Máscaras enmascaradas... de Johannes Neurath en Relaciones 101, 2005

7/31/2019 Mscaras enmascaradas... de Johannes Neurath en Relaciones 101, 2005

1/29

MTDFYFT BL FTDFYFAFT,

@LAJBLFT. MBTQ@SET P A@ETBT

@LAJBLFT MBTQ@SET

Y B N F D @ E L B T 6 ; 6 . @ L X @ B Y L E 9 ; ; 2 . X E N , W W X @

C e g f l l b t L b r y f q g #M R T B E L F D @ E L F N A B F L Q Y E [E N E J F . @ L F G


2/29

M T D F Y F T B L M F T D F Y FA F T ,

9 4

LQYEARDD@L

Ieft let fax`byqb ab net a`hbyblqbt t`jl`h`dfaet vrb{rbabl deiyfy nft mtdfyft bl delqbwqet p drnqryft a`-xbytet '6079_6708]. 9:1), Blqyb net deyft 'lfpfy`). gr`-

dgenbt 'z`wfy`qfy`). mbw`dflbyet p qb{bgrflbt 'eafm) abn Jyfl Lfpfy

Nft mtdfyft gr`dgenbt p deyft ybhnbcfl nft dem{nbcf `lqbyfdd`l blqyb

`lajblft p le `lajblft bl bn Mw`de delqbm{eylbe, Bl net qyfa`-dèlfnbt y`qet gr`dgenbt p deyft. net aflsflqbt blmftdfyfaet yb{yb-tblqfl tbybt tfnxfcbt ab nft nnflryft detqbyft. fted`faet del bn dybd`-m`blqe {y`meya`fn. net le `l`d`faet p net le `lajblft 'mbtq`set),Afae vrb nft mtdfyft y`qrfnbt del tr q{`df hbfnafa p del dfyftifyifaft tel qyfqfaft del bwfjbyfd`l deme tfjyfaft. tr abtfyyennedeme rl w`qe dembyd`fn bt tey{yblablqb, Bl xbs abn dfibnne blmfyf-fae p nft ifyift ab nft mtdfyft y`qrfnbt. fvrbnnft vrb tb gfdbl {fyfbn mbydfae ab fyqb henony`de mrbtqyfl rl deneyàe qyfifce ab dgfvr`-yf del net tmienet gr`dgenbt vrb tb ybdeledbl del hfd`nàfa. demebn xblfae. bn jr`nf p bn {bpeqb. {fyf tfq`thfdby f net qry`tqft vrb x`b-lbl ab nft d`rafabt bl irtdf ab nf bt{`y`qrfnàfa `lajblf, Nf df-yfdqbytq`df ab nf abdeyfd`l ab btet bminbmft ybn`jètet bt tr hfnqf abt`jl`h`dfae bl qym`let y`qrfnbt. {bye iftqflqb fabdrfaet {fyf bnmbydfae, Bn {bn`jye fted`fae del nft mtdfyft qyfa`dèlfnbt bt lbr-qyfn`sfae {ey bn ybbm{nfse ab trt dfq`dft {`netàfabt del a`tbetqyfa`dèlfnbt, Fn qemfynft {ey eiyft ab fyqb `lt{`yfaft bl {`lqryft ab

ye t q yet ab dgfmflbt. blqrt`ftmfaet qry`tqft dem{yfl xbytèlbt`m{eqblqbt ab ne vrb nf ybn`j`l gr`dgen deltàbyf abàfabt ab netmbtq`set

'Gr`dgenbt. deyft. mbtq`set. ybn`j`l. àblqàfa. fyqbtflf)

# clo{f{K{yea`jp,lbq,mw Xbyt`l fm{n`faf ab rlf {elbld`f {ybtblqfaf bl nf Edqf-

xf Delhbybld`f ab nf Brye{bfl Ftted`fqèl eh Ted`fn Flqgye{enej`tqt. X`blf 9;;1, Fjyfabsdef net dryfaeybt abn Mrtbe Bqlenj`de ab Ibynl {ey gfibymb hfd`n`qfae bn btqraè ab nftmtdfyft ab nf denbdd`l [ybrtt bl aet edftèlbt '6008. 9;;6), [frn`lf Fndedby. Dgy`tq`flH, Hbbtq. Cfdvrbt Jfn`l`by. Cbtt Crybjr` p [frn N`hhmfl nbpbyel xbytèlbt ab btqb qbwqe pmb g`d`byel xfnètet demblqfyèt

@


3/29

C EGF L LBT LBR Y FQ G

9 1

f{fybdbl mtdfyft tfjyfaft aryflqb fnjrlet y`qrfnbt aelab tb {bytel`-

h`dfl aètbt {eabyetet, Deme tb {rbab deltqfqfy qfmi`l bl eqyft yb-{ybtblqfdèlbt y`qrfnbt ab nf ybj`l. nft mtdfyft tel mt vrb `mjb-lbt? bnnft m`tmft tel net aètbt vrb f{fybdbl aryflqb net {yedbtety`qrfnbt,6 Btqft {bytelft9 tfjyfaft dft` t`bm{yb q`blbl rlf lfqryfnbsfdm`df, Bl bhbdqe. bn grmey y`qrfn. vrb mrdgft xbdbt bt iftqflqb eitdb-le. {fyf lfaf tb delqyf{elb f nf tfdyfnàfa ab nft mtdfyft,

Nft mtdfyft mt `m{eyqflqbt tel eicbqet trmfmblqb abn`dfaetp tr rte btq leymfae {ey rlf tby`b ab qfibt, Drflae denbddèl nft

{`bsft {fyf nf lrbxf tfnf abn Jyfl Lfpfy abn Mrtbe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye-{enejf hrb dft` `m{etìnb nejyfy vrb net deyft mb hfiy`dfyfl rlf de{`fab nf mtdfyf abn x`bce ab nf Aflsf ab net Ryyfvrbyet 'ibbmb). m`blqyftvrb blqyb net gr`dgenbt qrxb vrb fiflaelfy bn {nfl ab deltbjr`y net ei-cbqet bvr`xfnblqbt. nft mtdfyft abn irhl y`qrfn qtòrfo` p ab nf aètfQforqt` Lfofzb, Eitbyx vrb btqet eicbqet tb jrfyafl bl drbxft tfjyf-aft p tne tb tfdfl bl edft`l ab nf h`btqf 'h`jryf 6), Vr`bl hfiy`df rlf

mtdfyf lrbxf tb dem{yembqb f drtqea`fynf bl fabnflqb. f xbdbt {ey bnybtqe ab tr xàf? qfmi`l tb q`blb vrb tembqby f {yeneljfaet fprlet{fyf {ry`h`dfytb p {yeqbjbytb ab nf hrbysf {eqbld`fnmblqb af`lf abn ei-cbqe. {rbt nf mtdfyf tfldèlf del blhbymbafabt jyfxbt drfnvr`by rte`lf{ye{`fae vrb tb gfjf ab bnnf,

Drflae nf mtdfyf f{fybdb bl nf h`btqf. tr fdqrfd`l le tenfmblqb`m{n`df dg`tqbt `yybxbyblqbt. jbtqet xrnjfybt p mehfytb ab nft frqeyàf-abt. qfmi`l delt`tqb bl fmbayblqfy f net {ybtblqbt. teiyb qeae f net l`-

et p ieyyfdget vrb eitqfdrn`sfl net dfm`let {ey aelab abibl ab d`y-drnfy net jyr{et ab aflsflqbt e nft {yedbtèlbt, Nft mtdfyft teliyfxft. ft vrb bn m`bae vrb nf deldryybld`f nbt q`blb bt jblr`le, Bndelqyftqb blqyb bn grmey y`qrfn vrb dfyfdqby`sf tr rte p nf tenbmlàfaa`t{bltfaf f btqet eicbqet bt bl t m`tme a`hd`n ab dem{yblaby t` le tbbtq hfm`n`fy`sfae del nf a`lm`df p nf btqq`df ab nft h`btqft `lajblft

6 Fndedby 't,h,) btq {yb{fyflae rlf qbt`t aedqeyfn aelab tb a`tdrqbl nft `m{n`dfdè-lbt qby`dft ab btqf heymf ab yb{ybtblqfd`l y`qrfn. deltqfqfaf {ey [ybrtt blqyb net de-yft p eqyet jyr{et `lajblft fmby`dflet,

9 Ybdryabtb vrb bl bn qbfqye jybdeyyemfle del bn qym`le{bytelf tb abt`jlfif crt-qfmblqb nf mtdfyf {eyqfaf {ey bn fdqey,


4/29


9 2

abn Jyfl Lfpfy,4 [bye ybtrnqf fl mt a`hd`n dem{yblaby bn gbdge abvrb fnjrlet ab btqet m`tmet `lajblft bnfieybl mtdfyft fyqbtflfnbtdel rl dfydqby bm`lblqbmblqb dembyd`fn, Dme bt {etìnb vrb t`blaeqfl tfjyfaft nft mtdfyft bl jblbyfn. net gr`dgenbt hfiy`vrbl mtdfyftab dgfvr`yf {fyf xblabynft bl mbydfaet ab fyqbtflf hybdrblqfaet {ey

bn qry`tme mft`xe5 Ab gbdge. nft mtdfyft ab dgfvr`yf le tenfmblqbtel {e{rnfybt blqyb net dn`blqbt. qfmi`l tb {rbab eitbyxfy vrb net m`t-met gr`dgenbt {ybh`bybl dembyd`fy del btqf dnftb ab eicbqet vrb del eqyeq`{e ab fyqbtflf. {ey deltàbyfynf mblet {yeinbmq`df, F {btfy ab btqbdelqyftqb. fmift dnftbt ab mtdfyft t q`blbl fnje bl deml3 xbybmetvrb qflqe nft mtdfyft bm`lblqbmblqb tfjyfaft deme nft qeqfnmblqb{yehflft tel bw{ybtèlbt ab nf `lqbyfdd`l blqyb `lajblft p le `lajb-lft. qyqbtb ab net mbtq`set nedfnbt e ab net qry`tqft d`qfa`let, Y`qrfn p

4 Bn grmey y`qrfn abn Jyfl Lfpfy {rbab dem{fyfytb del bn hblmble ab net irhelbttfjyfaet ab net `laèt {rbine 'Tfllby 6002) e del ne vrb tb gf eitbyxfae bl nft h`btqftmfpft ab net Fnqet ab Dg`f{ft 'Iy`doby 6078),

H@JRYF 6, Mtdfyf y`qrfn gr`dgen jrfyafaf bl rlf drbxf tfjyfaf, Lforqf.Nfjrlf ab Tflqf Qbybtf. Lfpfy`q, Heqejyfhf ab C, Lbryfqg. 9;;;,


5/29


9 8

dembydè le lbdbtfy`fmblqb blqyfl bl delhn`dqe, Mt i`bl ne vrb tb ei-

tbyxf bl bn rte ab btqet eicbqet bt bn abt{n`bjrb ab net btqbybeq`{et ql`-det teiyb bn eqye p. {ey abd`yne ft. teiyb bn eqye abn eqye. aelab tb bt-delab gi`nmblqb ne vrb tb deltàbyf nf àblqàfa {ye{`f,

IRHELBT. X@BCET. MELTQYRET P NF DFQBJEYF AB XBD@LE

Bl ne vrb tb ybh`byb fn t`mien`tme ab nft mtdfyft qyfa`dèlfnbt p ab tr

abdeyfd`l. {eabmet fh`ymfy vrb qeaet net fqyìrqet ab btqet eicbqetqyqbtb ab nft mtdfyft ab net irhelbt y`qrfnbt gr`dgenbt. ab Qforqt`Lfofzb e ab net x`bcet ab nf aflsf deyf `lxedfl rl mi`qe abn bt-{fdè-q`bm{e vrb tb nedfn`sf bl nf etdryàfa abn {el`blqb-{ftfae abfifce,

Qforqt` Lfofzb. del tr lemiyb dem{rbtqe ab rl qym`le gr`dgenab {fyblqbtde p rlf {fnfiyf ab ey`jbl lgrfqn. Lrbtqyf Firbnf Dfylb

