···· ..

1 .. .r .• , r ~ /. /

I . :-: ! I '1 I~ 70 ~~ ' . 11·· '11 ,' . .PART 'l.'o«l ...;. .U.~'!'IVE8

. .. . , ., ~ ~. ... ':'~ ~·~.r•t or au. th~ r•orol.utiollll ilhat liad dwelop<ld 1ll the me or . ......,..,.,...,t;'f. . . ;. ~ \ . •. . . . . '· ." ; • [; ·-the., ... ~ 1\UIIWl 114rfQl.utlon,; tU 4"-th of Lanil!0 ·and the poWG' o:t

' i . . ;!'!·~. -·+:~· . . . . . . . . ' .. ; li;N.tt.d~ aapiU:U:S pve Jm\;opllea oa.lilt:&Ua a bl·.atbins ll!)&oe,

. ,· ..... <.,·, ''• ~ . . ' . . \· ' ,• . ' Sat · · .Cllff!alct to llon.i -..rl.d oa:;d.toli=l'c: =v-t to

~·•.~,eJ.i'..c!Nt~.~a····:•Jbtt ~-~;~pre-.,oa that mlPtlld ill 1928 tilrW the

aitll'ld:Ut~~IC!;afiZil~l')·:11ltl! Jllll:iai.O.';,'rio.ltolT !A 111330 1t WUI ol.6r.l' bt

·t.ho\•114 or lt.liii.O.il>.g. 21!• l!i&he=t

"hulciMrd" :~~e;toJw

·' . . ~

·.:~ j ) ·' .. ;. f

rdi~tflt~~~~: ~t~~~ .... n:-.; ... it.O·wi!:t~·w....-.ts.on 111 th• -••· · !~-~~~iii~~ ·f~:'Mliliat··~~ll~· 111 .io-1o8 u 1n poU.U..I~

·'· ·' .

· ·~tOJ' ot cq~itAllat ·

\ .

.'i\ , . , · ·. othin- !Iaiii,. ~ ·spcmtaatiolU! outb1zr11t• 61 t.llo prol.fltsnat t1'7in,z :. r ! . -- ... , , '·'· · .to 'bl'eakiout ot the aapitalia~ •tN••s'ehol.d, \lbethtll' in the tol!'ll ot tile brief

. ',:;..\ ~'latZ"Saa ~.~~~ to &ii~W.V. •. ld.tli Bitltll'o Ol' in the: gt•;.t Bit--do'llllll l.cdiq

f,:..O the ar·~~ or\the Cil) iD· th~ llSI 'llheth..;. ill the .v•t ctr2ke 1D ft'allea

:~~~··t.opp~ iad~UI·f&tJCialll f'il'st att-lpt to takG ~aM the •

~~MtioD *._ "Popu1Al'-I'Z'ont Goux'nalllllt"• or ill th• uea~st creatJ:te. drua• . )·:·'·i' I·.. \\' '

.~.;~ -411ltX1cht Jll'Ol.!Ot&ri&ft rtwol.ution 1D ~. · n.at it, too, i!Oon la,y

~~.,.i,,..jdu" cot alm1e to the Tiotoey ot rase~, but Stal1D1&a'• etU~ . of "t n .. •ili•toric tm at """'"'"''Ill poUtics with eoolllllliaa by tha ooal¥'tion

.or/t1.~'1taot#d .. at the .... t1u that it kept a gold "trangl.ebol.d cm.ll' the· ... , ·~·· . . 1'9Pul&r rz.ont··so.,....,.att''t.n 'Wbiob all d1111100rat1c i'oroe.,, inoluding .&r.archista,

~- partit".ipa tiog '€>~. nte faot ~t. aona or the re·.rolutlona>'ieo a""'ng tbe theoreticUuul, not,.:~ !

13230 evan those 1lbo both oppcoed tb" SW.iniat•. and bad no W.~u-,f'', ', / ~/ !

. I I ,.. ·~ • • , '

''. '· I .;) • • • : ) '/ ,' '

_.--:--

,.

.·

·I_:; ,,

, r~uttozaZlr atare ot a "Pqqular ln>nt Govll!'tmmlt"•ude a n"" llphiloaophio .. l . . . ,l 0&~·· • amr 1J111nral, out ct that !I"" flll'll ot vnrk•n' po_. at til• . ;. ~. . . . ·' I!!Wi1·0f etea'!I!!Uos 1a claar coach ......Uutt.tlua ot tile 1':lot thot the

· ·i th-.u.G. ~ llllllkecl !II aot c~ oap1b11at lc:iloj!1Wtl but revolutiD!IIary

!• ~·.,:·~· .as tllllt wJ.Ild .. both tbe a~~oolndar 'ld.tb .Lilll1D cf'tb~

lla811.la,~. 111» fcacht s+eUn!""• XMII !Nt411;r, !lao Tll .. tq 'lobo 1128 , ·_ ' . i.'·:_;·.:: -_~: I . . .' .

o l!.....ua :~.~ ~~ to JIOWl'. 111 Cldnr.• put h!ueU squarel;r witb1n the

ol&.;. tii'1H(h•~ enntut c1' ...,..ld 8to11n1M, .bad thoupt tbet the

i ~ ~. ij,. ~ ~1~ thG 1'aotc.rleG darJ.rc tlin .. .r lust c1' the ~ .... · :- ·-:r :.::~,:- ·~~:V-'.- .. -). ·- . . . ~ •~:1~.~Aaoisrllliut <Uaolosstl a nw d!al,otic o1' llbwatioQ• Ilona .

• 'j -r :·-•;:_•o_.' • ;:'('' - ••• .,, '- • •l 0

:: ~~t; .,~:.~.~.'~. 'II'C!l'lc cut; a AW ralat:l.oallla:lp C!1' tlliem'.Y to praotloe• ot

. pliUo~~.rno:Lut:l.ono On the ccJ1trerT, vltll the outl:eoeslc ct librld liu', U, ' - ·.--: _. ·_';- ::::-:.-: :~: ·· . .--_ . : . . ·. . tbe ~:~t 1'or 1ilich •• &1V1111 bT tbe Jlitl......Stal1.'1 !'lact, . Trctsky 1lbc

~'·l]l~t;\~i:el 'a d-.18 apo•ing stalin• a batJi. o1' rft't>l.ut:l.onB 1'oUI!IJ 110

Mre ~~" lllogan to axpcund.th&n to~ 1'or tlta d<ilf'«t8e or

st&UAe.:lifi.s1&0 svppoeadl,y etlll "• wrk.-af state,. t.hcvgh deganarat.e."

l:b a·.'tm'd, the theoretical. ·rcld 1a the *rxt.•t aoV11S•t dace th8

death CI1"'1JM111 had aot been tll1Gd 0 not r,... Jaok of. a lit<> Wid .d•th

etrugslAo oY81" St&llnta usurpa.t:l.on or thu !!l&Atle or Linin, nor tor lack or

atatbtlll&1· etudloe ct .the eoonumy am ro&IUI ot pcl1t1olll these•• Rathar,

· the va1d IIOd..tB beoa1111e, rrom Leon 'l)....,tst;y d01111• tba di:lpl!tr.nte han t&UGd G\'

to 1'aoe 11p0. either to t!le 110vaenta f'rom belov, Ito the llhatter-ing t:.-utll ot

Len1A'., i.rttae break vlth hl8 own pbilo110pb1o put. La!i1Dia d1&leot1cal

anal,rele ot tbe ralat:l.ouhip ot 110nopol.y Cl&p1tAl1.1D to tile collapae or the

Second Iitterll&tlonal at the atbreak ot the til'at 110rld ,.... bas b!lcn red~K:ell

to a aet ot cllohea, 'llblle the m~odologr he _.Icc out tor discerning

13231

\

on tho 041budo tbo .n• "lo'IIOl' &.n<l diHIJI61'~ foroas ~ Z"ft''lution, ancl on

tho oU&o~r lla!Jd, the _,.,.,t "aciJWWitrat1w a"'ltalit.v", Mt to aeut1M tlu•

c-llillet ,''paeUo.!l tor boaalag• (l) 1d.tili.n Bolcb8!rl.sa lou bee !vpu8Cid

altoptiaw,

.lft1Mel4 ... Prop .. ~ .. tho J'l.M, the .i'ar~- th•o ·nro the1'etiabes

tor 'lllb!olt tllo lm'k.,.. of the 1111rld _.., ll8Qd to la.y dom thebo lin11o lit

our tiJIOOho _, that C:O.Wiiat Ch1liA had dlil,y Vct"1t1'1Cl a:a "K.ccrrlat.1An'q1uta

the de.~ ~ Rulli& as a 11tA~spit.aliet cc~. et&!;e capiWiaa hla ·

btiool:e a c..W!tahle ~heo It lila .not 80 at ~ Olltin'el.o.k ot lobrld IIU' tt 'lflh8l.2

1t 1Dilld:~ beau ...te a dea1e1n dlftareuoe ill tbo' atratac:r ot 'IIDZ'ld r ..

'f'Olu~ to)'"'" deiJigeted !W:~-4 a~ a.n :l..n~ part of tile new 'Jtl:te ot

ml!l Oapt1&1111t d~ant,

2ho Ra.aSan- RevUut1o.n bad IIIU'kod •• IIZ'Mt a d1v1de in th&oz,- oa 1ll

'IIDrld hlator,y, For th1a epoab, the ori101al po11lt, 1e .not tho 0110 ot llppos1t1on

. ta~ tboae 1lbD 'INII'a aot1va in the 1'11<'11luticn lil1d tboao 14to OPJ!IIIad 1t.

