Missed Opportunitiesamid Great Potential inthe Agro Food SectorPromoting Dialogue among thePrivate SectorNancy Ezzeddine

About the authorNancy Ezzeddine, who is trainedin economics and development,is an economic researcher at theLebanese Center for Policy Studies (LCPS). Her work focuseson economic impacts and trendsin Lebanon. Ezzeddine is co-authoring a study on the governance of Lebanon's oil andgas sector. She previously workedas a consultant for the Economicand Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) studying a range of social, economic, andsustainable development topics.

LCPS Policy BriefThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies

March 2017 Number 23

Executive SummaryLike many developing countries, the product space reveals thatLebanon has an important presence in the agro food sector. Theproducts that dominate the sector’s production are generally low-complexity products and tend to be less central to the production of many other goods. However, despite the limited complexity of the sector, the country has been adding new products with higher complexity by employing new technologiesand specialized human capital. Notably, agro food has been one ofthe first sectors to gear exports to new markets where Lebanon hasa clear comparative advantage, by capitalizing on the growing popularity of Mediterranean cuisine in the West.

Despite its several comparative advantages, the sector, which is mainly based on food production and processing, needs rehabilitation and support. A number of priorities are identifiedthrough this analysis including costs of production, safety, quality,and lasting shelf life. The study concludes that collaboration between the public and private sectors should focus on the fields of R&D to support innovation, market and marketing research topromote expansion, and training and funding to encourage compliance with international safety and quality standards.

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا

This research has benefitedfrom the support of the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE),under the project titled ‘Enhancing Democracy ThroughPublic-Private Dialogue II’.

LCPS Policy Brief

IntroductionThe manufacturing sector does not carry sizeable weight in Lebanon's economyand the history of the industrial sector is one of many missed developmentopportunities. Lebanon perennially posts the worst trade deficit in the Levantregion excluding Palestine, due to the huge disparity between annual exportsand imports. In 2015, Lebanon recorded a trade deficit of $15.12 billion withtotal imports of $18.08 billion and total exports of $2.95 billion (Ministry ofIndustry). Today, industrial policy is restricted to a limited number of industrialfinancing schemes with subsidized interest rates, and several trade agreementswith the EU and Arab countries. Moreover, with sluggish growth, fingers arebeing pointed at the country’s ongoing electricity crisis and the war in Syria.The latter has had a clear effect, curtailing Lebanon’s sole land export routeto the region.

However, Lebanese industry has significant potential for growth anddevelopment should adequate policies be adopted. One avenue to formulateand implement such policies is through a sustainable mechanism of public-private dialogue (PPD) that increases accountability and transparency of thoseefforts and processes aimed at enhancing Lebanese industry. In this respect,the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies (LCPS) and the Association of LebaneseIndustrialists (ALI), with the support of the Center for International PrivateEnterprise (CIPE), have convened cluster-oriented working groups in order tosupport industrial associations and enterprises in realizing their leadershiprole in the PPD process and identified consensus policy priorities of theindustrial business community in Lebanon. The meetings provide a space fordialogue among private sector representatives to identify policy solutionsthrough a collaborative process coupled with sound economic research inaddressing key challenges facing the sector.1

Through its role as dialogue facilitator, LCPS introduced evidence-basedresearch to the PPD. Using the methodology of product space mapping, thediscussion encourages industrialists to move beyond narrow transactionalconcerns to broader issues and opportunities of policy change, export-orientedgrowth, and institutional reform. This allows dialogue participants to betterunderstand which and what mix of specific legal frameworks, regulatoryrules, labor training services, market access rules, and infrastructure cansignificantly promote different types of economic activities. In this sense,the study’s methodology suggests that Lebanon has the potential to climb the‘Stairway to Heaven’ by facilitating the development of new complex products.These products are attractive in terms of the tradeoff between distance andcomplexity and their potential strategic value to improve the position of thecountry. Accordingly, Lebanon should focus on providing support and publicinputs (such as infrastructure, regulation, etc.) to existing industries withthe aim of improving their productivity and ability to conquer attainableopportunities.

2

1‘The setting in which private-sector interests wouldcommunicate their requestsfor assistance to the government, and the latterwould goad the former intonew investment efforts.’Dany Rodrik (2004)

Missed Opportunities amid Great Potential in the Agro Food Sector 3

Given that Lebanon has an important presence in the agro food sector,the first sectoral working group convened representatives from different agrofood industrial associations. The agenda included discussions on the mainchallenges facing the sector, the feasibility of developing new complex agrofood products, and prospects for expanding exports and export destinations.The agenda was designed to also include comprehensive crosscutting issuesto ensure that sectoral discussions are not isolated from the broader processof policy-making. This setup provides more focus, greater incentives forparticipants to collaborate, and more opportunities for reaching commongoals and lines of action.

Low-Complexity Agro Food ClusterA product space is a network that mirrors the productive capacity or embeddedknowledge of a country by highlighting the capabilities it possesses and theopportunities these imply. It is an industrial map that visualizes relatednessbetween different products traded in the global economy. Products that aretightly connected on the map share most of the requisite capabilities—bothtangible and intangible inputs. Products located on the periphery of the mapare technically less sophisticated products, including for instance rawmaterials and fresh vegetables. The further toward the center of the mapproducts are located, the more sophisticated they are.

Using the methodology of product space mapping, LCPS research suggeststhat Lebanon’s industrial sector has significant potential for development.The economic complexity index (ECI)2 of Lebanon is not very high, but it isclose to many complex products according to the product space. Therefore,Lebanon has the potential to produce these products without having to employmany new capabilities. Based on the opportunity gain index—which quantifieshow much a country’s position would improve relative to more complex productsif that country starts making the product—and the product complexityindex—a number unique to each product that captures how much productiveknowledge the product requires—Lebanon should focus on facilitating thedevelopment of newer, more complex products.

2The ECI is a number unique toeach country that measuresthe amount of productiveknowledge contained in thecountry.

LCPS Policy Brief

Figure 1

Lebanon's product space in 2014

The color nodes represent products that Lebanon currently exports with revealed comparativeadvantage (RCA greater than one). The pale nodes are those in which Lebanon does not have asignificant presence (RCA less than one). The color of each node corresponds to its ‘community’,a grouping of products requiring related productive knowledge similar to the notion of a sector.

Figure 1 shows that Lebanon’s product space has not diversified significantly.The country mostly produces low-complexity products, which are located on theright side or periphery of the product space, making knowledge accumulationmore difficult. Like many developing countries, the product space reveals thatLebanon has an important presence in the agro food sector (green and yellownodes).

This sector benefits from significant economic standing since it is thelargest industrial sector. In 2011 (latest available figures), it had an estimatedsize of $1.11 billion and generated an estimated 26.3% of the industrialsector’s value added and 4% of the country’s GDP. The agro good sector isthe largest employed industrial sector with an estimated workforce of 20,607,accounting for 25% of the industrial workforce. Currently, agro food enterprisesaccount for the largest share of industrial establishments in Lebanon, with18.2% of enterprises or some 736 companies involved in agro industrialactivities (Ministry of Industry).

The highest share of agro food establishments is involved in the productionof baked goods, comprising nearly 30% of total enterprises. Other industrieswith a high share of enterprises include milk and dairy with 15% of estab-lishments as well as the processing and preservation of fruits and vegetableswith 9.5% (figure 2).

4

Source The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC).

Gold

Jewellery

Diamonds

ScrapIron

ScrapCopper

ElectricGenerating Sets

Brochures

Potatoes

OtherProcessedFruits and

Nuts

FlavoredWater

Refrigerators

OtherFurniture

Chocolate

RawPlastic

Sheeting

OtherProcessedVegetables

RawSugar

HairProducts

Perfumes

PackagedMedicaments

ScrapAluminium

InsulatedWire

Non-Knit

Women'SSuits

Other EdiblePreparations

Citrus

IronStructures

PlasticLids

ElectricalTransformers

ToiletPaper

PaperContainers

RawTobacco

RawLead

PreciousStones

CleaningProducts

Sauces andSeasonings

PureOliveOil

Lettuce

Applesand

Pears

LeatherFootwear

PickledFoods

OtherPrepared

Meat

IndustrialFood

PreperationMachinery

BeautyProducts

BuildingStone

StoneProcessingMachines

PaperNotebooks

PreparedCereals

Wine

PittedFruits

NonaqueousPaints

VehicleParts

ElectricalControlBoards

AluminiumBars

PrefabricatedBuildings

Water

Pasta

Grapes

ConfectionerySugar

OtherPlastic

Sheetings

AnimalOrgans

PetroleumGas

BakedGoods

OtherColoringMatter

Centrifuges

NitrogenousFertilizers

LiftingMachinery

BaseMetal

Watches

Cement

Soap

CombustionEngines

Jams

PlasticHousewares

Spark-IgnitionEngines

HardLiquor

Onions

SyntheticMonofilament

LightFixtures

Other KnitGarments

IndustrialFatty

Acids, Oilsand

Alcohols

OtherPlastic

Products

ElectricMotors

Non- Knit...

OtherPrintedMaterial

DeliveryTrucks

NonaqueousPigments

Spices

AqueousPaints

CelluloseFibersPaper

ElectricMotorParts

Sheepand

Goats

OtherFruits

FruitJuice

Low-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

ElectricalPower

Accessories

IndustrialFurnaces

Wheat

OtherSyntheticFabrics

KnitMen'SSuits

Equineand

BovineHides

WheatFlours Tanned

Equine andBovineHides

RawAluminium

AluminiumStructures

SeedOils

Seats

RubberworkingMachinery

LightPure

WovenCotton

MetalMountings

Wadding

Beer

PlasticPipes

MachineryHaving

IndividualFunctions

RubberTires

BoatPropellers

LargeConstruction

Vehicles

WoodCarpentry

HandSaws

OtherVegetables

ExcavationMachinery

AirPumps

OtherHeating

Machinery

OtherAluminiumProducts

OtherIron

Products

Washingand Bottling

Machines

ShapedPaper

EssentialOils

Polishesand

Creams

Cheese

DriedLegumes

Small IronContainers

ShavingProducts

KnitT-Shirts

Other PaperMachinery

MaltExtract

OrganicCompositeSolvents

MetalMolds

Cars

OtherSmall Iron

Pipes

KnitSweaters

IronHousewares

KaolinCoatedPaper

OtherNuts

StoneWorking

Machines

Tomatoes

HouseLinens

EngineParts

SheepHides

OtherFootwear

AluminiumFoil

CerealMeal andPellets

RecoveredPaper

Non-Knit Babies'Garments

Mattresses

KnitWomen'S

Suits

ElectricHeaters

LightRubberized

Knitted FabricLiquidPumps

IceCream

Newspapers

Trailers

Non- Knit...

ElectricalIgnitions

PaperLabels

KnitSocks and

Hosiery

Semi-Finished

Iron

Non- Knit...

WoodworkingMachines

ScrapPlastic

Iron GasContainers

Bran

PostageStamps

OtherCloth

Articles

UsedClothing

IronIngots

Other PureVegetable Oils

Bovine

OtherUncoated

Paper

Marble,Travertine and

Alabaster

PorcelainTableware

Legumes

VegetableSaps

Felt orCoatedFabric

Garments

UnprocessedSynthetic Staple

Fibers

AluminiumCans

InteriorDecorativeGlassware

Valves

PapermakingMachines

CoatedFlat-

Rolled Iron

UncoatedPaper

FrozenBovineMeat

SyntheticFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

Cabbages

KnitMen'SShirts

SawnWood

OtherHandTools

OtherOily

Seeds

IronBlocks

GlazedCeramics

WoodFiberboard

Microscopes

TropicalFruits

WoodOrnaments

AluminiumPlating

Whey

IronRailway

Products

BathroomCeramics

Transmissions

PerfumePlants

Non- Knit...

OtherConstruction

Vehicles

ForgingMachines

IronStovetops

Brooms

Bellsand Other

MetalOrnaments

WovenFabric ofSynthetic

StapleFibers

Non-Knit

Women'SShirts

PreciousMetal

Scraps

WindowDressings

RubberFootwear

RolledTobacco

Non-Knit Women'SUndergarments

Corn

UncoatedKraft Paper

Tea

Hot-Rolled

Iron

PoultryMeat

Coffeeand TeaExtracts

Water andGas

Generators

DairyMachinery

ProcessedFish

LiquidDispersingMachines

SpecializedVehicles

PlasticBuildingMaterials

SyntheticFabrics

Sulfates

High-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

AbrasivePowder

RubberBelting

ElectricFilament

ArtificialVegetation

SafetyGlass

IronRadiators

ProcessedTomatoes

Soupsand

Broths

SowingSeeds

Other Women'SUndergarments

OtherLeatherArticles

FacialTissue

LocustBeans,

Seaweed, SugarBeet, Cane,

for Food

OtherRubber

Products

Yeast

Thermostats GlassBottles

LargeFlat-RolledStainless

Steel

PulleySystems

Sausages

OtherCast IronProducts

Rice

IronFasteners

VinylChloridePolymers

OtherLive

Plants

ParticleBoard

HeavyPure

WovenCotton

Concentrated Milk

OilSeed

Flower

FloatGlass

DriedFruits

PotassicFertilizers

Pearls

CopperPipe

Fittings

CoatedMetal

SolderingProducts

FrozenVegetables

Melons

FermentedMilk Products

OtherCeramicArticles

Cucumbers

ShapedWood

Curbstones

CranesIronPipe

Fittings

CementArticles

Leatherof OtherAnimals

Coconuts,Brazil Nuts,

andCashews

Alcohol> %80Abv

HeavyMixedWovenCotton

OtherStainlessSteel Bars

Honey

CastingMachines

Non-Knit Men'SUndergarments

Motor-Working

Tools

IronPipes

Non-Knit

Women'SCoats

InstructionalModels

AluminiumHousewares

CutlerySets

IronSheetPiling

HouseholdWashingMachines

Glues

MetalStoppers

Interchangeable ToolParts

Antiques

Plywood

LightSynthetic

CottonFabrics

ElectricFurnaces

HeavySynthetic

CottonFabrics

TannedSheepHides

MetalLathes

Other FrozenVegetables

ElectricSoldering

Equipment

Knit Women'SUndergarments

PreservedMeatIron

Toiletry

DriedVegetables

PackingBags

OtherSteelBars

SteamTurbines

Embroidery

SilkFabrics

Hydrogen

Large IronContainers

Hot- Rolled...