Jyflab%X`bcf e Dfylb [eayàf. bt btbld`fnmblqb rlf aètf tr{ybmfabtqyelfaf, Bnnf hrb vr`bl jeibyl aryflqb net q`bm{et dflifnbt. mf-qy`fydfnbt p a`nrx`fnbt bl net {y`ld`{èt ab btqb mrlae, Fdem{ffaf{ey tr bt{ete mfla`nl. Lf`y`. nf nnrx`f ab hrbje. ybqeylf memblq-lbfmblqb fn {eaby aryflqb nf h`btqf abn tentq`dè ab xbyfle. Lfmfz`qfLb`wf, Btqf ledgb tb dbnbiyf bn abyyrmib ab net {`nfybt dtm`det p bn yb-qeyle fn dfet ey`j`lfn,

F{fyqb ab net yb{ybtblqflqbt ab nft aètft ab nf nnrx`f f{fybdb rl aflsflqb.qfmi`l ab tbwe mftdrn`le vrb yb{ybtblqf f nf aètf Qforqt` Lfofzb _]Deme tb qyfqf ab nf aètf mt flq`jrf tr qyfcb delt`tqb ab rlf hfnaf ab bt-q`ne flq`jre rl ofryb `

ofpfy. vrb bt rlf hfnaf jy`t qbcàf del nflf ab ieyybje,Bn {bytelfcb ab Qforqt` Lfofzb qfmi`l {eyqf rlf mtdfyf jy`t ab mfabyfdel rlf bt{bd`b ab {bnrdf gbdgf del denft ab fya`nnf, Tr deyelf bt ab {nr-mft lbjyft ab jfnne p tr dennfy tb dem{elb ab deldgft p dfyfdenbt mfy`let,Bl fmift mflet q`blb iftqelbt ab eqfqb p bl nf bt{fnaf {eyqf f tr g`cf. rl{bvrbe lè vrb yb{ybtblqf f Qfqb` Pry`flfof. nf aètf Mfayb ab nf Q`byyf_] Gfdb mrdgft iyemft. ftrtqf f nf jblqb p tb yb mfn`dètfmblqb _] Btdnfye vrb bnnf le qyfqf mrp i`bl f tr bt{ete Lf`y`. vr`bl qyeqf abqyt ab bnnfdfi`sifce p fjfyylaetb fn xbtqàe ab tr tbeyf, F Qfqb` Pry`flfof. nf {b-


6/29


9 :

vrbf g`cf ab Qforqt` tb nb fn`mblqf {bymflblqbmblqb del {bafset ab dfy-

lb tbdf ab xblfae, T` le tb g`d`byf bte. bn ibi {eayf qyfltheymfytb bl rlmeltqyre p abxeyfy f nf jblqb 'Lbryfqg 9;;9f. 9:4-9:8),

Bl eqyft h`btqft. bn {eyqfaey ab btf m`tmf mtdfyf bt Lf`y`, M`qen-j`dfmblqb gfinflae. bn abtq`le abn bt{ete ab Qforqt` bt rl {ede mbceyvrb bn ab bnnf, [ey at{eqf. ieyyfdgf p flqye{hfjf. bn yb`lfae ab nf jyflaètf hrb abyyedfae aryflqb rlf ybibn`l bldfibsfaf {ey nf Btqybnnf abnf Mfflf p nf Btqybnnf ab nf Qfyab. vr`blbt mfqfyel fn meltqyre f hnb-

dgfset, Nf nnrx`f ab hrbje 'e hrbje xendl`de) hrb aembtq`dfaf fn tbyqrmifaf {ey rl hnbdgfse mt ab nf Btqybnnf ab nf Mfflf p delh`lf-af ft f rlf hejfqf. bn nrjfy abn geyle. Qbfofqf, Abtab blqeldbt tb nbdeledb deme Qfqbzfy`. Lrbtqye Firbne 'dhy, Lbjyl 60:2. 18. 17),

[bytel`h`dfae {ey nf hejfqf dblqyfn ab net bt{fdèt dbybmel`fnbt. Qf-qbzfy` bt nf abàfa {y`ld`{fn ab net gr`dgenbt dft` qeae bn fe, Tenfmbl-qb bl nf h`btqf Lfmfz`qf Lb`wf. vrb mfydf bn `l`dè ab nf qbm{eyfaf ab

nft nnrx`ft p ab nf t`bmiyf. bn hrbje y`qrfn bt f{fjfae p tb x`xb rl ybqey-le fn yb`lfae ledqryle p dfq`de ab tr bw. Qforqt` Lfofzb, Lf`y` bt rleab net `lqbjyflqbt ab nf h`nf ab c`dfybyet p {fyq`d`{f bl nft {bybjy`lfdè-lbt f net d`lde yrmiet abn detmet, Bt bn {y`ld`{fn ab net dfyjet mbleybtp bn {rlqbye ab m`qfa qyftbyf ab nf h`nf ab net {bybjy`let,1 Drflae. ar-yflqb nf h`btqf Gòrn` Lb`wf. bn a`y`jblqb ab net c`dfybyet lfyyf del mrdgftby`bafa dme hrb nf {bybjy`lfd`l f Z`yòrqf bl bn ey`blqb. Lf`y` tbirynf {bymflblqbmblqb ab n {fyea`laene p lfyyflae f tr xbs bn x`fcb

gfd`f bn mfy bl bn {el`blqb 'Lbryfqg 9;;9f. 917),2Eqyet irhelbt y`qrfnbt gr`dgenbt le tb àblq`h`dfl bw{nd`qfmblqb

del Qforqt` e Lf`y`. {bye tbmlq`dfmblqb t`bm{yb tb mfl`h`btqfl yftjetfted`faet del btqf {fybcf. bl {fyq`drnfy. nf tbwrfnàfa abtblhyblfaf, Blnf h`btqf ab Dfmiè ab Xfyft eitbyx vrb net tflqet ab nf `jnbt`f ab Tfl-qf Dfqfy`lf tel fdetqfaet bl rlf dfmf {fyf vrb qbljfl ybnfdèlbt

1 Tbjl Jrq`yybs '9;;9. 74). bl bn dfte abn qtòrfo` ab Tfl Flayt Degfm`fqf. nf mt-dfyf bt bn bvr`xfnblqb ab nf cdfyf tfjyfaf ab net c`dfybyet,

2 Tbjl Nrmgenqs '6078_60;;]. 920? 60;9. 9. 682). Lf`y` tb àblq`h`df del bn fymfa`nne'Aftp{rt lexbmd`ldqrt). rl fl`mfn deledàe deme qrdg. vrb bt bn qym`le {fyf mbsdfn ex`le 'Hfif p Fbae 9;;4. 681),


7/29


9 7

tbwrfnbt, Bn irhl8 mbqb tr iftql ab eqfqb {ey abifce ab nf dei`cf {fyf

menbtqfynet. p. f{fyblqbmblqb. qfmi`l {fyf `ldybmblqfy tr x`jeytbwrfn:, T`blae bnbmblqet dfq`det. net qtòrfo`qt`w` mrdgft xbdbt q`blblbn {f{bn ab mflqblby bn eyabl aryflqb net y`qrfnbt p ein`jfy f nf jblqb f{fyq`d`{fy bl nft aflsft 'dhy, [ybrtt 60;:i. 628? 6007. 6:1), Net irhelbttb ybnfdèlfl qfmi`l del net ybmen`let. hblmblet lfqryfnbt mrp qb-màet. hyblqb f net drfnbt. f xbdbt. net gr`dgenbt tb {byt`jlfl, Bt {ybd`-tfmblqb f {fyq`y ab nft mtdfyft ab Qtòrfo` vrb net gr`dgenbt abtfyye-nnfyel nft mtdfyft fyqbtflfnbt abdeyfaft del dgfvr`yf,7 Ab mflbyf

{fyfnbnf f btqf lrbxf qblabld`f. del hybdrbld`f net irhelbt y`qrfnbt {yb-h`bybl rtfy mtdfyft ab grnb. ab hfiy`dfd`l `lartqy`fn,

Abtab bn {rlqe ab x`tqf heymfn nft mtdfyft y`qrfnbt deyft le tb {f-ybdbl mrdge f nft ab net gr`dgenbt, Bt `m{eyqflqb qemfy bl drblqf vrbnet deyft le gfl abtfyyennfae l`ljl q`{e ab mtdfyft dembyd`fnbt.deme qfm{ede eqyet jlbyet ab fyqbtflf, Nft mtdfyft mt deledàfttel nft vrb rtfl net craet e ieyyfaet. wrmrfiòfy`. ab nf Tbmflf Tflqf

rl bcyd`qe ab abmelèt tfnxfcbt ab nf hbyq`nàfa vrb bmbyjbl abtab bn`lhyfmrlae {fyf mfqfy fn Dy`tqe-Ten, Aryflqb net aft ab nf mrbyqb abDy`tqe. net craet deyybl hyblq`dfmblqb fnybabaey abn {rbine. if`nfl pt`mrnfl net mex`m`blqet ab a`hbyblqbt {etqryft abn de`qe, Fnjrlet {ey-qfl {blbt ab mfabyf. p qeaet nnbxfl tfinbt abn m`tme mfqby`fn. drpet`mien`tme fnrab fn mfdgbqb bl qflqe {blb, Nf {`lqryf dey{eyfn etdryf.f iftb ab eneqb vrbmfae. ieyyf nf {bytelfnàfa deqà`flf aflae {fte fnft{bdqe mt `ld`x`n`sfae ab nf {bytelf,

Nft mtdfyft ab nf Crabf yb{ybtblqfl qeaf dnftb ab fl`mfnbt deylr-aet, Bl fnjrlft demrlàfabt {ybaem`lfl qedfaet bnfieyfaet del dey-lfmblqft ab xblfae 'Crybjr` 9;;;), Bl eqyft. tb bnfieyfl del {f{bn

8 Bl btqb dfte. tb qyfqf abn X`bce ab nf aflsf ab net Zf`lfyey` vr`bl bt. fabmt. bn c`df-ybye ab Zfqfofmb 'bn {y`mby drnq`xfaey),

: Bl Tflqf Dfqfy`lf. [ybrtt '60;:i. 68:? 6007. 670) eitbyx rl y`qe t`m`nfy. {bye ar-

yflqb nf dbnbiyfd`l ab nft [fdg`qft 'Dfylfxfn),7 Tbjl Mfqf Qeyybt '60:9. 40). aryflqb nf adfaf ab net tbtblqf. net gr`dgenbt ab Tfl

Flayt demblsfyel f bnfieyfy mtdfyft fyqbtflfnbt {`lqfaft, Btqb jlbye qrxe mrdgemblet w`qe vrb nft mtdfyft abdeyfaft del dgfvr`yf. vrb demblsfyel f dembyd`fn`sfy-tb bl q`bm{et mt ybd`blqbt,