'lho orua1al clilltinct1onStor u lire thoaa within tho Z'GVOlat.Wn, ~ the

tw sen 1lbo led: Len1n and 'l'l'otslr,y,- 'lh'IY pr"JJ"l'etl thcnlna ?61'7 c!ifi'erantl,y

to aeet l>Utorio dee~ llovtlllbal' 7, 19'-7. · .Both 11U'e !!uziat revoluU'>Ml'i88o

Both 'INII'e b,y thWl_ 1ll a slagle organisation, It b true tb&t 1)-ota~ had not

jo11llld the Bola!umb before tbe ·- or 1917 'llhllol d""ing the long,bad

d1fl1ou1t )"BIU'a, f'Z'011 190.3 to 1917, 'llhen Bobbevilc tW¥1-.y wu ha-l'Gid out

•• an orpnisat1oo, 1)-ot.1q fought it bi.tt.erl,y, er.dle;al,y, r""k:l.e•lr• but t:raa

the we of Octobal! till the death or Lenin, no ditfal'enaa betveen til• il!lpi.'lgod

on tbe "'r,ian1&at1oDA! Question," Here lrctsk;r •• right ldlan he aid tbat

the Rowolut1on bad "11qu1datod• the d1ti'srenc,fla, lohore be IRa 11r0ng .,.~ to

think that the similarity of' political poait1on• and tbe organieat1ona1 fusion

eign1tied a onan811a or 11etbodology, of tho raJa t1onlhip or !>bllosoph,r to

(1) Lenin Saleotocl hbrlca, Vol, ~In, P• · 307

13232

:i •t'' ':'

' ·l

•• • •I,.'

' .t

' dSG'!IIC·- ilrto ther.t&UCIU!bSp beta.- ph11.311Df>Jv ucl ret'Dlut.tM, pt"O~.JIIl .' · iaw .wie-.. IMtwcn Loa1n Qd trotlllt;r, or vitb.!D Mao on the pars.oct "'t

' ariaal:··MfotUt.tor1 or ali illd!lllad ~lllt.ural rwcil.uUon" :!.s piwt&l, . .nOt for

.· '· ad.~,·~ pan.il!ttt as ~-t. 'flle ;routh ot ~7• IIO.tatall,y abso1•bad with :_·.:: '' '::- ·.- ',:'. ?~~;-:; ... ' ._ . -. , '· ;.

·. IIOU,~W'of~Uvift,;,e.oU'Iit,- , tb&t th!l!Y thoueht thqy oould loavs th80l'J' ba, ··_.······!.;_ ... :_;y;ki-·-·~-~·.:_;·:· .- . · .. ' . . .

. · ·.~J~·t.t ilp "• routaol, 11- learned ons th1n,r ~ the aborted near-r ... ·':_ . .-.·-~)<~/;;:: <~;; ' ·.. ' - . •' _·.'

.;,,;;.;;.t~pa':111'tha Faria o: llq• l•& til.., can llD -• do vitl!out theot7 tb.:l<\ ·:·: <(,\!:;~~{~..,_~; ...... -.! ' :-~·; . ' ;_. ' ,., .

. vJ.tlliliut: aillt...OUv.lff', 2h• taot tbt.t 110 111UQ" are attraatul to "2he 'Illougb,t

· ~~ X.O:~.:.'tw.n, now.t.bat it hall beerl. bott.. d6\tt1ai &Ad ra1t1..d into "tb" ; . -.\'' .. ';·,'"\(~-- :~~.' : . ' '

ll.ttle J:ed ;book" 8P..U vo1111lGB ab!>ut the theor<ttlc "JCid that tbr•tena to

IWIIc WI .all into lt,

Stalh'• dsath did l.Ut an inoub>.us trc;o our heada, '11:1& epontaoeaua -

outburats tllat h&nr arupt4d 1n m&at E\n>~pe 1n tha !dd-1950'a did impel tho

110at 01'is1U1 phU.oiiOph1!1" ot Dill' opooh1 JOJ2.n-Paul. Sartro, to a tt<.mpt a

tml1i7' betnen lf&rx1alll ucl idlrt.elltS.Hn. 'llb1oh he 110v calla but "" 1111Mlave" . ..,

Wl$hlrt Jial'lda, lolaetbar or nat ho IIWICaedod0 llhethw or nov&- 10uat, imltesd,

tollov tbe aon~~ .. t to tllea:r:v that arose 1'!.·eo> }!l'!Ctia...! in &lat ~P"• 1n the

~~ration ot a 1ibole AIIV 2hJrd hbrld, with tb.e nw black d1a'!lll81on, it is nao-

•IIU7 to r.:late ouraelvea to contront '!lbat -.t ..,.,.~ vlth tho >'OWllltionu i

Juat ""' it is

1111poaa1ble to 8ld.p the stagoa or eooi>OIIic dowalojlllent, •• 1t 1s :i.lap<lssible

to llldp tho 110vaaent ot tho"'htr the ph11cscpby or the or.e intelleotual 'Ub.o

!Ia• never been in tho &v ....... t, muob l011s a loador a.!!d roovolutiolll\ry 13233

'

. ~; .. ,,

-s-.pi>icti~nir· ot tltit lllt&ttzre of a ~otaq 01' a .!lao c!ounds attention, never-. ( ·. . ; .~ . . ' . '

.. '!t ,til;;, ..... bt!Oa1111• :l.t ~ be """' ""• 'the llj>olceiiii&D tor VBZ7 .,_.J.y a vbol., .e ·: ' .... ·. . ;!'. ·s•-tulii the nr.t po•twr 111118Z'Iltion ~li llttalptec!, at 0118 &ll<i the ...... . , ' .

··f ~f.~ b..'llut *111:! :1.!1 the Coii!IIUII:I.et Par~, am Dnt.and :1.n dialaotio reason, ' .;t<.j· ~ ....

....

.... ~·. ;.

13234

, .

. ,. ·l ·~ ).

·I·.

'i· ., ·J

-· ~--

. ··"

.-·· ,., ... -.' ,·~ .. ·

i.' 'It 'lias, of course, no accident that the Great oLvida ill MarrlO!D

.. '}: caused b,y 'ibrld l.ilr I and the collapse of the Sec:orrl InterMtional sent Le.nill

back to Hegelian dialectics, And that, like all the other l'evolut4o""'7

H&."Xists 'lbo remair11!d true to Internatio.i'lilllll, Trotslr,y felt no such compWJ!ion.

Silt :l.t·wo•il.d be utterly J.udicruous, the pionacl.<> of tha abs,.,.d, to. draw from

the c~olus:l.on that "if only: Xrotslr,y had reread Hegel."s ~. all_ 'WOuld

have -l>een wall.1 tbare woul.d.bave been no political. differences between Lenin ' . ~

,· anii''~t.slr,y, o.nd· "of course, they wo\il.d have evolved the sama dial.ootic '. G\'' ·' ~~th~iogy, . Xrotsi<;y was not unm:l.ndt'ul. ()f dial.ectios. !!a took it for grantlld,

. ·, .'::i:t ;;;,...:!.ned '11inner11 ; soMewhere :l.n the black of h:l.s heado ntis, however, was. ,· .. ,: . ·.

n~~- subj~tiviiiJII, (2) fue obj~tive aitue.t1cn bad changed, Y""• n,, :l'al.l of: ••

the. Secozid International was a "shock", ·yes, But this did not seem to raquiro

1'hlisic11 chang'!S ill theory, Much lese in ph:l.loeophic "Wlderpi1mings11 from

· those who· remailled 'faithful. to MarT.ism. A corollary ·to this seemed to be

Trotsky's concept. of intui'tion: "No grOilt 'WOrk is possible ·without illtuition­

that.is, without that subconscious sense which, al.though it may be developed

and enriched by theoretical and practical work, must be illgrailled ill the very

(2) Isaac Deutscher's tlu•e.,..vol.ume biolgraphy of Xrotsk;y notwithstaild:l.ng, the philosophic m<Jasure of the ''Man of October" has yet to be takon, . there we do not get Stalilliet slanders, well firwJlced by the Cpmmuniot st&tes. or Xrotsk;y:l.et panegyrics, tho objeotbe anal,vses carry a subj ective air - · o.ttributed to Xrotsk;yl One personal. experi.,nce may ht>.1p'illumi:late the lack of eubject:l.vitq on 1'rotsl<;v's part.· At the he1(;ht ~1' th•• MO£cDor Fram""Up 71-ials against himself, the bourgeois press prillted "rumors" that Stalin had at no time been a revolutionary b1lt had always benn a Czarist agant irpvpcateir amd ms mpw 111ar~ w:ecking revenge. "But

Stali:l was a revolutionsryl 11 Xrot-sl<;'{ expleined. He insisted on adding a postscript to the articl!' of the day whieh expossd the StaJ.inist charges agaillst him. Hore was what he dictated: "The news has been widely spread through tho Tearist days, and that he is now avenging himself upon the old enemies. I plaue iCl:'I:Jctluoc:g i •"""onrt>Jo In< no trust whatsoever ill this gossip. From his youth, Stalill was a revolutionist. m the facts about his life bear witness to this. To l'econst.ruct his biography !l£· post..!.!£!a moans to ape the present Stalin, o'ho, frcm a revolutionist. became the l9ader of the reactionary bureauoracy. 11

13235

., ~. J

,,

-?-

nature of ,.the 1nd1v1dus.J.. N•1thw theoretical oduoation nor practical '· \

rol\tine can replace the political insight. 'Hhich ermblas one to apprehend a

aituation0 weight 1t as a 'Hhol6, and for.esee tho future. llje' gif.'t tak.,s on

decisive 1Nportanc10 at a time of abr1ipt changes and breaks - the conditions

;i r of rfiv6lution, 7he events of 1905 revealei in me, I believe, th1s l.t.tar lii'e,n (J)

liiatever truth there is in th1e ~or.oept, it cannot servB a~ a sub,.titute

o1' foll.Qw1ng. •tE¥> by ctap, the development of n•otaky•a most distinctive con.,.

