October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics...

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Combating Corruption, a Necessary Step Toward Improving Infrastructure Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the author Daniel Garrote Sanchez is a senior researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. His areas of work include refugees’ access to job opportunities and social services, development of lagging regions in Lebanon, and citizens’ preferences on government spending. Prior to joining LCPS, he served as a labor market and migration consultant for the World Bank and the Ministry of Labor of Saudi Arabia. He also worked for six years as an economic researcher at the Central Bank of Spain covering a range of macroeconomic topics such as fiscal policy, labor markets, and deleveraging. There, he published several papers and represented the institution in international fora. Daniel holds a master degree in Public Administration and International Development from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. LCPS Policy Brief The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies October 2018 Number 32 E xecutive Summary Lebanon's public infrastructure is deficient compared to most countries globally. The causes are diverse and complex—ranging from the impact of conflicts, insufficient and ineffective public investment, and the arrival of Syrian refugees. Poor infrastructure is one key constraint on business growth and job production, as it hinders productivity and reduces standards of living. Given its limited fiscal space and pressing needs facing the country, the Lebanese government has sought to attract large investment funds—with pledges from the CEDRE conference amounting to the largest in the country’s history—from the international community to improve the quality of infrastructure and promote growth and development. However, past experiences in other countries highlight the central role of reducing—if not eliminating—corruption and strengthening institutional frameworks in order to ensure the funneling of investment funds into high-quality infrastructure. Lebanon's poor record in managing corruption poses a serious threat to the effectiveness of any public investment effort. Therefore, for Lebanon to truly benefit from foreign capital investment, it must undertake substantive measures to fight corruption in the public sector, including the adoption of a transparent and competitive procurement process, strong regulatory framework for PPP, and measures to foster the growth of an effective judiciary to protect the public’s interests. This policy brief is supported by the Embassy of Canada. The opinions expressed in this brief do not necessarily reflect those of the donor. ا ل م ر ك ز ا ل ل ب ن ا ن ي ل ل د ر ا س ا ت

Transcript of October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics...

Page 1: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

Combating Corruption,a Necessary Step Toward Improving InfrastructureDaniel Garrote Sanchez

About the authorDaniel Garrote Sanchez is asenior researcher at theLebanese Center for PolicyStudies. His areas of work include refugees’ access tojob opportunities and socialservices, development of lagging regions in Lebanon,and citizens’ preferences ongovernment spending. Priorto joining LCPS, he served asa labor market and migrationconsultant for the World Bankand the Ministry of Labor ofSaudi Arabia. He also workedfor six years as an economicresearcher at the Central Bankof Spain covering a range ofmacroeconomic topics such asfiscal policy, labor markets,and deleveraging. There, hepublished several papers andrepresented the institution ininternational fora. Danielholds a master degree in Public Administration and International Developmentfrom the Harvard KennedySchool of Government.

LCPS Policy BriefThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies

October 2018 Number 32

Executive SummaryLebanon's public infrastructure is deficient compared to most countriesglobally. The causes are diverse and complex—ranging from the impactof conflicts, insufficient and ineffective public investment, and the arrival of Syrian refugees. Poor infrastructure is one key constraint onbusiness growth and job production, as it hinders productivity and reduces standards of living. Given its limited fiscal space and pressingneeds facing the country, the Lebanese government has sought to attractlarge investment funds—with pledges from the CEDRE conferenceamounting to the largest in the country’s history—from the internationalcommunity to improve the quality of infrastructure and promote growthand development. However, past experiences in other countries highlightthe central role of reducing—if not eliminating—corruption andstrengthening institutional frameworks in order to ensure the funneling ofinvestment funds into high-quality infrastructure. Lebanon's poor recordin managing corruption poses a serious threat to the effectiveness of anypublic investment effort. Therefore, for Lebanon to truly benefit from foreign capital investment, it must undertake substantive measures tofight corruption in the public sector, including the adoption of a transparent and competitive procurement process, strong regulatoryframework for PPP, and measures to foster the growth of an effective judiciary to protect the public’s interests.

This policy brief is supportedby the Embassy of Canada.The opinions expressed inthis brief do not necessarilyreflect those of the donor.

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا

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1The level of economic development is measured by GDP per capita calculatedby using purchasing power parity 2011 international dollars.

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IntroductionLebanon has been saddled with poor quality infrastructure for decades. Theprolonged civil war (1975-1990) and conflict with Israel in 2006 destroyed asignificant part of the country’s infrastructure. Post-war reconstructionefforts, with a rapid increase in public investment during the 1990s, provedinsufficient and resulted in a rapid deterioration of public finances thathindered the ability to forward public investment. As a result of limited fiscalspace and political gridlock (which prevented the approval of a budget fortwelve years), public investment efforts have been severely curtailed over thelast decade, leaving them insufficient to maintain—let alone improve—thestate of public infrastructure. Based on data from the International MonetaryFund (IMF), the Government of Lebanon has spent an equivalent of 1.8% ofGDP annually on public investment from 2006 to 2015—a modest figurecompared to the world average of 5% of GDP.

As a result of these factors, Lebanon's infrastructure is ranked among thepoorest in the world. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF)’s GlobalCompetitiveness Report—which includes an index of quality of infrastructurebased on qualitative assessments of different experts—Lebanon in 2017ranked at 130 out of 137 countries in terms of quality of infrastructure (figure1). Lebanon only ranked ahead of least developed countries such as Nigeria,Cameroon, Yemen, Haiti, Congo, Chad, and Mauritania.

There is a strong correlation between the level of economic developmentin a country and its quality of infrastructure: Wealthier countries have moreresources to upgrade their public infrastructure and better quality of publicinfrastructure also helps countries grow and become more economicallydeveloped. However, Lebanon’s infrastructure is in significantly poorercondition than infrastructure in other countries with similar levels of economicdevelopment (such as Argentina, Iran, Mexico, Thailand, Bulgaria, or Belarus),and fares closer to a typical low-income country.1 Infrastructure deficienciesrange from poor quality of roads and frequent electricity cuts, to an inabilityto properly manage solid waste.

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Combating Corruption, a Necessary Step Toward Improving infrastructure 3

Figure 1

Quality of infrastructure and level of development

Source World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Index (2017/18) and IMF’s World EconomicOutlook (2018).

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Quality of in

frastructure

GDP per capita

Lebanon

The quality of infrastructure in Lebanon has been on a downward trendfor many years. The arrival of more than 1 million Syrian refugees since 2011,which represents about one-quarter of the local population, has placed furtherstrain on Lebanon’s infrastructure. However, the underperforming quality ofinfrastructure when compared to similar countries reveals that Lebanon’sshortcomings in this regard are both systemic and long-lived. It should berecognized that a similar quality gap existed in 2011 and 2017. Consequently,the arrival of refugees is a second order factor when assessing poor infra-structure conditions in the country. For instance, the quality of infrastructurewas already very weak, with a score of 2.5 out of 7 in 2011, before the adventof the refugee crisis (figure 2).

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A dearth of electricityElectricity is one of the most underperforming public infrastructure sectorsin Lebanon. The WEF ranks Lebanon at the bottom globally in terms of thereliability of electricity supply, measured according to the frequency ofelectricity interruptions and voltage fluctuations. Ranking at 134 out of 137countries worldwide, Lebanon only comes in ahead of Haiti, Nigeria, andYemen (figure 3). Electricity cuts in the public sector are widespread through-out the country, lasting on average from three hours in Beirut to about halfa day in the South and Nabatiyeh. As a result, both companies and citizensare forced to rely on more expensive and polluting private generators. Asthese deficiencies disproportionately burden poorer regions, they widengeographical economic disparities.