MetalworkingMachines

Sulfonated,Nitrated orNitrosated

Hydrocarbons

OrnamentalCeramics

Newsprint

CuttingBlades

Non- Fillet...

Eyewear

GardenTools

OtherEngines

SurveyingEquipment

OtherInorganic

Acids

ExplosiveAmmunition

OtherCopper

Products

VacuumCleaners

OtherSugars

CocoaButter

Gypsum

MetalworkingMachine Parts

Cold-Rolled

Iron

UnpackagedMedicaments

SyntheticFilament Tow

OtherCarpets

RootVegetables

Padlocks

OtherNitrogen

Compounds

PlasterArticles

TextileProcessingMachines

GlassMirrors

WovenFabrics

Opto-Electric

InstrumentParts

Tractors

CeramicTableware

OtherVegetable Oils

Milk

KnitActiveWear

InsulatingGlass

RockWool

TechnicalUse Textiles

GlassFibers

BallBearings

TextileFootwear

TannedGoatHides

VeneerSheets

OtherPrecious

MetalProducts

IronCloth

OtherMetal

Fasteners

Gas andLiquid FlowMeasuring

Instruments

DrillingMachines

LetterStock

ProcessedFish

Basketwork

Tullesand NetFabric

SoilPreparationMachinery

PlasticWash

Basins

TuftedCarpets

Videoand CardGames

StrandedCopper Wire

Non- Fillet...

RecreationalBoats

MillingStones

RailwayCargo

Containers

CutFlowers

Granite

MixedMineral orChemicalFertilizers

Non-WovenTextiles

CopperPipes

KnitBabies'

Garments

OtherWood

Articles

Pens

Textile FiberMachinery

VehicleChassis

Eggs

Hand-WovenRugs

FootwearParts

ElectricalLighting and

SignallingEquipment

Amino-Resins

CopperPlating

RubberSheets

HarvestingMachinery

PlasticCoatedTextileFabric

StrandedIron Wire

Safes

Blankets

TherapeuticAppliances

Postcards

DentalProducts

OtherFirearms

Other KnitClothing

Accessories

CocoaPaste

Bandages

Rubber

MedicalFurniture

OtherNon-KnitClothing

Accessories

RoughWood

Clays

ProcessedCereals

AnimalFood

BovineMeat

SoybeanOil

Bovine,Sheep,

and GoatFat

PropylenePolymers

PartyDecorations

UnglazedCeramics

NarrowWovenFabric

RollingMachines

Bedspreads

KnitWomen'S

Shirts

MetalFinishingMachines

GasketsMonofilament

WoodCrates

OtherAgriculturalMachinery

OtherLarge Iron

Pipes

RubberPipes

-

Non-Iron and

Steel Slag,Ash andResidues

FlexibleMetal

Tubing

Knit Men'SUndergarments

Flat Flat...

Butter

EyewearFrames

...

Sheepand Goat

Meat

Wrenches

Starches

AluminiumPipes

RawIronBars

KnitWomen'S

Coats

OtherVegetableResidues

Buses

Solderingand

WeldingMachinery

Large Flat...

PileFabric

Polymer Ion-Exchangers

Hydrometers

IronWire

CoalTar Oil

FishFillets

CocoaPowder

OtherNon-MetalRemoval

Machinery

QuaternaryAmmoniumSalts and

Hydroxides

SunflowerSeeds

Twineand

Rope

Poultry

CorrugatedPaper

HandTools

CastIron

Pipes

CocoaBeans

LiquidFuel

Furnaces

OtherIronBars

PetroleumJelly

HairTrimmers

IronChains

RubberInnerTubes

DraftingTools

BoilerPlants

Margarine

KnitMen'SCoats

IronNails

KnittedHats

Asphalt

GroundNuts

SteamBoilers

Crustaceans

OtherNickel

Products

LargeCoated

Flat-RolledIron

ArtificialFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

UsedRubber

Tires

Coke

Awnings,Tents, and

Sails

UtilityMeters

DyeingFinishingAgents

Molluscs

WoodFrames

FuelWood

CentralHeatingBoilers

PalmOil

PolyamideFabric

CoconutOil

VegetableParchment

CoalBriquettes

Flat-Rolled

Iron

SewingMachines

RefractoryCements

CombedWool or

Animal HairFabric

Bicycles

Graveland

CrushedStone

OtherStone

Articles

IronSprings

MetalOffice

Supplies

Felt

IronPowder

ProcessedTobacco

Lighters

FakeHair

BreathingAppliances

MetalworkingTransfer Machines

Labels

VendingMachines

FrozenFruits and

Nuts

ElectricalInsulators

Ammonia

BabyCarriages

LightMixedWovenCottonRefractory

Bricks

ArtificialFilamentSewingThread

Metal PicklingPreparations

Carbon-Based

Electronics

TensileTesting

Machines

EdibleOffal

OtherZinc

Products

KnittingMachines

Metal-Rolling

Mills

AluminiumWire

Compasses

OtherMeat

Umbrellas

RevolutionCounters

TobaccoProcessingMachines

Netting

FlaxWovenFabric

TrafficSignals

Saddlery

Carbon

TannedFurskins

AsphaltMixtures

MetalInsulatingFittings

Pencilsand

Crayons

OtherFloating

Structures

Rapeseed

OtherInedibleAnimal

Products

Foliage

Peat

CompoundedUnvulcanised

Rubber

MaltRaw

Cotton

AnimalMeal andPellets

GlassWorking

Machines

CardedWool or

Animal HairFabric

ArtificialGraphite

Sand

Non-Retail

Artificial...

RubberTextileFabric

Non-Retail PureCotton Yarn

Buttons

Steel

Wire

Horses

FrictionMaterial

KnittingMachine

Accessories

RailwayFreight

Cars

Barley

Decals

Soybeans

SpecialPurpose

Ships

PitchCoke

AluminiumOxide

Zippers

VehicleBodies

Enzymes

StrandedAluminium Wire

LocomotiveParts

-

FishingShips

StainlessSteel Wire

InorganicSalts

-

WorkTrucks

Non-Retail

Synthetic Staple...

ToolPlates

-

Carbides

Sorghum

Electricity

RapeseedOil

-

RailwayPassenger

Cars

ot-Rolled

S inless teel...

Self-Propelled Rail

Transport

CaseinPigs

PigMeat

i

Bulbsand

Roots

LeadOre

SoybeanMeal

DetonatingFuses

StarchResidue

Sulphur

AluminiumOre

ZincOre

ChromiumOre

TitaniumOre

Niobium,Tantalum,

Vanadium andZirconium

Ore

StainlessSteel Ingots

RawFurskins

Asphalt

SteelIngots

OtherMetals

Sodiumor

PotassiumPeroxides

Oxometallic orPeroxometallic Acid

Salts

Fluorides

Nitritesand

Nitrates

PreciousMetal

Compounds

y enzenes any nap a enes

s

VegetableAlkaloids

...

Non-Retail

Combed...

Fishing andHunting

Equipment

TugBoats

Manganese

RefractoryCeramics

PigIron

ElectricLocomotives

Passengerand Cargo

Ships

HydraulicTurbines

Looms

OtherLocomotives

OtherSea

Vessels

ArmoredVehicles

Planes,Helicopters,

and/or Spacecraft

WeaponsParts and

Accessories

Missed Opportunities amid Great Potential in the Agro Food Sector 5

Products that dominate the sector’s production are generally low-complexityproducts and tend to be less interconnected and more peripheral in the productspace. This suggests that inputs required for the production of these foodsare less central to the production of many other goods, making knowledgeaccumulation more difficult.

Using the example of beer (HS4: 2203) from the category of alcoholicbeverages (with an export value of $5.42 million), figure 3 displays that thebeer’s node in bright green is an isolated node with only one linkage to rockwool. Accordingly, the production of beer does not provide knowledge or inputsthat facilitate diversification.

Figure 2

Agro food enterprises in Lebanon by type of production and percentage

Source The Lebanese Industrial Sector Facts and Findings (2007).

Preserved Vegetables & Fruits

9%

Milk & Dairy Products

15%

Confectionary

8%

Oils, Fats & Derivatives

5%

Mills Products

4%

Alcoholic Beverages

4%Bakery Products

30%

Other Industries

21%

Processed Meat & Fish

2%

Water & Juices

2%

Figure 3

Product interrelatedness of beer

Source The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC).

LCPS Policy Brief

Diversification in the Agro Food ClusterDespite the limited complexity of Lebanon’s agro food sector, the countryhas been adding new products in the industry with higher complexity byemploying new technologies and specialized human capital. For instance,16% of total imported industrial equipment was specialized for agro foodproduction, indicating that the agro food sector is one of the most techno-logically advanced industrial sectors in the country. In addition to its significantemployment generation potential, the sector also benefits from a well-trainedlabor base. A considerable number of students graduate yearly with specializeduniversity degrees as well as vocational training in agro industrial processingand food quality management.

To shed light on how to increase the average complexity of a country’sproduction, the product space can provide clues about what new productsare feasible given Lebanon’s constraints. These clues consider the tradeoffbetween existing productive knowledge (distance), complexity of a newproduct, and future diversification possibilities that the new productiveknowledge would bring. Accordingly, the product space identifies seven complextarget products in the foodstuff communities (HS2: 16-24) that are attainablegiven the country’s productive knowledge. As a group, the agro food clusteris relatively close in terms of the country possessing the inputs required forits production and therefore should be easier to ‘conquer’. These products arepresented in table 1.

Table 1

Recommendations for Lebanon

‘The growth of Lebanese restaurants in the West have been key to our success

because through them we have been able to introduce Lebanese cuisine to a new

market.’ Georges Nasraoui, Vice President of ALI.

6

2105

1601

2309

2101

2402

2306

1604

HS4 Product Name

Ice Cream

Sausages

Preparations of a kind used in animal feeding

Extracts of coffee, tea, or mate

Cigars

Cotton seed oilcake

Prepared or preserved fish

Source LCPS (2016).

Missed Opportunities amid Great Potential in the Agro Food Sector 7

Despite its limited complexity, the agro food sector is one of the firstsectors to gear exports to an area where Lebanon has a clear comparativeadvantage, by capitalizing on the growing Mediterranean food craze in the West.Moreover, the country is endowed with the highest proportion of agriculturalland in the Middle East. According to the Agricultural Census 2010, the totalagriculture land area is estimated at 332,000 hectares, of which 231,000hectares are cultivated. Lebanon’s moderate climate, rich soil, and abundantwater resources further provide it with key enablers to stand out in the regionas an ideal location for agricultural activity.

Agro food products accounted for 20.7% of total exports and for 26.5% oftotal industrial exports in 2015. Exported food products totaled $452.80million, almost 46% of the year’s total estimate production (figure4).

Figure 4

Lebanon's total exports in 2014

The main exported products are beverages, spirits, and vinegar at 37.4%of Lebanon’s total agro food exports. Sugar and sugar confectionery occupythe second-largest share at 22.4%, followed by prepared vegetables, fruits,and nuts at 14.8% (figure 5).

Source The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC).

LCPS Policy Brief

Figure 5

Agro food's exports' net weight in tons in 2014

The largest share of Lebanese agro food exports is destined for Arab countries(excluding GCC countries) at 49% of total exports with 34.1% going to Syria, 13%to Iraq, and 2.8% to Egypt. A total of 26% of exports go to GCC countries withSaudi Arabia (8.5%), the UAE (3.7%), and Qatar (3%) as main destinations.Africa ranks third with a share of 7%. Western Europe occupies fourth place, whilelower volumes are exported to North America, Asia, and Australia (figure 6).

Figure 6

Export destinations for agro food products by percentage

8

Source Lebanese Customs.

Beverages, Spirits, & Vinegar

Sugar & Sugar Confectionery

Preparations of Vegetables, Fruits, & Nuts

Products of Milling Industry, Malt, & Starches

Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch, or Milk

Animal or Vegetable Fats, & Oils

Preparations of Meat, Fish, or Crustaceans

Cocoa & Cocoa Preparations

Coffee, Tea, & Spices

Other

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

Source Lebanon Customs (2013).