· ... t?ii:J~tion .to,M!irxism - the theory o1' permanent r.evolution as it -...s teo ted in

i· . ·• , act¥ ;¥StoricaJ. ~1tuaM<>ns. '·!· ....

c '!he ~i.i.rz· o~ Permanent Revolution .·r, . ' ·~ .

,: · 'Ori.ginall,y the theory ms knom as 11the theory of Parvus and ~taky11 • In 1904. :lit ·.'11. series of articles on. the Russo-Japanese Wtr . . ~ anti tled ''lollr snd --Revolution! · Parvf.s had written:

117he war has startod over Manchuria and Korea; but it has already

grown into a aon1'11ct over leadership in E!.st Asia. At tae next stage Russia• a entire position in the world w'..ll bo at stalce; and the .'lil&r vi.U end in a shitt in the poli ti:lal bol&Me of tlls 'WOrld ••. A.oXI the Russian Proletariat may ·~ ell pley the role of the VSJli!IIIU'd of the socialist revolution," (quotod by Isaac Deutcher, 1he Primhet Armod, page 104, Boo also tho biography of Parvus, 1he Merchant of Revolution, by Z.A.B, Z..W.n and W.B. Scharlau,)

.JiyMy Lite, 'n'otsky, who was Parvus• junior by 12 years, readily enough '

admitted that the analysis of Parvus ''brought me closer to the problB!lS of

Social Revo.1ution,. snd, for mo, definitelY trsnstormed the conquest of power

by the proletariat tram an astronomical 1fin9.l1 goal to tl1a practical tasR: of

our day," Nevertheless, it -...s 'n'otskyls 1905, a series of articles written

in 1904 throtl!!h 1906, climaxod by tha theses, Summaries and Proseectives, which

()) Leon 'n'otsky, l{y 111'~, 185

13236

..

I. ,

..

-8-

C&me out of the actual 1~0.5 revolution t!t~t raioed the pl:ognosi~ to tho

'.l.wel oi theory, It can rightl;< be considered original in this development.

ih~ 80.page essay on the vanguard role of the prolet.ariat, the subordjnate rt\lo

. :of .tho psssantry and the interrelationsh:lp cf R@si.a vit.h the EuropMn Re-. . ... volution l?ecame the subjoct of controversy 't.o:l.th Stalin 'Who charged ~t.sky with ,. ' "undere~j;j!aation of the P""santry,u :tat us read the ""'in theses a• Trotsky

'!dmaelt:. wrots th,..: (If)

'::' •:

',' 1.,

(4)

"I'n a countr;y econO!IIi~ more baokwl',rd the proletariat may come tc .power BODller than in a count(ly c~<p1tal1stically advanced , ~ • o:'Kai>ximu is above o.ll a method of anaJ.srsis - not an o:.nalysis of' t8'otts. but ari ana],ysis of eooial rela tiona , • ,

.; . ~- ho.ve ·ehown .,sbcve th&t the obj63t11Je preinioes of socisllst re­·volut!.On.have slready been orssted• by the econolllic devOlopmeat of tlie. adva~oed c'.\pitalist countries , •• ·

]!Ially elements of: the working masses, e.,Pecislly a1110ng tho riU'al population w1U be dra;m'into tho revolution and fol' the first time' obtain political organization only after the urbsn prolet.­ariat has taken the helm of government, ·

7hough ·ro. ther sea ttered, most of Trot.skyl s dews on the theor,v of permanent revolution are available in English: (a) As first devel­oped in the pariod of 1904-1907, tile~ can rssd in Our Revo1u·tion by Leon Trotsky, cOllected and trannlated by M.· Olgin•'• (b) iiie most important ·are quoted by Trotsky in context of 1917 Revolution, as Appendices both to tha History of the Russian Revok~n. (c) As developed in telationship to the 192.5-27 Chinese Revolution, Sss Trotsky, ProblBIIS of the Chinese Revolution; these reappel!l' and ara upcl4ted in his Introduction to ll!lrold Isaacs, Tt>.e Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (19.38 :3<1.) (d) :Ill& 'Whole theory is s>mwed up air a totallw in the pamphlet, 7he Permanent Revolution, ,which includes a speeial Preface to the American Edition (19.30} (e) A nw Restat0111ent - th~ final 110rd W3 have from Trotsky's oen -the unfinished biography t\f ~ hss an Appendix 117hree· Conoeets of the Russian Revolution."

i

:·r ... ·'! . ,.

1'\

... •. ~" ~- • • ' ' • I

-9-11It 1s the Plll'J>Ose of' ovary _Soo1nl1st parey to revolutionize ths

IIWtds of' ths l10rk1ng class 1n the B&ll!e way u dr.velopme~~t of oap­italiam Ilea r"""lut.ionized social rcl4t1one ... ~ ool»ssal. U4'luence of the_ Russia.'> revolution IIIILbifests itself in kUling party rout_1nell, 1n deatreying Soo:l.nl.ist c~Jlllervut1.em, in making. a clean contest of prolet&r:l£n f'~>rnee agdnst capit.sl1st. reaot1on n quea·t:l.cin · ot the <iay ... ·.An Ellsteion re..clution i'llbues the Wostm-n Pl'Oletario.t .td.th r...-clutiom.ry 1deal111111 aui sthulatea its desire to' speAk ~sian• .to its f'oes, 11

1hooe are the lllain theses of' the theory that beoee famous as the theory

· ,of_ the pariiiiLilent r_ovolution as they wore EIXpOunded ill 1905-06 and repeated

.'over. and. over and 0\•or again f'or nearl,y 3.5 long years, that 1s to l!l&Y through-- ' ' . . .

i o-~t _the ~est. ot ~otsk;y1s lif'e, 'lbeoreticall,y, h1s llbole llf'e can. be ua:l.d to

'"'''""'~; ... :;Oc,- . ::}'_,~ •• <>, ,ll.,;;~es ~1' postsc~jpt3 to thr,ae 190.5-06 theses;· It 1s not tdthou{

-,:;· :signiri~ce> however, that ~otsl!;i had aav.;r used it as a toundat.1.on for

··•'I

'·

13238

·: ,._ ·-.- . . . .. ·.'bullding a 'tendoncy or a group, that it nowh~e entered t.ha ~cone in 1917, lind

_tram 'the very start .of' the struggle td.th Stalin,. the choice of theoretic

'llellpon ...;;. the theory of' parmane_nt revolution - ""'" Stalin•s, not Trotsk;y•s,

though the latter eagerly rose to the bait •.

Neither the stage of the wrld econoey nor the economic law of' combined

d...-elcpment llhich made it possible for even a baldao!.rd land like Ruusin to

have some big industry and, above all, a ccncentrnllad proletariat; ne:l.ther

the vanguard role of the proletariat nor its need f'~r a:l.d from prolet&riat . 0

of tha technologicall,y more advanced lands ~ in dispute, Not in Lenin's

day. r.bat was 1n dispute was the role ot· the lllllsaeo, Since these, in thR

""'jority1 wm•a paasant•, Lenin considered all talk of "evolution that d:l.dn•t

spell out their role as Habstract"t "sor...or?usn,_ neopcy.u

~otsey had always claimed that on the question of the peasantry and

the agrarian revolution in general, he had always ninoe the au~umn of 1902

been a ''pupil" of Lenin's. lhis became the theme, especially after Lenin's

death, r.batever Wllt"e Stalin's motivation'}for singling out the "underestimation

ot the peasantry11 - and they, of course, wero tor purpos9s of vanguishir.g

... ,. ·'

,.

. . :;

·-:-·

,

-10-

~ta.!l;y. the tr~tb '\ole tbat TrOtsky's ~onc~pt o£ the pSIIBIIJltl•y ms ~ertsinl.Y ~ . . . - . not ClllG of • sal1'-dovelop1ng subject, It 1s this t.bat speaks a gr..at deal ·

l' ..

! . ' . . . . . .

·~, louder 't.ban ·E:IY Stsl1n1st slander, It is tbiB M>ioh 1s pl.v?tal tn the j -'" ,. ·' ., ,.

· }dalect1c ~f zovulutl1on, not only 1.'1 Rus.s:l.a, but 1n O>ina, not onl,v 1>1.1905 .i .

>·or 1917• but ,1n 1927 and 19.37• It 1e· tbis whic:h de£1nes "abstract rovolution-. ' ' ' - '

:: m" that i.e.w, o~ns1dered the 111othodologica:t enemy ai'tc J....,.. as bet ore, 1n

dcfc;at as ~·victory And for wh1oh he tried sketching out new points of de-. ~ . ;;parture for theory• should the c~ntinuat1on of Oct<>ba:- on,. world scale et!i<>rge, i

. ·'i 1on&<:PIIk1rl8 ra~er than via Berlin," And because this 1s c8llt"ral cdso to our

'Z..age,• ~.~wit follow, ~ep ~ step, Trotsl:y•s own views, ffi .. , . ......