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Figure 2

Quality of infrastructure in Lebanon and comparative countries

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1Lebanon Comparative Countries

Source World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index 2011 and 2017.Note Quality of infrastructure is measured on a scale of 0 to 7, with 0 being the worst and 7 the best. The average of comparative countries includes those with similar levels of GDP per capita:Argentina, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Iran, Mexico, and Thailand.

2011 2017

Quality of in

frastructure

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Combating Corruption, a Necessary Step Toward Improving infrastructure 5

Lebanon

Comparison

Figure 3

Reliability of electricity supply and level of development

Source World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report 2017/18 and IMF’s World EconomicOutlook 2017.Note Quality of infrastructure is measured on a scale of 0 to 7, with 0 being the worst and 7 the best.

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Reliability of electricity supply

GDP per capita

Electricity is provided by Electricité du Liban (EdL), which is a verticallyintegrated public utility that receives regular fiscal transfers to compensate forits perennial deficit. From 1992 to 2015, EdL cost—directly or indirectly—$70billion of public funds. This is equivalent to 40% of Lebanon’s large publicdebt and 55% of its total GDP in 2017.2 This fiscal drainage has been one of theprimary causes of ballooning debt, straining the macroeconomic stability ofthe country. Not only has this proven costly for the state, but state electricityproducers provide poor quality services in spite of customers’ willingness topay more for them. It is widely acknowledged that corruption, mismanagement,and the confessional system that protect the country’s entrenched leadersare among the main causes of underperforming services in the sector. Theimpact on living standards for citizens is quite elevated as private generatorsare much costlier and companies also have a high toll in foregone profits dueto unreliable electricity supply. The 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey forLebanon shows that Lebanese firms perceive electricity as a primary constrainton their businesses—second only to political instability.

Inadequate road networksRoad transportation is another sector that has been underperforming inLebanon in recent years. The WEF’s Global Competitiveness report for 2017places Lebanon at 121 out of 137 countries in terms of quality of roads (figure4). As with electricity, Lebanon’s road network compares poorly with respect

R2=0.6922

2World Bank. 2015. ‘PromotingPoverty Reduction and SharedProsperity: Lebanon SystematicCountry Diagnostic.’

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to countries with similar levels of development. Poor transportation slowseconomic activity as it hinders the ability of companies and customers toaccess markets and connect with different parts of the country. Additionally,it limits citizens’ living standards through lower mobility. Another result ofinsufficient road infrastructure is rampant traffic congestion, in particular inthe greater Beirut area, which is exacerbated by the lack of public transportationalternatives to private cars. The Ministry of Environment estimated this costat about 4% to 5% of GDP. An additional severe cost associated with poorroad conditions is the high rate of road accidents per capita in the countrycompared to international standards. According to the World Health Organi-zation, in 2015, nearly 1,100 people died in traffic accidents, or 23 per 100,00residents.

Unsafe drinking waterSimilar to other middle income countries, access to basic water service iswidespread in Lebanon, with about 92% of the population benefiting fromit.3 However, there are serious shortfalls in terms of safety and reliability ofwater supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Accessto safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the use of improveddrinking water sources that are available when needed and are free fromcontamination4—is available to 48% of the Lebanese population (figure 5).This ratio is drastically lower than in other countries with similar levels ofeconomic development.5 The main challenge of water provision in the countryis a lack of proper management, treatment, and safety control of wastewaterresources, leaving 92% of Lebanon’s sewage system not adequately treated.

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Figure 4

Quality of roads and level of development

Source World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 2017/18 and IMF World EconomicOutlook 2017.Note Quality of roads is measured on a scale of 0 to 7, with 0 being the worst and 7 the best.

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Quality of roads

GDP per capita

Comparison

R2=0.5458Lebanon

3According to the World Bank’sWorld Development Indicators2017, access to basic waterrefers to access to an improveddrinking water source that isavailable at a distance nolonger of thirty minutesround trip. In turn, improvedsources include piped house-hold connections, public tapsor standpipes, boreholes ortube wells, protected dug wells,protected springs, rainwater,tanker trucks, and bottledwater. Unimproved sources include unprotected dug wellsand unprotected springs.

4In particular, faecal contamination (E. coli orthermotolerant coliforms) or priority chemical contamination (arsenic andfluoride).

5World Bank World Development Indicators 2017.

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Combating Corruption, a Necessary Step Toward Improving infrastructure 7

In addition to insufficient water treatment services, water resources areprimarily used in an unsustainable manner. For instance, the agriculture sectorconsumes 60% of total water resources despite employing a much smallershare of the population. Insufficient water storage capacity also results ininsufficient water supply—in particular during the summer months—resultingin water interruptions and shortages, while prompting many citizens to resortto costlier private alternative sources of water. Deficiencies in the publicwater provision network are more acute than in private ones. Less wealthyresidents rely more on private networks, leading to an unequal burden beingplaced on the most vulnerable segments of the population, which in theprocess exacerbates inequalities in living standards.

Access to safely managed sanitationSimilar to water access, sanitation services are widespread (almost 95% ofLebanese have access to basic sanitation services), but their quality is insuf-ficient to provide safe services. Only one-in-five Lebanese has access to safeand high quality sanitation services (49% among the population in comparatorcountries), which entails properly treated and disposed waste stored onlytemporarily and then emptied and transported to a treatment facility througha sewer with wastewater (figure 6).

Lebanon

Comparison

Figure 5

Access to water and level of development

Source World Bank’s World Development Indicators, 2017.

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Access to safe water (% pop.)

GDP per capita

R2=0.7138

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Public investment for job creation and improving citizens’wellbeingThere is a broad consensus on the potential, in terms of growth, of upgrading acountry’s public infrastructure, boosting economic benefits such as job creation,and improving the wellbeing of its population. This is particularly true incountries where infrastructure development is significantly below what wouldbe expected given their level of development, as is the case in Lebanon. Asexplained above, the absence of poor quality infrastructure is straining com-panies’ capacity to grow and create jobs and improve citizens' standards ofliving. According to a World Bank report on upgrading infrastructure in theMiddle East, for every $1 billion invested in infrastructure, Lebanon has thepotential of generating about 43,000 infrastructure-related jobs.6

It should be understood that increasing infrastructure investment is anecessary but not sufficient measure to address the large infrastructure deficitin the country. Several studies have found that a key component for publicinvestment to translate into better quality infrastructure is the efficiency ofthat investment, which determines what is termed the ‘return to infrastructureinvestment’. This in turn is shaped by the capacity of a government to controlcorruption and build and maintain strong governance and institutions.7 Indeed,governments are key actors in the selection, design, and implementation ofinfrastructure projects. In the absence of proper external oversight bodies,the usually large budgets, multiple actors, and sometimes limited transparencymake infrastructure projects prone to political interference, corruption, collusion,and diversion of funds.8

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Comparison

Figure 6

Access to safely managed sanitation and level of development

Source World Bank’s World Development Indicators, 2017.

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Access to safe sanitation (% pop.)

GDP per capita

R2=0.6125

6Estache, Ianchovichina, Baconand Salamon. 2013. ‘Infra-structure and employmentcreation in the Middle Eastand North Africa.’ World BankDirections in Development Infrastructure 74918.

7For a global cross-countryanalysis: Esfahani andRamirez. 2003. ‘Institutions,infrastructure, and economicgrowth.' Journal of DevelopmentEconomics 70: 443-477. Inthe case of European countries:Crescenzi, Di Cataldo and Rodriguez-Pose. 2016. ‘Govern-ment quality and the economicreturns of transport infra-structure investment in European regions’, Journal ofRegional Science, 56 (4): 555-582.