GCC Countries

26%

Africa

7%

Western Europe

4%

USA & Canada

7%

Syria

34%

Iraq

13%Egypt

2%

Australia

1%Rest of the World

6%

Missed Opportunities amid Great Potential in the Agro Food Sector 9

It is notable that exports to Syria have increased by 30.6% and nowconstitute about 63.6% of total exports to Arab countries (non-GCC), whileexports to Iraq have increased by 44.2%. This indicates that while the Syriancrisis has had its share of negative impacts on the Lebanese economy, it hasallowed for increased demand for Lebanese products to compensate for thedecrease in Syrian exports in these markets.

Structural Challenges Impeding Diversification Given its ECI and the relative short distance to nearby products, Lebanon iscategorized as a country calling for parsimonious industrial policy or industrialpolicy ‘in the small’. Countries in this category should focus on providingsupport and public inputs (such as infrastructure, regulation, etc.) to existingindustries with the aim of improving their productivity and ability to jumpto nearby opportunities. Despite this, Lebanon’s ECI has been relatively stablesince 1995, fluctuating between -0.4 and 0.

The Lebanese industrial sector has a long history of missed opportunitiesfor development. The sector’s occasional booms have been largely the resultof positive external shocks and favorable macroeconomic conditions ratherthan fruits of industrial policy. As a matter of fact, industrial policy has neverbeen a priority for the Lebanese economy.

It is interesting to note that the number of products (with RCA greaterthan one) within the agro food cluster diminished from 1995 to 2012. Thissector has witnessed a slowdown in production in recent years due to localand regional challenges. The Ministry of Economy and Trade (MOET) recentlyrevised downward the share of agriculture in GDP from 6.3% in 1997 to 4% in2011. Accordingly, data from the World Bank represented in figure 7 indicateoscillating growth in agricultural production that has remarkably decreasedpost-2012 to grow at a slow pace of 0.6% in 2014.

Figure 7

Agricultural growth

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

-2%

-4%

-6%

-8%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Agriculture (% GDP) Agriculture (% growth)Source World Bank (2016).

LCPS Policy Brief

Some of these challenges have been identified through the dialogue withthe agro food working group:

Absence of agricultural policies and institutional linkages exacerbatestructural problemsThe absence of a comprehensive agricultural policy and the inefficiency ofextension programs provided by the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) have failedto resolve structural problems persistent in the agro food sector. It suffersfrom lack of funding, receiving less than 1% of the state budget, while private-sector finance and bank loans to the sector are limited. Accordingly, the sectorsuffers from a lack of agricultural policies and plans to enhance, primarily,the irrigation system, importation of agricultural inputs, agricultural extensionservices, marketing channels, and adequate replacement of crops, in additionto the need for financial support, through agricultural micro-credits. The sectorsuffers from a number of structural problems such as monopolized markets,poor financial intermediation, and an overvalued exchange rate, all of whichare mainly a result of weak policy and an unfavorable legal and regulatoryenvironment, which in turn discourages investment and diversification in thesector.

There has been inadequate coordination and consultation between publicand private sector stakeholders and between concerned ministries responsiblefor agro food sector development, which has led to weak and insufficientpolicies and incentives to support the sector. At the national level there are alarge number of actors involved, deeply influencing the sector: Different centralline ministries (particularly the MOA, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministryof Industry (MOI), and the Ministry of Health), local government authorities,public and private institutions dedicated to agriculture and food processing,certified laboratories, and research centers.

Persistent high costs of production cripple development of industriesOn a comparable scale, Lebanese food products struggle to remain competitive.The Lebanese agro food sector has been facing competition from neighboringArab countries that benefit from lower production costs, direct subsidies, andlarger economies of scale. The relatively high local production costs inLebanon are mainly due to higher labor costs, expensive utility services,lack of local competition, the high cost of upgrading the industry (training,equipment, etc.), and the high cost of capital (borrowing). Moreover, theinterruption of exports’ transportation through the Syrian border in recentyears interrupted Lebanon’s sole land export route to the region. Accordingto the Association of Lebanese Industrialists (ALI), the cost of clearing truckscarrying raw materials to Lebanon by land used to be some $7 per ton, whileclearing them in the Port of Beirut costs almost $70 per ton. This could havea strong distorting effect when world prices are already low (table 2).

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Missed Opportunities amid Great Potential in the Agro Food Sector 11

Table 2

Food products’ price per ton (in $)

Accordingly, the agro food sector is affected by subsidized imports thatundercut domestic producers and are a disincentive for them to invest inproduction. Lebanon has been considered a major food importer in recentyears, with local production satisfying only 20% of domestic consumption.Although Lebanon’s agro food sector has the potential to be one of the mostproductive in the region, it is underdeveloped and poorly managed. Only 55%of productive areas are exploited, often in an inefficient and wasteful manner.The food manufacturing trade deficit stood at $957.4 million in 2013,tightening from 2012’s deficit of $1.01 billion.

Figure 8

Agro food external activity

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Year Imports

990

1,240

1,170

1,240

1,450

1,618

1,481

Exports

1,290

1,580

1,570

1,530

1,280

1,695

1,468

Source The Syndicate of Lebanese Food Industrialists.

1,500

1,000

500

02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Food Products Imports (millions $) Food Products Exports (millions $)

Source Blom Bank (2014).

LCPS Policy Brief

Lack of institutionalized marketing channels fail exports to the WestThe lack of institutionalized and sophisticated marketing channels to accessEU markets, lack of accreditation and certification, poor performance of locallaboratories, and the inability to meet international standards pose a majorchallenge and are impeding agro food products from entering freely intoforeign markets. Nonetheless, discrepancies with safety and traceabilitystandards remains one of the main obstacles facing industrialists who wish toenter international export markets. Over 50% of Lebanese agro food exports arerejected by European markets because of labeling and packaging irregularities,35% are rejected because of illegal additives, and 5% due to Salmonella. Inaddition, Lebanon is still denied the possibility of exporting animal originproducts to a large number of Western countries, thus eliminating the chancesof exporting certain ready-to-eat products.

Several bodies in Lebanon share responsibility for food safety and qualityregulations for agro food products. The MOI is responsible for maintainingquality standards and promoting better production practices. The MOA workson enhancing linkages between agricultural and agro food activities. Inthis respect, quality regulations from different bodies can be contradictory.Moreover, the lack of credible and qualified laboratories to conduct producttesting and issue quality certifications prohibits many industries from beingqualified. More than one-third of the products tested proved to be non-compliant, although most of them had made the necessary upgrades.

Sustaining existing export markets is another concern for agro industrialists.For instance, in the 1930’s, brands such as Cortas and Conserve ModernesChtaura pioneered the export of canned reade-to-eat meals. Cortas was thefirst to introduce canned hummus to North American markets. However,Lebanese producers have not been able to keep up with developments in foreignfood canned meals. In the US and Europe, fresh and quick frozen foods areincreasingly lowering demand for canned meals. In other Arab countries, localproducers are dominating markets since they operate at considerably lowerproduction costs than Lebanese producers. Furthermore, Arab countries suchas Egypt and Jordan are able to negotiate better and longer lasting tradeagreements with gulf markets.

Therefore, trade policies, regulations, and/or agreements have profoundimplications on the Lebanese economy. These agreements—such as theAssociation Agreement with Europe, the European Neighborhood Policy, and theGreater Arab Free Trade Area—overlook issues such as regional competitivenessand quality. As a result, these trade agreements reduce import barriers butfail to promote export competitiveness for the Lebanese agro food sector.

Minimal research and development activity limits expansionThe rates of local Research and Development (R&D) activity within theLebanese agro food sector are quite low. A number of companies invest inmarket research and business development, but very few venture into productdevelopment and innovative scientific research activities. The main reasonbehind this scarcity in R&D is that research is costly. The majority of agro

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Missed Opportunities amid Great Potential in the Agro Food Sector 13

food firms are micro or small family-owned enterprises that do not havethe financial or human resources to independently perform R&D activities.Accordingly, various parties such as the MOI and MOA, the Syndicate of AgroIndustrialists, and universities and research centers, should collaborate toproduce specialized studies about different food products and sectors withinthe food industry.

Another issue that producers face that complicates potential exportactivity is the lack of adequate information about foreign markets. Producersstudy foreign markets primarily through attending exhibitions and fairsabroad, where they try to learn about the main market players, channels ofdistribution, etc. However, they require an adequate marketing strategy andbetter linkages, which are based on more detailed information about exportmarket structures, especially for new products that Lebanese producers wouldbe interested in venturing into.

Policy RecommendationsDespite the secondary role that the industrial sector plays in the nationaleconomy, Lebanese industrial exports increased and became more sophisticatedfrom 2000 to 2008. However, this is largely attributed to the increase inexternal demand shocks rather than an increase in productivity. Accordingly,there is substantial potential for agro food sector development to meet increasingand diversified food needs, generate employment, and uplift economies.Development has been constrained by a lack of coordinated policies andinsufficient priority being given to agro food sector development. Now, toenhance productivity levels, Lebanon must prioritize the sector, invest inquality vocational training, improve infrastructure, support innovation, andprovide assistance for developing industrial exports. This process should beaddressed in the context of a broader public policy dialogue, which bringstogether government agencies led by the MOI and industrialists to developpolicies which promote diversification.

This analysis concludes with the following recommendations:

Reform institutional policies and frameworksCoordinate approaches between concerned ministries to develop the agroindustry, accord higher priority to developing the agro food sector, andpromote territorial concentration of enterprise through facilitating clusters,networks, and industrial parks and techno poles. Develop enabling and facilitating policies and strategies to support agrofood sector development notably through improving infrastructure, ensuringavailability of adequate financial resources, and improving the provision,focus, and coordination of research and technology services. Promote effective national competition policies to ensure that a small numberof companies do not dominate markets. Issue laws and regulations by the government to protect local markets fromcheap imports.

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LCPS Policy Brief

Renegotiate existing trade agreements and opt for better conditions infuture trade agreements.

Reinvest in agricultural productionEncourage a much greater role for the private sector in providing keyfinancial services to the agro food sector, including low-cost credit servicesor affordable weather insurance. Re-balance current government funds toward much greater support forsustainable agricultural production, subsidies, and extension programs. Secure national and international funds for the support of R&D activitieswithin the agro food sector.

Develop research and marketing strategiesCollaborate between different ministries, universities, and research centers toproduce specialized studies about the different food products and industrieswithin the agro food sector.Support producers attending regional and international exhibitions so theycan facilitate promotion of their range of products and link them withforeign importers, traders, and distributors. Establish international partnerships to launch new products and reach newmarkets using Lebanon’s excellent human resources and education systems. Build a market presence in international markets, especially in Europe, theUnited States, and Canada, through networks and contacts with the Lebanesediaspora.Establish a market research unit that provides needed market intelligenceand helps producers enter new markets and expand existing ones. Develop a comprehensive export market strategy directed toward differentmarkets, whether traditional Arab markets or new Western markets.

Ensure product safety and compliance with international standardsCoordinate regulations and criteria for product safety between concernedministries.Provide training and technical assistance on methods for improving theefficiency of factories and improving safety and quality through HACCPand ISO 22000. These certifications could allow for further accreditationin foreign markets. Enhance the capacities of local laboratories including the Industrial ResearchInstitute (IRI) to adhere to global standards and qualifications. This alsoprovides credibility to the assessments and results provided by theselaboratories.

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LCPSAbout the Policy BriefA Policy Brief is a short piece regularly published by LCPS that analyzes keypolitical, economic, and social issues and providespolicy recommendations to a wide audience of decision makers and thepublic at large.

About LCPSFounded in 1989, theLebanese Center for PolicyStudies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisanthink-tank whose missionis to produce and advocatepolicies that improve goodgovernance in fields suchas oil and gas, economic development, public finance,and decentralization.