•· . :;; We ~..;,that 1n hili 19<15 concept' "the rural pop~t1cn w1ll ob11a1n political ·: ;'.·· _:-.····~ .:::-.-- .. ~1- .. ·' . ·. .· . ·. ,. :orgar~12at~fi;nl,y'a1'ter tho l!!'b:.n proletariat hes tske11 the habi. of government,,"

In 19o9; ~taq,wrote that ''lt~cal11 crit1c1slll 1s the bistcr:l.cal curse of the .· ..... ·-\_·;~ -r· · .. ;_ .. peasat1t IIIOvGmGilt ~-. "It was on the circumscribed, pol1t1cal in,tel11gence o:f

the peailant 'Who, wll11e 1n his vUlaga plundered· h1s. landlord in o1-der to seize

hie land, but then, decked out in a soldier's coat, shot down the '"'rkers tha·t

tho first wave of the Russian RevOlution (1905) broke." As hto as 19JO, h~ quoted this ststEIIIent,, J!!j;_ as ,soD'.eth1ng tba t hod outlived itsalf 'lith the

rm'blutionary peaoi.nt participation in the 1917 Revolution, but as so111eth1ng·

tba t still held tr.;<>,

1917 erupts not only 1n the cities but on the count•ysil:le, Yet, 1n tho

very Ballla breath 1n wh1oh he writes that the peasants 11pushed the Bolahsv1ko

toward power w1 th their revol t 11 he conclud9s that they had played a revol··

ut1onary role "for the laGt t1se in their histocy, 11 (5)

:!he rovolutionary role of the peasantry then repeats itself 1n CM.r.a 1n

192.5-2.7, Trot slcy' duly notes that the whole history of that land is one endless

. series of peasant revolts, but then not only refuses to grant tllem socl.slist

consciousneSs, but even national. consciousness: "Agrarian backwardne.,s alwa.ys _____ (5) History of the Russ1all Revolution (p, 407) 13239

\

i

-11-

·.goes .harid, in hand >d.th the. absence of >"oads ••• and the absence of' national '· Consaiousness.u.

· :trotslc;y di11regards 19)7 arrives. Japan invades Chilllli /MI!.o, . l<ho cl&ims. to have 60te.bli3hed

•ipeasant So1r1ata 11 a.-.d certe.inl,y has a Red Army, and reiterates a ' .. . '

:":!he peasantry; the largest nlllliericall,y and .th" 1:10st a~mizod, . baolmard, and oppressad class 1s capable of' loc"'l uprising£ ann part~ warfare but requil•es the leaderllhip of' e more adva..oced . .:llld oentraliBad olaas in order for this sill"uggle to be &levated to &n· ell·· national· level.u

1: . : .IGU:os~ ~·· Pte· ~gGd.y; of'. the Chinese Rwolution, :n-ots~ stakes oot. a bold J ' . . . {•, '• -· ' ~- I . . . . ' , • •

Ill introducing a work on the Chin&se, 1925-192? revolution, M/l.rold

. ·.· oJ.a·:fma 11abe conception Of' the permanent rllVOlution was co:U'irllled OJIIle moreo i·~:·;~.~::L-"~·:,,\·£.\~. ~-.... ·,. . . . . . :. .. .... ·.. -.. . · · · ·

· · :_::-:':;:::·· -.l;ftbti 't:lmoi1 not in the :form of a victory, but of' a cata.stl'Phc. 11 In a word, · . ; '. ~ '.; . : . ,: ;: ' ' ' ·; '. . . ' .. . . . ' . ' '

... ,, ·;; ·,, ...

( '

no.'att'll' what the historical period, no .,..tter which country is the topic, . 'i· ·: ' . . . • .

n~ attar what the 'lll)rld situation, :trotslcy' holds to his poaition, t.'lat, . . .· ' ' . 11no matter how revolutionary the r<>lil'·~:r the peauantry ll!B.y be, it can, neverthe­

less' not _be an 1ndep"!'dent role and even less a leading one."

:!he real division, not between Trots~ and Stalin, bnt bet>reen Trctal<y

and r.enin was the attitude to the masses, be they peasant or proletllrian.

Are they tb& makers of histo>·y,or are they, thero, onl,y "to be lod11 , to be

ordered about. Ar11 they the forces that, even ldten they overtJu•ow capitalism,

must return to the role of' passive masbes t.be day attar the rovolutionl

~ Lenin, the revolutionary role ot the peasantry ll!lS not so,eth1ni;:

he lett behind >d.th the April (1917) thesis 'When he declared the slogan of

''democratic dictatorship or the prolotar~at and peaso.ntry11 has outlived l.tselt,

that fro" then on struggle was to be for the dictatorship of' tbe proletllriat.

On the contrary, the Msses ware Reason even after th" proletariat l<On powar,

Len~n still 1nsioted that until the revolution envelops the countryside and

the poor peasants - their land co111111ittees -- held destiny in their hands, the

13240

>'evolution~ 'l«>ul.cl not really have ~ompl a ted 1 tsolf.

·z.ooinre ~methodology waio always that o:t' l<>oldng at the masses - bo th"Y

prol!ltorian•· peasant or oppressGd 1111.tionalit;y - ao sel.f-d~veloping subject.

In tha dark ·days· ot \obrl.d War I •• as we' saw, ·wh&n the proletsl·:lat '"'" slaught.X

ill,g"•itsel.f ... acroira natiolll'.l boundary linos0 he saw this in the ot>.•uggle ot .' ' .

!llll&ll.:natiorie for eel:t'-determinations 111ho Dialeoticu of his"tory is auoh

thi>.t·sma+J.·aations, powerless as an ind!l!>end ... rt factor in th<> struggle against

: imperialism, play a part as one of thi> ferments 0 one ot the bacil11 which

:. h~~th~.~oal. power against :l.mperial:l.lllll to come on the scene, namely, the

···~· soe1;li~t''pr0l.etar1st,i• (6) . .

.. : ·' :J:ti:.,pp~~ition to lll8J!JV a Bol~hevik co-leader• to Lenin. the success of

•. th~ itiwa~ .• ~olution did, not mei.n ~t aeli.:determina~r. was no lougcri:· ~. • ' .. ;· . . e . . .. . . .

"applloable,, Stal.i.n•s "rudiiess11 and 'WJlloyalf;y" during :tenin•s litetim<Llaa . . . . . . . ' '

to be seen preoisel;v in h:l.s Great Rusnian ~hauvin:iat attit":le to the national

minoritieG0 the Georgians espec:l.all;v. ~A• Len:tn lay'd,yiug, he entrusted the.

struggle against Stal.i.n on the question of ·national minorities to tha hlll!dll

o:t' Trotsk;y, But, as was charactarist!c of Tr~tslcy throughout hia life, he

one~ again went in for 11conclliationism" (7)

(6)

(7)

Len:tn, Collected \obrks. Vol. XIX, p. :30~

"Ca.ncll,.at:l.on:!.sm" is a 'WOrd lenin had used to describo :Irots~'s position when he was outside of both the Bolshevik and Mensh ik grou pe attempting to bring about 11un1t.r"• In his M.y L111e. ·otsk;y accepts the description and tries to use it to prove that ~Gat errors he committed "always retarred to questions tlla t were not fundamental or strategic, but dealt rather with such deri'lllt:l.ve matters as org­anizational policy," (p. 18.6)

13241

•• d

' .

..

I

. . . '; .. ·.-..

-13-

He 1'a:Ue:! to Wlf'url tha banner 0,: struggl'J againsl; Stalin at the twli'th

. Collgi'ess o1' the Russian Party as he bad promised Lenin he 'WOuld do.

Rreviousl,y,, in 1920 he did vote for Lenints 'lhNos on thB National and ,. ' . Colonial Quoatiml. But ago.in. as on tl!f1. 'llhole que3tion c.f dialectics,

'lrotak;y merel,y ''took it for granted" without .ever davsloping the univ""aaln

of coo1al.i<lm anew with the newl,y daveloping objsotive sitllltion. lhe one ' 'run onl,y ,time thst. ~otsky gave serious ocnsidaration to the fact ths. t the

.. ·;: 'lh~es ~~*s~ed'a new point of departure in t!te:>ry. and U.at that new

.'i,P~ir.t ;~·/not on the basis ot the th110ry of permanent ••evolution, but on' .- . - -:·- ' .

the b.sis ,of 'the Leninist position on the. National Question. was the !;1m,. .-·;.- .. ·.-:- _ ..... -.. .- . .

~~:~he ;... forced to 'do so by the exigencies of a united caucus with Zinoviov .

. a~iita.t .stlilin•a fatal class-collaborationist pulioy. in China. But then1 .

it.-.'ll&s Zinoviev•s 'lheiois that· he ..as defending. 'lho.t thesis btleed itself '· ·-

directl,y. on ·Lenin's position.

'lhe. nub of the question is not the "uthorship of any thesis but its

content. Lenin f'elt " new departure in theory ws called £ ... because a neo

"Subject" had come out of lite. 'lhe "Subject" - selt-detmnination of

no.tions -may have appeared old. Actuo.ll,y, it was within such a new world

situation tbat it had an altogether different meaning.

"Can we rooogniza as correct tho assertion that the cepitalist stage pf development of no. tional economy is inmritsble. for those backward nations >mibh are now libm•ating themselves •••?

''Wo must ::epl,y to this question in the nogativo ••• we must ••• give theoretical grounds for the propmsition tb.at, with the aid or the proletariD. t of the most advanced countries, the backward countries may p&ss to the So\•iet, and a1'tsr passing through a definite stage of development, to Ccmmuni5Jit, wit!tcut psssi.~g through the capitalist stage of development.-"

It cannot be strsssed too much that the$e precedent-shaking statements

came from a man who had spent decades 1"1t;hting .the Nat•odniki (POpulis ta) of

13242

··~

'

., -····-···-. -·-·---·-· ,-..- · .. ( .. ''\

-14-

hia o'llt~ C9\llltry, people llho had ""intained that Russio. could ~kip the capital­

. iot stqo of'davel.opm<l>t. (8)

Just as I;ebru ·thought that through the Panch,yat (village council) India

can go dil'ectl,y to soc:!&lls!a, £0 the Naradnlli thought Russia could do that

.through the mire. .Lenin fought thiD bitterl,y ar.d ,.,n the thecretie!lil. debcte.

Hisf..c>ey has certainly uphel<i b1a judgment.

" .. ClnlY'sOmetllih;i .vf!!'y fundamental and objective could have.wrought .such

•,.' ' '. . . .

'• ,,- • ·._· ' " I

· ;;abciut:tbii:•:~ansfol'lll&tion;· First."~¥, tho 1917 Russion Revolution had e•tabl.1ah,;..