8/29


9/29


4 ;

mfdg dfibsft ab meltqyret `lt{`yfaet bl df`mflbt. qy`dbyfqe{et. ie-

yybjet d`mfyyelbt. qeyet p y`ledbyelqbt 'dhy, Xfnaex`let 6007), Qfmi`ltb rtfl mtdfyft ab grnb. ab {ybhbybld`f fvrbnnft vrb ybqyfqfl f net {e-nq`det mfnxfaet abn memblqe. deme tel Tfn`lft. Irtg. Tfaafm rEtfmf, Nft mtdfyft ab nf Crabf tel denbddèlfinbt bn Tifae ab Jney`fdrflae net craet abyyeqfaet tb a`y`jbl gfd`f bn ye {fyf btdbl`h`dfy trybqeyle fn `lhyfmrlae, Tb nfxfl {fyf ybdr{byfy tr {bytelfnàfa d`x`n`-sfaf, Bl qbeyf abtqyrpbl trt mtdfyft p qedfaet. {bye jblbyfnmblqble ybdgfsfl nf ehbyqf ab rl jblbyete mflece ab i`nnbqbt {ey {fyqb ab rl

denbddèl`tqf,Deme pf mbldèl. nft mtdfyft ab net x`bcet deyft cfmt tb xblab-

yfl ft, Pf Nrmgenqs p [ybrtt. vr`blbt le qrx`byel a`h`drnqfabt mfpe-ybt {fyf favr`y`y net fqfaet tfjyfaet vrb n`qbyfnmblqb tel net firbnet'Nrmgenqs 6078_60;;]. 07? 60;9. 9. 60:? [ybrtt 60;:f. 67:? 6070. 62:). lenejyfyel denbddèlfy {`bsft ey`j`lfnbt ab nft mtdfyft abn X`bce ab nfaflsf ab net Ryyfvrbyet, Ft lfyyf [ybrtt tr bw{by`bld`f del nf mtdfyf

ab Tfl Hyfld`tde Orfwfqf3

Nf mtdfyf abn a`y`jblqb ab net aflsflqbt bt bt{bd`fnmblqb `lqbybtflqb? qf-nnfaf gfdb f{yew`mfafmblqb xb`lqb fet. bt rl eicbqe qfl tfjyfae vrb hrb`m{etìnb favr`y`ynf. p qrxb vrb delheymfymb del rlf de{`f h`bn, Nf ey`j`-lfn hrb gbdgf abt{rt ab vrb net fld`flet {y`ld`{fnbt jrfyafyfl fprle ar-yflqb a`bs aft. ne vrb t`jl`h`df vrb tenfmblqb dem`byel rlf xbs fn af. fit-qbl`laetb ab nf tfn. p qfmi`l qemfyel fjrf tenfmblqb rlf xbs fn af, Bl

trt trbet qeaet net x`bcet tefyel del ne m`tme. vrb abifl gfdby rlfmtdfyf ybqyfqflae f rlf {bytelf abqbym`lfaf, [ey bte nf mtdfyf bt rlybqyfqe, Abt{rt ab gfiby gbdge nf mtdfyf jrfyafyel fprle aryflqb a`bsaft mt. p tne blqeldbt nf bm{bsfyel f rtfy, Nf mtdfyf {ey t m`tmf btrlf abàfa {eabyetf. p nf jblqb nf faeyf, Drflae hfnqfl nft nnrx`ft. nf jblqbtb yblb bl nf dftf abn fprlqfm`blqe p jrfyaf fprle aryflqb rl nf{te abblqyb d`lde p xb`lqb aft, Aryflqb btqb q`bm{e. nf mtdfyf btq denedfaf blbn {`te _] trt nfyjet dfibnnet ab `wqnb btql bwqblaàet deme rl fiy`je. p{fyf vrb nnrbxf. tb nb ehyblafl hneybt ab {f{bn p fnjeal vrb yb{ybtblqfllribt _] Bn {rbine vrb {etbb nf mtdfyf bt bn {rbine mt `m{eyqflqb abnmrlae _] Drflae nf mtdfyf btq blecfaf tb l`bjf f mflafy nf nnrx`f pqfm{ede vr`byb {yeqbjby f nft {bytelft delqyf nft abtjyfd`ft, Demrl`dl-


10/29


4 6

aetb {ey mbaè ab tr {`lqryf infldf. lbjyf e yecf tb mfl`h`btqf bl net trb-

et ab nf jblqb p ybxbnf vr bt ne vrb tb q`blb vrb gfdby, Drflae gfinf delnf {`lqryf infldf. bn {yeinbmf vrb gfp vrb ybtenxby bt rlf blhbymbafa, Bn

deney inflde bt rlf heymf ab xfnnf {yeqbdqeyf. {bye nft blhbymbafabt {rb-

abl fqyfxbtfynf p blqyfy bl bn {rbine, Bn deney lbjye tb ybh`byb f nf ledgb p

f nft lribt. p t`jl`h`df vrb nf mtdfyf eyablf nf dbnbiyfd`l ab rl m`qeqb

ledqryle bl net dbyyet _] Drflae nf mtdfyf tb demrl`df del bn deney yece

{àb vrb tb ybdb fn ten. eyfdèlbt vrb tb ybfn`sfl bl bn {rbine m`tme, Bn

yece qfmi`l yb{ybtblqf bn yfpe delqyf vr`bl nf mtdfyf qfmi`l bt df{fs

ab {yeqbjby '[ybrtt 60;7. 970-90;. 6007. 914-911),

Nf bvr`xfnbld`f ab net irhelbt gr`dgenbt p net X`bcet ab nf aflsf de-yft hrb btqfinbdàf {ey Nrmgenqs '6078_60;;]. 920), Fabmt ab fted`fy-tb del mi`qet etdryet b `lhyfmrlaflet. nft mtdfyft y`qrfnbt ab deyftp gr`dgenbt q`blbl eqyf detf bl deml3 bxedfy nf dfqbjeyf ab xbd`le'gr`dgen3 qb`zfy`). vrb tb ybh`byb. bl {y`mby nrjfy. f net mbtq`set ab nf

detqf ab Lfpfy`q p f net xbd`let le `lajblft ab nf t`byyf p. bl qym`-let jblbyfnbt. f qeaet net tbybt grmflet vrb le tel `lajblft,Frlvrb mrdget `lajblft qfmi`l net rtfl. net i`jeqbt tb deltàb-

yfl rl yftje q{`de ab net mbtq`set. ft vrb bn gbdge ab vrb nft mtdf-yft y`qrfnbt qbljfl ifyift `la`df rlf àblqàfa qb`zfy`, Bn gi`qfq {eybwdbnbld`f ab net mbtq`set bt nf {nfl`d`b detqbyf del trt mfy`tmft vrb.ab d`byqf mflbyf. yb{ybtblqfl bn btqfae ey`j`lfn abn detmet rl blqeylefdrq`de vrb l` bt mfy l` bt q`byyf, Crlqe f nft mfy`tmft tb bldrblqyfl

net bcàet qfifdfnbyet vrb tel abtq`le ab nf m`jyfd`l btqfdèlfn ab nettbyyflet aryflqb nf {edf ab nft tbdft, Nf detqf qfmi`l bt bn {ft ab netmrbyqet 'le `l`d`faet) vrb tb mfl`h`btqfl bl net m`nnfybt ab metvr`qetp cbcblbt vrb {rbabl tby iftqflqb menbtqet, Bn a`lbye jflfae bl aryft

ceylfaft ab qyfifce bl nf detqf mrdgft xbdbt tb jftqf `lmba`fqfmblqbbl nft lrmbyetft dflq`lft vrb qfmi`l tel rl yftje a`tq`lq`xe ab btqbmrlae ab fifce,

Frlvrb net mbtq`set q`blabl f bw{neqfy nf mfle ab eiyf `lajblf p.{ey ne jblbyfn. jesfl ab rlf leqfinb tr{byèyàfa bdelm`df. net gr`-dgenbt net deltàbyfl. ab d`byqf mflbyf. triabtfyyennfaet, Le deledble le fdfqfl nf nbp ab nf ybd`{yedàfa3 tfdfl nf nrs abn bldgrhb t`l {bl-tfy vrb tb abib ehyblafy fnje f Qfqbzfy`, Btqf deldb{d`l teiyb net


11/29


4 9

H@JRYF 4, De{`f ab nf mtdfyf abn {rbine deyf ab Tfl Hyfld`tde Orfwfqfvrb tb rtf {fyf eydrnet ely`det. Lfpfy`q 'blqeldbt Qbyy`qey`e ab Qb{`d).Den, [ybrtt. Bqllenej`tdgbt Mrtbrm-T[O. Ibynl. 60;:,

H@JRYF 1, De{`f ab rlf mtdfyf deyf rtfaf {ey rl X`bce ab nf aflsf abnet Ryyfvrbyet, Cbtt Mfyf. Lfpfy`q 'Blqeldbt Qbyy qey`e ab Qb{`d). Den,[ybrtt. lm, 4798;. Bqllenej`tdgbt Mrtbrm-T[O. Ibynl. 60;:,


12/29


4 4

eqyet tb bw{n`df bl bn mfyde ab m`qet detmejl`det vrb {nflqbfl vrb

fn {y`ld`{è qeaet net tbybt grmflet p fl`mfnbt byfl gr`dgenbt, [bye te-nfmblqb net flqb{ftfaet ab net `lajblft z`wfy`qfy` fdqrfnbt drm{n`byeldel nf qfybf ab irtdfy bn nrjfy abn Fmflbdby bl bn ey`blqb. net abmt tb{bya`byel bl bn dfm`le e vrbafyel fqyt 'ybsfjfaet). {ey bte tr det-qrmiyb btq `ldem{nbqf, Eqyft xbytèlbt {nflqbfl vrb nf ybn`j`l z`wf -yòf byf nf ybn`j`l rl`xbytfn ey`j`lfn. {bye {ede f {ede net a`hbyblqbt{rbinet abcfyel ab gfdby i`bl bn detqrmiyb. ft vrb tb deltàbyf vrbnet y`qrfnbt ab net abmt jyr{et `lajblft p ab net le-`lajblft tel

xbytèlbt qbyj`xbytfaft ab nft {ydq`dft ybn`jètft gr`dgenbt,D`byqft abàfabt gr`dgenft fted`faft fn {el`blqb p f nf etdryàfa

tel deltàbyfaft xbd`let e mbtq`set, Bn mt {eabyete ab btqf dfqb-jeyf ab aètbt bt Qfmfqt` Qb`zfy` Prfz`. Lrbtqye Gbymfle Mfpey bnMbtq`se Fsrn Etdrye. abàfa vrb bt rl dfte `lqbybtflqb ab rl t`ldyb-q`tme blqyb nf ybn`j`l mbtefmby`dflf p nf drnqryf {e{rnfy mbtq`sf.pf vrb tb qyfqf bxàblqbmblqb abn Dgfyye Lbjye. h`jryf {e{rnfy abn hen-

dney ìbyefmby`dfle, Bl bn ybj`tqye ftqyfn. Qb`zfy` Prfz` tb àblq`h`dfdel bn Ten ledqryle. p tr meyfaf tb bldrblqyf bl bn {rlqe tentq`d`fn abxbyfle 'Rqfqf). drflae bn Ten bt abxeyfae {ey nf jyfl Tby{`blqb abn mfy'Lbryfqg 9;;1f. 07), [rbab abd`ytb vrb tb qyfqf ab rl bvr`xfnblqb abaètbt mbtefmby`dflet deme Qbsdfqn`{edf e Mfw`mel,0 Blqyb net deyftnet bvr`xfnblqbt tel. {ey rl nfae. bn Tflqe Blq`byye. p {ey bn eqye. Tfrqf-y`. aèt ab nf Btqybnnf Xbt{byq`lf, Aryflqb nf Tbmflf Tflqf ab Yetfy`qef{fybdb ifce bn ft{bdqe ab rlf h`jryf ab dbyf nnfmfae Lfsfyble. vrb

Crybjr` abtdyìb del nft t`jr`blqbt {fnfiyft3

Nf `m{ybtèlflqb h`jryf ab dft` 42 dm ab fnqryf tbmbcf rl gemiyb del tem-

iybye ab dgfyye? net jfnelbt abn fnf fldgf abn temiybye p bn ybaelabn ab nf

iftb ab nf de{f gfl tàe abdeyfaet del x`xet {nfqbfaet, Trt ecet p a`blqbt

qfmi`l gfl tàe ybtfnqfaet del ybdeyqbt ab {f{bn ab fnrm`lè. ab mflbyf

vrb tr tbminflqb nejyf tby h`bye, Nft dbcft. bn i`jeqb. rlf nfyjf ifyif p nf

0 T e i yb Qbsdfqn`{edf. xftb En`x`by '9;;4), [fyf btqfinbdby nf ybnfd`l blqyb btqf abàfaabn [etdnt`de mbtefmby`dfle p nf h`jryf ab Qb`zfy` Prfz` ab net gr`dgenbt fdqrfnbt. tb{rbabl ybqemfy fyjrmblqet {ybtblqfaet {ey D, Onb`l '9;;6) vr`bl dem{fyf bn drnqe mfpfdelqbm{eylbe f Mfw`mel del bn drnqe {ybg`t{l`de f abàfabt abn q`{e Qb s d f q n { e d f ,