8World Bank. 2011: ‘Curbingfraud, corruption, and collusion in the roads sector.’The World Bank Group. Washington, DC.

Lebanon

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Combating Corruption, a Necessary Step Toward Improving infrastructure 9

The missing link: Corruption as an impediment to betterinfrastructure developmentIn recent years, Lebanon has significantly worsened in terms of governance andfiscal transparency, with rampant corruption in the public sphere. Differentindicators, such as the corruption index from Transparency International or theprevalence of irregular payments and bribes index from the World EconomicForum, point at the poor performance of Lebanon, which ranks among theworst 20% of countries worldwide in corruption, transparency, and lack ofaccountability. Corruption hinders the efficiency of public investment throughthe misallocation of funds. Figure 7 shows how countries with higher levelsof corruption have lower levels of efficiency in public spending. Driven byhigh corruption, Lebanon has one of the lowest levels of efficiency in publicspending, only behind countries such as Venezuela, Brazil, El Salvador, andZimbabwe. In turn, low efficiency of public investment is associated with lowquality of infrastructure (figure 8) as a higher share of investment is misallocatedand wasted without improving the quality of infrastructure. Therefore, Lebanonhas a more limited return on investment than states with higher public spendingefficiency (as a result of high corruption), meaning that for every dollarinvested, improvements in the quality of infrastructure are more limited.

Figure 7

Corruption and efficiency of public spending

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Efficiency of public spending

Transparency International Corruption Index

R2=0.3301Lebanon

Source World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (2017/18) and Transparency Inter-national Corruption Index (2017).

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In order to quantitatively assess the link between corruption, publicinvestment, and the quality of infrastructure, we use data from 142 countriesover a seven-year span (2011-2017) that includes the following indicators:(a) the quality of infrastructure index from the World Economic Forum; (b) GDPper capita from the World Bank Development Indicators; (c) the World Bankcorruption index; and (d) the stock of public capital (mostly infrastructure)collected by the IMF.

The results of panel data regressions are very clear and striking (annex 1).While an increase in the stock of infrastructure through public investment isassociated with better quality infrastructure, higher corruption levels in acountry are associated with decreasing quality of infrastructure. Of note isthat those two drivers do not have an independent impact on the quality ofinfrastructure: The more corruption there is in a country, the less effectivepublic investment is in improving the quality of infrastructure.9 As figure 9shows, at certain corruption levels, the impact of public investment becomesinsignificant. Based on Lebanon's high corruption levels, an increase in publicinvestment is therefore most likely associated with no meaningful infrastructureimprovements.

10

Source World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (2017/18) and TransparencyInternational Corruption Index (2017).Note Quality of infrastructure is measured on a scale of 0 to 7, with 0 being the worst and 7 the best.

9This is observed by introducingan interaction term betweenthe capital stock and the corruption index in the regression that is negativeand highly significant.

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frastructure

Efficiency of public spending

R2=0.4112

Figure 8

Efficiency of public spending and quality of infrastructure

Lebanon

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Combating Corruption, a Necessary Step Toward Improving infrastructure 11

Figure 9Impact of public investment on quality of infrastructure for any givenlevel of corruption

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Quality of in

frastructure

Conclusion and RecommendationsLarge infrastructure investments are needed to reduce the infrastructure gapin Lebanon. However, the previous analysis highlights the need to tacklecorruption and implement structural reforms in order to unlock the potentialbenefits of public investment for improving the quality of infrastructure.Government institutions are key to realizing the benefits of public investementthrough the selection, monitoring, and implementation of projects. Withoutproperly staffed and managed institutions, funds can be misallocated andprojects mismanaged.

These results make the case for moving beyond simple discussions on largerpublic investments by adopting more holistic reforms to bring broader issuesof public institutional capacity to the forefront of the development agendain Lebanon.

Therefore, given weak institutions and pressing infrastructure needs, it isessential that structural changes be implemented to increase accountability ofpublic finances and reduce corruption, and that public investment managementframeworks be strengthened before undertaking any large investments andattracting international capital toward that end. In particular, regulatoryframeworks are fundamental to fighting corruption, through measures suchas implementing legal protections for whistleblowers, enhancing independent

Lebanon

Level of corruption

Source Own estimates based on World Economic Forum (2017), International Monetary Fund (2017)and Transparency International (2017) data.Note Lebanon's corruption score comes in at +1, along a range of -2.5 (no corruption) to +2.5(fully corrupt).

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audits, passing regulations that require senior public officials to publicly declaretheir assets, promoting transparency in public procurement, and providing defacto powers to the planned anti-corruption agency. In this regard, addressingcorruption and improving governance and accountability should be front andcenter following Paris Cedre—better known as Paris IV—in order to ensure thatany investment efforts to improve infrastructure in Lebanon are not wasted.

Annex 1Econometric regression on determinants of quality of infrastructure

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LCPSAbout the Policy BriefA Policy Brief is a short piece regularly published by LCPS that analyzes keypolitical, economic, and social issues and providespolicy recommendations to a wide audience of decision makers and thepublic at large.

About LCPSFounded in 1989, theLebanese Center for PolicyStudies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisanthink-tank whose missionis to produce and advocatepolicies that improve goodgovernance in fields suchas oil and gas, economic development, public finance,and decentralization.

Contact InformationLebanese Center for Policy StudiesSadat Tower, Tenth floorP.O.B 55-215, Leon Street,Ras Beirut, LebanonT: + 961 1 799301F: + 961 1 [email protected]

Variables

GDP per capita

Corruption index

Public capital stock

Public capital

corruption*

Constant

Observations

R-squared

Number of id

Baseline model of quality ofinfrastructure

0.0324***

(0.00608)

-0.175*

(0.0955)

0.247*

(0.120)

3.342***

(0.165)

1,183

0.032

143

Model with interactive termson quality of infrastructure

0.0346***

(0.00608)

0.197

(0.140)

-0.549***

(0.171)

-0.566***

(0.156)

3.086***

(0.179)

1,183

0.044

143

Standard errors in parentheses***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1

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ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلم زجنأ ادنك ةرافس نم معدباذهال هيف ةدراولا ءارآلا .نانبل يفرظن ةهجو ةرورضلاب سكعت.ةحناملا ةهجلا

ةوطخ ،داسفلا ةحفاكمنيسحت وحن ةيرورض

ةيتحتلا ةينبلازيشناس يتوراغ لايناد

يذيفنت صخلممظعمب هتنراقم دنع ايدرتم نانبل يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلل يلاحلا عضولا ربتعيرثأ نيب حوارتتو ،ةدقعمو ةديدعف هبابسأ امأ .ملاعلا يف ىرخألا نادلبلادفاوت ىلإ ةفاضإ ،هتيلاعف مدعو ماعلا رامثتسالا ةيافك مدعو ،تاعازنلاتابقعلا نم ةيتحتلا ةينبلا يدرت دعيو .ةريخألا ةرتفلا لالخ دلبلا ىلإ نيئجاللاةيجاتنإلا اضيأ قيعتو ،فئاظولا قلخو لامعألا ومن ضرتعت يتلا ةيساسألاحاتملا يلاملا زيحلا ةيدودحمل ارظنو .يشيعملا ىوتسملا ضفخ ىلإ يدؤتوةينانبللا ةموكحلا تعس ،عاطقلا اذهب ةلصتملا ةحلملا تاجاحلاو ةيتحتلا ةينبلليه - رديس رمتؤم لالخ نم يلودلا عمتجملا نم ةمخض تارامثتسا بذج ىلإومنلاب ءاقترالاو ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةيعون نيسحتل كلذو - دالبلا خيرات يف ربكألايروحملا رودلا ةيمهأ زربت ىرخأ نادلب يف ةقباسلا براجتلا نأ ريغ .ةيمنتلاوةيسسؤملا رطألا زيزعتو -هيلع ءاضقلا نكي مل نإ- داسفلا طبضب لصتملاةينبلا يف ةاخوتملا ةريبكلا تانيسحتلل ةماعلا تارامثتسالا قيقحت نامض ةيغبةعاجنل اريطخ اديدهت داسفلا ةرادإ يف فيعضلا نانبل لجس لكشي .ةيتحتلانم اـيلعف ةدافتسالا نانبل دارأ ولف ،يلاتلابو .ماعلا رامثتسالا دوهج عيمجداسفلا ةبراحمل ةيدج ريبادت ذاختا نم هل دب ال ،يبنجألا لاملا سأر رامثتسا