'}~ .:;:::.:.~~J~. sta~ that could come tc ~e ehl of ~··land even m~,:.e b&c~t'Cl-, : ·.· • :'. , -•}_;•:< : ' : I , , ' ' ' , •. , , - ' ~-

~0~, than Russ:ia. Secon<U:r, the coloni.ol. revolutions thEIDIBelves ·::_: -.. _- . .. ' - -' ' . . ~. ' . . . .

· :IJ:Lum1Mted the ravolutionary role not onl,y of 'the pllllSD.ntry but al•o· of

national struggles in the ~erial1st epoch, 1M.l"'.ll,y, tne nBif dimension of'

color 1nc1he Orient, in AfriCa and in t.'ie u,s. (As a totality they concretbed

the 11Sub,ject11 •

It ~"'s this knoW.eclge of 1he present stage of the imperlD.list dovelcpmo:1t

of capitalism and the specific stage of ne.tioual>•ovolutions that impellod

Lenin, ever since the Irish rising of Eastm· Weeek, 1916, to stress that not

all initiative at all times comes onl,y from tho ...,!'king class. Ho did not

change this position llhen the proletariat did achiwe tho grea tost revolution

in h1story - the October Revo; ution in Russia, lhat revolution onl;r ttndor­

l1ned the truth of history's dialectic;: just as !llllall nation• fighting for

independence could unleash the socialist revolution, so the ,.,,.king chso ot

1ndustr1sllied countries achieving the revolution could help the underdeveloped

countries avoid capitalist industrialization.

lhis point of departure in theory -- induotrialization without capital-

ism -- rested, of course, on the proposition that ths working class of the

(8) L8niho Solected l·k>rks, Vol. X, P• 211-3 13243

.. ,.

. -· .. . ·• ... . ·'" -~-

,'; •·· . :i) advanced countries could and liOuld come to the aid or th~ir brothers in tho •.

(

'·'I

">:l. t&chnologically wrl.er..dsvel.oped countries, (9) · .... "{ '':···: . · .U wa see, thi!i page c.f r.omint..,n' Jrl.ateey was lost, not on]Jr. by Stall11

7:'' · :/( ~ae pol~ ruin.;d ~- Cbi.!lose R eorolllt:ion o! 1925-1927, but b~ Trotekyo !t

•. :_. :· .... tl idat by 1)-otek;y, ·,;ot out or 11aubjactiviam11, or 11misquotat1cn11• l!o, tho .· . . .

:te.,a,,ngq,os much0 :much desp~. ~t ia how he >"oacl Lenin. 'lh9.t is 'Nbl;t ha

the dialectiCs ot revoJ.utbn, the wr.g"Uard :role of the prolet,.;• . . .. . . ~ . . ' . .

.'I1k.turz1Sd out .alwys to be ''objoot11, He di.dn•t Jllllke a

!!Jl,qk~'AA.t ... a •:t!'!'?,J'Y Stalin. _praatioad, Blit on.ce . . . . .', • ',~·:; :: , •:'" • ;· I ' ·.' • " ·: , .·~:-.· .'

the next' step ""s reducing -oarktrs•· , .

. ·.· ·.· .u.·. ·. ,;. · Nature· of tho Russian Econoi!!Y .

B;,.,ause each generation or Marxists. muat !:"estate Ma:'xism far itool.f,

and the 'pl:"oot of 1 ts Ma1'X1alll lies not so much in its "ariginati cy-n as in

. ·1··

its "actuality"; tba t is to say • whet.her it met the challonga of the. new

times, ~otsk;y aoserted tbat, no mattel:" how g>:'e&t hio l:"Dla was in 1917, the

pl:"oof of his stature 'WOuld depend on his achievements aftel' the deoth of

Lenin. Stal.in's victol:"y ovm• ~otsk;y would m""n nothiJ!g !!, it '!181'<! ~otsky's

aaal,yse~ which proved correct ·and thus laid the foundation for the continuity

ot wrld revolution. That is,or course, true and it io here "hwe '"' can

trace the different methodological approaches of Lenin and ~otsky. Lenin,

as we saw, met the challenge or the new objootive situation of monopol,).·

capitalism and imperialism pi!Uosophioall,y as wall as "materialistically" by

studying it dialooticall:y, looking at the objective and subjooti:le situation

as a unit, a totaliljy that contained :l.ta own opposite, from >lhich contradiction

(9) Ibid, P• 242

13244

,.

.·-:_,:,

-16-

the.illlpulse to for'Wal'd mov,..ont 10>ul.d arise,. lrotsk;y, on the other hand,

controntod llith a i.ow stsee of 'WOrld capitslis" !!:!!!! the phononenon or Stalin­

illlll.- ~ot Stalin as a personality 'Who was so "ruia"· and "disloyal" that

Lenin asked for his rGllOVal, but as a politic~ t.endenoy !<hich bad state

power, economic power, a monolithic par't,y • So lcr.g as no new stage of

~OI>Clllic development b'ld arisen to SUCII; ~n an,y of the many ~eni:rituga). ten.ia

.encies within the Bolshevik parl;y, these httcr could, IU1d did "" appmr to

lro~k;y to ditter merel,y politic~. Jlr 1928, h011ever, it was no lon8er a

:'':· qu~tion o! :t'aotioll41 :fights or .&VEil onl,y of tbe receding. revclutioJIAry wave, . •' ' . . .

. .. 'both Woilt.and lll!.st. It vas internal. 'lbe liEP llUUl had grown rich and did . ·. ·.. . i·, 'c_ . _. :· · - · . _ ·_ _ . , ·

.:;; .. J:i>r"''ten .the .. reeime. •Jhs hurr,Y with 'W!Iic.h Stalin then adopted the ~tate plan ;·:~- -~~f•' >'(':'' -·.•·].' -·: . ·.:: . -. ' :-. .. ·. ' :_ .... ' '

of:, industrialization waa not, ·however 1 due o!ll,y to conditions in Ruasia, much ' .

leas to an,y conviction that :Irotsk;y bad been rig!lt all along in proposing

, total_ sts.1t e planning. B,y the end of the first t'ivu-yaar plan, in 1932 i·~ hod

boocme quite clear that the lihcle world ot colllpeUtive capitalism'l>ad cr.>llaps.id.

ihe Depression bad so undermined the foundations of 11priva te enterpriseri, thrown

. so man,y. millions into the li:!ISlllplcyed 41'D\Yo 'Who, in turn, threatened the very

a:dstan=e of capitslim, that capitalism, as it bad existed up to then -

· anarchifo,cclllpetitive, exploitative !!!!!! a failure had to give way to state

pl£nning to save itseJ.t from proletarial• revoluticn. Vobethar it was in rich . . .

cauntz.ias like the United Ste.tes that could stiJ:j., w:tth its Nsw Ileal, maintain

a ~ eeonoey or it was Nazi Gernan,y with its atate plan and militarist

Japan with its co-prosperity sphere planning, the >dials world had detl.nitely

moved from "s:lmpla11 monopoly ~tngo tc sonething nsw. W!at was it? State

Capitalism?

:zrotsl<;v rejected an,y such designation. To h:lm, the "property foi'IIIS" (•.11

limited by nov tc statitioation far the earl,y production can.forencoa had not

onl,y been abolished, but even the trade unions themselves had been incorpora-

13245

,.

I >

..].7·

Nl l.a .- M&t.e) (l.t) - ... llbat ll!ll!e '"'""'"' RIUitiiSa i<m.ola" u

a.--. ~~taw ~- dQ! -uw. !bl r••• ot u..e ~ IPill"811' l'•'tcd ·w a~· ~tiD; to bhnlf o Cl'Ut.=' e=re of 'l!l!!!ltli ett

a ~' l/lf bill ~,. :rw~• blil!l !IIIah -ru.atzaUM 1111 .U..

trtbdtr allld .................... -~ Dotii!;P liNd,._ f4lla1,y thtD ~- .. -M.allld tilt_., ..... J.:..S. .. _..... *'-• • •ttso lin tu wlwa> taMS 1a illla $t.e,· • aucr z•U.W ta. ~

~.-a wac...,. 'lii.tla -c:aSa BtaltA" -IIIU ,._- r.t 1ts blllld n -'I

•u-.~,.ue, -.~Nelli a at.U. put."" ota.ld.Nt-' we .u ttK>

Mal 1." ft 31W lrideldlW ott tM "GGIrad l'UU !if tB IIAtvlil~tUae.• A8 . :~;, . '. -~ _. . .. ' : _ _ · '. . : . . '

•JaF ..,._, ..,_lawl$p IIIP :left 11111 Olllrt; -· ta. 1!9vU. .ID...._tl..t - Wa.

atU\ ~~ ot U...~ Uidllao•

*' .:.u. 'eli&J ot ~' w w laola • ""an'"•"""' ... - loU

--c~·· •2bD ftret cc.uw4a&U41a ot * - ot ~ll:lt1olt 1o •• IIIII'AII• !/If tllll r.at.e ta -w In llt.kw? - IIOIISAwC liT tllie J1Nr ldanat •• ill• IIIJtbad fl8 -w ... ~.>a;;~ 110t lliF "*Pltll.-> uta 1IUb tbe IDIJtlllld ot ~tt.Gft.". ~11

lol:oR>tt'Lad!l Ud fltiiCht !lard •W ~ tho ~t,y ot Use

_.l.Y' ~-· nat.e Jnto aa ~ 'lbloll b1d V..o bll:l'~rau.c da!:'-Uou,

..,.. theA, 2Ntllr;F ..,..t eU tlall r•t ot ll18 Ute ~CJI'Idai: U.. SWlnlat . .