13/29


4 1

mbnblf vrb dfb dft` gftqf net {`bt gfl tàe heymfaet del {bne jyrbte.

lbjye p n`te ab rl gemiyb cexbl. vr`bl deme mflaf tb ne gf abcfae dybdbyaryflqb xfyèt fet {fyf btb h`l, Del {f{bn {nfqbfae tb nb gfl a`tbfae nftdflflft dyrsfaft bl bn {bdge. _] Bn Lfsfyble btq ab {`b. del nf dfyf rl{ede gfd`f fyyìf p bn drby{e n`jbyfmblqb bdgfae gfd`f fqyt, Bl nf mfleabybdgf blfyienf bl ne fnqe fmblfsfaeyfmblqb rl tfinb {nfqbfae p del nf`svr`byaf dej`laene ab rl {ede fqyt abn jnflab. {ybtrmb rl hfne abtde-mrlfn ab rlet 61 dm ab nfyje p rlet 4,2 ab jyrbte, _] Bn gemiyb yb{yb-tblqfae bt. t`l araf. rl mbtq`se3 ft ne abnfqf bn temiybye ab dgfyye p nf

{yeneljfaf ifyif, Nf bh`j`b demi`lf dfyfdqbytq`dft t`min`dft {yexbl`bl-qbt ab a`hbyblqbt {fqy`melèt drnqryfnbt, T`lqbq`sf le tne nf yb{ybtblqfd`labn {blb del nf abn dfifnne. t`le qfmi`l nf abn gyeb fiey`jbl del bn dy`t-q`fle 'Crybjr` 9;;4f. 988),

Bn gyeb fiey`jbl Tfrqfy`. bn vrb deyqf hneybt. tb àblq`h`df fvr delTflq`fje Dfifnnbye. p qfmi`l del bn Dy`tqe-Ten mrbyqe. aryflqb tr bt-

qfld`f bl bn `lhyfmrlae,Bl bn Jyfl Lfpfy. nf ybnfd`l blqyb mbtq`set b `lajblft bt hrblqbdeltqflqb ab delhn`dqet bdelm`det p ted`fnbt, Net xbd`let mbtq`setle tenfmblqb delqyenfl bn dembydè ybjèlfn. qfmi`l `lxfabl q`byyftdemrlfnbt `lajblft {fyf delxbyq`ynft bl {ftq`sfnbt ab tr jflfae e{fyfy yeify mfabyf, Bl bn ybj`tqye tedènj`de. bn aèt Mbtq`se Fsrnyb{ybtblqf bn btqbybeq`{e `lajblf abn denel`sfaey mbtq`se fmblfsflqb,Bt bn mbye {fqyl. mt {eabyete vrb aètbt gr`dgenbt. {bye `m{yb-

x`tìnb p at{eqf? deiyf {rlqrfnmblqb ne vrb tb nb abib p le deledb bn{byal del net vrb nb gfl hfnnfae,

Bl bn yb j t q ye ieql`de. Qb`zfy` Prfz` bt nf {nflqf Tenflayf iyb x d f n p w.de{f ab eye e 'gr`dgen3 o b y ) mbcey deledàf deme bn yien abn x`blqee bn {fne abn a`fine 'Fbae 9;;6), Bn bhbdqe {bn`jyete abn {enbl abn yienabn x`blqe. vrb trt fab{qet ybt{`yfl aryflqb xbnfdèlbt ledqrylft bl netn r j f ybt aelab dybdb btqf {nflqf. tel mfybet p {yaàf ab ey`blqfd`l,Net iyrcet vr`bybl {yexedfy {ybd`tfmblqb btqe blqyb nft {bytelftg b d g s f a f t .6 ; m`blqyft vrb bn O`by` dftq`jf drfnvr`by hfnqf ab dem{ye m t e

6; Tb tr{elb vrb net gbdg`dbyet. {bytelft fted`fnbt {ey abh`l`d`l. rtfl {enbl abnyien abn x`blqe 'e ab mfjrbp) {fyfy bnfieyfy tr hnbdgft mfnh`dft,


14/29


4 2

b l q yb trt fab{qet {yexedlaenbt fqfvrbt ab nedryf. blhbymbafabt ab nft{`bylft p eqyet {fabd`m`blqet vrb net gfdbl {byaby bn yr m i e ,

Nf `m{eyqfld`f vrb aètbt mbtq`set deme Qb`zfy` Prfz` e O`by` q`b-lbl bl nft ybn`jèlbt `lajblft tb gfdb {fqblqb drflae deyft e gr`dgenbtgfdbl mflaft del btqet {fqyelbt {fyf qy`rlhfy bl fdq`xàfabt ab nfbdelemf df{`qfn`tqf `la`xàrfn`tqf 'le-demrlfn). deme tel nf jflfab-yf. nf mt`df mfy`fdgbyf 'Crybjr` 9;;4i). bn fyqb. e bn iflaenby`tme. bndelqyfiflae p bn lfydeqyh`de, Blqyb net gr`dgenbt. blqbla vrb bn drnqef aètbt mbtq`set {bym`qb. gftqf d`byqe {rlqe. f{ye{`fytb ab net {eab-ybt etdryet ab net blbm`jet 'Lbryfqg 9;;9f. 492-498), [ey bn delqyftqb.net aètbt gr`dgenbt gr`dgenbt. fted`faet del bn Ey`blqb tel ibl`jlet pab rl dfydqby bm`lblqbmblqb demrlfn, Trt hfxeybt bwdnrt`xfmblqb he-

H@JRYF 2, Meyyfn deyf. qbcàe bl qbnfy ab d`lqryf. del yb{ybtblqfd`l abnDgfyye Lbjye, Tfnf Jyfl Lfpfy. @lx,-Ly, 94,46j6-79. Mrtbe Lfdèlfn abFlqye{enejf. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Mw`de,


15/29


4 8

mblqfl fdq`xàfabt ab trit`tqbld`f p yb{yeardd`l, Nnfmf nf fqbld`l

vrb net aflsflqbt p dfyjrbyet 'c`dfybyet) vrb {bytel`h`dfl aètbt ab btqfdfqbjeyf. deme bn Ten. nf Btqybnnf ab nf Mfflf. bn Xblfae e bn [bpeqb.cfmt rtfyfl mtdfyft. t`le {`lqryf hfd`fn fmfy`nnf, Bl nrjfy ab {eyqfymtdfyft {bnraft e qedfaet deylraet driybl tr dfibsf del temiybyetfaeylfaet del {nrmft abn fxb tenfy jrfceneqb. m`tmet vrb yb{ybtblqflnft hneybt ab {bpeqb ab Z`yòrqf,66

Abtab nrbje. le tb abib ybard`y bn arfn`tme detmenj`de f rl flqf-jel`tme ql`de, Deme pf tbfn. bl rl memblqe abn d`dne y`qrfn bt

`m{eyqflqb tenqfy nft y`blaft. {yexedfy rl dfqfdn`tme. ybdr{byfy bn tfn-xfc`tme ey`j`lfn ab net bnbmblqet, Pf {ey btqf yfsl. net aètbt abn `lhyf-mrlae le t`bm{yb p le l`dfmblqb tb fted`fl del ft{bdqet lbjfq`-xet 'dhy, Lbryfqg 9;;1f. 0:. 6;1), Tbjl rl dflqe y`qrfn deyf. bn dfibnneab nf aètf {y`meya`fn tb rtf {fyf qbcby nf tr{byh`d`b ab nf q`byyf deme rlyemie abn q`{e ece ab aèt 'dglfof e qtòry`) '[ybrtt 60;7. 8;6-8;4?6007. 92:-927? Lbryfqg 9;;9f. 70-09. 9;;1d), Bl net m`qet gr`dgenbt te-

iyb nf mrbyqb ab Qforqt` tb mbldèlf vrb a`xbytft {nflqft p fl`mfnbtabn melqb lfdbl f {fyq`y ab tr dfibnne mj`de 'e ab nft {fyqbt ab trdrby{e abtdrfyq`sfae), Bn a`nrxè dem`blsf drflae bnnf trbnqf tr mbnb-lf 'S`ljj 6007. 4:), Nf hìyf ab `wqnb vrb tb rtf {fyf bnfieyfy nft mb-nblft p ifyift ab nft mtdfyft ab x`bcet e Qforqt` fnrabl fn `lhyfmrl-ae aelab net mrbyqet tb nf {ftfl if`nflae p bmieyyfdglaetb. ftdeme f nf t`qrfd`l abdfablqb aryflqb bn yb`lfae ab Qforqt`. drflae byf`m{etìnb qbym`lfy ab dbnbiyfy rlf h`btqf {eyvrb qeaf nf jblqb tb

bmieyyfdgfif `lmba`fqfmblqb,69 Tbjl rlf xfy`flqb abn m`qe gr`dgen.Qforqt` ey`j`lfnmblqb byf rlf gr`dgenf. {bye tb `lh`nqy blqyb net j`-jflqbt ab nf detqf 'flqb{ftfaet ab net mbtq`set) {fyf yeifynbt net eicb-qet dbybmel`fnbt vrb net gr`dgenbt lbdbt`qfifl {fyfy bm{yblaby tr x`f-

66 Ybm`qe f rl btqraè ab Crybjr` '9;;1). aelab tb flfn`sf nf e{et`d`l blqyb nf {`l-qryf dey{eyfn ab net jrbyybyet y`qrfnbt deyft p nf {`lqryf hfd`fn fmfy`nnf ab net {bybjy`letgr`dgenbt,

69 Bl trt btqraèt ab nf `delejyfhf ab aètft {ybg`t{l`dft ab nf q`byyf. ab nf nrlf pabn `lhyfmrlae. Onb`l '6079) abtqfdf vrb. f a`hbybld`f ab aètft dbnbtqbt. t`bm{yb nnbxflbn dfibnne blybafae p abt{b`lfae, Aryflqb nft dbnbiyfdèlbt ab nf Tbmflf Tflqf deyf.vrb bl mrdget tblqàet bxedfl nf etdryàfa abn `lhyfmrlae. hybdrblqbmblqb. tb ein`jff nft mrcbybt f vrb tb trbnqbl bn dfibnne 'Mfjy` 9;;6),


16/29


4 :

cb f Z`yòrqf, Qyfifcflae deme dflqfaeyf ab net blbm`jet trdba` vrb

dem` ab rle ab net {nfq`nnet dflifnbt vrb tb nb ehybdf p. bl deltbdrbl-d`f. tb delx`yq` bl bn meltqyre Lfofzb 'xby net drfayet ab btqfmiyb abQrqro`nf Dfyy`nne. bl Lbjyl 60:2. 11-1:),

Qforqt` p bn mrlae ab fifce tb dfyfdqby`sfl {ey rlf d`byqf fmi`xf-nbld`f. vrb tb e{elb f nf lfqryfnbsf dnfyfmblqb {et`q`xf abn mrlae abfyyìf, Nf hbyq`nàfa p bn dybd`m`blqe abtblhyblfae fted`faet del bn {e-l`blqb lbdbt`qfl tby delqyenfaet {ey net aètbt nrm`letet abn ey`blqb,Drflae. bl rlf btdblf abn m`qeqb deyf. nf jyfl xieyf abn mfy bt hnbdgf-

af {ey nf btqybnnf ab nf mfflf. tqf tb delx`byqb bl rlf tby{`blqb abnnrx`f iblh`df '[ybrtt 60;8. 081-082. 6007. 62;-626), Ab mflbyf t`m`nfy.frlvrb le tb gfl aedrmblqfae y`qet vrb btdbl`h`vrbl btqb m`qe. nf nnr-x`f abn hrbje bt aembtq`dfaf fn tby delh`lfaf f nf hejfqf, Bl eqyft {rin`-dfdèlbt bw{n`de ab vr mflbyf a`hbyblqbt y`qet abn Jyfl Lfpfy. demebn tfdy`h`dè ab qeye e net demifqbt y`qrfnbt abn dfmiè ab xfyft p ab nfTbmflf Tflqf. bw{ybtfl bn bthrbyse {ey delqyenfy nf hbyq`nàfa abtblhyb-

lfaf p bn dybd`m`blqe bwfjbyfae fted`faet del bn `lhyfmrlae 'Lbryfqg9;;9f. 9;;1d),Net tbybt abn `lhyfmrlae le tenfmblqb q`blabl f rlf `labh`l`d`l

ql`df. qfmi`l mfl`h`btqfl fmi`xfnbld`ft ab jlbye, Bl fnjrlft btqf-qrft ab Qforqt` Lfofzb. {ey bcbm{ne bl nf vrb tb bldrblqyf bl nf denbd-d`l [ybrtt abn Mrtbe Bqlenj`de ab Ibynl. bt leqfinb vrb bnnf q`blb rl

i`jeqb. deme rl gemiyb mbtq`se, Pf x`met vrb bn bldfyjfae vrb q`blbbn {f{bn ab {bytel`h`dfy f Qforqt` aryflqb Lfmfz`qf Lb`wf bt rl gem-

iyb cexbl xbtqàe del ye{f ab rlf mrcby fld`flf,64 [bye nf mtdfyf vrb{eyqf {rbab qblby yftjet mftdrn`let. deme tel net i`jeqbt,

