Marine BiomesJared Benton-Smith

AP Envi Sci11/03/10

http://world_map_road.tripod.com/world_map_wallpaper2.jpg

Tides

Diurnal tide Semidiunal tide Mixed

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/tide_type_map.jpg

Spring/Neap Tides

Large tidal range at spring tides

Small at neap tides

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/spring-neap.jpg

The Coriolis Effect

Caused by Earth's rotation

Deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere

To the left in the Southern Hemisphere http://www.williamsclass.com/EighthScienceWork/Atmosphere/coriolis.gif

Winds

Surface currents driven by winds, move at 45º from wind currents

http://pulse.pharmacy.arizona.edu/9th_grade/from_global/earth_science/images/wind_patterns.gif

Ekman Spiral

Compounding Coriolis effect

Ekman layer 90º to wind current

Produces circular surface currents that help regulate climate through heat transportation

http://atoc.colorado.edu/~cassano/atoc4750/Daily_images/20080129/ocean_ekman_spiral.jpg

Currentshttp://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/oceanography/lesson3/images/ocean_currents2.jpg

The Great Ocean Conveyorhttp://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/geology-processes/images/clip_image002_000.jpg

Soil Conditions

Sea floor made of oceanic crust (basalt)

Crust is dense, keeping it below sea level

Sediment composition related to degree of water motion

Fine sediments stay suspended w/ little movement, thus settle in calmer areas

Detritus in sediment

http://www.pubinfo.vcu.edu/masc/photos-2003-04/sediment_usgs.jpg

Marine Ecosystemshttp://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01590/intro/ocean.jpg

Coastal Zone

Nutrient rich Warm Shallow 10% of the world's ocean

area 90% of marine species High NPP per unit area Large amounts of sunlight Plant nutrients flow from land

and are distributed by currents and tidal flow

http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/california/images/s/northern-coast.jpg

Intertidal Zones-Rocky Shores

Uplifted coasts, geologically young coasts, or eroded coasts

Tides affect affect biological zones, vertical zonation

Currents affect temperature causing varied biodiversity between areas

Organisms' niches change depending on daily and seasonal environmental changes

http://www.noao.edu/education/gsmtf/img/currents.gif

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/books/eco03.gifhttp://hawaii.gov/dbedt/czm/initiative/wec/html/sea/marine/images/yokohama5.jpg

Rocky Intertidal Organisms

Seaweeds, diatoms, seagrasses

Detritus

Grazers Scavengers Filter Feeders

CarnivoresSea stars, snails, fishes, crabs, flatworms, birds

Limpets, snails, chitons, sea urchins

Crabs, amphipods, isopods

Mussels, barnacles

Drift seaweed from other communities

To other communities

Plankton

Intertidal Zones-Sandy Shores

Seagrass most common primary producer

Houses organisms that bury in the sediment/sand

Grain size affects oxygen and organic matter availability, larger=less

http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/bestw2/Sandy%20Beach.jpg

Sandy Intertidal Organisms

Plankton Bottom diatoms

Detritus

Suspension feeders Deposit feeders

Carnivores

Clams, sand crabs, polychaetes

Polychaetes, clams

Fishes, birds, moon snails

From other communities

Coral Reefs

Water avg. temp >20ºC Rarely deeper than 50m Most reefs are sensitive

to fresh water, fine sediments and pollution

3 types Fringing Barrier Atolls

http://images.fanpop.com/images/image_uploads/Coral-Reefs-sea-life-114559_1280_853.jpg

http://www.coralreefinfo.com/images/coralreef_map_large.jpg

Coral Reefs cont.

Nutrients cycled rapidly

Nitrogen is fixed Very productive Sessile organisms

compete for spacehttp://www.solcomhouse.com/images/coral_reef_florida.jpg

Coral Reef OrganismsPredators

Fishes, squids, snails

GrazersFishes, urchins,snails, chitons

Detritus feeders

Sea cucumbers,worms,

amphipods,soft corals

Coral and coral

mucus feeders

Fishes, sea stars,crabs

Plankton feeders

Fishes, sea fans,

feather stars

Detritus

Seaweeds,coralline algae,photosynthetic

bacteria

Corals/Zooxanthellae

PlanktonFrom other communities

Open Ocean-Euphotic Zone

Low nutrient levels High DO Floating

phytoplankton Large, fast swimming

predatory fish

http://blog.city-discovery.com/wp-content/uploads/Great_white_shark_south_africa-hermanusbackpackers.jpg

Open Ocean-Bathyal Zone

Low levels of sun Zooplankton Smaller fish Some crustaceans Some anthropods

http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/histio.jpg

Open Ocean-Abyssal Zone

Dark and cold Low DO Deposit feeders

and filter feeders

Sources of nutrients: vents and marine snow

http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/web/3546_web.jpg

Flora/Fauna Adaptations-Seaweeds (Algae)

Thick, leathery bodies to withstand exposure to air

Pneumatocysts to float near the surface

Large blades Holdfasts attach

seaweed to hard bottom

http://www.oceanlight.com/lr/full/3bf8604db3ab53f8dd991e6d707b3509.jpg

Flora/Fauna Adaptations-Salt-Marsh Plants/Mangroves

Mangrove trees thick leaves to

prevent water loss

Seeds germinate while attached to the parent tree

Salt glands excrete excess salt

http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/Mcopingwithsalt.jpg

Human Impacts-Coral Reefs

• Excess sediment smothers coral reefs

• Use of explosives

• Collection

• Anchors

• Divers

• Ocean acidification

• 20% to damaged too recover

http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2009/11/CoralF1TULG.jpg

Mangrove Destruction

• In the Philippines, 1,000 square miles of mangroves, 67 percent of the country's total, were destroyed between 1920 and 1980

• For shrimpinghttp://coastalcare.org/wp-content/images/issues/additional-issues/miles-of-mangrove-trees.jpg

http://ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/albums/userpics/10001/normal_iil-ian-aj-0053.png

Human Impacts

• 80% people live near coasts

• Eutrophication

• Sewage discharge-spreads disease, sludge

• Sludge deposited modifies/destroys bottom communities

• Oil spills

• Thermal pollution

• Heavy metal accumulation

• Pesticides

• PCBs-toxic

http://www.marcgunther.com/wp-content/uploads/10739728-bp-logo.jpg

Bibliography

"Mangrove Destruction." Endangered Species Handbook. Animal Welfare Institute, 1983. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.endangeredspecieshandbook.org/aquatic_mangrove.php>.

Castro, Peter, and Michael E. Huber. Marine Biology. 7th ed. Boston (Mass.): McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008. Print.

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott Spoolman. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. 15th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007. Print.