

2] Quality of conformance:

It means producing a product to meet the specifications. When a product conforms

to specification, the product is considered to be a quality product e.g., two

machines are to produce an item with nominal size 60mm and tolerance +- 0.1mm.


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Machine 1 produces a rage of +- 0.06mm and machine 2 produces a range of +-

0.03mm, thus it can be said that machine 2 has a higher quality of conformance.

3] Quality of performance:

It refers to the ability of the product to perform its function most economically.

Quality of performance has three components:

[a] availability [b] reliability and [c] maintainability.

[a] Availability:

Availability of a product is measured as the ratio of total uptime of a product and

the combined time of total uptime and total downtime.

[b] Reliability:

Reliability relates to the length of time that the product will perform its technical

function satisfactorily. Reliability of a product is mostly explained in terms of

meantime between failure [MRBF] which is the average time that the product

functions from one failure to the next. If the MTBF is longer, the product is said

to be highly reliable.

[c] Maintainability:

Maintainability relates to correction of a product to bring it to service when it has

failed. Maintainability is measured by mean time to repair [MTTR].

If a product is promptly brought to correction and maintenance is carried out, then

the MTTR equals to downtime of the product.

SCOPE OFQUALITYCONTROLQualityControl believes that control must start with identification of customer

quality requirements and end only when the product has been placed in the hands


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of the customer who remains satisfied.

QualityControl guides coordinated action of people, machines and information to

achieve this goal.

Thus the Scope of QualityControl:

1) Marketing evaluates the level of quality which customers want and for which the

are willing to pay.

2) Engineering reduces this marketing evaluation to exact specifications.

3) Purchasing chooses contracts with. And retains vendors for parts and materials.

4) Manufacturing selects jigs, tools and processes for production.

5) Manufacturing supervision and shop operates exert a major quality during parts

making, subassembly, and final assembly.

6) Mechanical inspection and functional test check performance of products by

comparing conformance to specifications

7) Employees report regularly on the duty because their work is not rejected.

(8) Minimum or not wastage of material and other resources.


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NEED FOR QUALITYCONTROLUnless quality of the product/services is properly maintained it would not be

possible to obtain repeat orders through customers satisfaction. The following

illustrate need for controlling quality:

(1) Quality facilitates comparison between good and bad goods n services.

(2) Controlling quality ensures marketing of goods as per specification

(3) Good quality reduces dissatisfaction of customers.

(4) Good quality cuts down the rework and rejection costs.

(5) Longer life guaranteed to the products through improved quality.

(6) Standard spare parts are used ensuring continuous flow of production.

(7) Employees report regularly on the duty because their work is not rejected.

(8) Minimum or not wastage of material and other resources.

(9) Production of quality-perfect products.

(10) Quality specifications are strictly followed.

CONCLUSION

The purpose of qualitycontrol is to reduce this variability to an economical

minimum. It is possible to attain this objective through control of purchasing and

receiving by ensuring uniformity in incoming materials and parts. Control is

generally grouped under quality assurance activities.

The significance of qualitycontrol is, now, acknowledged at a large-scale level. It is

a critical prerequisite for promoting exports. Qualitycontrol is vital as it gives

benefits to producers, consumers and the society at huge. Consumers are now

tremendously quality conscious and they support quality products. They even insist

for superior quality goods for their safety and protection. This suggests the

importance of qualitycontrol. Even the survival of a manufacturing unit depends on

its ability to supply high quality goods to consumers. It gets capacity to compete

with rival producers through effective qualitycontrol.

Quality control aims at preventing the defects rather than detecting the defects.

Material Managment..Quality Control

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