.Ut.e SAto an ablltrutson ~h blWid b!>l to tile cctllll ~tsoa ltitill

GSlPCI'Jlt.e. Ill- r.n5a -.mod tat a ...t-• $w ... a b'tlolll1u-l oak

"dl'llfil'l')-iftr.:"-Lmin''• dq, 'IMW!o' 1Sll •• - .., propoaad ·~" th• 'D'IIde tiiiS.ciM lnt.o ~ lob:lwul lltate.· ll6e -r e.na.'\p18 ot Ut.at

CJ'IllltJ.al <1ato 1n lfe:!s!• w tl=t!!C!""· w• 194-200

(U) 'lhe ftomtlutioft <totNpl., I'P• 2lf1..9

13246

. -18-

!1131 -ate~ boa tiNuJ.u-1 "&ti!U to ec:Wla fR a rewoa ~e w ~~. "&ot.IIIQr ,._,tid &llr ...-Mrc a!:ilu\ a poe&!hl. .... \aNUAift ot

~.U. "ao 1B ~\ l.'lu' w tile r-•tera~ of prlmt:~. .:splel.o

t.. 116tlllr tzw.tao' t~Kt. u. -••·blld 1on au tMU -tral. '" .. pro-

. ci•Wa ••• ,..,..,. '1111111'-•· _. ~ ft>ot. t!!A'- -.e o'Sde ~ ~ 11111- llld bee I&* PDI•told law tM $to .,......,.., lilA' u.. tll<!t. ~\ tho

- t¥E FO'I•Uae _.. lncr...S. a\ U. 111A*ift ot tbe - at c-..pt.inll

~ u w• ..,.....,.._ .-,tt-~ 'IIIU1d •w Ilia ,... IIIRidDc e~tuWJ

Jll';p: Itt into a t.uat.. •u-u...t PlrOPW'tl' = _.u.r., •~

. ·' . ,.._ ,..,.,'Ill ao ...- ot •·· egz.....,.mlllllltSM. in tis• l"tll&U.US ot

s-<t...U.. '1M ~atdat.lall fl4 taa• aount._.u\ion &!PiMt. Oc'tclt>Or,

UID fte1tpl•t; c..UtaUGn. ~ ri.-1 .....t.T u -tbln£ that tirn

.._ ... tiM> poUt1.1!&1 Jll'od8e llrr UID IW'tll o(· II - po11t-1ltg alu8o" A8

!I els••• _.. born b-aa polJ.u.c-1 proe.is8111 1he -•• Krelt11 purpa anl,r

pli'O'Pod u 'JNUII;r that "SSI9iee; -iet;r ~~~ \ID!a tG.-rd tb• <>Joct14n

of Gle bar_,.... -- w 11111. lltlllliWft RWie!.s .... tiUll. a p!uzrp'

•tat.-0 bll *'•' U!a\ tls8 lloacow n-1AI1a -lcenod st&UnUII. ActllfJJ,y, th•'\1

coosol td&Wcl ltl.l"'lle w prlp&J'ed 1t ftA- "t!t• lll' ... t Plltt-1oU.C ~o~ar• - ;erld

1-&r u. neWer M~uld !lp8Gik ot tho po•lbU1t,y of a r~nUon ot ~1tn11at

Nlatlonl!0 but; 1\ 'IAII ~ -'b!."£ ~t ~ b11iJ1Mn or ~"PM• !>ut.

... t ail apro:>= c:rolv!n: "before .,..,. vwy "'""'"• (12) evolving 1n tbe atart.llng

13247

I.'~(" ~.. . ~

' ! I.

,.

~.· •

i ' ' \ \ -19-

\

but not· altogeth!ll' un!01"8IIIf.tll form Oi' stat;<. CllpitaJ.iamo (1,3) 'lhe movaitent

· • tram ioonotio:l1' to . .itate upitali ... .,..., r.orecvQI' a 11Dl'ld *'enomen(~: '.b'otelc;y

·denied the facit,; He rejected tho 'dlaorro

',. .·:

· 2be ltl-uggle againlt 8taJ.1nilft had the dr ot llelfoodoat01111e0 hOWWill 1'~· ..

not bt~C&ue ~tall;y-. nbjoct.ive altout his ow atatu of :Lead&!' of the

Ruaei&i1 P4volll,ti4111. but because obleativaly ho nw Mtbillg ho<luler.Ull,y n.-

: ~ ~ld :':,.Pi Wit dw•lopaent. · . It had·~ beoame -· dtl04dllllto IUid :tn ._. ·

it. ~ec:th ;~ had. 111111ttold fuo~ and, though "PPlltioall,\1" Btlolitt hAd . . . : . ... ., ..... \ . . . . .· . ' . . . . . -

·-beOO.~S~ ~~~~·~.10,1; -rr:lldauG!l~" .~ tzlO IIC!CI!lOIIio relatiO.!!ll c

(ij)

'"· I' • • ' , ' , • , ,

. ' '

·L.tar back as 18'72, (the French oditio.n of &ar;,t•lJ. !'.arx l>ad pradicted that .thelog1oal davelo.(11113bt oi' the 'lf_ot the oon-O"''t:t-R.tion and cantral1mat1on of capital: le.ad to stat.-

. aapitali8m. lillgals r!lp88ta this in a 'IIOJ.'k :t'e&d and apprcwed b.)l' .lfar:tr &: ai't ar aritio1n ot .t;!la Jrflu't · Prosraa at>.-oaaillg this · "o.,p1taliua aoul.d ADt. b11 1'egard0il MJ' longer a.s being In 1907 !'Autaq puts . tha question ot . . ~.nto the Jirftn"t Pl>ogr!!:!o liP' lobrld ~ I th1s 1s to be not Just th8017t but fact. It 1s included not onl.Y 1n the popular ~ ot C01!Dilwrl.sm ... b.!" Bukbarin and l'rlio'arazb8W!l!;r0 the text llaf'.d in ali. ·SOviet eahool.s, but it also appMrl 1n the t:l.rst ~$,festo ot the Cc!JiaUDilt IDtarnational - witten b;r Leon '.b'otr,Jiia "7he state aent>.-ol of soo1sl lite against. 'Obiob oapi'!:IJ.Ut libaal.i.u so st>.-1vecl1 1s become a realit,v. 'lhare is liD turnillg back either to tree COlllpetition or to the domination of truste, 8,Ynd1oa tes

1 and other k!ads of sooiaJ. ano018l.1es. :!he quantion oona1@ta ..,le:cy­in thisa 'O:hQ llball control state pl'odootion in the future -the 1111per1slist state or the state of tho viotorio1111 proletariat?~

13248

'·

..zo-¥h!a i.e not~ ~.,. lifJ ~- 11 2a!dv ot tho .

11114' ~ ~ ~ tn 1'.!ilf'A!7o ~ U ~a!

U. iUlt~ ll. ~ Clal"-o 'llbSdl 1114 ]i1a:IIMil the ..-1. iJio.

.~. hn!l!411f' ot a 1!111! ,..,, a~~~t· ot - ~ Nlm31w. bt. WlW

an~-~,_ fal'iet....,..,. ud otiKlr put-·

s..4at ~ ot Mu, ..:f' ~ ~. ~ ld.U 1116\ ~ 1WI

Ida~.

lltat. ttda ja .,.. ttla ... ot • llud.rt *'R"t'"·· ,,. ~ ...,, ..... , s. of ..,,"- u t11at. the - ~ ot «'QT•• ~'lMJMnt. r10 ratttr ~~hat ~t s-..u..&, (lit) u al....,_ 011111iiS i4 5.11 FtrJ¢ nlet4""""1P

toth ~~to 1M- £oN ot --•·.NNtt., 01" ..

Nr ~ Sii Uoe JIIPUlatiAiit that ~ to c.wo:- U..ii lltapnaf' .-pita!.• .

U\S.o ~~ UlrJe thlo Mtsona ~ ~ . .An!o 11ullirlg

ba. iiWI ftlD\S.an('lip• the 11111'1c:1ng c;ut. ot a IIGif NlA~ Ntluaslh 1St..,. . . ' . . '

• rd Jlftll\tGoh

· r..- 'l2o-. ftlato1'll did not dCIIdrlat4t 'l'l'o~s ~~ 'hu eri.tus., ~ -ant, ot ~. -'.ftll ~about "-1ll0l"Qtn

tal ..... ~tlo "tapo" ot llt&l.b>illlt tnul118biA1.tatian. 'ItieJ"C'I:q

b• '- 8ft Mt.aul ~ ot thtl ~ Plalu. llo _.t.w that, tn

tha pn:u '• 1he...,. oano!('t ot IIOO!&U...u..., Ndoaulld to UN d!llillept ot

(14) '19 t1N't ~ ot Rlwek u a ata .... o!talut -ut;,1

(~)

lui4 an ., o~ ctuuS7 ot 1M 'lhNo n-~a~w !'ll!n8 u -u ... tha poU.ts.a.l "-5&\SoM, - ~ tn 19!t1, ... puNt ±id 'qr M iJI ~J"n%s'r~M'P"'l' ll8Do 19'tl0 tbno ani v.bo 19'!2o Sea altJo '1118 ~ art.to1e l baMc:! tn "'- I lott, a:111a ..S to:r AU the T~ _ _.t, "'l''ltt a ~t of' t» Volb:il ..s '1M PlAn ot tile ~. 8!: ._ to C ldM, liUl.iauo F • w.u.!e and John Go llrilbto" AU the c!oo-.ta ..r bo1h the ctate aapltAUat w.,l_,y c.rd lll!.r%1s~ "'"' tn cl4podt 'llith ~ lltato lmiVIINit/11&\- 14bu:Yo The ·~ ~ ea:u.ot1an.

13249

--~-

' i ' .. • ' I ' .

i \-- . ':. : I ' i ! l i i l

I i !

l ' ~ l I l ' ?