ةيسفانتو ةفافش ةيلمع قالطإ نمضتي امب ،يموكحلا عاطقلا يفنيعاطقلا نيب تاكارشلل نيتم يميظنت راطإ ءاسرإو ،ماعلا ءارشلا تايلمعل.بعشلا حلاصم ةيامحل لاعف ءاضق ىلع ليوعتلاو ،صاخلاو ماعلا

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملاThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies

٢٣مقر ددعلا٨١٠٢ لوألا نيرشت

باتكلا نعنم وه زيشناس يتوراغ لاينادينانبللا زكرملا ىدل نيثحابلا رابكهلمع لاجم لمشيو .تاساردلل

ىلع نيئجاللا لوصح ةلأسمتامدخلاو لمعلا صرفةيمنت ىلا ةفاضإلاب ،ةيعامتجالافلخت نم يناعت يتلا قطانملاتايلضفأو ،نانبل يف يئامنإقافنإلاب ةلصتملا نينطاوملاىلإ همامضنا لبق .يموكحلاتامدخ زيشناش مدق ،زكرملالصتت لئاسم يف ةيراشتسإكنبلل ةرجهلاو لمعلا قوسبيف لمعلا ةرازوو يلودلاةدمل اضيأ لمعو .ةيدوعسلا

يداصتقا ثحابك تاونس تس،ينابسإلا يزكرملا كنبلا ىدل

اياضق نم ةفئاط ىطغفةسايسلا لثم ،يلكلا داصتقالاصيلقتو ،لمعلا قاوسأو ،ةيلاملاتالاقم رشن دقو ،ةينويدملا

يف ةسسؤملا لثمو ىتشلايناد لمحيو .ةيلودلا لفاحملا

ةرادإلا يف رتسيجام ةداهشةيلك نم ةيلودلا ةيمنتلاو ةماعلاةعباتلا مكحلا نوؤشل’يدنك‘.درفراه ةعماجل

ةماع ةسايس صخلم

Page 14: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

ةماع ةسايس صخلم2

ةمدـقمةيلهألا برحلا تدأ دقف .دوقع ذنم ةدوجلا ةيدرتم ةيتحت ةينب نم نانبل يناعيريمدت ىلإ6٠٠٢ ماع ليئارسإ عم عازنلاو (٠99١-579١) ةليوط ةرتف ىلإ تدتما يتلا

اهتقفار يتلا ،رامعإلا ةداعإ دوهج تتأو .دلبلا يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نم ريبك مسقمجنف ،ةيفاك ريغ يضاملا نرقلا تاينيعست لالخ ماعلا قافنإلا يف ةثيثح ةدايزتارامثتسالاب امدق عفدلا ىلع ةردقلا لش ،ةماعلا ةيلاملا يف عيرس روهدت اهنعرارقإ عنم يذلا) يسايسلا قزأملا رارمتسالو يلاملا زيحلا قيضل ةجيتنو .ةيموكحلادقعلا لالخ ريبك لكشب ماعلا رامثتسالا دوهج تصلقت ،(ةنس٢١ لاوط ةنزاوملا.اهنيسحت نع كيهان ،ةماعلا ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةنايصل يفكت دعت ملف ،يضاملالداعي ام تقفنأ دق ةينانبللا ةموكحلا نأ ىلإ يلودلا دقنلا قودنص تانايب ريشتو

،5١٠٢و6٠٠٢ نيب ماعلا رامثتسالا ىلع ايونس يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإ نم٨,١%جتانلا يلامجإ نم5% غلبي يذلا يملاعلا لدعملاب ةنراقم عضاوتم مقر وهو .يلحملا

رثكألا ىنبلا نيب نم نانبل يف ةماعلا ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ربتعت ،لماوعلا هذهل ةجيتنىدتنملا نع رداصلا ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ةردقلا ريرقت بسحبو .ملاعلا يف ايدرتىلإ دنتسي ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوجل ارشؤم نمضتي يذلاو ،يملاعلا يداصتقالانيب نم٠٣١ ةبترملا7١٠٢ ماع نانبل لتحا ،ءاربخلا نم ددع اهيرجي ةيعون تامييقتىوس هبيترت يف قبسي ال وهو .(١ مسرلا) ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج ثيح نم ادلب7٣١،نوريماكلاو ،ايريجين يهو ،اومن لقألا لودلا ةئف نمض ةفنصملا نادلبلا ضعب .ايناتيرومو ،داشتو ،وغنوكلاو ،يتياهو ،نميلاو

هتينب ةدوجو ،نيعم دلب يف ةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلا ىوتسم نيب قيثو طبارت دجوينأ امك ،ةماعلا ةيتحتلا اهتينبب ءاقترالل رثكأ دراوم كلمت ءارث رثكألا نادلبلاف :ةيتحتلاومنلا ىلع نادلبلا دعاسي نأ اضيأ هنأش نم ةماعلا ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج نيسحتنانبل يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلا عضو نأ ريغ .ةيداصتقالا ةيحانلا نم اروطت رثكأ حبصتلةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلا نم ةلثامم تايوتسم لجست ىرخأ نادلب يف هنم ريثكب ايدرت دشأهءادأ نأ امك ،(ايسوراليبو ،ايراغلبو ،دنالياتو ،كيسكملاو ،ناريإو ،نيتنجرألا لثم)روصقلا هجوأ حوارتتو١.يندتملا لخدلا تاذ نادلبلل يجذومنلا ءادألا ىلإ برقأرايتلل رركتملا عاطقنالاو ،تاقرطلا ةيعون يدرت نيب ةيتحتلا ةينبلا يرتعت يتلا .مئالم لكشب ةبلصلا تايافنلا ةرادإ ىلع ةردقلا مدعو ،يئابرهكلا

1ةيمنتلا ىوتسم ساقييلامجإ ساسأ ىلعةيداصتقالابستحملا درفلل يلحملا جتانلاةيئارشلا ةردقلا لداعت مادختتساب.١١٠٢ ماعل يلودلا رالودلاب

Page 15: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

درفلل يلامجإلا يلحملا جتانلا

١ مسرلا

ةيمنتلاب ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج طابترإ

دقو .ةديدع تاونس ذنم اـيعجارت اهاجتا نانبل يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةيعون لجستئجال نويلم نم رثكأ دفاوت لعفب ةينانبللا ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ىلع طغضلا مظاعت

.نانبل يف ناكسلا ددع عبر وحن نولكشي مهو ,١١٠٢ ماعلا ذنم دلبلا ىلإ يروس,ةهباشم ىرخأ نادلب يف عضولاب ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ءادأ فعض ةنراقم دنع ,نكلوةراشإلا ردجتو .نانبل يف ةنمزمو ةلماش لاجملا اذه يف روصقلا هجوأ نأ نيبتينأ ينعي ام ,7١٠٢و١١٠٢ يماع يف تلجس دق ةيعونلا يف ةلثامم ةوه نأ ىلإيف ةيدرتملا ةيتحتلا ةينبلا عاضوأ ريسفت دنع ايوناث الماع دعي نيئجاللا دفاوت7 ىلع5,٢ ةمالع تلجس ذإ ,الصأ ةياغلل ةيدرتم تناك ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةيعونف .دلبلا .(٢ مسرلا) نيئجاللا ةمزأ ءوشن لبق كلذو ,١١٠٢ ماع