Contact InformationLebanese Center for Policy StudiesSadat Tower, Tenth floorP.O.B 55-215, Leon Street,Ras Beirut, LebanonT: + 961 1 799301F: + 961 1 799302info@lcps-lebanon.orgwww.lcps-lebanon.org

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LCPS تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملاThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies

يذيفنت صخلمنأ ىلع تاجوتنملا ءاضف ليلحت فشكي ،ةيمانلا لودلا نم ديدعلا رارغ ىلعردصتت يتلا تاجوتنملا امأ .ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق يف امهم اروضح نانبللددع جاتنإ يف ةيروحم ريغو ديقعتلا ةضفخنم داوم ةداع يهف عاطقلا ةيجاتنإ،ديقعتلا ةدودحم ةعانصلا هذه نأ نم مغرلا ىلعو ،نكل .ىرخألا علسلا نم ريبكقيرط نع ،اهيلإ اديقعت رثكأ ةديدج تاجوتنم ةفاضإ ىلإ ةلودلا تعس دقفريدجلاو .صصختملا يرشبلا لاملا سأرو ةديدجلا تايجولونكتلا مادختساتارداصلا تلمح يتلا تاعاطقلا ىلوأ نم ناك ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق نأ ركذلابلالغتسا لالخ نم ،ةحضاو ةنراقم ةزيم ليجستب نانبلل تحمس ةلحرم ىلإ.برغلا لود يف طسوتملا رحبلا خبطم اهب عتمتي يتلا ةديازتملا ةيبعشلا

يذلا عاطقلا اهب عتمتي يتلا ةديدعلا ةنراقملا ايازم نم مغرلا ىلعوليهأت ةداعإ ىلإ جاتحي وهف ،اهزيهجتو ةيذغألا جاتنإ ىلع اساسأ موقيتمت يتلا تاشاقنلا لالخ عاطقلا اذهل تايولوأ ملس عضو مت دقو .معدواهنيب نم ،ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا تاعانص باحصأو تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا نيبتاشاقنلا تمتتخاو .ةيحالصلا ةدمو ،ةدوجلاو ،ةمالسلاو ،جاتنإلافيلاكتنأ يغبني صاخلاو ماعلا نيعاطقلا نيب نواعتلا نأ ىلع نيكراشملا عامجإبراكتبالا ىوتسم ىلع ثاحبألا معدل ريوطتلاو ثحبلا تالاجم ىلع زكريعيجشت لجأ نم ليومتلاو بيردتلاو عسوتلا زيزعت ةيغب ،قيوستلاو قوسلاو.ةيملاعلا ةدوجلاو ةمالسلا ريياعمل لاثتمإلا

ةبتاكلا نعةيداصتقا ةثحاب نيدلازع يسنانتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا ىدل(SPCL). راثآلا ىلع اهثاحبأ زكرتويف ةيداصتقالا تاهاجتالاويف نيدلازع تكراش دقو .نانبلعاطق ةمكوح لوح ةسارد دادعإدقو ،نانبل يف زاغلاو طفنلا

ىدل ةراشتسمك تلمع نأ قبسةيعامتجالاو ةيداصتقالا ةنجللاثيح ،(اوكسالا) ايسآ برغلعيضاوملا نم افيط تجلاعةيداصتقالاو ةيعامتجالاةيمنتلاب ةقلعتملا لئاسملاو .ةمادتسملا

معدلا نم ثحبلا اذه دافتسا دقلتاعورشملا زكرم نم مدقملانمض ،(EPIC) ةصاخلا ةيلودلاناونع لمحي يذلا عورشملا راطإلالخ نم ةيطارقميدلا زيزعت‘ماعلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلا.’٢ صاخلاو

٣٢ مقر ددعلا٧١٠٢ راذآ

ةماع ةسايس صخلم

لظ يف ةعئاض صرفعتمتي ةمخض تايناكمإ ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق اهب صاخلا عاطقلا نمض راوحلا زيزعتنيدلازع يسنان

ةماع ةسايس صخلم٢

ةمدقملاخيرات رهظيو ،ينانبللا داصتقالا يف ريبك نزو تاذ ةينانبللا ةعانصلا ربتعت النانبل لجسيو .نانبل اهتوف يتلا ةديدعلا ةيمنتلا صرف ىدحإ يعانصلا عاطقلااهنم انينثتسا اذإ قرشملا ةقطنم يف يراجتلا نازيملا يف زجع أوسأ ماودلا ىلعماعو .ةيونسلا تادراولاو تارداصلا نيب لئاهلا توافتلا ببسب كلذو ،نيطسلفذإ ،رالود رايلم٢١,5١ ىلإ نانبل يف يراجتلا نازيملا يف زجعلا ةميق تلصو ،5١٠٢رايلم59,٢ تارداصلا تلجس اميف ،رالود رايلم8٠,8١ تادراولا يلامجإ ةميق تغلبليومتلا ططخ نم دودحم ددعب رصحنت ةيعانصلا ةسايسلاف ،مويلا امأ .رالودداحتالا عم ةيراجتلا تايقافتالا نم ددعبو ،ةموعدملا ةدئافلا تالدعم تاذ ةيعانصلاماهتالا عباصأ ريشت ،ومنلا ؤطابت لظ يفو ،كلذ ىلإ .ةيبرعلا نادلبلاو يبوروألارثأ ناك دقو .ايروس يف برحلا ىلإ امك ،دالبلا يف ةرمتسملا ءابرهكلا ةمزأ ىلإ

ريدصتلل نانبل اهمدختسي يتلا ةديحولا ةيربلا قيرطلا رتب ذإ ،احضاو ةريخألا هذه .ةقطنملل

تاسايسلا تدمتعا ول ةيمنتلاو ومنلل ةريبك تاناكمإ ةينانبللا ةعانصلل نأ ريغعضو يف اهذيفنتو تاسايسلا هذه لثم ةغايصل قرطلا ىدحإ نمكتو .ةمئالملايف ةيفافشلاو ةلءاسملا ززعت ،صاخلاو ماعلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلل ةمادتسم ةيلآتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا اعد ،ددصلا اذه يفو .ةينانبللا ةعانصلاب ضوهنلا ةيلمع(SPCL) نيينانبلا نييعانصلا ةيعمجو (ILA), ةيلودلا تاعورشملا زكرم نم معدبتاسسؤملاو تايعمجلا معدل ىحنملا ةيعاطق لمع تاعومجم ,(EPIC) ةصاخلاماعلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلا ةيلمع يف يدايرلا اهرودب عالطضالا يف ةيعانصلايف يعانصلا لامعألا عمتجمل اهيلع قفاوتم ةيتاسايس تايولوأ اوددحو ،صاخلاوديدحتل ،صاخلا عاطقلا يلثمم نيب ام راوحلل الاجم تاعامتجالا تحاتأ دقو .نانبلنأشب ميلس يداصتقا ثحبب نورقم ينواعت راسم لالخ نم ةيتاسايسلا لولحلا

.١عاطقلا هجاوت يتلا ةيساسألا تايدحتلا ةجلاعمةمئاق اثاحبأ راوحلل رسيمك هرود لالخ نم تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا مدق دقو

طئارخ مسر ةيجهنم مادختسابو .ماعلاو صاخلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلل ةلدألا ىلعةقيضلا ةيلماعتلا لغاوشلا يطخت ىلع نييعانصلا شاقنلا عجشي ،تاجتنملا ءاضفيريدصتلا ومنلاو ،تاسايسلا رييغت صرف يفو لمشأ لئاسم يف صوغللاومهفي نأ راوحلا يف نيكراشملل كلذ حيتيو .يسسؤملا حالصإلاو ،ىحنملاتامدخو ،ةيميظنتلا دعاوقلاو ،ةينوناقلا رطألا نم جيزم يأ ديدحتلابو لضفأ لكشبضهني نأ هنأش نم ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلاو ،قوسلا ىلإ ذافنلا دعاوقو ،ينهملا بيردتلاةيجهنملا ريشت ،ددصلا اذه يفو .ةيداصتقالا ةطشنألا عاونأ فلتخمب ريبك دح ىلإريوطت ليهست لالخ نم ،’ةنجلا ىلإ ملسلا‘ قلست ةيناكمإ كلتمي نانبل نأ ىلإ

ديقعتلاو ةفاسملا ةلداعم ةهجل ةباذج تاجتنملا هذه ربتعتو .ةدقعم ةديدج تاجتنمنأ نانبل ىلع .دالبلا ةناكم زيزعت يف ةلمتحملا ةيجيتارتسالا اهتميق ثيح نمو،ةيتحتلا ةينـبـلا لـثـم) ةـيـموـكـحـلا تالـخدـمـلاو مـعدـلا رـيـفوـت ىـلـع يلاـتـلاـب زـكرـيىلع اهتردقو اهتيجاـتـنإ نـيسحـت فدـهـب ،ةدوـجوـمـلا تاـعاـنصلـل (خـلإ ،ةـمـظـنألاو .ةحاتملا صرفلا صانتقا

١حلاصم لصوت يذلا راطإلا‘اهتابلط هلالخ نم صاخلا عاطقلاثيحو ،ةموكحلا ىلإ ةدعاسمللصاخلا عاطقلا ةموكحلا ثحت.’ةديدج ةيرامثتسا دوهج وحن (4٠٠٢) كيردور يناد

لمع قيرف لوأ ماق ,ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق يف مهم روضحب نانبل عتمتي ذإومضو .ةيئاذغلا ةيعارزلا ةيعانصلا تايعمجلا فلتخم نع نيلثمم ةوعدب يعاطقنم ىودجلاو ،عاطقلا هجاوت يتلا تايدحتلا زربأ لوح تاشقانم لامعألا لودجتاهجوو تارداصلا عيسوت قافآ نع الضف ،ةديدج ةدقعم ةيئاذغ تاجوتنم ريوطتةعطاقتم اياضق اضيأ لمشي ثيحب لامعألا لودج ميمصت مت دقو.ريدصتلاعنص ةيلمع نع ةلوزعم ةيعاطقلا تاشقانملا ىقبت الأ ىلع صرحلل ةيلومشوءاطعإبو ،زيكرتلا نم ديزمب اذه لمعلا راطإ حمسيو .قاطنلا ةعساو تاسايسلاقيقحتل صرفلا نم ديزم ريفوت نع الضف ،اونواعتي يك نيكراشملل ربكأ زفاوح.ةكرتشملا لمعلا طوطخو فادهألا

ديقعتلا ةضفخنم ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا ةعومجميف ةدوجوملا ةفرعملا وأ ةيجاتنإلا ةقاطلا سكعت ةكبش تاجتنملا ءاضف لكشي.اهنع ةيتأتملا صرفلاو اهكلتمي يتلا تاردقلا ىلع ةءاضإلا لالخ نم ،نيعم دلبيف اهلوادت متي يتلا تاجتنملا فلتخم نيب طبارتلا نيبت ةيعانص ةطراخ وهومظعم رطاشتت ةطراخلا ىلع طبارتلا ةديدشلا تاجتنملاف .ماع لكشب داصتقالاامأ .ءاوس دح ىلع ةسوململا ريغو ةسوململا تالخدملا يأ – ةبولطملا تاردقلانمضتت ،اينقت ةروطتم ريغ تاجتنم يهف ةطراخلا فارطأ ىلع ةعقاولا تاجتنملاىلإ تاجتنملا تهجتا املكو .ةجزاطلا راضخلاو ماخلا داوملا لاثملا ليبس ىلع .اروطت رثكأ تناك املك ،ةطراخلا طسو

ينانبللا زكرملا ثاحبأ حرتقت ،تاجتنملا ءاضف ةطراخ مسر ةيجهنم مادختسابودعي الو .ريوطتلل ةريبك تاناكمإ كلتمي نانبل يف يعانصلا عاطقلا نأ تاساردلل

نم ديدعلا نم بيرق ةنكل ،ادج اعفترم نانبل يف٢(ICE) يداصتقالا دقعتلا رشؤمجاتنإ ةيناكمإ كلتمي نانبل نإف ،يلاتلابو .تاجتنملا ءاضف بسحب ةدقعملا تاجتنملا

ادانتساو .ةديدجلا تاردقلا نم ديدعلا مادختسا ىلإ ةجاحلا نود نم تاجتنملا هذهنيعم دلب عضو نسحت ىدم سيقي يذلا (IGO) صرفلا بساكم رشؤم ىلإءانبو ،جتنملا اذه عنصب دلبلا أدب اذإ اديقعت رثكألا تاجتنملا ضعب ىلإ ةبسنلابتاجتنملا نم لكل ايدرف ددحت ةميق وهو (ICP) جتنملا ديقعت رشؤم ىلع اضيأريسيت ىلع زكري نأ نانبل ىلع ،جتنملل ةمزاللا ةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملا ىدم ىلإ ريشتونأ ةساردلا ةيجهنم حرتقت ،قلطنملا اذه نمو .اديقعت رثكأو ثدحأ تاجتنم ريوطتعنصل ةريصق تافاسم زايتجا لالخ نم’ةنجلا ملس‘ قلست ىلع ةردقلا نانبلل

.اديقعت رثكأ تاجتنم

٣ ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق اهب عتمتي ةمخض تايناكمإ لظ يف ةعئاض صرف

٢لكل ددحت ةديرف ةميق وهICE ـلا

ةفرعملا ىدم سيقتو نادلبلا نم.دلبلا يف ةدوجوملا ةيجاتنإلا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم4

ةزيم) ةحضاو ةنراقم ةزيمب عتمتت يتلاو ايلاح نانبل اهردصي يتلا تاجوتنملا ىلا ةنولملا دقعلا ريشتاهيف ماه روضح نانبلل سيل يتلا كلت يهف ةحتافلا دقعلا امأ .(دحاو نم ىلعأ ةحضاولا ةنراقملايتلا تاجوتنملا نم ةعومجم يأ ،’اهتعامج‘ قباطي ةدقع لك نول نإ .(دحاو نم ىندأ ةنراقملا ةزيم).ام عاطق موهفمل ةلثامم ةلص تاذ ةيجاتنإ ةفرعم بلطتت

جتني وهف .ريبك لكشب عونتي مل نانبل يف تاجوتنملا ءاضف نأ١ مسرلا نيبيوطيحملا دنع وأ نميألا بناجلا ىلع عقت يهو ،ديقعتلا ةضفخنم اداوم بلاغلا يفديدعلا رارغ ىلعو .بعصأ ةفرعملا مكارت لعجي امم ،تاجوتنملا ءاضفل يجراخلا

عاطق يف امهم اروضح نانبلل نأ تاجوتنملا ءاضف فشكي ،ةيمانلا نادلبلا نم.(ءارفصلاو ءارضخلا دقعلا) ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا

يف يعانص عاطق ربكأ هنوك ةريبك ةيداصتقا ةناكم نم عاطقلا اذه ديفتسيو٣١١،١ ىلاوحب عاطقلا مجح ردق ،(ةحاتملا ماقرألا ثدحأ)١١٠٢ ماعلا يف .نانبل