Bn iftql ab eqfqb del drbyl`qet 'gr`dgen3 mrw`w`).61 vrb {eyqfl netX`bcet ab nf Aflsf p Qforqt`. q`blbl rl ft{bdqe hn`de, Qforqt` rtf btqf

64 Ybdryabtb vrb nf l`f Pry`flfof bt yb{ybtblqfaf {ey rl g`ce xfyl abn bldfyjf-ae ab Qforqt`,

61 Fnxfyfae '9;;1. 960) p eqyet frqeybt bvr`xedfafmblqb ablq`h`dfl eqfqb 'Eqfqbf fdr -

m`lfqf xfy, fsqbdeyrm) del dfyy`se 'Fyrlae aelfw). {bye net t`tqbmft t`min`det mbtefmb-y`dflet jblbyfnmblqb {nflqbfl rlf e{et`d`l blqyb btqet aet xbjbqfnbt, Tbjl Nrmgenqs.bl bn drnqe f Qforqt`. iftqelbt ab eqfqb trtq`qrpbl nft hnbdgft xeq`xft vrb tb ehyblafl f nftabmt abàfabt 'Nrmgenqs 60;9. 9. 689), Deme tb f{ybd`f bl nf nm`lf 96 abn da`db Iey-

il`de. qfmi`l bl nf ybn`j`l ab net lfgrft {ybg`t{l`det. iftqelbt ab eqfqb del drby-


17/29


4 7

def mj`df {fyf abtgfdby bn qyfifce abn gemiyb3 fn f{rlqfynbt del tr

iftql nbxflqf net yienbt qrmifaet {ey bn {y`mby drnq`xfaey 'Nrm-genqs 60;9. 9. 606? Mba`lf 9;;1. :. 66), [ey bn eqye nfae. Wfpfof. nf mt-dfyf abn _Gemiyb] X`bce ab nf aflsf blqyb net deyft. {rbab qblby `m{ey-qflqbt fted`fdèlbt hbmbl`lft, Tbjl Depnb '600:. 918. 24;). net deyft abTflqf Qbybtf rtfl bn qym`le wfpfof. vrb bt bn qym`le lgrfqn ab mt-dfyf. deme {fnfiyf abt{bdq`xf {fyf xfj`lf,62

MBYDFLDF T@MIN@DF

Net gr`dgenbt q`blbl hfmf mrla`fn ab tby rl {rbine ab fyq`tqft p abtby bn {rbine abn {bpeqb 'dhy, S`ljj 6079. Tdgfbhby p Hrytq 6008), Bn rtey`qrfn abn dfdqrt {t`deqy{`de Ne{ge{geyf z`nn`fmt`. vrb net gr`dgenbt nnf-mfl gòrn. abtab gfdb xfy`ft adfaft gf btq`mrnfae nf hflqftf ab cxb-lbt. fyq`tqft. g`{{`bt b `lqbybtfaet bl bt{`y`qrfnàfa `lajblf p Lbz

Fjb, Bl bn delqbwqe ab btqf mba`fq`sfd`l iftqflqb rlà`mbltèlfn. bl-hedfaf bl bn dgfmfl`tme p bn drnqe abn {bpeqb. net gr`dgenbt gflabtfyyennfae rl fyqb mrnq`deney vrb. del d`byqf yfsl. tb dfyfdqby`sfdeme {t`dean`de p. ab mflbyf tbltfdèlfn`tqf. tb {yemedèlf demefyqb dgfml`de, [y`mbye demblsfyel f dembyd`fy nft ablem`lfaftqfinft e {`lqryft ab btqfmiyb. {bye bl q`bm{et mt ybd`blqbt. net metf`-det ab dgfvr`yf tb gfl xrbnqe mt {e{rnfybt, Blqyb btqet nq`met le {e-afl hfnqfy nft mtdfyft. pf vrb tb {rbab abd`y vrb bl Mw`de. nft mt-

dfyft tel net eicbqet bqlejyh`det {ey bwdbnbld`f,68

l`qet byfl rl yftje a`tq`ldq`xe ab net aètbt fld`flet. bl btqb dfte Ewemede p D`{fdqe-lfn 'Tbnby 60;6. 476. Lezeqlp 60:1),

62 Qgb Wpfof jrfyat qgb `lqbyèy eh qgb ena bfyqgbyl dgrydg crtq ft f wfpfof tby-xbt ft qgb _] blqyfldb qe fl bvrfnnp {ryb fla tfdyba bldnetryb f zemflt zemi'Depnb 600:. 918), Blqyb net qb{bgrflbt abn Try. bn X`bce ab nf aflsf tb nnfmf Geeo 'Yb-pbt 9;;6. 609). {fnfiyf f{fyblqbmblqb ybnfdèlfaf del bn qym`le Gfeo ab net {`mft ab

Fy`self. vrb bt bn lemiyb ab rlf iyrcf. bt abd`y rl {bytelfcb hbmbl`le. vrb f{fybdbbl nf m`qenejf 'Ifgy bq fn, 6001. 616),

68 Bl a`hbyblqbt {fyqbt abn {ft bw`tqbl `m{eyqflqbt p bleymbt denbddèlbt ab mtdf-yft. {rin`dft p {y`xfaft. fnjrlft ab nft drfnbt. t`l araf. {eayfl `ltdyì`ytb bl bn nìyeJr`llbtt, M`blqyft vrb net flqye{nejet fdfam`det tb yem{bl nf dfibsf teiyb rlf abh`-


18/29


4 0

Bl rl {y`ld`{è. nf x`t`l btqbybeq`{faf ab nf mtdfyf `lajblf le

byf dem{fqìnb del nf àbf {ybdeldbiàf abn fyqb dgfml`de gr`dgen,Bl bn Jyfl Lfpfy. fn `jrfn vrb bl eqyft ybjèlbt `lajblft ab Mw`de.nft mtdfyft q`blbl rlf btqq`df t`l`btqyf vrb bw{ybtf t`mien`tmetetdryet. deme net vrb tb a`tdrq`byel bl bn f{fyqfae flqbyèy? ft vrb{fyf lfaf bldfcfl bl nf `mfjbl ab rl fyqb {t`dean`de-x`tèlfyè, Nevrb bn qry`tqf e gr`dgenbye ryifle irtdf tel bw{ybtèlbt btqq`dft abnf bw{by`bld`f e ab nft x`tèlbt ab {bpeqb fnje deme nft {`lqryft fmf-yy`nnft ab rwf vrb rtfl net {bybjy`let gr`dgenbt fn qblby delqfdqe del bn

dfdqrt {t`deqy{`de6: p. t` bt {etìnb. del qeae p bw{n`dfd`l, Bn qry`tqfmeabyle le tb delheymf pf del net t`m{nbt eicbqet bwq`det. qfmi`lvr`byb favr`y`y net t`jl`h`dfaet 'dhy, Jfn`l`by 9;;4. 987-9:9),

Bn ybvr`t`qe {fyfy {eaby {yeard`y mtdfyft gr`dgenft fyqbtflfnbtbyf qyfltheymfynft yfa`dfnmblqb, Abtf{fybd`byel net dfibnnet p nft ify-ift? bl tr nrjfy. nft tr{byh`d`bt ab nft mtdfyft tb abdeyfyel del a`tb-et mrnq`deneybt ab dgfvr`yf h`cfaf {ey mbaè ab dbyf, Btqb q`{e ab me-

tf`de67

tb bldrblqyf bl qeaf dnftb ab eicbqet fyqbtflfnbt gr`dgenbt.ià`mbmtèlfnbt e qyà`mbltèlfnbt, Ne mt deml tel cdfyft. qfinft pfl`mfnbt deme xblfaet. cfjrfybt. delbcet. tby{`blqbt. qeyqrjft. nfjfyq`-cft. `ldnrte abnh`lbt, Eqyet trcbqt tel bn qfmiey d`nlay`de qb{r. dgfmflbtgr`dgenbt 'mfyffofqb) p. abtab nrbje. {bpeqbt. {ey le gfinfy ab grbxetab [ftdrf p eqyet eicbqet o`qtdg, Nft btdrnqryft ab mfabyf f mblrae tbdelt`jrbl ab {yexbbaeybt `lajblft lfgrft abn btqfae ab Jrbyybye.pf vrb ne q{`dfmblqb gr`dgen tel nft f{n`dfdèlbt ab dgfvr`yf,

l`d`l abn `laè. bn {in`de tfib3 `laèt tel net vrb q`blbl aflsft p mtdfyft, M` bw-{by`bld`f deme dryfaey bl bn Mrtbe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf ne delh`ymf3 fn qblby nfqfybf ab a`tbfy rl bw{et`d`l bqlejyh`df. rl mrtbjyfhe `lmba`fqfmblqb {`bltf blmtdfyft,

6: Net a`tbet ab rwf tb a`hrla`byel fm{n`fmblqb blqyb bn {in`de le bt{bd`fn`sfae.fn tby yb{yeardàet bl net nìyet ab Nrmgenqs '60;9. 9. 6078), Bn deney fmfyy`nne ab rwf tbeiq`blb ab rlf yfs vrb tb denbdqf aryflqb nf {bybjy`lfd`l f Z`yòrqf 'dhy, Ifrmn. Xett

p Denn`ljt 600;), Xfnb nf {blf mbldèlfy vrb nf {`lqryf hfd`fn fmfy`nnf ab net {bpeqbyetgr`dgenbt tb deltàbyf vrb bt bn ybhnbce ab nf nrs tenfy bl nft dfyft ab net {bybjy`let,

67 Tbnby '60;6. 480) deltàby btqft f{n`dfdèlbt ab dgfvr`yf rlf trtq`qrd`l ab qdl`-dft {ybg`t{l dft ab metf`de, Gen`bl '60::). mt i`bl. nft ybnfdèlf del nf abdeyfd`l abdbym`df deledàf deme {tbrae-dne ttell 'Grmibyqe Mba`lf. demrl`dfd`l {bytelfn),


19/29


1 ;

Ab rlf mflbyf r eqyf. dft` qeaft btqet {yeardqet fyqbtflfnbt tb gfl

abtfyyennfae f {fyq`y ab eicbqet y`qrfnbt. ab nft cdfyft p btdrnqryft. dbyb-mel`fnbt e xeq`xft. vrb yb{ybtblqfl f net aètbt gr`dgenbt e tb blqyb-jfl deme ehyblaft f net nrjfybt ab drnqe vrb tel nft meyfaft ab btqetaètbt 'O`lan p Lbryfqg 9;;4),