٣ ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحت وحن ةيرورض ةوطخ ،داسفلا ةحفاكم

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

070,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0

ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج

نع رداصلا يملاعلا داصتقالا قافآو ،يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا (81/7102) ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ريرقتردصملا.(8102) يلودلا دقنلا قودنص

نانبل

Page 16: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

ةماع ةسايس صخلم4

٢ مسرلا

ةنراقملا نادلب يفو نانبل يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةيعون

ءابرهكلا ةردندقو .نانبل يف ءادأ ةيموكحلا ةيتحتلا ةينبلا تاعاطق أوسأ نيب نم ءابرهكلا ربتعت

(٨١/7١٠٢) يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ريرقت فنص4٣١ ـلا ةبترملا يف يأ ،ةيئابرهكلا ةيذغتلا ةيقوثومل يملاعلا بيترتلا لفسأ يف نانبلمدعو ,يئابرهكلا رايتلا عاطقنا مدع ساسأ ىلع كلذ ساقيو .ادلب7٣١ نيب,يتياه ىوس هبيترت يف نانبل قحلي الو .(ةيطلفلا) ةيئابرهكلا ةوقلا بذبذتدتمي ةيموكحلا ةكبشلا نم يئابرهكلا رايتلا عاطقنا .(٣ مسرلا) نميلاو ,ايريجينويف اـيموي تاعاس ثالث نم لدعملا يف حوارتت ةدمل لوطيو دلبلا ءاحنأ ةفاك ىلإتاكرشلا رطضت ،كلذل ةجيتنو .ةيطبنلاو بونجلا يف مويلا فصن وحن ىتح توريبرثكأو ةفلك ىلعأ يهو ،ةصاخلا تادلوملا ىلع دامتعالا ىلإ نينطاوملا امكيهف ،ةريقفلا قطانملا ىلع القث دشأ ءابعأب هذه روصقلا هجوأ يقلت ذإو .اثيولت .يفارغجلا-يداصتقالا توافتلا هجوأ عسوت

.7102و1102 يماعل يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا رشؤم ردصملا،ايسوراليب ،نيتنجرألا :درفلل يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإل ةلثامم تالدعم لجست انادلب ةيجذومنلا ةنراقملا نادلب نمضتت ةظحالم .دنالياتو ،كيسكملا ،ناريإ ،ايراغلب ،اناوستوب

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

20112017

ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج

ةنراقملا نادلبنانبل

Page 17: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

5 ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحت وحن ةيرورض ةوطخ ،داسفلا ةحفاكم

ةمئاق ةينب تاذ ماع قفرم يهو ،ةقاطلا نيمأتب نانبل ءابرهك ةسسؤم موقتهزجع نع ضيوعتلل ةيرودلا ةيلاملا تاليوحتلا ىقلتيو يسأرلا لماكتلا ىلعريغو رشابم لكشب ,نانبل ءابرهك ةسسؤم تفلك ,5١٠٢و٢99١ يماع نيبو .مئادلا

ماعلا نيدلا نم٠4% لداعي امب يأ ةماعلا لاومألا نم رالود رايلم٠7 ,رشابمردهلا اذه لكش دقو7١٠٢.٢ ماع يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإ نم55%و ،مخضلا ينانبللايف يلكلا داصتقالا رارقتسا داهجإو نيدلا مخضتل ةيسيئرلا بابسألا دحأ يلاملاتامدخ ميدقت ىلإ اضيأ يدؤي لب ،بسحو فيلاكتلا ةلودلا دبكي ال وهو ،دلبلا

لكشيو .اهءاقل ديزملا عفدل نيكرتشملا دادعتسا نم مغرلا ىلع ةدوجلا ةيندتميف ةخسرتملا تاماعزلا يمحت يتلا ةيفئاطلا ةموظنملاو ،ةرادإلا ءوسو ،داسفلاىلإ .عاطقلا يف تامدخلاب ديوزتلا فعضل ةيسيئرلا بابسألا نم اضعب دلبلاتادلوملا نأل ريبك نينطاوملا ةشيعم ىوتسم ىلع عضولا اذه رثأ نإف ،كلذببسب حابرألا نم اريبك امك اهيلع تاكرشلا توفتو .ريثكب ةفلك ىلعأ ةصاخلااهارجأ يتلا تاكرشلل ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا نيبتو .ةقوثوملا ريغ ةقاطلا تادادمإضرتعت ةبقع ربكأ يناث ءابرهكلا ربتعت ةينانبللا تاكرشلا نأ نانبل يف يلودلا كنبلا.يسايسلا رارقتسالا مدع دعب ،ةيراجتلا اهلامعأ

٣ مسرلا

ةيمنتلاو ةيئابرهكلا ةيذغتلا ةيقوثوم

درفلل يلامجإلا يلحملا جتانلا

70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0

ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج

نع رداصلا يملاعلا داصتقالا قافآو ،يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا (81/7102) ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ريرقتردصملا.(7102) يلودلا دقنلا قودنص.لضفألا7 و أوسألا وه0 نأ ثيح ،7 ىلإ0 نم سايقم ىلع ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج سايق متي ةظحالم

نانبل

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

ةنراقملا نادلب

R2=0.6922

2World Bank. 2015: ‘PromotingPoverty Reduction and SharedProsperity: Lebanon Systematic

Country Diagnostic.’

Page 18: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

ةماع ةسايس صخلم6

ةلهؤم ريغ قرط تاكبشلالخ نانبل يف ءادألا يف افعض تلجس يتلا تاعاطقلا نم اضيأ وه يربلا لقنلايداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ريرقت فنصيو .ةريخألا تاونسلاتاقرطلا ةدوج ةهجل ادلب7٣١ نيب نم١٢١ ةبترملا يف نانبل7١٠٢ ماعل يملاعلانانبل يف قرطلا ةكبش دعت ،ءابرهكلا ىلإ ةبسنلاب لاحلا يه امكو .(4 مسرلا)

ةكبشلا ةدوج نأ ذإ ،ةيمنتلا نم ةلثامم تايوتسمب عتمتت نادلبب تنروق ام اذإ ةئيسقيعتو .ءاربخلا ليلاحت بسحب ىرخألا نادلبلا يف اهنم ثلثلا ةبسنب ىندأ نانبل يفنيب طبرلاو قاوسألا ىلإ لوصولا ىلع نئابزلا امك تاكرشلا ةردق لقنلا ةءادرضفخت يهو .يداصتقالا طاشنلا ؤطابتب ببستي ام ،دلبلا يف قطانملا فلتخمدحأ لثمتيو .لقنتلا ىلع مهتردق نم دحلا لالخ نم نينطاوملا ةشيعم ىوتسم اضيأاميسالو ،ديازتملا يرورملا ماحدزالاب تاقرطلل ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةيافك مدعل ىرخألا هجوألا

لقنلا اهمدقي يتلا لئادبلا ةلق نع اضيأ مجني رمأ وهو ،ىربكلا توريب ةقطنم يفلصت كلذ ةفلكت نأ ةئيبلا ةرازو تردقو .ةصاخلا تارايسلا نع ةضاعتسالل ماعلااضيأ لصتت ةيفاضإ ةفلكت كلذ ىلع دز .يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإ نم5% ىلإ4 وحن ىلإدلبلا يف دحاولا درفلل ريسلا ثداوحل ةعفترملا ةبسنلا يهو ،تاقرطلا ةلاح يدرتبيف صخش٠٠١,١ وحن ىضق ,5١٠٢ ماع يفف .ةيلودلا ريياعملاب اهتنراقم دنع .ميقم فلأ٠٠١ لكل اصخش٣٢ يأ ,ةيملاعلا ةحصلا ةمظنم بسحب ريس ثداوح