نم ٪4و ةعانصلا عاطقل ةفاضملا ةميقلا نم ٪٣،6٢ براقي ام دلوو ،رالود رايلمةلماعلا ةوقلا نم ةبسن ربكأ عاطقلا اذه لغشيو .دالبلل يلامجإلا يلحملا جتانلا

.ةعانصلا يف ةلماعلا ةوقلا نم ٪5٢ يأ ،الماع٧٠6،٠٢ ـب ةردقملاو ةعانصلا يفتاسسؤملا نم ةصح ربكأ ةيعارزلا ةيذغألل ةعنصملا تاسسؤملا لغشت ،ايلاحيف لمعت ةكرش6٣٧ ىلاوح وأ تاسسؤملا نم ٪٢،8١ عم ،نانبل يف ةيعانصلا.ةيعارزلا ةعانصلا ةطشنأ

،ةزوبخملا علسلا جاتنإ يف ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا تاسسؤم نم ةبسن ىلعأ كراشتيتلا ىرخألا تاعانصلا امأ .تاسسؤملا عومجم نم ٪٠٣ ىلاوح لكشت يهوةبسنب نابجألاو نابلألاو بيلحلا تاجوتنم يهف تاسسؤملا نم ةيلاع ةصح مضت٪5،9 ةبسنب تاورضخلاو هكاوفلا ظفحو زيهجت نع الضف ،تاسسؤملا نم ٪5١.(٢ مسرلا)

١ مسرلا

4١0٢ ماع نانبلل يجاتنإلا ءاضفلا

.يداصتقالا ديقعتلا دصرمردصملا

Gold

Jewellery

Diamonds

ScrapIron

ScrapCopper

ElectricGenerating Sets

Brochures

Potatoes

OtherProcessedFruits and

Nuts

FlavoredWater

Refrigerators

OtherFurniture

Chocolate

RawPlastic

Sheeting

OtherProcessedVegetables

RawSugar

HairProducts

Perfumes

PackagedMedicaments

ScrapAluminium

InsulatedWire

Non-Knit

Women'SSuits

Other EdiblePreparations

Citrus

IronStructures

PlasticLids

ElectricalTransformers

ToiletPaper

PaperContainers

RawTobacco

RawLead

PreciousStones

CleaningProducts

Sauces andSeasonings

PureOliveOil

Lettuce

Applesand

Pears

LeatherFootwear

PickledFoods

OtherPrepared

Meat

IndustrialFood

PreperationMachinery

BeautyProducts

BuildingStone

StoneProcessingMachines

PaperNotebooks

PreparedCereals

Wine

PittedFruits

NonaqueousPaints

VehicleParts

ElectricalControlBoards

AluminiumBars

PrefabricatedBuildings

Water

Pasta

Grapes

ConfectionerySugar

OtherPlastic

Sheetings

AnimalOrgans

PetroleumGas

BakedGoods

OtherColoringMatter

Centrifuges

NitrogenousFertilizers

LiftingMachinery

BaseMetal

Watches

Cement

Soap

CombustionEngines

Jams

PlasticHousewares

Spark-IgnitionEngines

HardLiquor

Onions

SyntheticMonofilament

LightFixtures

Other KnitGarments

IndustrialFatty

Acids, Oilsand

Alcohols

OtherPlastic

Products

ElectricMotors

Non- Knit...

OtherPrintedMaterial

DeliveryTrucks

NonaqueousPigments

Spices

AqueousPaints

CelluloseFibersPaper

ElectricMotorParts

Sheepand

Goats

OtherFruits

FruitJuice

Low-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

ElectricalPower

Accessories

IndustrialFurnaces

Wheat

OtherSyntheticFabrics

KnitMen'SSuits

Equineand

BovineHides

WheatFlours Tanned

Equine andBovineHides

RawAluminium

AluminiumStructures

SeedOils

Seats

RubberworkingMachinery

LightPure

WovenCotton

MetalMountings

Wadding

Beer

PlasticPipes

MachineryHaving

IndividualFunctions

RubberTires

BoatPropellers

LargeConstruction

Vehicles

WoodCarpentry

HandSaws

OtherVegetables

ExcavationMachinery

AirPumps

OtherHeating

Machinery

OtherAluminiumProducts

OtherIron

Products

Washingand Bottling

Machines

ShapedPaper

EssentialOils

Polishesand

Creams

Cheese

DriedLegumes

Small IronContainers

ShavingProducts

KnitT-Shirts

Other PaperMachinery

MaltExtract

OrganicCompositeSolvents

MetalMolds

Cars

OtherSmall Iron

Pipes

KnitSweaters

IronHousewares

KaolinCoatedPaper

OtherNuts

StoneWorking

Machines

Tomatoes

HouseLinens

EngineParts

SheepHides

OtherFootwear

AluminiumFoil

CerealMeal andPellets

RecoveredPaper

Non-Knit Babies'Garments

Mattresses

KnitWomen'S

Suits

ElectricHeaters

LightRubberized

Knitted FabricLiquidPumps

IceCream

Newspapers

Trailers

Non- Knit...

ElectricalIgnitions

PaperLabels

KnitSocks and

Hosiery

Semi-Finished

Iron

Non- Knit...

WoodworkingMachines

ScrapPlastic

Iron GasContainers

Bran

PostageStamps

OtherCloth

Articles

UsedClothing

IronIngots

Other PureVegetable Oils

Bovine

OtherUncoated

Paper

Marble,Travertine and

Alabaster

PorcelainTableware

Legumes

VegetableSaps

Felt orCoatedFabric

Garments

UnprocessedSynthetic Staple

Fibers

AluminiumCans

InteriorDecorativeGlassware

Valves

PapermakingMachines

CoatedFlat-

Rolled Iron

UncoatedPaper

FrozenBovineMeat

SyntheticFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

Cabbages

KnitMen'SShirts

SawnWood

OtherHandTools

OtherOily

Seeds

IronBlocks

GlazedCeramics

WoodFiberboard

Microscopes

TropicalFruits

WoodOrnaments

AluminiumPlating

Whey

IronRailway

Products

BathroomCeramics

Transmissions

PerfumePlants

Non- Knit...

OtherConstruction

Vehicles

ForgingMachines

IronStovetops

Brooms

Bellsand Other

MetalOrnaments

WovenFabric ofSynthetic

StapleFibers

Non-Knit

Women'SShirts

PreciousMetal

Scraps

WindowDressings

RubberFootwear

RolledTobacco

Non-Knit Women'SUndergarments

Corn

UncoatedKraft Paper

Tea

Hot-Rolled

Iron

PoultryMeat

Coffeeand TeaExtracts

Water andGas

Generators

DairyMachinery

ProcessedFish

LiquidDispersingMachines

SpecializedVehicles

PlasticBuildingMaterials

SyntheticFabrics

Sulfates

High-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

AbrasivePowder

RubberBelting

ElectricFilament

ArtificialVegetation

SafetyGlass

IronRadiators

ProcessedTomatoes

Soupsand

Broths

SowingSeeds

Other Women'SUndergarments

OtherLeatherArticles

FacialTissue

LocustBeans,

Seaweed, SugarBeet, Cane,

for Food

OtherRubber

Products

Yeast

Thermostats GlassBottles

LargeFlat-RolledStainless

Steel

PulleySystems

Sausages

OtherCast IronProducts

Rice

IronFasteners

VinylChloridePolymers

OtherLive

Plants

ParticleBoard

HeavyPure

WovenCotton

Concentrated Milk

OilSeed

Flower

FloatGlass

DriedFruits

PotassicFertilizers

Pearls

CopperPipe

Fittings

CoatedMetal

SolderingProducts

FrozenVegetables

Melons

FermentedMilk Products

OtherCeramicArticles

Cucumbers

ShapedWood

Curbstones

CranesIronPipe

Fittings

CementArticles

Leatherof OtherAnimals

Coconuts,Brazil Nuts,

andCashews

Alcohol> %80Abv

HeavyMixedWovenCotton

OtherStainlessSteel Bars

Honey

CastingMachines

Non-Knit Men'SUndergarments

Motor-Working

Tools

IronPipes

Non-Knit

Women'SCoats

InstructionalModels

AluminiumHousewares

CutlerySets

IronSheetPiling

HouseholdWashingMachines

Glues

MetalStoppers

Interchangeable ToolParts

Antiques

Plywood

LightSynthetic

CottonFabrics

ElectricFurnaces

HeavySynthetic

CottonFabrics

TannedSheepHides

MetalLathes

Other FrozenVegetables

ElectricSoldering

Equipment

Knit Women'SUndergarments

PreservedMeatIron

Toiletry

DriedVegetables

PackingBags

OtherSteelBars

SteamTurbines

Embroidery

SilkFabrics

Hydrogen

Large IronContainers

Hot- Rolled...

MetalworkingMachines

Sulfonated,Nitrated orNitrosated

Hydrocarbons

OrnamentalCeramics

Newsprint

CuttingBlades

Non- Fillet...

Eyewear

GardenTools

OtherEngines

SurveyingEquipment

OtherInorganic

Acids

ExplosiveAmmunition

OtherCopper

Products

VacuumCleaners

OtherSugars

CocoaButter

Gypsum

MetalworkingMachine Parts

Cold-Rolled

Iron

UnpackagedMedicaments

SyntheticFilament Tow

OtherCarpets

RootVegetables

Padlocks

OtherNitrogen

Compounds

PlasterArticles

TextileProcessingMachines

GlassMirrors

WovenFabrics

Opto-Electric

InstrumentParts

Tractors

CeramicTableware

OtherVegetable Oils

Milk

KnitActiveWear

InsulatingGlass

RockWool

TechnicalUse Textiles

GlassFibers

BallBearings

TextileFootwear

TannedGoatHides

VeneerSheets

OtherPrecious

MetalProducts

IronCloth

OtherMetal

Fasteners

Gas andLiquid FlowMeasuring

Instruments

DrillingMachines

LetterStock

ProcessedFish

Basketwork

Tullesand NetFabric

SoilPreparationMachinery

PlasticWash

Basins

TuftedCarpets

Videoand CardGames

StrandedCopper Wire

Non- Fillet...

RecreationalBoats

MillingStones

RailwayCargo

Containers

CutFlowers

Granite

MixedMineral orChemicalFertilizers

Non-WovenTextiles

CopperPipes

KnitBabies'

Garments

OtherWood

Articles

Pens

Textile FiberMachinery

VehicleChassis

Eggs

Hand-WovenRugs

FootwearParts

ElectricalLighting and

SignallingEquipment

Amino-Resins

CopperPlating

RubberSheets

HarvestingMachinery

PlasticCoatedTextileFabric

StrandedIron Wire

Safes

Blankets

TherapeuticAppliances

Postcards

DentalProducts

OtherFirearms

Other KnitClothing

Accessories

CocoaPaste

Bandages

Rubber

MedicalFurniture

OtherNon-KnitClothing

Accessories

RoughWood

Clays

ProcessedCereals

AnimalFood

BovineMeat

SoybeanOil

Bovine,Sheep,

and GoatFat

PropylenePolymers

PartyDecorations

UnglazedCeramics

NarrowWovenFabric

RollingMachines

Bedspreads

KnitWomen'S

Shirts

MetalFinishingMachines

GasketsMonofilament

WoodCrates

OtherAgriculturalMachinery

OtherLarge Iron

Pipes

RubberPipes

-

Non-Iron and

Steel Slag,Ash andResidues

FlexibleMetal

Tubing

Knit Men'SUndergarments

Flat Flat...

Butter

EyewearFrames

...

Sheepand Goat

Meat

Wrenches

Starches

AluminiumPipes

RawIronBars

KnitWomen'S

Coats

OtherVegetableResidues

Buses

Solderingand

WeldingMachinery

Large Flat...

PileFabric

Polymer Ion-Exchangers

Hydrometers

IronWire

CoalTar Oil

FishFillets

CocoaPowder

OtherNon-MetalRemoval

Machinery

QuaternaryAmmoniumSalts and

Hydroxides

SunflowerSeeds

Twineand

Rope

Poultry

CorrugatedPaper

HandTools

CastIron

Pipes

CocoaBeans

LiquidFuel

Furnaces

OtherIronBars

PetroleumJelly

HairTrimmers

IronChains

RubberInnerTubes

DraftingTools

BoilerPlants

Margarine

KnitMen'SCoats

IronNails

KnittedHats

Asphalt

GroundNuts

SteamBoilers

Crustaceans

OtherNickel

Products

LargeCoated

Flat-RolledIron

ArtificialFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

UsedRubber

Tires

Coke

Awnings,Tents, and

Sails

UtilityMeters

DyeingFinishingAgents

Molluscs

WoodFrames

FuelWood

CentralHeatingBoilers

PalmOil

PolyamideFabric

CoconutOil

VegetableParchment

CoalBriquettes

Flat-Rolled

Iron

SewingMachines

RefractoryCements

CombedWool or

Animal HairFabric

Bicycles

Graveland

CrushedStone

OtherStone

Articles

IronSprings

MetalOffice

Supplies

Felt

IronPowder

ProcessedTobacco

Lighters

FakeHair

BreathingAppliances

MetalworkingTransfer Machines

Labels

VendingMachines

FrozenFruits and

Nuts

ElectricalInsulators

Ammonia

BabyCarriages

LightMixedWovenCottonRefractory

Bricks

ArtificialFilamentSewingThread

Metal PicklingPreparations

Carbon-Based

Electronics

TensileTesting

Machines

EdibleOffal

OtherZinc

Products

KnittingMachines

Metal-Rolling

Mills

AluminiumWire

Compasses

OtherMeat

Umbrellas

RevolutionCounters

TobaccoProcessingMachines

Netting

FlaxWovenFabric

TrafficSignals

Saddlery

Carbon

TannedFurskins

AsphaltMixtures

MetalInsulatingFittings

Pencilsand

Crayons

OtherFloating

Structures

Rapeseed

OtherInedibleAnimal

Products

Foliage

Peat

CompoundedUnvulcanised

Rubber

MaltRaw

Cotton

AnimalMeal andPellets

GlassWorking

Machines

CardedWool or

Animal HairFabric

ArtificialGraphite

Sand

Non-Retail

Artificial...