Nf dgfvr`yf 'orof). bl t. bt rl tmiene abn fjrf? {ey bte driyb nf tr-{byh`d`b `lqbyèy ab nft cdfyft. delqblbaeybt ab fjrf {ey bwdbnbld`f, Nfaedrmblqfd`l ab Nrmgenqs. gbdgf f h`lfnbt abn t`jne W@W. teiyb net ei-cbqet y`qrfnbt gr`dgenbt tbfnf vrb pf bl btf {edf net gr`dgenbt rq`n`sf-

ifl drblqft ab xàyè bl tr abdeyfd`l, Tbjl btqb frqey. bt `larafinbvrb flqbt tb rq`n`sfifl drblqft gbdgft f {fyq`y ab deldgft ab menrtdetdel btqf h`lfnàfa 'Nrmgenqs 6078_60;;]. 992), Nf {fnfiyf orof qfmi`lt`jl`h`df {bynf. ne vrb delh`ymf btqf g`{qbt`t, T`l bmifyje. nf dgfvr`-yf le bt rl mfqby`fn ab ybd`blqb `ldey{eyfd`l fn fyqb ab net gr`dgenbt,Nf dyl`df abn {fayb Cet Fynbjr` '6726. 627). vrb afqf ab 6:4:. abtdyìbnf abtqyrdd`l ab rl dblqye dbybmel`fn gr`dgen aelab. pf blqeldbt. tb

bldelqyfifl eicbqet bnfieyfaet del fifneyèt 'dhy, Jfydf ab Zb`jfla600;. Crybjr` 6009. 0. Yecft 6009. 668), Fdqrfnmblqb. nf dgfvr`yf bt rlmfqby`fn vrb tfdyfn`sf p x`qfn`sf, Gfp vrb mbldèlfy vrb orof bt t`ll`-me ab qfrof. bn fnmf x`qfn ab net gr`dgenbt. vrb tb tbdf drflae rlf{bytelf mrbyb '[ybrtt 6098. 926), Tbjl net gr`dgenbt. bl {fyq`drnfy nftmrcbybt vrb tfibl bnfieyfy nft cdfyft y`qrfnbt. nf dgfvr`yf t`jl`h`df nfxàf, Edftèlfnmblqb. btqft {bvrbft drblqft ab deneybt tel dem{fyf-aft del tbm`nnft ab mfs. p bl fnjrlft demrlàfabt tb eitbyxf vrb tel

eicbqe ab rtet y`qrfnbt {ry`h`dfaeybt, Bl nf demrlàfa ab Qrf{ry`b nftehyblaft. bl {fyq`drnfy net d`yèt 'ofq`yfqb). tb nfxfl t`min`dfmblqb delcfil p dennfybt ab dgfvr`yf. vrb tb rtfl deme t` hrbyfl rlf bt{elcf e rlsfdfqb, Bl btqb dfte vrbaf dnfye vrb nft drblqft tb fted`fl del jeqft abfjrf. t`mien`tme vrb let ybm`qb f net d g f n d g g r q b t { yb g t { l d e t'Lbryfqg 9;;9f. 6:0. O`lan p Lbryfqg 9;;4. 164-168), Net aflsflqbt ryyf-v r b yet ab net deyft {eyqfl deyelft del {nrmft ab ryyfdf p xbnet ab dgf-vr`yf, T`blae bnnet net aètbt ab nf nnrx`f. ne vrb xbl tel jeqft ab fjrf, 6 0

60 Teiyb btqf aflsf xfltb nft eitbyxfdèlbt ab [ybrtt '60;7. 27:-277? 6007. 916-919)p net btqraèt bqledeybenj`det {ybtblqfaet {ey Yfmybs '9;;6. 9;;4),


20/29


1 6

Bl net metf`det ab dgfvr`yf yfyft xbdbt tb rtfl {bjfmblqet a`tq`l-

qet f nf dbyf. pf vrb tqf. ab mflbyf flnejf f nf dgfvr`yf. bt rl mfqb-y`fn tfjyfae, Tbjl rl m`qe gr`dgen. bn {y`mby dflqfaey ab m`qeqb hrbQt`qtòfmb, Fn tby ftbt`lfae {ey tr blxàète deldre. nf {bytelf jfy-sf. trt ecet tb qyfltheymfyel bl nft {y`mbyft fibcft 'w`bqb), Eqyft {fyqbtab tr drby{e tb delx`yq`byel bl nft {nflqft {yba`nbdqft ab nft fibcft.m`blqyft vrb bn telàe ab tr fyde mrt`dfn t`jrb x`xe bl bn srmiàe abnft a`n`jblqbt {yeardqeyft ab m`bn p dbyf 'dhy, Lbryfqg 9;;1i),

Bn rte ab dbyf p dgfvr`yf trj`byb vrb nft fyqbtflft ft bnfieyfaft

hrbyfl. bhbdq`xfmblqb. eicbqet tfjyfaet, Net fl`mfnbt abdeyfaet delf{n`dfdèlbt ab dgfvr`yf q`blbl bl deml vrb tel xfneyfaet {et`q`xf-mblqb {ey net gr`dgenbt e. fn mblet. vrb tel deltàbyfaet jyfdètet.frlvrb le lbdbtfy`fmblqb {byqblbdbl fn mi`qe nrm`lete ab fyyìf,Ab gbdge. nf bwdb{d`l tel nft mtdfyft m`tmft, [fyf nf abdeyfd`l abnft mtdfyft qfm{ede tb rtfl meq`xet `lhyfmrlaflet. t`le deletdeme jr`nf i`dhfnf. xblfae. mfqft ab mfs. {bpeqb. hneybt ab {bpeqb.

bt abd`y. meq`xet fted`faet del bn mrlae tenfy p hneybfae ab fyyìfBwfdqfmblqb bn q`{e ab tmienet dgfml`det vrb `lqbybtf f net gr` -dgenbyet, [bye le bt fibyyflqb vrb net eicbqet meltqyretet deme mt-dfyft tb abdeybl del btqet meq`xet qfl trin`mbt5

Nft mtdfyft tel rl dfte `lqbybtflqb {eyvrb bl bnnft delxbyjbl aetqblabld`ft a`fmbqyfnmblqb e{rbtqft, M`blqyft vrb. {ey rl nfae. net `l-ajblft rtfl mtdfyft y`qrfnbt hbft {fyf bxedfy f trt blbm`jet p aè-tbt mbtq`set. {ey bn eqye. net dn`blqbt le-`lajblft 'ab btqet m`tmet

`lajblft) irtdfl eicbqet t`min`det p frqlq`det {fyf abdeyfy trtdftft ab mflbyf iel`qf vrb ybhnbcb. fabmt. tr f{ybdè {ey nf bt{`y`-qrfnàfa p bn dgfmfl`tme `lajblft,

T`l bmifyje. {nftmfy drfnvr`by t`jl`h`dfae ybn`jète bt bwfdqfmblqbne vrb net fyqbtflet gr`dgenbt irtdfl bx`qfy fn dybfy tr fyqbtflf, Demetb mbldèl fn gfinfy ab nft mtdfyft y`qrfnbt. bn {yeinbmf del nftyb{ybtblqfdèlbt y`qrfnbt bt vrb le tel t`m{nbmblqb `mjblbt, Qeaetnet aètbt. fl`mfnbt tfjyfaet p eicbqet y`qrfnbt vrb tb aìrcfl tel. {e-qbld`fnmblqb. tbybt bh`dfdbt p del xenrlqfa {ye{`f. vrb ybvr`bybl qeafdnftb ab fqbldèlbt dbybmel`fnbt, Bl bn dfte ab net {`lqeybt ab btqfmiyb.drflae ybfnmblqb {nftmfyel tr bw{by`bld`f x`tèlfy`f bl trt eiyft. nfmrnq`{n`dfd`l ab net {flqbelbt a`x`let nbt qyfce dem{n`dfdèlbt tby`ft


21/29


1 9

H@JRYF 8, Mtdfyf dembyd`fn gr`dgen. demrl`afaab Tflqf Dfqfy`lf Drbwdemfq`ql. Cfn`tde, Denbdd`l{fyq`drnfy. fnybabaey ab 6002. Heqejyfhf ab Fnbcfl-

aye Fndedby,

H@JRYF :, Aet a`tbet ab rwf rtfaet bl nft {`lqryft hfd`fnbt ab net {bpeqbyetgr`dgenbt, Tbjl rl a`irce ab Dfyn Nrmgenqs '60;9. 9. 619),


22/29


1 4

f trt dybfaeybt. vr`blbt a`hd`nmblqb gri`byfl {eaàe drm{n`ynbt f

qeaet net aètbt yb{ybtblqfaet, [fyf fgeyyfytb {yeinbmft ab tfnra. netfyq`tqft mrdgft xbdbt abcfyel ab ybfn`sfy eiyft ab dfydqby x`tèlfyè p{ybh`y`byel nf bnfieyfd`l ab fyqbtflft dfyblqbt ab t`jl`h`dfae ybn`jète'Nfdolby 6000),

Rlf btqyfqbj`f {fyf bx`qfy t`jl`h`dfaet ybn`jètet bt nf demi`lfd`lfnbfqey`f ab net delet, Bl bn fyqb y`qrfn. bminbmft deme jr`nf. xblfae.{bpeqb p mfs deyybt{elabl f rl {yejyfmf `delejyh`de degbyblqb, Blnf fyqbtflf. tb rtfl net m`tmet meq`xet. {bye tqet tb fdemeafl ab

rlf heymf fyi`qyfy`f, Bt abd`y. tb qyfqf ab a`tbet t`l a`mblt`l t`lqfj-mq`df, Drflae mrdge. tb `m{yex`tfl rlet m`qet vrb x`ldrnfl neta`hbyblqbt bnbmblqet `dl`det del iftb bl fted`fdèlbt nìybt, Fabmt.deme ne gf tbfnfae O`lan '9;;4) {fyf bn dfte ab nft cdfyft fyqbtflfnbt.mrdgft xbdbt. tb `lqyeardbl t`mbqyft a`tq`lqft. gbwfjelfnbt. vrb ledeyybt{elabl f rl ybhbyblqb detmenj`de. deme bl bn dfte ab net vr`l-drldbt vrb {ybaem`lfl bl bn fyqb y`qrfn,

Bl rlf t`qrfd`l ab dem{yf-xblqf q{`df. net tmienet mt nnfmf-q`xet tb bw{n`dfl fn dn`blqb p. ab btqf mflbyf. tb tfq`thfdb tr abtbe abeiqblby rlft Qbfdg`ljt ab ael Crfl. rlf {bvrbf bw{by`bld`f `l`d`q`df,Nf `lheymfd`l teiyb tmienet f`tnfaet. demi`lfaet ab rlf mflbyf fd-dàblqfn. bt jyfq`h`dflqb {fyf rl {in`de vrb x`xb bl rlf ted`bafa abàbenejf la`jbl`tqf aelab net gr`dgenbt tel rlf dftqf ab nbj`q`mfae-ybt p dybfaeybt ab xfney 'f dftqb eh nbj`q`m`sbyt fla xfnrb-dybfqeyt)'N`hhmfl 9;;4. 66. {fyfhyftbflae f Armelq 60:9), Fn dybfy rl a`tdryte

dgfml`de f{qe {fyf nf dembyd`fn`sfd`l p bn deltrme {ey {fyqb ab netqb`zfy`w . net gr`dgenbt {yeqbjbl ne vrb deltàbyfl ne mt xfnète ab trqyfa`d`l,

Bl bn dfte ab nft mtdfyft. le tby qfmi`l ne fitryae abn delqbw-qe ne vrb fpraf bx`qfy nf {yeardd`l ab t`jl`h`dfae5 delet tenfybt demejr`nft p {bpeqb le gfdbl mrdge tblqàe drflae tb rtfl {fyf abdeyfyrl eicbqe qfl etdrye deme rlf mtdfyf, T`l bmiyfje. abtab bn {rl-qe ab x`tqf abn fyqb y`qrfn. btqe. fn {fybdby. le bt `m{etìnb. ne abmrbtqyfrlf mtdfyf ab Qforqt` ab nf denbdd`l [ybrtt abn Mrtbe Bqlenj`de abIbynl _le, 49008] 'h`jryf 7). bnfieyfaf ab irnb. abdeyfaf del dfibnnet pi`jeqbt ab hìyf ab {`qfgfpf p {`lqfaf del a`tbet ab rwf vrb. f{fybl-qbmblqb. abibl `lqby{ybqfytb deme a`tdet tenfybt, Bn eicbqe bl drbtq`l