4 مسرلا

ةيمنتلا ىوتسمو تاقرطلا ةدوج

درفلل يلامجإلا يلحملا جتانلا

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

070,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0

اقرطلا ةدوجت

نع رداصلا يملاعلا داصتقالا قافآو ،يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا (81/7102) ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ريرقتردصملا.(7102) يلودلا دقنلا قودنص.لضفألا7و أوسألا وه0 ثيح ،7 ىلإ0 نم سايقم ىلع تاقرطلا ةدوج سايق متيةظحالم

نانبل

ةنراقملا نادلب

R2=0.5458

Page 19: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

7 ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحت وحن ةيرورض ةوطخ ،داسفلا ةحفاكم

ةنومأم ريغ برش هايميه امك ،نانبل يف عساو قاطن ىلع ةيساسألا هايملا تامدخ ىلإ لوصولا حاتي٢9% وحن تامدخلا هذه نم ديفتسي ذإ ،لخدلا ةطسوتم ىرخأ نادلب يف لاحلا

ةمالسلا ةهجل ةميخو روصق هجوأ هايملا تادادمإ يرتعت ،نكلو٣.ناكسلا نملوصحلاف :قلقلل ةاعدم رثكأ ةبقارملاب ةلصتملا تارشؤملا نأ الإ .ةيقوثوملاوهايم رداصمب ةناعتسالاب فرعي ام يأ ،ةميلسةقيرطب رادت برشلل هايم ىلعناكسلا نم٨4%ـل رفوتم4,ةثولملا ريغو ،ةجاحلا دنع ةرفوتملاو ةنسحملا برشلا

لجست ىرخأ نادلب يف هنع ةريبك ةبسنب لدعملا اذه لقيو .(5 مسرلا) نانبل يفهايملا ريفوتل يساسألا يدحتلا نمكيو5.ةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلا نم هسفن ىوتسملا

نإف كلذبو ،ةلذتبملا هايملا ةمالس ةبقارمو ،ةجلاعمو ،ةمئالم ةرادإ بايغ يف.ةمئالملا ةجلاعملا نم ةمورحم ىقبت نانبل يف يحصلا فرصلا ةموظنم نم٢9%

5 مسرلا

ةيمنتلا ىوتسمو هايملا ىلع لوصحلا

ةيئاملا دراوملا مدختست ،هايملا ةجلاعم تامدخ ةيافك مدع ىلإ ةفاضإلابوهايملل ريبكلا كالهتسالا ىلإ يساسأ لكشب دري ام ،مادتسم ريغ وحن ىلع اساسأ

فظوي هنأ نيح يف ،(ةيئاملا دراوملا يلامجإ نم٠6%) يعارزلا عاطقلا يفمدع ىلإ اضيأ هايملا نيزخت ةعس يف صقنلا يدؤيو .ناكسلا نم ريثكب لقأ ةبسنهايملا عطقب ببستي ام ،فيصلا رهشأ لالخ اميسالو ،ةيئاملا تادادمإلا ةيافكهايملا رداصمب ةناعتسالا ىلإ مهب عفديو ،نينطاوملا نم ريثكلا نع رركتم لكشب

٤طئاغلاب طالتخالا اميسالوايريتكب وأ ةينولوقلا ةيكيرشإلا)وأ (ةرارحلل ةمواقملا مروفيلوكلاتاذ ةيئايميكلا تاثولملاب.(ديرولفلاو خينرزلا) ةيولوألا

٥تارشؤم - يلودلا كنبلا.7١٠٢ ماعل ةيملاعلا ةيمنتلا

٣ةيمنتلا تارشؤم بسحبكنبلا نع ةرداصلا ةيملاعلاىنعي ،7١٠٢ ماعل يلودلاهايملا تادادمإ ىلإ لوصولابىلإ لوصولا ةيساسألا

برشلا هايمل ةنسحم رداصمديزت ال ةفاسم ىلع ةرفوتمونع ابايإو اباهذ اهزايتجا ةرتفلمتشت ،اهرودبو .ةقيقد نيثالثىلع ةنسحملا رداصملارسألل ةيبوبنألا تالصولاةماعلا ريبانصلاو ،ةيشيعملارابآلاو ،ةيدومعلا ريساوملاورابآلاو ،ةيبوبنألا رابآلاوعيبانيلاو ،ةيمحملا ةروفحملاتابرعو ،راطمألا هايمو ،ةيمحملايف ةأبعملا هايملاو ،جيراهصلا

ريغ رداصملا نمضتتو .ريراوقريغ ةروفحملا رابآلا ةنسحملا.ةيمحملا ريغ عيبانيلاو ،ةيمحملا

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

R2=0.7138حلا

لع لوصلا هايملا ى

لل ةحلاصرش

ب

نانبل

70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0

نادلبةنراقملا

.7102 ،يلودلا كنبلا نع ةرداصلا ةيملاعلا ةيمنتلا تارشؤمردصملا

دحاولا درفلل يلامجإلا يلحملا جتانلا

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ةماع ةسايس صخلم8

هايملا ةكبش يف ةدح رثكأ يه روصقلا هجوأ نأ امبو .ةفلك رثكألاو ةليدبلا ةصاخلارثكألا مه ارقف رثكألا ناكسلا نأ امبو ،ةصاخلا تاكبشلا يف اهنم ةيموكحلاحئارشلا لهاك ىلع ئفاكتم ريغ ءبعب يقلت يهف ،ةصاخلا دراوملا ىلع ادامتعا .ةشيعملا ىوتسم يف توافتلا هجوأ هرودب مقافي ام ،افعض رثكألا ةيناكسلا

ميلس يحص فرص ىلع لوصحلا(حاحصإلا) يحصلا فرصلا تامدخ ربتعت ،هايملا ىلإ ةبسنلاب لاحلا يه امك

حاحصإلا تامدخ نم نيينانبللا نم59% وحن ديفتسي ذإ) عساو قاطن ىلع ةرفوتمنم طقف دحاوف .ةيملس تامدخ ريفوتل ةيفاك ريغ ىقبت اهتيعون نأ الإ ،(ةيساسألانم94%) ةدوجلا ةيلاعو ةميلس حاحصإ تامدخ ىلع لصحي نيينانبل ةسمخ لصأاهفيرصتو ةثولملا هايملا ةجلاعم ىلع يوطنت يتلاو ،(ةنراقملا نادلب يف ناكسلالالخ نم ةجلاعملا لماعم ىلإ اهلقنو اهغارفإو اتقؤم اهنيزخت دعب ،مئالم لكشب.(6 مسرلا) يحصلا فرصلا هايم رورجم

6 مسرلا

ةيمنتلا ىوتسمو ميلس يحص فرص ىلع لوصحلا

نينطاوملا هافر نيسحتو فئاظولا قلخل ماعلا رامثتسالاةيتحتلا ةينبلاب ءاقترالا ،ومنلا ةيحان نم ،تاناكمإ نأشب قاطنلا عساو قفاوت ةمثهافر نيسحتو فئاظولا قلخ نمضتي يذلا يباجيإلا يداصتقالا هرثأو دلبلل ةماعلاريوطت ىوتسم ثيح نادلبلا ةلاح يف صوصخلا هجو ىلع كلذ قبطنيو .ناكسلا