! ' I ! ~

-21-

eta.t• )'l,Mio ~· ~ ll!lltll:l.thllte.llli!rl;o Ule Pft<t.( .e,f ~ :f.S ~

T..,.,.a- ._..,. - Ill ~len ~ iilD U.. Wp!I'Mtg

of~~ Ifttlmie.tlaNl on ·~.au.t. W,.. Ulll ~ ~."

"'D t1m1 -·• ..._ an tile nat.lanalta~ ot Ul8 - ef Jll·~ • U.. ~ tiiRo IIII!Dd c£ it.wlto :l.t tleu Nt ..te ._ ...u-bt"« of iM -· t/8 tw' At\ to wv.­~ ... i:i;::dte ~tt.l· to~ .. tbe ll!'fllhl ht. 1t i.e I 1 1 tMa tc Ufi W!ti!Gut ..U. lll!d ~ not,"

.. "111'4 ot Olltotw" ~·t. b::rrG l&'..le 1\lV' .,.... iJ:ta .t:le IS1N 6£

1M illaM a ~ ot tJie ~ laii cJDaNqp 'llhillht tl.n.d d tlleo;o.v

-"al ... dtrtldlln tm'o1lNd Ill th& stt'UIIla e.pWt stal.1rlt..l, tl<Je.

at.\· ll&le Or DMI tt;y-~ to.t.ba ~of II~~~

tlbip, II5Jicio ~· ~ or t1ut nat:un of stcufa. 1~ • a1aos ·.

cllaftotlr, at&Un'• "tbeo17 ot -uu- in - ~ uu t.Nat..s lu' 111111

U a ~U,an of Mt.icnaJ.Um ft retoraUt.':Zf•i!!lllrU

"''baoz7 of st&Un-lllldtal'lll t-. ~ Uul ,..,~ :nlftllut!nrl ~ ~Uatal p;Ua, '!be ,_t ~ flf e.a ~t. tnt..~ to lin ~ C!O!IIpG 'llhSieh SIJ ,.,, ~ til IIOlft ~ taelat." (15)

"- 1e bolr he ~ 1t 1n hts ~ 19"..5•

(15)

".A.tte!' ll1s (Ani hticy1a) aapitulat.SAIII U... 1e IIG'bllt,y lett o o o an1 .uu r tiWik t:Mt u.. q;;a 1.., ~ r .. ~..-e= p[ -· dapito ito Sn!rutt111tflnt an! ~~ ratun, 1a tlio ~ illlpeft&t W0J1c?n rq lUe. lll>ft i~tparbont tbrln tMt. of 191? • MoN ~ 1han tlut pv1od ot tho C1VU war, tW •Cf other.

13250

. ..,-.,,.

-22-

.... Ute .U. ot olar.lt;y I 1Dild put 1t. tM11 'a,l't W I ftG\•bHft 14. !•t ill J$.7 ill at.~. th-. ao+..ohao ~ -.114 lue tHin ~ an ~ !!CIIII5.ttm· \bat. L.111in .. p: n.rt. r..l t...... w~. '1Jui - -·· ~ l!o1lll klfWao 'bit ~ of ~ o11IU - pG'!n;t • •• ... lr 4l'f.ifti)Qt. IIJ*U &t ttwl ~t;r ot IQ' '1111111 - ~ tt.e )llll'l.'lll t:.'a 1~..;.'1,

' ' .

tt -- flootliJII:v bed ~ • ~ Ulat. .... "lNd 1lP t.o the

~ ot h tot.., - if the a.di'O ciWn•tt

,HS. II I •• 11'-1 ~.Mil llllbozdntson Ot the ..lr-:t...tap111g

"SubjMt." t.o b1e CICIIIOipt, na,v, _,_.tatson an 1= llll•JII• 'lhU 1o::l 101 not ,, r.

~ to ..- the. quut.Wl or l*IINI!Sp t.o u.e 1..t or theo!7, wt attribo

'--t.Srlc 12d8 t.o '-WI• ... "!W L8dJI'g a1oau>a t.o nnd iiio.1r ~to the- tMN had t.o .sat -- on Ute ntal ~r. in i2155 PI-= u. tb8 JIU't.Yo ,1usJt U tbe fttal .a1Nprirag 111 the ~ at tho party 111 lfa 'Wi•lldp.''

T btil .. caot.:b' •t the 'fltal la1ntoprinc or 14nin'a ph4l·~ ... W•

Dellpit.e, ill hU 190:3 GoilOIFt (16) or ~ part;:r_, 'IIY 190.'>0 ~ df!OlaNd

the ~t. 111 lllluat- ot the ........,, llaap!t.e hu 1a&de:lddp ot the

llol.liMrilc l'art;v 111 1917. he tbraataned "to 110 to u... 11!1.21oftJ" ....., ita ~

f'A11e4 to put. tOO quosUon or wrlcera • pcr;;v an the ~ ot the aq•

illr 15120 ho piOpOII«< (l)Oing to "the non-pal't;:r -·" Dap:l.ta Ute "2l ecn­

d!t!aN" to the r..uJ,v toi'IIO!I cr, he not ~ dlltDlA\"lill tMt. tale Reo;olution

<i6) Fol' • Ut&UIIII ~1111 o~ the cbanl!'l!ll bt t.mjn'a --.,t ot puot.y, 1903-1923, - Ql,.U "fbnut ot Orst.I'Wiatiar•t u.. Rola~ or the !lpmtanecms Salr~ttan or th" Proletar!&t to tha V.-ngu&l'd t•art.v." HsirJs.1¥1 trd 1'!: 'p=;, ""' 1?7-193

13251

-23-

- too Jn~ en • ..,.. .... ,. ~..-J8n•, bit ftd Ida l!ttt'e ·utntt qy 'ch

..t dtJI'rutatiDS v.l.tiql<a of lib aim -~. h l!W. ~ ~ ;a;~re~

~ ..... r.o - to .J.a\ft ld.8 -u,, too, 'bit etat.c tMt, u .. .!~ in tM Pt'lllt.saal au-~ J331a dl'tU1!1110 tiMn Mthin1 lie

IIQIJ wDl. ,.,...t ita """•••· . ~ dill,

'IRtillliF, ·.an tb ~ !land, -t.maaol to llpt1ak at i2lll ~turit,"'

at the ~t• "1he mtegta tu1r at u,., MKt pctriad - a pnozwol~ . 'll.

.1117 ;..t.l at qlt4tlon, pz~· IIIII Ol'piiJ.taU/orl - _..JUte in C!'I'IJl'o

_.... ~ '*'*•• 1M •turttor or ob.,_...tta ~ -· .&.\t.Saall IDI tiaiatu:r.lt;r at 1M JII'O'J.etuo!at col ita ~ ... • . .

. .,.. fils ~. Mil .,f ,, to iM -ld ~ll'!at!' -..w 1- ',-. ' ' ' . .

bollc!lr, ~ a'bltftultlar.s, 111u-t a '!adtl !n. a ..U~q,

nu.. ~; 12se JobuJoth . ~u.-1 .aoultl not b!lt'bu Stulbil't!i.

AU taw ~·• Pl'Cb.,_ bad becll"'lduocd to a~ o1" :t.daNbip, u

the 'NI'I' .fhwt·-~ ot ~ l'l>arth rn~u-t tut!.fUDt "tbo ..... lJI.

poUtsaldbtian u • 'llbo1!t u ""'·d'l:r ~· l'lY ld.a~l Oril41s

of tba ,..,, ill~ ot the pl"'lortariat, N

Haoclsta &1'0 to.'l:! c1' eay!ng that abatNot1crta ~ an:zy the .. goy,

'lba a'lutmattan, .,.~ piopiltf:Jt • •J'bN' trtat.t bas llilst. ~

~ U.O ~. the St&UJ>iet comtelo-1-lutl.!.n - it obtain.t the

th~ ol1tlcJoiantad a ..tlolo &ei'IONtian ot ~.

'iDa ohalit,y l...U.... the .-oapt or '111>1'14 ~ and tlu>t of <It­

t- or stal.!n1st lluasU, betwen ~ u a alusl.ces ..... ~ that

aan onl,y ...U.. 1teelf as a """ld -sat,y ud 8GO!al~t~

pJ"OI)Gl't.y ieolat.ld 1'I'IJlt tho IIOI'ltl ftOCiftGII\Yo batman liiln'l<1ml u tho wntuanl

and woJ4ciii'IS Ulat need~ to autntt to the lldl.itarl.sattan of la!Jol', batNiam

Party as t.lar of the pl'Olotarlan ,..,..lut1an 111>ld !"arty as nlltnr. CJVOI' 13252

(

l

13253

.. •",), ..

IIUIIb:•" - ~ ltlld d....S. -all u.. 41.Ut!M, Nl 'A - p~

~~ - 0< ( tL'IJdad ~'1M ~ 'bwtUIII tfle ~ of tJMo 1"'.-.ol•

· 11\te d t.M ~ 1111\I,S8Bt ao CllNUtlrt.td tM rejf~ of "tM -·

1M~> ~ hliiftnllll to 'bw ~ llll1llu tbll2l ~t. It is UM to

..... ~ ... ., tas u ... p'b?' shr a~.

~ U t!at. -fUIId. JIU"~a, state l4 J II;Jo l!lllDtM:uW fllzo ~

.t&'-ttln of a- anl\uJ 1, ~ a-1A, eo ihe dc"".a:dlllltwl of

eat !l!llli - tn CMJ~& tn 193'1- 'llil:ri61l tn ·u.. ol4 -~ iMt 111o -

~ Mhltns ttaUn•a ol.lae Ml'd +•t&ont.R 'ft.- cot a b1.odr et !\lllr ob.,....