23/29


1 1

{fybdb tby iftqflqb bwdb{dèlfn b `la`df vrb le bt `m{etìnb {bltfy f

Qforqt` deme {bpeqbyf, Le qblbmet mt `lheymfd`l teiyb bn delqbwqeabn rte ab btqf mtdfyf. {bye nnfmf nf fqbld`l vrb. {etìnbmblqb. tbqyfqf ab rl ey`j`lfn, Bl btqb dfte. nf demi`lfd`l blqyb rlf abdeyfd`lnrm`letf p rl eicbqe etdrye le lbdbtfy`fmblqb lbrqyfn`sf bn {eabyab nf mtdfyf p ab nft `mjblbt {`lqfaft,

Deme pf tbfn. {rbab eitbyxfytb vrb nf {yeardd`l ab mtdfyftab dgfvr`yf bt {e{rnfy blqyb net fyqbtflet gr`dgenbt, [ey a`hbyblqbt yf-selbt. ybtrnqfl eicbqet àlbet {fyfy tfq`thfdby nf abmflaf ab {fyqb ab

net dn`blqbt p. f nf xbs. {yeqbjbytb ab rlf mba`fq`sfd`l bwdbt`xf, Ne mt`lqbybtflqb bt vrb btqft mtdfyft ab dgfvr`yf. f h`lfn ab drblqft. tel df-yft ab qb`zfy`w` fyybjnfaft deme {bpeqbyet gr`dgenbt, Fvr. xbd`le lefnrab f net mbtq`set nedfnbt. vrb xfl qyft nft q`byyft p ietvrbt demrlf-nbt. t`le f qb`zfy`w` ryiflet. gr`dgenbyet. xàet ab deltrm`y fnjrlft`m{ybtèlbt teiyb bn dgfmfl`tme p nf tfiàryf `lajblft, T` nft mt-dfyft y`qrfnbt yb{ybtblqfl fn eqye ab net `lajblft. bn mbtq`se denel`-

sfaey fmblfsflqb. nft mtdfyft ab fyqbtflf yb{ybtblqfl bn eqye abbtqb eqye3 nf àbf btqbybeq`{faf abn dgfml gr`dgen vrb bt qfl {e{r-nfy blqyb d`byqet dydrnet ryiflet, Btqf heymf ab blmftdfyfm`blqe aeinb{yeard`y rlf mtdfyf `lajblf vrb yb{ybtblqf f rl le-`lajblf abde-yfae deme `lajblf. {etìnbmblqb. t q`blb vrb xby del nf qyfa`d`l abnft mtdfyft ab Qforqt` aelab rl gemiyb tb x`tqb ab mrcby del i`jeqbt,

Net gr`dgenbt. f{fyblqbmblqb. ftrmbl bn yen vrb net gr`dgenbyet pnf ted`bafa `la`jbl`tqf nbt ft`jlfl3 tby rlf dftqf `lmfdrnfaf. fnifdbf

ab rlf tr{rbtqf {rybsf drnqryfn, Tbjl nf detmejelf gr`dgenf. net fl-dbtqyet ab net gr`dgenbt tel net vrb nnbjfyel fn abtq`le ab nf {bybjy`lf-d`l {y`meya`fn. {ey bte tb delx`yq`byel bl aètbt, Eqyet flqb{ftfaet lebldelqyfyel bn nrjfy abn Fmflbdby. ft vrb {bymflbd`byel bl rl btqfaeab mbley yflje p trt abtdbla`blqbt tel. blqyb eqyet. net fdqrfnbt mbtq`-set, Net gr`dgenbt x`xet le `l`d`faet fl le gfl fndflsfae ne vrb ne-jyfyel trt fldbtqyet. ft vrb tb {fybdbl f net le-`lajblft. fl`mfnbt pmeltqyret ab fifce, Fn nejyfy nf `l`d`fd`l dgfml`df. rl gr`dgen tbdelx`byqb bl tr {ye{è fldbtqye, Fvr pf le {rbae {yehrla`sfy bl btqfqbmq`df vrb gb qyfqfae bl eqyet nrjfybt 'Lbryfqg 9;;9f. 9;;9i). tenf-mblqb vr`bye tbfnfy vrb nf ybnfd`l blqyb net gr`dgenbt p trt aètbt fl-dbtqyfnbt bt t`m`nfy f nf vrb. tbjl net gr`dgenbt. a`tq`ljrb f net mbtq`-


24/29


1 2

set ab net `lajblft, Ab btqf mflbyf net z`wfy`qfy` {rbabl ftrm`y bn{f{bn ab tby net eqyet ab trt eqyet net aètbt fldbtqyfnbt ab net

qb`zfy`w`, T`l bmifyje. deme net mbtq`set tel jblqb le `l`d`faf {ey bw-dbnbld`f. nf `lheymfd`l teiyb ne tfjyfae tenfmblqb {rbab delh`ytbnbtbl mrp {bvrbft aet`t,

I@IN@EJYFHF

FBAE. ljbn. Nf ybj`l mt etdryf abn rl`xbyte3 bn dem{nbce mq`de ab net gr`-dgenbt fted`fae fn O`by`. qbt`t ab n`dbld`fqryf. Btdrbnf Lfdèlfn ab Flqye-{enejf b G`tqey`f. Mw`de. 9;;6,

FNDEDBY. [frn`lf. Nf heymf `lqbylf ab nf deltd`bld`f mq`df, Nf f{eyqfd`l abOelyf Qgbeaey [ybrtt f nf H`netehf ab nft heymft t`min`dft ab Byltq Dft-

H@JRYF 7, Mtdfyf ab irnb ab nf aètf Qforqt`, Gr`dgen, Den,[ybrtt lm, 49008. Bqllenej`tdgbt Mrtbrm-T[O. Ibynl,


25/29


1 8

t`yby. qbt`t ab aedqeyfae bl {yb{fyfd`l. df{qrne :. Rl`xbytàfa Frqle-

mf Mbqye{en`qflf-@sqf{fnf{f. Mw`de. t,h,FNXFYFAE TENT. Lbpyf [fqy`d`f. Fqfy nf xàf. qyesfy nf mrbyqb, Bn t`tqbmf y`qrfn ab

net mbw`dflbyet ab Aryflje. Meybn`f. Rl`xbytàfa M`dgefdflf ab Tfl L`de-nt ab Gàfnje. 9;;1,

FYNBJR@. Cet. E,H,M. Dyl`df ab L,T,[,T, Hyfld`tde ab Sfdfqbdft. Mw`de. Ba`qey`fnDrm{nàe. 6726 _6:4:],

IFGY. Aelfna. Crfl TM@QG. Z`nn`fm TM@QG FNN@TEl p Crn`fl GFPABL. Qgb Tgeyq.Tz`hq Q`mb eh Jeat el Bfyqg3 Qgb Gegeofm Dgyel`dnbt. Ibyobnbp. Rl`xbyt`qp eh

Dfn`heyl`f [ybtt. 6001,IFRMN. Cfmbt. J`nibyq XETT p [bqby DENN@LJT. Rwf @ablq`h`ba.Cerylfn eh Bqgle -

iènejp 6; '6)3 00-6;6. 600;,IEFT. Hyfls. Qgb n`m`qfqèlt eh qgb dem{fyfq`xb mbqgea `l Flqgye{enejp. bl3

Yfdb. Nfljrfjb. fla Drnqryb. Dg`dfje. Qgb Rl`xbyt`qp eh Dg`dfje [ybtt. 6079_6708]. 976-970

IY@DOBY. X`dqey f Yb`hnby. Grmey y`qrfn bl nf Fnq`{nfl`d`b ab Dg`f{ft. Mw`de. Helae

ab Drnqryf Bdelm`df. 6078,DEPNB. [g`n`{ B,. Gf{zl Dglfof 'El qgb Qe{ eh qgb Bfyqg)3 Qgb [enq`dtfla G`tqeyp eh [rin`d Dbybmel`fn Qyfa`qèl `l Tflqf Qbybtf. Lfpfy`q. Mbw`-de. qbt`t ab aedqeyfae. Qrdtel. Ab{fyqmblq eh Flqgye{enejp. Rl`xbyt`qp ehFy`self. 600:,

ARMELQ. Ner`t. Geme G`byfydg`drt, Qgb Dftqb Tptqbm fla `qt @m{n`dfqèlt. Dg`df-je. Rl`xbyt`qp eh Dg`dfje. 60:9 _6088],

HFIF. [frn`lf. p Fljbn FBAE. Nf abtq`nfd`l abn qrdg` blqyb net gr`dgenbt ab Qf-

qbò`qf 'Tfl M`jrbn Grf`tq`qf). bl3 Cbtt Crybjr` p Cegfllbt Lbryfqg. ba`-qeybt. Hnbdgfaeybt ab btqybnnft, Lrbxft f{eyqfdèlbt f nf bqlenejf ab deyft p gr` -dgenbt. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfaab Jrfafnfcfyf. 9;;4. 686-6:7,

JFN@L@BY. Cfdvrbt. ybtbf ab Cegfllbt Lbryfqg. Nft h`btqft ab nf Dftf Jyflab. blCerylfn ab nf Ted`q abt Fmy`dfl`tqbt 0;'6)3987-9:9. 9;;1,

JF Y D F A B ZB @ J F L A. Fdbn`f. Gr`dgen @la`fl Ibfazeyo3 Qbdgl`vrbt fla Abt`jlbt609; qe 607;. H n f j t q f hh. Melejyf{gt `l Zbtqbyl Mbtefmby`dfl Ybtbfydg 6.6 0 0 ; ,

JRQ@YYBS. Fyqrye. Nf {bybjy`lfd`l f Z`yòrqf3 bn jyfl y`qe ab {fte ab net gr`dgenbt.Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa abJrfafnfcfyf. 9;;9,


26/29


1 :

GEN@BL. Qgemft. Mbtefmby`dfl [tbrae-Dne`tell fla Eqgby Abdeyfq`xb @lxbtq -

mblqt, qbt`t ab aedqeyfae. Dfyielafnb. Ab{fyqmblq eh Flqgye{enejp. Terq-gbyl @nn`le`t Rl`xbyt`qp. 60::,

CRYBJR@. Cbtt. Nf flqye{enejf ab A`jrbq teiyb bn Eddàblqb aby Mw`de. bl3Nel A`jrbq. [ey q`byyft eddàblqfnbt, Blqyb t`byyft p ifyyfldft 'Cbtt Crybjr`p Cbfl Mbpby. ba`qeybt). Dblqye ab Btqraèt Mbw`dflet p Dblqyefmby`dflet.@ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn @la`jbl`tqf. Mw`de. 6009. :-10,

. Nf Crabf ab net deyft3 rl ayfmf ftqyfn ab {y`mfxbyf. bl3 Gbymflt Gri.A`do [f{ertbo p Dfqgby`lb Yfhh`-Iyera. ba`qeybt.Mw`de bl mex`m`blqe, Nfybn`jèl {e{rnfy. Jyel`ljbl. Dblqye ab Btqraèt Mbw`dflet. 9;;;. 97-24,

. Bn dgfflfof ab net deyft. bn qtòry` ab net gr`dgenbt p bn qfmefldgfl ab netmbw`dft. bl3 Cbtt Crybjr` p Cegfllbt Lbryfqg. ba`qeybt. Hnbdgfaeybt ab bt -qybnnft, Lrbxft f{eyqfdèlbt f nf bqlenejf ab deyft p gr`dgenbt. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqeLfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa ab Jrfafnfcfyf. 9;;4f.926-972,

. Dme net gr`dgenbt tb g`d`byel mfy`fdgbyet3 bn m`qe p nf g`tqey`f. bl3 Cb-

tt Crybjr` p Cegfllbt Lbryfqg. ba`qeybt. Hnbdgfaeybt ab btqybnnft, Lrbxftf{eyqfdèlbt f nf bqlenejf ab deyft p gr`dgenbt. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn abFlqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa ab Jrfafnfcfyf. 9;;4i. 416-472,