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

حلالع لوص

ىرص

فحص

ي) ميلس

لا%(ناكس

80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0

.7102 ،يلودلا كنبلا نع ةرداصلا ةيملاعلا ةيمنتلا تارشؤمردصملا

نانبل

ةنراقملا نادلب

دحاولا درفلل يلامجإلا يلحملا جتانلا

Page 21: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

9 ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحت وحن ةيرورض ةوطخ ،داسفلا ةحفاكم

،نادلبلا هذه يف ومنلا ىوتسمل ارظن عقوتملا ىوتسملا نود ام ةيتحتلا ىنبلااهتيعون يدرت وأ ةيتحتلا ةينبلا مادعنا نإف ،افنآ انيب امكو .نانبل يف لاحلا يه امكعفر ىلع نينطاوملا ةردق امك ،فئاظولا قلخو ومنلا ىلع تاكرشلا ةردق دهجيءاقترالا ةلأسم لوانتي يلودلا كنبلا نع رداص ريرقت ريشيو .يشيعملا مهاوتسمةفيظو فلأ٣4 قلخل ةردق كلتمي نانبل نأ ىلإ طسوألا قرشلا يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلاب6.لاجملا اذه يف رمثتسي رالود رايلم لك لباقم ةيتحتلا ةينبلاب ةلص تاذ

ايفاك سيل هنكل ،يرورض ءارجإ وه ةيتحتلا ةينبلا يف رامثتسالا ةدايز نإ،تاساردلا نم ديدعلا بسحبو .دلبلا يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلا يف لئاهلا يدرتلا ةجلاعمل

ةدوج تاذ ةيتحت ةينب ىلإ ماعلا رامثتسالا لوحي يذلا يساسألا نوكملا نإفىلع دئاعلا’ـب ىمسي ام ددحي يذلا رامثتسالا اذه ةيلعاف يف نمكي لضفأطبض ىلع ةموكحلا ةردقب لثمتي هرودب يذلاو ،’ةيتحتلا ةينبلا يف رامثتسالاتاموكحلا ربتعت ،لعفلابو7.تاسسؤملا زيزعتو ةنيتم ةمكوحب عالطضالاو داسفلا

،اهميمصتو ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا عيراشم رايتخا ةيلمع يف ةيساسألا ةلعافلا تاهجلا نمابلاغ يتلا تاينازيملا يدؤت ،ةمئالملا ةيجراخلا ةباقرلا تائيه بايغ يفو .اهذيفنتوضعب يف ةيفافشلا ةيدودحم ىلإ ةفاضإ ،ةلعافلا تاهجلا ددعتو ،ةمخض نوكت ام،ؤطاوتلاو ،داسفلاو ،ةيسايسلا تالخدتلل ةيتحتلا ةينبلا عيراشم ضيرعت ىلإ ،نايحألا٨.ةيساسألا اهتهجو نع لاومألا ليوحتو

ةينبلا ةيمنت نيسحت مامأ قئاعك داسفلا :ةصقانلا ةقلحلا ةيتحتلاعم ةيلاملا ةيفافشلاو ةمكوحلا يف اريبك اعجارت نانبل دهش ،ةريخألا تاونسلا لالخداسفلا رشؤم ليبق نم ،ةفلتخملا تارشؤملاف .ماعلا لقحلا يف داسفلا يشفتةعورشملا ريغ تاعفدلا راشتنا رشؤم وأ ةيلودلا ةيفافشلا ةمظنم نع رداصلا،نانبل يف ءادألا ءوس نيبت ،يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا ىواشرلاوبايغو داسفلا ةهجل نادلبلا نيب أوسألا٠٢% ـلا ةحيرش نمض فنصي يذلاعيزوت ءوس لالخ نم ماعلا رامثتسالا ةيلعاف قيعي داسفلاف .ةلءاسملاو ةيفافشلاةعفترم تايوتسم لجست يتلا نادلبلا نأ نيبتي ،7 مسرلاىلإ رظنلا دنعو .لاومألا

،داسفلا ءارشتسا ببسبو .يموكحلا قافنإلا ةيلعاف اهيف ضفخنت داسفلا نمنع كلذ يف افلختم ،ماعلا قافنإلا يف ةيلعافلا تايوتسم ىندأ دحأ نانبل لجسيةيلعافلا فعض طبتريو .يوبابميزو ،رودافلسـلإو ،ليزاربلاو ،اليوزنف لثم نادلبىلع يوطني ذإ ،(٨ مسرلا) ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج يندتب هرودب ماعلا قافنإلا يف

ةينبلا ةدوجنيسحت نود نم اهردهو ،ةفاك تارامثتسالا نم ةريبك ءازجأل عيزوت ءوسنادلبب ةنراقم رامثتسالا ىلع ةيدودحم رثكأ ادئاع نانبل ققحي ،يلاتلابو .ةيتحتلاتانيسحتلا نأ ينعي ام .(داسفلا راشتنال ةجيتن) ماعلا قافنإلل ىلعأ ةءافك تاذ.هرامثتسا متي رالود لك لباقم ةيدودحم رثكأ ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج يف

7لماش ماع ليلحت ىلع عالطاللzerimaR dna inahafsE:نادلبلل,snoitutitsnI‘ .3002cimonoce dna ,erutcurtsarfnifo lanruoJ ’,htworg07 scimonocE tnempoleveD774-344 )3002(نادلبلا ةلاح ىلع عالطاللodlataC iD ,iznecserC:ةيبوروألا.esoP-zeugirdoR dnaytilauq tnemnrevoG‘ .6102fo snruter cimonoce eht dnaerutcurtsarfni tropsnartnaeporuE ni tnemtsevnilanoigeR fo lanruoJ ,’snoiger.285 -555 :)4(65 ,ecneicS

8World Bank. 2011. ‘Curbing

fraud, corruption, andcollusion in the roads sector’,

The World Bank Group,Washington, DC.

6Estache, Ianchovichina, Baconand Salamon. 2013. ‘Infras-tructure and employment

creation in the Middle Eastand North Africa.’ World Bank

Directions in DevelopmentInfrastructure 74918.

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ةماع ةسايس صخلم10

7 مسرلا

ماعلا قافنإلا ةيلعافو داسفلا

٨ مسرلا

ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوجوماعلا قافنإلا ةيلعاف

قافنإلا ةءافك

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج

نانبلR2=0.4112

ةيلودلا ةيفافشلا ةمظنم نع رداصلا داسفلا رشؤم

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0100 80 60 40 20 0

ماعلا قافنإلا ةءافك

R2=0.3301نانبل

ةمظنم نع رداصلا داسفلا رشؤمو (81/7102) يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ريرقتردصملا.(7102) ةيلودلا ةيفافشلا

.لضفألا7و أوسألا وه0 ثيح ،7 ىلإ0 نم سايقم ىلع ةبستحم قافنإلا ةءافكو ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوجةظحالم

ةمظنم نع رداصلا داسفلا رشؤمو يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا نع رداصلا (81/7102) ةيملاعلا ةيسفانتلا ريرقتردصملا.(7102) ةيلودلا ةيفافشلا

Page 23: October 2018 Number 32 LCPS Policy Brief · water supply. Indicators that control for these metrics are worrisome: Access to safely managed drinking water—which is defined as the

11 ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحت وحن ةيرورض ةوطخ ،داسفلا ةحفاكم

