Marine Delimitation (Gulf of Maine) - Presentation
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Transcript of Marine Delimitation (Gulf of Maine) - Presentation
5/13/2018 Marine Delimitation (Gulf of Maine) - Presentation - slidepdf.com
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Maritime Delimitation:
Gulf of Maine Case
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5/13/2018 Marine Delimitation (Gulf of Maine) - Presentation - slidepdf.com
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History
Truman Proclamation 1945
Petroleum Exploration in the Georges Bank Area US/Canadian permits for Geophysical Exploration
(1964)
US became a party to the 1958 Convention on the
Continental Shelf (1964)
Canada ratified the 1958 Convention (1970)
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History
cont
1966 1969 Diplomatic Notes, Missives, and Maps
were exchanged
1969, US suggested moratorium on Georges Bank
Exploration; Canada rejected
Formal negotiations (1970)
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History
cont
Canada - the presence of an accidental feature such
as a depression or channel in a submerged area
should not be regarded as constituting an
interruption in the natural prolongation
US special circumstances; boundary should
follow Northeast Channel
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5/13/2018 Marine Delimitation (Gulf of Maine) - Presentation - slidepdf.com
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History
cont
1974, US Lobster Line
1975, US started granting leases on Georges Bank
206 tracts for EIA, 28 of these behind the
Canadian line
1976, each published their delimitation lines
CA revised its line, taking account of Nantucket &
Cape Cod
1977, 200-mile fishery zone est. by each
US Mar 1977 Fishery Conservation & Mgmt Act
CA Jan 1977 Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act
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History
cont
1978, CA requested certain tracts be withdrawn from
sale by US
withdrawn with reservation
1979, issue submitted to arbitration
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Arguments of the Parties
Article 6 (1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf)
1. Where the same continental shelf is adjacent to the
territories of two or more States whose coasts are opposite
each other, the boundary of the continental shelf
appertaining to such States shall be determined by
agreement between them. In the absence of agreement, and
unless another boundary line is justified by special
circumstances, the boundary is the median line, every pointof which is equidistant from the nearest points of the
baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of
each State is measured.
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Arguments, cont
2. Where the same continental shelf is adjacent to the
territories of two adjacent States, the boundary of the
continental shelf shall be determined by agreement
between them. In the absence of agreement, and unless
another boundary line is justified by special
circumstances, the boundary shall be determined by
application of the principle of equidistance from the
nearest points of the baselines from which the breadth of
the territorial sea of each State is measured.
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Arguments, cont
CANADA
1. Principle of equidistance
2. Effect of conduct by the US
Acquiescence / Estoppel
Existence of a modus vivendi / de facto boundary
Mere indicia
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Arguments, cont
UNITED STATES
Equitable delimitation based on the Special
Circumstances Principle
Geographical Circumstances
General Concavity
Primary and Secondary Coasts
Environmental Circumstances 3 separate ecological regimes
Northeast Channel as natural boundary
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Arguments, cont
UNITED STATES
Socio-economic Circumstances
Fishing by US nationals in the Georges Bank Area
Historical
Predominant
Exercise of responsibility (navigation, search and rescue,defense, scientific research, fisheries conservation &
mgmt)
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The Court
Article 38 of the Statute
conventions
international custom
judicial decisions
the principle in re delimitation cases is
mutual agreement
equitable criteria
1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf
North Sea Continental Cases
Tunisia / Libya Case
UNCLOS III
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The Court
Principles put forward by the Parties
CA adjacency (natural prolongation), equidistance
US geographic natural prolongation; primary andsecondary coasts
Each Party's reasoning is in fact based on a false
premise. The error lies precisely in searching generalinternational law for, as it were, a set of rules which are
not there.
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The Court
Customary International Law comprises
- Limited set of norms
- Set of customary rules
Fundamental Norm: delimitation, whether effected bydirect agreement or by the decision of a third Party, must
be based on the application of equitable criteria and the
use of practical methods capable of ensuring an
equitable result.
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The Court
Special International Law
NOT APPLICABLE
1958 Convention Continental Shelf
1958 Convention Territorial Sea
Single Delimitation
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The Court
Conduct by US
unclear nature to operate as acquiescence /
estoppel
1962 1975 too short
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The Court
Survey of Equitable Criteria
Land dominates the sea
Equal division of areas of overlap maritime zones
Non-encroachment
the criteria in question are not themselves rules of law
and therefore mandatory in the different situations, but
"equitable", or even "reasonable, criteria, and that whatinternational law requires is that recourse be had in each
case to the criterion, or the balance of different criteria,
appearing to be most appropriate to the concrete
situation.
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The Court
Geological?
Unitary Continental Shelf
Northeast Channel not significant enough
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The Court
Environmental?
3 Separate Ecological Regimes
oceans fluctuating environment
not applicable to seabed
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The Court
Socio-Economic?
Fishing
1979 Agreement
decision not ex aequo et bono, but based onprinciples and rules of international law
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The Court
Socio-Economic?
It is, therefore, in the Chambers view, evident that the
respective scale of activities connected with fishingor
navigation, defence or, for that matter, petroleumexploration and exploitationcannot be taken into
account as a relevant circumstance or, if the term is
preferred, as an equitable criterion to be
applied in determining the delimitation line.
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The Court
Geography?
195. To return to the immediate concerns of the
Chamber, it is, accordingly, towards an application to the
present case of criteria more especially derived fromgeography that it feels bound to turn.
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The Court
197. At this point, accordingly, the Chamber finds that it
must finally confirm its choice, which is to take as its
starting-point the above-mentioned
criterion of the division - in principle, equal division - of
the areas of convergence and overlapping of themaritime projections of the coastlines of the States
concerned in the delimitation, a criterion which need
only be stated to be seen as intrinsically equitable.
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The Court
Delimitation:
First Segment.
Second Segment
Third Segment
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THE END