RubberTextileFabric

Non-Retail PureCotton Yarn

Buttons

Steel

Wire

Horses

FrictionMaterial

KnittingMachine

Accessories

RailwayFreight

Cars

Barley

Decals

Soybeans

SpecialPurpose

Ships

PitchCoke

AluminiumOxide

Zippers

VehicleBodies

Enzymes

StrandedAluminium Wire

LocomotiveParts

-

FishingShips

StainlessSteel Wire

InorganicSalts

-

WorkTrucks

Non-Retail

Synthetic Staple...

ToolPlates

-

Carbides

Sorghum

Electricity

RapeseedOil

-

RailwayPassenger

Cars

Hot-olled

S ainless teel...

Self-Propelled Rail

Transport

CaseinPigs

PigMeat

Live

Bulbsand

Roots

LeadOre

SoybeanMeal

DetonatingFuses

StarchResidue

Sulphur

AluminiumOre

ZincOre

ChromiumOre

TitaniumOre

Niobium,Tantalum,

Vanadium andZirconium

Ore

StainlessSteel Ingots

RawFurskins

Asphalt

SteelIngots

OtherMetals

Sodiumor

PotassiumPeroxides

Oxometallic orPeroxometallic Acid

Salts

Fluorides

Nitritesand

Nitrates

PreciousMetal

Compounds

y enzenes any nap a enes

ds

VegetableAlkaloids

...

Non-Retail

Combed...

Fishing andHunting

Equipment

TugBoats

Manganese

RefractoryCeramics

PigIron

ElectricLocomotives

Passengerand Cargo

Ships

HydraulicTurbines

Looms

OtherLocomotives

OtherSea

Vessels

ArmoredVehicles

Planes,Helicopters,

and/or Spacecraft

WeaponsParts and

Accessories

5 ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق اهب عتمتي ةمخض تايناكمإ لظ يف ةعئاض صرف

٢ مسرلا

ةيوئملا ةبسنلاو تاجوتنملا عون بسحب نانبل يف ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا تاسسؤم

داوم ةداعلا يف يه عاطقلا اذه يف جاتنإلا ىلع نميهت يتلا تاجوتنملا نإ.تاجوتنملا ءاضفل يجراخلا طيحملا دنع عقتو اطبارت لقأ يهو ديقعتلا ةضفخنمعلس جاتنإل ةيروحم ريغ ةيذغألا هذه جاتنإل ةمزاللا تالخدملا نأ ىلإ ريشي اذه.بعصأ ةفرعملا مكارت لعجي امم ،ةريثك ىرخأ

ةيلوحكلا تابورشملا ةئف نع(٣٠٢٢4SH :قسنملا ماظنلا زمر) ةريبلا لاثم ذخأنةدقع نأ ىلإ ريشي٣ مسرلا ثيح ،(رالود نويلم٢4،5 تارداصلا نم اهتميق تغلب)،هيلعو .يرخصلا فوصلاب دحاو طبار عم ةلوزعم ةدقع يه حتافلا رضخألاب ةريبلا

.عيونتلا ةيلمع لهست يتلا تالخدملا وأ ةفرعملا رفوي ال ةريبلا جاتنإ نإف

٣ مسرلاىرخألا تاجوتنملاب اهطبارتو ةريبلا

.(700٢) جئاتنو قئاقح :ينانبللا يعانصلا عاطقلاردصملا

.يداصتقالا ديقعتلا دصرمردصملا

ةزوبخملا علسلا0٣٪

ةيلوحكلا تابورشملا4٪

ةعنصملا كامسألاو موحللا٢٪

رئاصعلاو هايملا٢٪

ىرخألا تاعانصلابيلحلا تاجوتنم٪١٢

نابجألاو نابلألاو٥١٪

هكاوفلاو تاورضخلاةدعملا

٩٪

تايولحلا٨٪

اهتاقتشمو نوهدلاو تويزلا٥٪

نحاطملا تاجوتنم4٪

ةماع ةسايس صخلم6

ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا ةعومجم يف عيونتلاىلإ ةلودلا تعس دقف ،ديقعتلا دودحم ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق نأ نم مغرلا ىلعتايجولونكتلا مادختسا قيرط نع ,عاطقلا ىلإ اديقعت رثكأ ةديدج تاجوتنم ةفاضإعومجم نم ٪6١ ،لاثملا ليبس ىلع .صصختملا يرشبلا لاملا سأرو ةديدجلا،ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا جاتنإ لجأ نم ةصصختم تناك ةدروتسملا ةيعانصلا تازيهجتلا

امدقت رثكألا ةيعانصلا تاعاطقلا دحأ وه ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق نأ ىلإ ريشي اممصرف ديلوت ىلع ةريبكلا هتردق ىلإ ةفاضإلابو .دالبلا يف ةيجولونكتلا ةيحانلا نمريبك ددع جرختيو .ديج لكشب ةبردم ةلامع ةدعاق نم اضيأ عاطقلا ديفتسي ،لمعلا

ينهملا بيردتلا نع الضف ةصصختم ةيعماج تاداهش نيلماح ايونس بالطلا نم.ةيئاذغلا ةدوجلا ةرادإو ةيعارزلا ةعانصلا زيهجت يف

نكمي ،ام دلب يف يجاتنإلا ديقعتلا طسوتم ةدايز ةيفيك ىلع ءوضلا طيلستلوىلع اصوصخ ةيدجم نوكت ةديدج تاجوتنمل راكفأب يتأي نأ تاجوتنملا ءاضفل

ةفرعملا نيب ةلضافم ءارجإ ضرفي رايخلاو .نانبل اهنم يناعي يتلا دويقلا ءوضعيونتلا تايناكمإو ،ديدجلا جتنملا يف ديقعتلاو ،(ةفاسملا) ةمئاقلا ةيجاتنإلا،كلذ ىلع ءانبو .اهلمحت نأ ةديدجلا ةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملا نأش نم يتلا ةيلبقتسملاةيذغألا ةعومجم نمض ةفدهتسمو ةدقعم تاجوتنم ةعبس تاجوتنملا ءاضف ددحيةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملا ءوض ىلع جاتنإلل ةلباقو(6١2SH-4٢ :قسنملا ماظنلا زمر)ةيعارزلادالبلا ءانتقا ثيح نم ايبسن تبرتقا ةعومجملا هذهو .دالبلا يف ةدوجوملا.الهس فدهلا قيقحت نوكي نأ ضرتفملا نم يلاتلابو ،اهجاتنإل ةمزاللا تالخدملل

.١ لودجلا يف ةضورعم تاجوتنملا هذه

١ لودجلا

نانبل ىلإ ةهجوم تايصوت

ينانبللا خبطملا لاخدإ اهلالخ نم انعطتسا اننأل انحاجنل احاتفم برغلا يف ةينانبللا معاطملا ومن ناك‘.نييعانصلا ةيعمج سيئر بئان،يوارصن جروج’.ةديدج قوس ىلإ

لوأ نم هنأ الإ ،ايبسن دودحم لكشب دقعم ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق نأ نم مغرلابةنراقم ةزيم ليجستب نانبلل حمستس ةلحرم ىلإ تارداصلاب عفدت يتلا تاعاطقلاةوالعو .طسوتملا رحبلا خبطم ىلإ برغلا شطعت ىلع ةنهارملا لالخ نم ،ةحضاو

ةظوبلاقناقنلاناويحلل فلعك ةممصملا تاريضحتلا

يتملا وأ ،ياشلا وأ ،نبلا تاجرختسمراجيسلانطقلا روذب تيزب ىولحلاظوفحملا وأ رضحملا كمسلا

جوتنملا مسإ HS4

5٠١٢١٠6١9٠٣٢١٠١٢٢٠4٢6٠٣٢4٠6١

.(6١0٢) تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا نع رداصلا ينانبللا تاجوتنملا ءاضف ريرقتردصملا

٧ ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق اهب عتمتي ةمخض تايناكمإ لظ يف ةعئاض صرف

قرشلا ةقطنم يف ةيعارزلا يضارألا نم ةبسن ىلعأب نانبل عتمتي ،كلذ ىلعيضارألل ةيلامجإلا ةحاسملا ردقت ،٠١٠٢ ماعلل يعارزلا حسملل اقفو .طسوألا،لدتعملا نانبل خانمف .عورزم راتكه فلأ١٣٢ اهنيب راتكه فلأ٢٣٣ ىلاوحب ةيعارزلايلاثم عقومك زوربلاب هل حمست يتلا زئاكرلا هحنمت هيف هايملا ةرفوو ،ةينغلا هتبرتو.ةقطنملا يف يعارزلا طاشنلل

٪5،6٢ ةبسنو تارداصلا يلامجإ نم ٪٧،٠٢ ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا تلكشةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا تغلبو .5١٠٢ ماعلا يف ةيعانصلا تارداصلا يلامجإ نمماعلل ردقملا جاتنإلا يلامجإ نم ٪64 ىلاوح يأ ،رالود نويلم٠8،٢54 ةردصملا.(4 مسرلا) هسفن

4 مسرلا

4١0٢ ماع ةينانبللا تارداصلا يلامجإ

ةبسنب لخلاو ،ةيحورلا تابورشملاو ،تابورشملا يه ةردصملا تاجوتنملا زربأتايولحلاو ركسلا لتحيو .نانبل يف ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا تارداص يلامجإ نم ٪٧٣،4ةبسنب تارسكملاو ةدعملا هكاوفلاو تاورضخلا اهيلت ٪4،٢٢ ةبسنب ةصح ربكأ يناث.(5 مسرلا) ٪8،4١

.يداصتقإلا ديقعتلا دصرمردصملا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم8

5 مسرلا

4١0٢ ماع نطلاب ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا تارداصل يفاصلا نزولا

ةيبرعلا لودلا ىلإ هجوم ةينانبللا ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا تارداص نم ربكألا طسقلا نإعم تارداصلا يلامجإ نم ٪94 غلبي ثيح (يجيلخلا نواعتلا سلجم لود ءانثتساب)٪6٢ هعومجم ام بهذيو .رصم ىلإ ٪8،٢و ،قارعلا ىلإ ٪٣١و ،ايروس ىلإ ٪4٣،١ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا ثيح يجيلخلا نواعتلا سلجم لود ىلإ تارداصلا نم.ةيساسألا تاهجولا لكشت (٪٣) رطقو ،(٪٧،٣) ةدحتملا ةيبرعلا تارامإلاو ،(5،8٪)،عبارلا زكرملا ةيبرغلا ابوروأ لتحتو .٪٧ اهتصح غلبت ذإ ثلاثلا زكرملا ايقيرفأ لتحتو.(6 مسرلا) ايلارتسأو ايسآو ةيلامشلا اكريمأ ىلإ لقأ تايمك ريدصت متي نيح يف

6 مسرلا

ةيوئملا ةبسنلا بسحب ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا ريدصت تاهجو

تابورشملاو تابورشملالخلاو ةيحورلا

تايولحلاو ركسلا تاورضخلا تارضحتسم

تارسكملاو هكاوفلاو

نحطلا ةعانص تاجتنمتايوشنلاو ريعشلاو

قيقدلاو بوبحلا تارضحتسمبيلحلاو اشنلاو

ةيتابنلاو ةيناويحلا نوهدلاتويزلاو

موحللا تارضحتسمتايرشقلاو كامسألاو

واكاكلا تارضحتسمو واكاكلا

لباوتلاو ياشلاو ةوهقلا

ىرخألا تاعانصلا

٠٠٠٠،٠٢٠٠٠،٠4٠٠٠،٠6٠٠٠،٠8٠٠٠،٠٠١٠٠٠،٠٢١.ةينانبللا كرامجلاردصملا

.(٣١0٢) ةينانبللا كرامجلاردصملا

ايلارتسأ١٪

ملاعلا ةيقب6٪

ايروس4٣٪

قارعلا٣١٪

رصم٢٪

ادنكو ةدحتملا تايالولا7٪

ةيبرغلا ابوروأ4٪

ايقيرفأ7٪

سلجم لوديجيلخلا نواعتلا

6٢٪

9 ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق اهب عتمتي ةمخض تايناكمإ لظ يف ةعئاض صرف

نآلا يهو ،٪6،٠٣ ةبسنب تعفترا دق ايروس ىلإ تارداصلا نأ ركذلاب ريدجلاولود ءانثتساب) ةيبرعلا لودلا ىلإ تارداصلا يلامجإ نم ٪6،٣6 يلاوح لكشتاذهو .٪٢،44 ةبسنب قارعلا ىلإ تارداصلا تعفترا اميف ،(يجيلخلا نواعتلا سلجمىلع ةيبلسلا راثآلا نم اهبيصن اهل ناك يتلا ةيروسلا ةمزألا نأ ىلع لديضيوعتلل ةينانبللا تاجوتنملا ىلع بلطلا ديازتب تحمس دق ،ينانبللا داصتقالا.قاوسألا هذه ىلإ ةيروسلا تارداصلا يف صقنلا نع