. Net jrbyybyet deyft p net {bybjy`let gr`dgenbt, Nf qyfa`d`l lfq`xf ab nf{`lqryf dey{eyfn p hfd`fn. Fyvrbenejf Mbw`dflf 66'82)3 87-:6. 9;;1,

O@LAN. En`x`f. Nf cdfyf gr`dgenf, Rl m`dyedetmet mbtefmby`dfle. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqeLfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa ab Jrfafnfcfyf. 9;;4,

O@LAN. En`x`f p Cegfllbt LBRYFQG. Bn fyqb z`wfyòf. qyfa`d`l p dybfq`xàfa.

bl3 Cbtt Crybjr` p Cegfllbt Lbryfqg. ba`qeybt. Hnbdgfaeybt ab btqybnnft, Lrb -xft f{eyqfdèlbt f nf bqlenejf ab deyft p gr`dgenbt. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfnab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa ab Jrfafnfcfyf. 9;;4. 164-124,

ONB@L. Dbd`n`f. Zexbl Gbfxbl. Qfljnba Gf`y, F Zbfxbykt [fyfa`jm eh qgb Mb-tefmby`dfl Detmet. bl3 Flqgelp H, Fxbl` p Jfyp Ryqel. ba`qeybt. Bqgleft -qyelemp fla Fydgfbeftqyelemp `l qgb Fmby`dfl Qye{`dt. Lrbxf Peyo. Fllfnt ehqgb Lbz Peyo Fdfabmp eh Td`bldb 472. 6079. 6-42,

. Lelb hyem qgb Fiexb3 Jblaby Fmi`jr`qp `l Lfgrf @abenejp. bl3 Dbd`n`fH, Onb`l p Cbhhybp Vr`nqby. ba`qeybt. Jblaby `l [yb-G`t{fl`d Fmby`df. Zftg-`ljqel. Armifyqel Efot. 9;;6. 674-924,

NFDOLBY. Qgemft. A`b Hfabli`naby aby Gr`dgenbt3 E{hbyjfibl-Fyqbtflf-Orltq. qbt`t ab mfbtqyf. X`blf. Rl`xbyt`qq Z`bl. 6000,


27/29


1 7

N@HHMFL. [frn. Qgb Z`wfyòf 'Gr`dgen) deltqyrdqèl eh nflatdf{b fla bqgl`d

ybnfqèlt `l dbybmel`fn lfyyfq`xb3 Yba Jy`lje. Inrb Mbtq`se. T{fl`fyat fla@la`jblert fldbtqeyt. [elbld`f {ybtblqfaf bl nf D@ Ybrl`l Flrfn ab nfFmby`dfl Flqgye{enej`dfn Ftted`fqèl. Dg`dfje. 9;;4,

NRMGENQS. Dfyn. Tpmien`tm eh qgb Gr`dgen @la`flt. Mbme`yt eh qgb Fmby`dfl Mr-tbrm eh Lfqryfn G`tqeyp 4 '6)3 6-906. 60;;,

. Rlolezl Mw`de. 9 xent,. Lrbxf Peyo. Dgfynbt Tdyìlbyt Telt. 60;9,. Bn fyqb t`min`de p abdeyfq`xe ab net gr`dgenbt. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn @la`-

jbl`tqf. 6078,

MFJY@. Nfryf. Nf crabf ab Jrfcdgcf{rf3 rl y qrfn ab ybibn`l. @lheymb abdfm{e. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. 9;;6,

MFQF QEYYBT. Yfml. Xàf p fyqb ab net gr`dgenbt, Tbjrlaf {fyqb3 bn fyqb. Mw`de.Fyqbt ab Mw`de 686. 60:9,

MBA@LF. Gdqey. M`qenejf z`wfyòf. qbt`t ab mfbtqyf 'ieyyfaey). Mw`de.Rl`xbytàfa Lfdèlfn Frqlemf ab Mw`de. 9;;1,

LBJYL. Crfl. Qgb Gr`dgen Dybfqèl eh qgb Zeyna, Pfyl Qfinft ip Cetb Ibl`qbs Tfldgbs

fla Qrqro`nf Dfy`nne. Tfdyfmblqe. B, I, Dyedoby Fyq Jfnnbyp. 60:2,LBRYFQG. Cegfllbt. Nft h`btqft ab nf Dftf Jyflab, [yedbtet y`qrfnbt. detmex`t`l pbtqyrdqryf ted`fn bl rlf demrlàfa gr`dgenf. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn abFlqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa ab Jrfafnfcfyf. 9;;9f,

. M`qet detmejl`det. jyr{et y`qrfnbt b `l`d`fd`l, Gfd`f rlf bqlenejfdem{fyfaf abn Jyfl Lfpfy p abn Tryebtqb ab Btqfaet Rlàet. Flqye{ene -

jf, Ienbql Eh`d`fn abn @LFG87308-660. 9;;9i,. Bn aeinb {bytelfcb abn {nflbqf Xblrt bl nft ybn`jèlbt `lajblft abn Jyfl

Lfpfy3 m`qenejf. y`qrfn fjydenf p tfdy`h`dè.Cerylfn ab nf Ted`q abt Fmy` -dfl`tqbt 0;'6)3 04-667. 9;;1f,

. Bfyqg ft qbwq`nb. nflatdf{b ft qbwq. fla Gr`dgen pfyl-{f`lq`lj ft zy`q`lj,[elbld`f {ybtblqfaf bl Dbnbiyfq`lj qgb Heryqg Zeyna, F Tpm{et`rm `lGelery eh Jeyael Iyeqgbytqel. Rl`xbyt`qp eh Bttbw. 64-68 ab tb{q`bmiyb.9;;1i,

. H`btqft fjydenft p h`btqft dfqn`dft tenfybt bl bn Jyfl Lfpfy bl3 CegfllfIyeaf p Dfqgby`lb Jeea. ba`qeyft. G`tqey`f p xàf dbybmel`fn bl nft demrlàf -abt mbtefmby`dflft3 nf y`qrfnàfa fjydenf. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn ab Fl-qye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa Lfdèlfn Frqlemf ab Mw`de. 9;;1d.6;2-692,


28/29


1 0

LEZEQLP. Ofyn F, 'ba`qey). Deabw Ieyiel`drt. Dea`dbt Tbnbdq`. FABXF. Jyfs, 60:1,

EN@X@BY. Jr`ngbm. Medoby`bt fla Mbqfmey{getbt eh fl Fsqbd Jea, Qbsdfqn`{edf.Neya eh qgb Tmeo`lj M`yyey. Iernaby. Rl`xbyt`qp [ybtt eh Deneyfae. 9;;4,

[YBRTT. Oelyfa Qgbeaey. Yb`tbiby`dgq frt Tfl @tàye xem 4;, Crl` 60;8, Szb`Jbtljb aby Deyf-@la`flby. Sb`qtdgy`hq hy Bqglenej`b 47 '69)3 022-088. 60;8,

. A`b Gedgsb`q abt Mf`tbt rla flabyb Jbtdg`dgqbl aby Gr`dgen-@la`flby.Yb`tbiby`dgq @@@ xel O, Qg, [ybrtt. Jneirt 06 '69)3 672-604. 60;:f,. Y`qqb arydg aft Nfla aby Gr`dgen-@la`flby `l aby mbwòfl`tdgbl T`byyf

Mfayb. Yb`tbiby`dgq @X xel O, Qg, [ybrtt. Jneirt 09 '6;-66)3 622-686 p 68:-

6:6. 60;:i,. Bqglejyf{g`tdgby Byjbil`ttb b`lby Yb`tb `l a`b mbwòfl`tdgb T`byyf Mf-

ayb. Sb`qtdgy`hq hy Bqglenej`b 1;3 279-8;1. 60;7,. A`b B`ljbieyblbl Fmbyòft. Ybn`jèltjbtdg`dgqn`dgbt Nbtbirdg. xen, 9.

Qri`ljf C,D,I,Megy. 6098,. H`btqf. n`qbyfqryf p mfj`f bl bn Lfpfy`q, Bltfpet teiyb deyft. gr`dgenbt p mbw`df -

lbyet ab _,,,] 'Cbtt Crybjr` p Cegfllbt Lbryfqg. ba`qeybt). Mw`de. Dblqye

ab Btqraèt Mbw`dflet p Dblqyefmby`dflet. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn @la`jbl`tqf.6007,YBPBT. Ceyjb Flqelè. Bn m`qeqb demrlfn ab net qb{bgrflbt ab Tflqf Mfyf ab

Edeql 'Crdq`y). Aryflje. qbt`t ab n`dbld`fqryf. Btdrbnf Lfdèlfn ab Flqye-{enejf b G`tqey`f. Mw`de. 9;;6,

YFMYBS. Mf`yf. Bn t`tqbmf afldtq`de abn Jyfl Lfpfy3 deyft p gr`dgenbt. qbt tab mfbtqyf. Rl`xbytàfa Frqlemf Mbqye{en`qflf-@sqf{fnf{f. Mw`de.9;;6,

. Nf aflsf ab net ryyfvrbyet 'xbbmb). bl3 Cbtt Crybjr` p Cegfllbt Lbr-yfqg. ba`qeybt. Hnbdgfaeybt ab btqybnnft, Lrbxft f{eyqfdèlbt f nf bqlenejf ab deyft

p gr`dgenbt. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. Rl`xbytàfa abJrfafnfcfyf. Mw`de. 9;;4. 47:-16;,

YECFT. Ibfqy`s. Net gr`dgenbt3 aedrmblqet g`tqy`det. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn @l-a`jbl`tqf. Dblqye ab @lxbtq`jfdèlbt p Btqraèt Tr{byèybt bl Flqye{enejfTed`fn. 6009,

TFLLBY. Gflt-Rny`dg. Ofdg`lf Dea`lj3 Y`qrfn Grmey ft Y`qrfn Mbqfdemmr-l`dfqèl. Brye{bfl Ybx`bz eh Lfq`xb Fmby`dfl Tqra`bt 0'6)30-61. 6002,

TDGFBHBY. Tqfdp I,. p [bqby Q, HRYTQ. ba`qeybt. [be{nb eh qgb [bpeqb, Gr`dgen @la`flG`tqeyp. Ybn`jèl. fla Tryx`xfn. Fnirvrbyvrb. Rl`xbyt`qp eh Lbz Mbw`de[ybtt. 6008,


29/29


TBNBY. Barfya. A`b Gr`dgen-@la`flby abt Tqffqbt Cfn`tde `l Mw`de.M`qqb`nrl -

jbl aby Flqgye{enej`tdgbl Jbtbnntdgfhq `l Z`bl 463 64:-684. 60;6,XFNAEX@LET. Mfyjfy`qf. Nf Crabf bl Cbtt Mfyf. @lheymb ab dfm{e. Mw`de.

@ltq`qrqe Lfdèlfn ab Flqye{enejf b G`tqey`f. 6007,S@LJJ. Yeibyq M,. Net gr`dgenbt, Rlf qyìr ab fyq`tqft. 9 xent,. Mw`de. @ltq`qrqe

Lfdèlfn @la`jbl`tqf. 6079,. Nf m`qenejf ab net gr`dgenbt. ba`qfae {ey Cfp D, Hòbt. [g`n D, Zb`jfla p Fdb-

n`f Jfydf ab Zb`jfla. qyfardàe {ey Barfyae Z`nn`fmt. Sfmeyf. Bn De-nbjè ab Cfn`tde. Bn Denbjè ab M`dgefdl. Tbdybqfyf ab Drnqryf ab Cfn`tde.

6007,

HBDGF AB YBDB[D@L ABN FYQDRNE3 6: AB A@D@BMIYB AB 9;;1HBDGF AB FDB[QFD@L ABN FYQDRNE3 66 AB HBIYBYE AB 9;;2

Máscaras enmascaradas... de Johannes Neurath en Relaciones 101, 2005

Documents

Transcript of Máscaras enmascaradas... de Johannes Neurath en Relaciones 101, 2005