،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوجو يموكحلا رامثتسالاو داسفلا نيب طبارلا مييقت ةيغب،(7١٠٢-١١٠٢) تاونس عبس ىدم ىلع تلجس ,ادلب٢4١ نم تانايب انمدختساىدتنملا نع رداصلا ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج رشؤم (أ) :ةيلاتلا تارشؤملا نمضتتوةيمنتلا تارشؤم بسحب درفلل يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإ (ب) ؛يملاعلا يداصتقالاديصرلا (ث) ؛يلودلا كنبلا نع رداصلا داسفلا رشؤم (ت) ؛يلودلا كنبلا نع ةرداصلا .يلودلا دقنلا قودنص لبق نم دعملا (ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةصاخ) ماعلا يلامسأرلا

يفف .(قحلملا) ةمداص لب ال ،ةيلج ةحضاوف ةيئاصحإلا تانايبلا رادحنا جئاتن امأنسحتب يموكحلا رامثتسالا لالخ نم ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ديصر يف ةدايزلا طبترت نيحةراشإلا ردجتو .اهضفخ ىلإ دلبلا يف داسفلا راشتنا يدؤي ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوجاملكف :طبارتم ريثأت امهل ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج ىلع نيرثؤملا نيلماعلا نيذه نأ ىلإةيعون نيسحت يف يموكحلا رامثتسالا ةيلعاف تعجارت ،دلبلا يف داسفلا دادزالحمضي نأ نكمي يموكحلا رامثتسالا رثأ نأ9 مسرلا نم حضتيو9.ةيتحتلا ةينبلاداسفلا تايوتسم نم اقالطناو .ةنيعم تايوتسم داسفلا غلبي امدنع لماكلابيأ حجرألا ىلع ققحي نل دلبلا يف يموكحلا رامثتسالا نإف،نانبل يف ةلجسملا.ةيتحتلا ةينبلا يف ىودج تاذ تانيسحت

9 مسرلا

داسفلا تايوتسم عيمجل ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج ىلع يموكحلا رامثتسالا رثأ

ةمظنم تانايبو (7102) يلودلا دقنلا قودنصو (7102) يملاعلا يداصتقالا ىدتنملا ىلإ دنتست ةصاخ تاريدقت ردصملا.(7102) ةيلودلا ةيفافشلا

.(امامت دساف)٥.2+ ىلإ (داسف نودب)٥.2- قاطن لوط ىلع ،1+ ىوتسم دنع نانبل يف داسفلا ةجرد يتأتةظحالم

9لاخدا دنع كلذ ةظحالم نكمي

ديصرلا نيب لعافتلا طرشيف داسفلا رشؤمو يلامسأرلا.ةيمهألا غلابلا يبلسلا رادحنالا

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.52.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5

ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوجنانبل

داسفلا ىوتسم

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ةماع ةسايس صخلم12

ةماعلا تاسايسلا تايصوتاذه يف ةوجفلا صيلقتل ةيتحتلا ةينبلا يف ةريبك تارامثتسا ىلإ ةجاحلا وعدت

ةجلاعم ىلإ ةجاحلا ىلع ءوضلا طلس قباسلا ليلحتلا نأ ريغ .نانبل يف عاطقلارامثتسالل ةلمتحملا عفانملا نم ةدافتسإلا ةيغب ةيلكيه تاحالصإ ذيفنتو داسفلاتاهجلا ةيموكحلا تاسسؤملا لثمت .ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةيعون نيسحت ةهجل يموكحلا،عيراشملا رايتخا لالخ نم تارامثتسالا عفانم قيقحت يف ةيساسألا ةلعافلايرشب زاهجو ةحيحص ةرادإب عتمتت تاسسؤم بايغ يف نكلو .اهدصرو ،اهذيفنتو.عيراشملا ةرادإو لاومألا صيصخت ءوسل لامتحا كانه بسانم

ريبكلا مـجـحـلا نأشب ةـطسبـمـلا تاشاـقـنـلا يـطـخـت ةرورض جئاـتـنـلا هذـه نـيـبـتاقاطن عسوأ اياضق ةجلاعمل ةيلومش رثكأ تاحالصإ دامتعاو ،ةيموكحلا تارامثتسالل .نانبل يف ةيمنتلا ةطخ يف ةيولوألا اهئاليإو ةيموكحلا ةيسسؤملا ةردقلاب لصتت

،ةيتحتلا ةينبلاب ةلصتملا ةحلملا تاجاحلاو تاسسؤملا فعضل ارظنو ،يلاتلابلاومألا نأشب ةلءاسملا ةدايزل ةيوينبلا تارييغتلا ذيفنت متي نأ ناكمب ةرورضلا نميأب عورشلا لبق ماعلا رامثتسالا ةرادإ راطإ زيزعتو ،داسفلا ضفخو ،ةماعلارطألا ربتعت ،صاخ لكشبو .ةياغلا هذهل ةيلود ليماسر بذجو ةريبك تارامثتسانيغلبملل ةينوناقلا ةيامحلا ريفوت لمشتو ،داسفلا ةحفاكمل ةيساسأ ةيميظنتلايتلا تاعيرشتلا ريرمتو ،تاباسحلل ةلقتسملا ةعجارملا ةيلمع زيزعتو ،داسفلا نعةيفافشلا نيسحتو ،مهلوصأ نع انلع حاصفإلاب نييموكحلا نيلوؤسملا رابك مزلتيونملا داسفلا ةحفاكم ةئيهل ةيلعف تاردق حنمو ،ةماعلا تايرتشملا لاجم يفداسفلا ةحفاكم ىلع مامتهالا لج بص نم دب ال ،ددصلا اذه يفو .اهؤاشنإانامض ،4 سيراب مساب فرع يذلا ،رديس رمتؤم دعب ةلءاسملاو ةمكوحلا نيسحتو .نانبل يف ةيتحتلا ةينبلا نيسحت ىلإ فدهت ةيرامثتسا دوهج يأ ديدبت مدعل

قحلم ةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوج تانوكمل يسايقلا داصتقالا رادحنإ

تاريغتملا

يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإدرفلل

داسفلا رشؤم

ماعلا لاملا سأر ديصر

لاملا سأر داسف*ماعلا ةتباثلا

تاظحالمرادحنالل يعيبرتلا رذجلافيرعتلا ةقاطب مقر

0.0324***

(0.00608)

-0.175*

(0.0955)

0.247*

(0.120)

3.342***

(0.165)

1,183

0.032

143

0.0346***

(0.00608)

0.197

(0.140)

-0.549***

(0.171)

-0.566***

(0.156)

3.086***

(0.179)

1,183

0.044

143

ةيلعافتلا طورشلا مضي جذومنةيتحتلا ةينبلا ةدوجل

ةينبلا ةدوجل ساسألا طخ جذومنةيتحتلا

نيجودزم نيب ةيرايعملا ءاطخألا***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1

ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلم لوحوه ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلملكشب ردصت ةريصق ةروشنمينانبللا زكرملا نع مظتنمعيضاوم للحت تاساردلل

ةيعامتجاو ةيداصتقاو ةيسايسيف تايصوت مدقتو ةيساسأةحيرشل ةماعلا تاسايسلارارقلا عانص نم ةعساو.ماع هجوب روهمجلاو

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا لوحينانبللا زكرملا سسأتوه .9٨9١ ماع يف تاساردلل

،توريب يف هرقم ثاحبألل زكرمةدياحمو ةلقتسم هترادإ

ةرصانمو جاتنإ هتمهم ،ايسايسىلإ ىعست يتلا تاسايسلايف ديشرلا مكحلا نيسحت،ةيزكرماللا لثم تالاجمةيلاملاو ،ةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلاو.زاغلاو طفنلاو ةماعلا

انب لاصتإللتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملارشاعلا قباطلا ،تاداسلا جرب

نويل عراش ،55-5١٢ .ب.صنانبل ،توريب سأر

+ ١٠٣997١١69 :ت+ ٢٠٣997١١69 :ف

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