عيونتلا قيعت يتلا ةيلكيهلا تايدحتلاىلإ لوصولل ايبسن ةريصقلا ةفاسملاو يداصتقإلا ديقعتلا رشؤم ءوض ىلع.’ريغص قاطن ىلع‘ ةيعانص ةسايس ىلإ جاتحي دلبك نانبل فنصي ،ةبيرقلا تاجوتنملا

تالخدملاو معدلا ريفوت ىلع زكرت نأ اهيلع ةئفلا هذه نمض ةدوجوملا لودلاففدهب ةدوجوملا تاعانصلل (خلإ ،ةينوناقلا تاميظنتلاو ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا لثم) ةماعلاىلعو .ديلا لوانتم يف ةدوجوملا صرفلا صانتقا ىلع اهتردقو اهتيجاتنإ نيسحت،599١ ماعلا ذنم ايبسن ارقتسم يداصتقإلا ديقعتلا رشؤم يقب ،كلذ نم مغرلا.رفصلاو ةعبرأ ةلصاف رفصلا نود نيب حوارتي ثيح

.ةعئاضلا ةيمنتلا صرف نم ليوط خيرات هيدل نانبل يف ةعانصلا عاطق نإفورظللو ةيباجيإلا ةيجراخلا تامدصلل ةجيتن تءاج عاطقلا يف ةيضرعلا تارفطلافعقاو يف .ةيعانصلا تاسايسلا ةرمث نوكت نأ نم الدب ةيتاؤملا ةيلكلا ةيداصتقالا.ينانبللا داصتقالل ةبسنلاب ةيولوأ ةيعانصلا ةسايسلا اموي نكت مل ،رمألا

نم ىلعأ ةحضاو ةنراقم ةزيم عم) تاجوتنملا ددع نأ ىلإ ةراشإلا نم دب ال.٢١٠٢و599١ ماعلا نيب صلقت دق ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلا داوملا ةعومجم نمض (دحاوتايدحتلا ببسب ةريخألا تاونسلا يف جاتنإلا ؤطابت ىلع عاطقلا اذه دهش دقوةصح يف رظنلا ةداعإب ارخؤم ةراجتلاو داصتقالا ةرازو تماقو .ةيميلقإلاو ةيلحملا٪4 ىلإ٧99١ ماعلا يف ٪٣،6 نم ضيفختلا وحن يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإ نم ةعارزلا

ىلإ هاندأ٧ مسرلا يف ةدراولا يلودلا كنبلا تانايب ريشت ،هيلعو .١١٠٢ ماعلا يفلبق٢١٠٢ ماعلا دعب ظوحلم لكشب ضفخنا يذلا يعارزلا جاتنإلا يف ومنلا حجرأت.4١٠٢ ماعلا يف ٪6،٠ اهتبسن ةئيطب ةريتوب ومنيو دوعي نأ

٧ مسرلا يعارزلا ومنلا

.(6١0٢) يلودلا كنبلاردصملا

٢١٪٠١٪

8٪6٪4٪٢٪٠٪-٢٪-4٪-6٪-8٪

499١599١699١٧99١899١999١٠٠٠٢١٠٠٢٢٠٠٢٣٠٠٢4٠٠٢5٠٠٢6٠٠٢٧٠٠٢8٠٠٢9٠٠٢٠١٠٢١١٠٢٢١٠٢٣١٠٢4١٠٢5١٠٢6١٠٢

يعارزلا جاتنإلا ومنيلحملا جتانلا يلامجإ نم ةعارزلا ةصح

ةماع ةسايس صخلم٠١

ينعملا لمعلا قيرف عم راوحلا لالخ نم تايدحتلا هذه نم ضعب ديدحت مت دقل:ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلا داوملاب

لكاشملا مقافتب ببستي ةيسسؤملا طباورلاو ةيعارزلا تاسايسلا بايغةيلكيهلااهمدقت يتلا ةيداشرإلا جماربلا ةءافك مدعو ةلماش ةيعارز ةسايس دوجو مدع نإعاطق يف ةرمتسملا ةيلكيهلا لكاشملل لولحلا داجيإ نود الاح دق ةعارزلا ةرازو٪١ نم لقأ ىلع لصحي ذإ ،ليومتلا صقن نم عاطقلا يناعيو .ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا

ضورـقـلاو صاـخـلا عاـطـقـلا لـيوـمـت نأ نـيـح يف ،ةـلودـلـل ةـماـعـلا ةـنزاوـمـلا نـمعاطقلا يناعي ،هيلعو .ادج نيدودحم ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطقل ةحونمملا ةيفرصملا

،يرلا ماظن ززعت نأ اهنأش نم يتلا ةيعارزلا ططخلاو تاسايسلا يف صقن نم،قـيوستـلا تاوـنـقو ،يعارزـلا داشرإلا تاـمدـخو ،ةـيـعارزـلا تالـخدـمـلا دارــيــتساولالخ نم يلاملا معدلا ىلإ ةجاحلا نع الضف ،مئالم لكشب ليصاحملا لادبتساولثم ،ةيلكيهلا لكاشملا نم ددع نم عاطقلا يناعيو .ةيعارزلا ةريغصلا ضورقلااهلكو ،اهيف غلابملا فرصلا راعسأو ،ةيلاملا ةطاسولا فعضو ،قاوسألا راكتحاطبحي امم ،ةيتاؤملا ريغ ةيميظنتلاو ةينوناقلا ةئيبلاو تاسايسلا فعض نع ةجتان.عاطقلا يف عيونتلاو رامثتسالا

صاخلاو ماعلا نيعاطقلا يف ةينعملا تاهجلا نيب رواشتلاو قيسنتلا باغ دقلىلإ ىدأ امم ,ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق ريوطت نع ةلوؤسملا ةينعملا تارازولا نيبو

ةريثك ،ينطولا ىوتسملا ىلع .عاطقلا معدل ةيفاك ريغو ةفيعض زفاوحو تاسايستارازولا فلتخم :عاطقلا ىلع اقيمع اريثأت رثؤت يتلا ةينعملا ةلعافلا تاهجلا يهةرازوو ،ةعانصلا ةرازوو ،ةراجتلا ةرازوو ،ةعارزلا ةرازو ةصاخبو) ةلصلا تاذ ةيزكرملاةصصخملا ةصاخلاو ةماعلا تاسسؤملاو ،ةيلحملا ةيموكحلا تاطلسلاو (ةحصلا.ثاحبألا زكارمو ،ةدمتعملا تاربتخملاو ،ةيئاذغلا تاعانصلاو ةعارزلل

تاعانصلا ريوطت ةيلمع لشي جاتنالا فيلاكت يف رمتسملا عافترإلا.اهتيسفانت ىلع ظفاحت يك ةينانبللا ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا حفاكت ،لثامم قاطن ىلعيتلا ةرواجملا ةيبرعلا لودلا ةسفانم نم ةينانبللا ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق يناعيوتاداصتقاو ،ةرشابملا معدلا تاناعإو ،ةضفخنملا جاتنإلا فيلاكت نم ديفتستعافترا ىلإ نانبل يف ايبسن ةعفترملا ةيلحملا جاتنإلا فيلاكت دوعتو .ةريبكلا ملسلا،ةيلحملا ةسفانملا بايغو ،نمثلا ةـظـهاـب قـفارـمـلا تاـمدـخو ،ةـلاـمـعـلا فـيـلاـكـتلاملا سأر ةفلك عافتراو ،(خلإ ،تازيهجتلاو ،بيردتلا) ةعانصلا ريوطت ةفلك عافتراوةيروسلا دودحلا ربع تارداصلا لقن لئاسو عاطقنا نأ كلذ ىلإ فضأ .(ضارتقالا)اقفو .ةقطنملا ىلإ نانبلل ديحولا يربلا ريدصتلا طخ لش دق ةريخألا تاونسلا يفداوملا لقنت يتلا تانحاشلا صيلخت ةفلك غلبت تناك ،نيينانبللا نييعانصلا ةيعمجلفلكي اميف ،دحاولا نطلل تارالود ةعبس يلاوح ربلا قيرط نع نانبل ىلإ ماخلاكلذل نوكي دقو .دحاولا نطلل ارالود نيعبس يلاوح توريب أفرم يف اهصيلخت.(٢ لودجلا ) الصأ ةضفخنم ةيملاعلا راعسألا نأ اميسال يهيوشت لوعفم

١١ ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق اهب عتمتي ةمخض تايناكمإ لظ يف ةعئاض صرف

٢ لودجلا

(يكريمألا رالودلاب) دحاولا نطلل ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا رعس

ضوقت يتلا ةموعدملا تادراولا نم ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق ررضتي ،هيلعونانبل زرب .جاتنإلا يف رامثتسالا يف مهتميزع طبثتو نييلحملا نيجتنملا يعاسم٪٠٢ يلحملا جاتنإلا يبلي ثيح ،ةريخألا تاونسلا يف ءاذغلل يسيئر دروتسمكيف ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق نأ نم مغرلا ىلعو .ينطولا كالهتسالا نم طقفىقبي وهف ،ةقطنملا يف ةيجاتنإ رثكألا تاعاطقلا دحأ نوكي نأ ىلع رداق نانبل

قطانملا نم طقف ٪55 لالغتسا متي امك .ةرادإلا ءوس نم يناعيو افلختميف زجعلا غلب دقف .ةلاعف ريغ ةقيرطبو فارسإب نايحألا نم ريثك يفو ،ةجتنملا١٠،١ غلب نأ دعب ،٣١٠٢ ماعلا يف انويلم4،٧59 ةيئاذغلا ةيليوحتلا تاعانصلا ةراجت.(8 مسرلا)٢١٠٢ ماعلا يف رالود رايلم

8 مسرلا

ةيعارزلا ةيذغألل يجراخلا طاشنلا

٠9٢،١٠85،١٠٧5،١٠٣5،١٠8٢،١596،١864،١

تادراولا تارداصلا

٠99٠4٢،١٠٧١،١٠4٢،١٠54،١8١6،١١84،١

ةنسلا

٧٠٠٢8٠٠٢9٠٠٢٠١٠٢١١٠٢٢١٠٢٣١٠٢

.نانبل يف ةيذغألا ييعانص ةباقنردصملا

.(4١0٢) رجهملاو نانبل كنبردصملا

٠٠5،١

٠٠٠،١

٠٠5

٠٠٠٠٢١٠٠٢٢٠٠٢٣٠٠٢4٠٠٢5٠٠٢6٠٠٢٧٠٠٢8٠٠٢9٠٠٢٠١٠٢١١٠٢٢١٠٢٣١٠٢

((رالود نويلم) ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا تادراو (رالود نويلم) ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا تارداص

ةماع ةسايس صخلم٢١

برغلا ىلإ ريدصتلا قيعي ةيسسؤملا قيوستلا تاونق بايغداحتالا قاوسأ ىلإ لوصولاب حمست ةروطتمو ةيسسؤم قيوست تاونق بايغ نإمدعو،ةيلحملا تاربتخملا ءادأ فعضو ،تاداهشلا حنمو دامتعالا بايغو ،يبوروألايف ببستتو اريبك ايدحت لكشت اهلك ،ةيلودلا ريياعملل لاثتمإلا ىلع ةردقلاىلع .ةيجراخلا قاوسألا ىلإ ةيرحب ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملا لوخد نود لوؤحلانيب نم عبتتلاو ةمالسلا ريياعمل لاثتمإلا يف تارغثلا ىقبت ،كلذ نم مغرلا.ةيلودلا ريدصتلا قاوسأ ىلإ لوخدلا نم نييعانصلا عنمت يتلا ةيسيئرلا تابقعلا

اهضفرت ةينانبللا ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا تارداص نم ٪٠5 نع ديزي ام ،عقاولا يف،فيلغتلاو ةئبعتلاو تامالعلا عضو يف تافلاخملا ببسب ةيبوروألا قاوسألاام هنأ كلذ ىلإ فضأ .الينوملاسلا ببسب ٪5و ،ةينوناق ريغ تافاضإ ببسب ٪5٣ولودلا نم ريبك ددع ىلإ لصألا ةيناويح تاجوتنم ريدصت نانبل ىلع اعونمم لاز.لكألل ةزهاجلا تاجوتنملا ضعب ريدصت صرف ىلع يضقي امم ،ةيبرغلا

ةيئاذغلا ةدوجلاو ةمالسلا ةمظنأ نع ةيلوؤسملا نانبل يف تائيه ةدع كراشتتريياعم ىلع ظافحلا نع ةلوؤسم ةعانصلا ةرازوف .ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلا تاجوتنملاب ةصاخلازيزعت ىلع لمعتف ةعارزلا ةرازو امأ .ىلضفلا ةيجاتنإلا تاسرامملا زيزعتو ةدوجلاةمظنأ ضقانتت دق ،ددصلا اذه يفو .ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلاو ةيعارزلا ةطشنألا نيب طباورلارابتخال ةلهؤمو ةقوثوم تاربتخم دوجو مدع نأ نع الضف .ىرخأو ةئيه نيب ةدوجلاىلع تاعانصلا نم ديدعلا نكمت نود لوحي ةدوجلا تاداهش رادصإو تاجوتنملايتلا تاجوتنملا ثلث نم رثكأ نأ نيبت ،عقاولا يف .ةيلهألا تاداهش ىلع لوصحلا.ةمزاللا تاثيدحتلل عضخ دق اهمظعم نأ نم مغرلا ىلع ،ةلثتمم ريغ رابتخإلل تعضخ