. tllat.t:o,=;cu:Ae! !n 1925-2?• !!!!e'e l'l!!!!r f4ter of ~labDRU..witll at:IAne:. . ,_

r&1 at± d¥ f1ov taal 1M-~ of a b1oall ot fcill:o ol• i •• ·.art., atSN

in 19,.,- hOt QUna of_19Z?o hOt ciftl;v 'I>JDaDM ibt ats-~ Parey,

sta11nSat .,. ~. - -a - -tazae bu.t, abon aU, ~ or tile

p'b"'"""" -11! 111tu.tsan -w lv ..,,a !mu!on or ll!Sil&o Fol' 1'ft.talc;y

to t.Mat -tile r:1W&t!cn in QWl& 1l:ll!co U.... ~ &II U' lt - r,r~].y

- " rtpl8,y or the 1925-2'/ disute is not ~ to ardU st.aUn W!.th .-1-

~· It 111 to ~ -·11 - auop.n ontl.oolt, .l..S that 1a wey

e.~tt.l to tbo tilole tllea111, Trotelc:r'll ou.tlaak 11118 too Bil~_,t.Nd,

ntis 111 not to A7 that Trot.lc7 ,.., not a 'bole 1ntcllau-1Mt, lie.

hal al~ 'bc:Jn 11 1triPld 1"11V'Dl.ut.!A:it>&l7o ne biJ4 - t.coooJd to rat1cr>al _.

tSD, Buss:!Ar< or ~· WM41 the ~ 111 not a ~8t!iil•1o czu-ttor•

et all, It ~" l".eiiJielo il.l::q U'< nor O,.lllntal n')l'o for tt.at •ttar, 110 ll!lletJ

a 1I01'ld qaeetio.~, u a ~t!cn of ~-u $ nl.f-d~g eubjeot, D11111,

"Ql.~tered" s.. UAd here u a ..,u.tation ot rauu .... to li"&GP"

r.Oil Ml.i'-d.eooeltJpinl' subjeot tllat. 1n U\111 .. ao tw.'!li'JCI out to l'!l Ute lltl"-

........ , lain].v p•santa,

To 1\lrth"" stl"oos this oruc!Al poi11t, "" IIIUI!t. boll:! "" ti!'htJ.y tro tho

j. ,. ~ ; . l 1 -' ·' l . ' r:

:i

~'"'V of !kat 'lliao,likur!se, -· ~ --v. ~-tew.S. 't=th !1'1 '!!1M be U'lll:!, 1hc ~ ~ 211 'Gi:dds .1.18 U111al, 1in11 tAll fill'bjeat

· --- "14 hill ..t nrs- e IIN"M 1ttu11.1.111, *il!h· a8 Klll.lad Sn .U ldd­

J.9Ua Olhtli4c ~ oU4 1lOt, bftJIWo st.Qp 11!11 floarJ ~ tM 'fa!pillj:

~ U a IJUII!:a'l8- pclint of .... ""t'uw ~ WIY litl~t. . 01 I

· t:liCI -'-"'• M "-'A • to ildl1 - ~ -«"~,_t., ¥lOt Gill;' ~ a.o !9.511'• t11e tt ..u 11e -tautd 2n u. flld,aiOin\ 29511'• or tt. ., ... ...,,

~. bit also Sill as. -·· IIIII! ac'l'•-- a.. 'btsan to ~ ~. · a 11 mat&; he !!Ill~ v.tat llo1!l u 1he puWt. Jlliln(.-~

IIIII ~. ._, tn.td8 -: ; arh lOP wttb r"'"''""· ~\~1=11

· IMI. besm. to ... a1-.u- - poiii1JdltU. et ~ ~~~ .... """":i'l .

~ ........ ,.. tt -w Ia aU LI'W 1f' the lk;up-~t. fM

- attttade to &a •-te ~tot tll!.t ~cit Ublra~ ~ Jllal:l'll wttbp - .. bUt.orio ~~ of tlla fllto18o'<!ll '

a ...... d.apot1o 01' ~~~ ' rn • -.m~, u. ,-uon of ~~~ 'f;he

d~i.U.•WII!II•t liftS' -lfrlr.E OP 1anSn l!l!IHib' 1M undMIItarodSng of a ·

11'5' 111~1'1 s.o lll&toEiDZ')' ba.1: .. ~ ~ tRJl'ldng out tiMl eat:a-.:1 .Sw.at.t.o

- at ~. IINr.r 111m.at. Ntaall,'r al.u at that, lmt moa tbt4w s. no

s dtate 111 rat.a~ '*-*• 1M 1111b,ieoti~ 1110! 1he objellt1.,., bwtwoo•

Fh"JS f!Ei cr1.-1v1:.1on. las- the t.lllt _. «~nl.y -· :ln ll.te lteeli"1 U

s. ..,. utu.l. Nllliv in u.c perJod -~ le1Sr.'• o!tQU. ...s ~·· dalth,

to 'ldl.tdlw tuma4 in -snSns u.. Nlatior>id!'P of pol.\tilal thQJI'le .m Jf\UJI IJIII!O C1!11101ptc, f/ ~ ef.un Sn Tl'ot.Jic;v0 U S.t ha! r>Othing to de-.----v1t2:1 111'17 ~..,.. "to~· to lfe&elSm .ua:IM+..iaa dlll"1nr. the f11'!1t c.rat l'l'l'!tle :ln J~uo.ESss, 1914, it IHl! haft .,.., ~ to d:l with at.tnat NWDl­

uts.ons., tM ~ ..av t..~~ out 1ll!tln he IICmld tm! attaolal on tho bet~ ,Sa Ol'it:s.oUII of -Lid .. ,. lotNithftand:lnr.

aU the~ or~ aot1.vtts• or 'l'ftri:ak;1, u or lulcbarin, u indl'VidualAI lltld r:rst revolutionariM, the aapl.e, ~ truth 1a that

. 13254

~:

'lhe ~f' in net, w eamct b=, ~ <UAl...::t1c:: "ac INCh, w 'lila ·

,11.~ 111, and can ~ be, ~·· .And ~ lUe th11 th~ey of the per.mane~t NVolu~ l'GIIAiJ>acl at tbf!' 814 of' bU 1.\.te 'ilbat 1t 'IIIUI 'llben h:> first ocrace'J.v~

it, 'llhUa abs~ NVOJ.uticlll'a(§•m~hia fl- ;:&ldr.g Ulfl tranGf'o,_t1cn

of' filost. 1!tll'kerc' state :In"-> • atate-capit.llat socioi:;v, Trotalc;yS.ata -l'

t:lnd quotations »>l:lch "pl'OV\t• that Troteey "p:tdiC>ted" that IW01&l. nvo1utions

-.:bi ~ :In tbe B'ut ra1:hezo t.lwW• the Wast, or enn llpeOh"icall,y in

ad.na, 'lhe 11tata-eapitallst tr.deno:v that f'oll@!>t Trot..k;r's 1939 ~is

of' ll!unlia' as a d~ted 1111lb'n llt&teto\md a 1919 quot.atloft i>f '1'1-.>taey

01> at&~pit..u.,, i...t"" Ill'S not plo1:lng taotional gaue, ~ thillis j, ', '' • I -: I<

not a battle of quotatlons and of' soor1Jig debs ters' points, ~'' 11189la, 'end

bard trutb 1s ~t those quotaticma ~ero not wat d~fld Trctaleyip, .&r.:l ·

Trotaey .himself d:l.d not set>k to d~~ it :In so Vllpid a tJan!lll:'o H'.etoey,

and Trotaey 1IU al~ 11~g hillsalt against that yardstick, tsl.'lti other­

viae,

'lheoey, eapaaially orlginal Mani:lt thaoey, 1s a hard taaln!lAst.er,

So :lnse:pal.'&ble :In it fl'oll both reslit;v and ph:llosoph:n so :lntegrn11s it l!s!li!!.

to the objective and the subjective, that no matter holr organicall;r a re­

volutionaey one 1s and no matter how abid:!ng tbe :Intuition, end n<> matte,

how propheotic the Vision - and eureJ,y tbere ...,.., no more brilliant prognostiCA­

tion that Trotsky' o 1905 projection of a P"~letarian rovol'ation taking plaoe

:In baoktnu<i Russ1s ahe&d of IAIIYI'bore :In the teohnologioal.J,y adwncsd ccuntz'ieo -- J .

. ~ substitute for !!hat iesel callsd "the labor, tho seriousness, theo patience 1

•. and suf'i'er1Jig of the negative," Shorn of that, Tt<oteky :In compelled tiraoo:ely

to~t·

13255

I ' ',. )

' • • J

:~··-

.-... ""'''"'""~ .. ·-·· ~-,~---··· ... ~.,

-27-

!

" I repMto::lly returnf>'.l to the developn1ent ad the grounding theory

of the perlll&nent revolution,,,, the peasantry ia utterly inca~bla of an

l.ndependent political rolP, ,(l9) ..

This is the very last theoretic writing we ~~ve from Trotsky's pun , as 1·/orld War ~I broke out upon a ""rld chan~cd by the Depression, the ~l.•e

·r: Fasoism,/the sprouting of St<lte Plans not only in the 11>:o~k""s' stab,"

, but in the,lprivate capitalist world of Na~isrn arad Japanese militarism, on 1-l ; · · ! \\th~ on" band, and the national resistance in ~hina to Jap;<n 1s invasion,

,\ theol'y thus far r811:oVErl from the re!llities of the ago of b!Jlorial-

' ... ls" and stllte.c•.pitalism bad to collapse' of its own hollo'WI\ess, Tt.at,pre-'·

l~~tfay Trot~kyist epigon~s can .swear both by ;rrotoky 1s th.;.,ry .:f p~~~n-1 .

1

. ~nt rovolutior. and Mao's "Communes" or.ly sho~ that weightless abstr.,ct!o.n•

1nd "'" administrative mentality would rather hold on to !!. state-power thAn'

I' o entrust everything to the elgmontsl mass ro•rol t,

Dialectics takas its owr. toll of theory and theoraticians·.

I

(19) ~ by Trotsky, p. 425

13256