اذه يف نييعانصلل رخآ قلق ردصم وه ةمئاقلا ريدصتلا قاوسأ ىلع ظافحلا نإساطرق لثم ةيراجتلا تامالعلا تناك ،تاينيثالثلا يف ،لاثملا ليبس ىلع .عاطقلا.ةبلعملا ةزهاجلا ماعطلا تابجو ريدصت يف ةدئار اروتش ةثيدحلا ةورسنوكلاوريغ .ةيلامشلا اكريمأ قاوسأ ىلإ بلعملا صمحلا لخدأ نم لوأ ساطرق ةكرش تناكوةيئاذغلا تابجولا ديعص ىلع روطتلا باكرب قاحللا نع اوزجع نيينانبللا نيجتنملا نأةعيرسلاو ةجزاطلا ةدمجملا تابجولا ،ابوروأو ةدحتملا تايالولا يف .جراخلا يف ةبلعملارطيسي ،ىرخألا ةيبرعلا نادلبلا يف .ةبلعملا تابجولا ىلع بلطلا عجارت نم ديزتةنراقملاب ةضفخنم ةيجاتنا فالكأب نولمعي مهنإ ذإ قاوسألا ىلع نويلحملا نوجتنملا

ةرداق ندرألاو رصم لثم ةيبرعلا لودلا نأ كلذ ىلإ فضأ .نيينانبللا نيجتنملا عم.ةيجيلخلا قاوسألا عم ىدملا ةليوطو لضفأ ةيراجت تاقافتإ ىلع ضوافتلا ىلع

داصتقالا ىلع ةقيمع راثآ ةيراجتلا تاقافتالا وأ/و ,تاميظنتلاو ،تاسايسللو،ةيبوروألا راوجلا ةسايسو ،ابوروأ عم ةكارشلا قافتا لثم ،تاقافتالا هذه .ينانبللاةيميلقإلا ةيسفانتلا ةردقلا لثم اياضق لهاجتت ،ىربكلا ةيبرعلا ةرحلا ةراجتلا ةقطنمواهنكل ،تادراولا ىلع زجاوحلا نم ةيراجتلا تاقافتالا هذه دحت ،كلذل ةجيتنو .ةدوجلاو .ينانبللا ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق نمض تارداصلل ةيسفانتلا ةردقلا زيزعت نع زجعت

عسوتلا قيعت ريوطتلاو ثحبلا ةطشنأ ةيدودحمةينانبللا ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق يف ةيلحملا ريوطتلاو ثحبلا ةطشنأ تالدعم نإ

رـيوـطـت يفو قوسلا ثوـحـب يف تاـكرشلا نـم ددـع رـمـثـتسيو .ادــج ةضفــخــنــم

٣١ ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق اهب عتمتي ةمخض تايناكمإ لظ يف ةعئاض صرف

تاجوتنملا ريوطت يف ضوختو رماغت يتلا تاكرشلا يه ةليلق نكلو ،لامعألاثحبلا يف ةردنلا هذه ءارو يسيئرلا ببسلاو .ةركتبملا ةيملعلا ةيثحبلا ةطشنألاويه ةيعارزلا ةيئاذغلا داوملا تاكرش مظعمو .ةفلكم ثوحبلا نأ وه ريوطتلاو

ءادأل ةيرشبلا وأ ةيلاملا دراوملا كلمت ال ةريغص وأ رغصلا ةيهانتم ةيلئاع تاكرشفارطألا ىلع يغبني ،كلذ ىلع ءانبو .لقتسم لكشب ريوطتلاو ثحبلا ةطشنأ،ةيئاذغلا تاعانصلا باحصأ ةباقنو ,ةعانصلا ةرازوو ,ةعارزلا ةرازو لثم ،ةفلتخملاتاجوتنملا لوح ةصصختم تاسارد ءارجإ لجأ نم نواعتلا ،ثاحبألا زكارمو تاعماجلاو.ةيئاذغلا ةعانصلا نمض ةفلتخملا ةيئاذغلا تاعاطقلاو

بايغ يهو ،ريدصتلا طاشن دقعتف نيجتنملا قيرط ضرتعت ىرخأ ةلكشم دجوتقاوسألا ةساردب نوجتنملا موقيو .ةيجراخلا قاوسألا لوح ةبسانملا تامولعملازربأ ىلإ نوفرعتي ثيح ،جراخلا يف ضراعملا يف ةكراشملا لالخ نم ةيجراخلاةيجيتارتسا ىلإ ةجاحب مهنأ ريغ .خلإ ،عيزوتلا تاونقو ،قوسلا يف نيبعاللاةيليصفت تامولعم ىلإ دنتست ،لضفأ تالاصتاو طباور ىلإو ةيتاؤم ةيقيوستمتهي يتلا ةديدجلا تاجوتنملل ةصاخبو ،ةيريدصتلا قاوسألا تايلكيه لوح رثكأ.اهعينصت يف ضوخلاب نوينانبللا نوجتنملا

ةماعلا ةسايسلا تايصوت،ينطولا داصتقالا يف يعانصلا عاطقلا هبعلي يذلا يوناثلا رودلا نم مغرلا ىلعماعلا نيب اروطت رثكأ تحبصأو ةينانبللا ةيعانصلا تارداصلا ةبسن تديازت دقفبلطلا تامدص يف ةدايزلا ىلإ ريبك دح ىلإ بسني كلذ نأ الإ .8٠٠٢و٠٠٠٢ةيذغألا عاطق ريوطت ىلع ةردقلا نإف ،هيلعو .ةيجاتنإلا ديازت نع اضوع ةيجراخلاديلوتلو ،ةعونتملاو ةديازتملا ةيئاذغلا تاجايتحإلل ةباجتسإلل يرهوج رمأ ةيعارزلا

بايغب تلثمت دويق نم ةيمنتلا تناع دقل .تاداصتقإلاب ضوهنللو ،لمعلا صرف.ةيعارزلا ةعانصلاو ةعارزلا ةيمنتل ةيفاكلا ةيولوألا ءاطعإ مدعبو ةقسنملا تاسايسلاةيولوألا يطعي نأ نانبل ىلع ،ةيجاتنإلا تايوتسم زيزعت لجأ نمو ،مويلاومعدو ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحتو ،ةدوجلا اذ ينهملا بيردتلا يف رامثتسإلاو ،عاطقللةيلمعلا هذه لوانت يغبنيو .ةيعانصلا تارداصلا ةيمنتل ةدعاسملا ريفوتو ،راكتبالا

ةدايقب ةيموكحلا تارادإلا نيب عمجي ،ةماعلا ةسايسلا لوح عسوأ راوح قايس يف.عونتلا عجشت يتلا تاسايسلا ةغايص لجأ نم نييعانصلاو ةعانصلا ةرازو

:ةيلاتلا تايصوتلا ىلإ ليلحتلا اذه صلخيو

ةيسسؤملا رطألاو تاسايسلا حالصإءاطعإو ,ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق ريوطتل ةينعملا تارازولا نيب تابراقملا قيسنتنم تاسسؤملل يناكملا زيكرتلا زيزعتو ،ةيعارزلا تاعانصلاو ةعارزلا ةيمنتل ربكأ ةيولوأ.ةيجولونكتلا باطقألاو ،ةيعانصلا تاعمجملاو ،تاكبشلاو ،تاعمجتلا ليهست لالخنم عاطقلا ريوطت معدل ةرسيملاو ةينيكمتلا تايجيتارتسالاو تاسايسلا عضونيسحتو ،ةيفاكلا ةيلاملا دراوملا رفاوت نامضو ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحت لالخ.ايجولونكتلاو ثحبلا تامدخ قيسنتو ,زيكرتو ,ديوزت ةيلمع

n

n

ةماع ةسايس صخلم

ريغص ددع ةنميه مدع ىلع صرحلل ةلاعفلا ةينطولا ةيسفانتلا تاسايسلا زيزعت.قاوسألا ىلع تاكرشلا نمتادراولا نم ةيلحملا قاوسألا ةيامح لجأ نم ةمظنألاو نيناوقلل ةلودلا رادصإ.ةصيخرلاتاضوافملل لضفأ طورش رايتخاو ةمئاقلا ةيراجتلا تاقافتالا ىلع ضوافتلا ةداعإ.ةيلبقتسملا ةيراجتلا

يعارزلا جاتنإلا يف رامثتسالا ةداعإةيساسألا ةيلاملا تامدخلا ميدقت يف ربكأ رود بعل ىلع صاخلا عاطقلا عيجشتصلاوب وأ ةفلكتلا ةضفخنم ضورقلا تامدخ كلذ يف امب ،ةيعارزلا تاعانصلل.ةفلكملا ريغ سقطلا ىلع نيمأتلايعارزلا جاتنإلل ربكأ معد ريفوتل يلاحلا يموكحلا ليومتلا يف نزاوتلا ةداعإ.داشرإلا جماربو ،معدلا لاومأو ،مادتسملاةيذغألا عاطق يف ريوطتلاو ثحبلا ةطشنأ معدل يلودو ينطوليومت نيمأت.ةيعارزلا

قيوستلاو ثحبلل تايجيتارتسا عضوةصصختملا تاساردلا جاتنإل ثاحبألا زكارمو تاعماجلاو تارازولا فلتخم نيب نواعتلا.ةيعارزلا ةيذغألا عاطق نمض ةفلتخملا ةيئاذغلا تاعانصلاو تاجوتنملا لوحنم اونكمتي ىتح ةيلودلاو ةيميلقإلا ضراعملا نورضحي نيذلا نيجتنملا معد.بناجألا نيعزوملاو راجتلاو نيدروتسملاب اهطبرو مهتاجوتنمل جيورتلا ليهستنم ةديدج قاوسأ ىلإ لوصولاو ةديدج تاجوتنم قالطإل ةيلود تاكارش ةماقإ.ةيميلعتلا همظن نم ةدافتسإلاو نانبل يف ةزيمتملا ةيرشبلا دراوملا مادختسا لالخ،ةدحتملا تايالولاو ،ابوروأ يف ةصاخبو ،ةيملاعلا قاوسألا يف روضح ءانب.ينانبللا تاتشلاب لاصتالاو كيبشتلا لالخ نم ،ادنكودعاستو قاوسألا لوح ةمزاللا تامولعملا رفوت ،قاوسألل ثحب ةدحو ءاشنإ.ةدوجوملا قاوسألا عيسوتو ةديدجلا قاوسألا ىلإ لوصولا ىلع نيجتنملاءاوس ،قاوسألا فلتخم وحن ةهجوم ريدصتلا قوسل ةلماش ةيجيتارتسا عضو.ةديدجلا ةيبرغلا قاوسألا وأ ةيديلقتلا ةيبرعلا

ةيلودلا ريياعملل لاثتمإلاو تاجوتنملا ةمالس نامضتارازولا فلتخم نيب تاجوتنملا ةمالس نامض ريياعمو ةيميظنتلا دعاوقلا قيسنت.ةينعملانيسحتو ،عناصملا ةءافك نيسحت قرط نأشب ةينقتلا ةدعاسملاو بيردتلا ريفوتةداهشوPCCAH ةجرحلا ةبقارملا طاقنو رطاخملا ليلحت لالخ نم ةدوجلاو ةمالسلا00022 OSI. ةيجراخلا قاوسألا يف دامتعالا نم ديزمب حمست تاداهشلا هذه.(IRI) ةيعانصلا ثوحبلا دهعم كلذ يف امب ةيلحملا تاربتخملا تاردق زيزعتتامييقتلل ةيقادصملا اضيأ حنمي اذهو .ةيملاعلا تالهؤملاو ريياعملاب مازتلإلل.تاربتخملا هذه اهنمؤت يتلا جئاتنلاو

4١

ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلم لوحوه ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلملكشب ردصت ةريصق ةروشنمينانبللا زكرملا نع مظتنمعيضاوم للحت تاساردلل

ةيعامتجاو ةيداصتقاو ةيسايسيف تايصوت مدقتو ةيساسأةحيرشل ةماعلا تاسايسلارارقلا عانص نم ةعساو.ماع هجوب روهمجلاو

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا لوحينانبللا زكرملا سسأتوه .989١ ماع يف تاساردلل

،توريب يف هرقم ثاحبألل زكرمةدياحمو ةلقتسم هترادإ

ةرصانمو جاتنإ هتمهم ،ايسايسىلإ ىعست يتلا تاسايسلايف ديشرلا مكحلا نيسحت،ةيزكرماللا لثم تالاجمةيلاملاو ،ةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلاو.زاغلاو طفنلاو ةماعلا

انب لاصتإللتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملارشاعلا قباطلا ،تاداسلا جرب

نويل عراش ،55-٢١5 .ب.صنانبل ،توريب سأر

+ ١٠٣99٧١١69 :ت+ ٢٠٣99٧١١69 :ف

info@lcps-lebanon.orgwww.lcps-lebanon.org

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