Map of Indonesia Total area: 1,919,317 Km2 Number of Islands: more than 13,000 The largest...
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Transcript of Map of Indonesia Total area: 1,919,317 Km2 Number of Islands: more than 13,000 The largest...
Map of Indonesia
Total area:1,919,317 Km2
Number of Islands:more than 13,000
The largest archipelago country in the world
About 300 ethnic groups and local languages
National language:Indonesia
Australia
Philippines
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
IndonesiaSumatera
Java
Irian Jaya
SulawesiKalimantan
Figure 1
Note:
MPR: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, DPR: Dewan perwakilan Rakyat, DPA: Dewan Pertimbangan Agung,
MA: Mahkamah Agung, and BPK: Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan
Dinas is local government service department, which Dinas I is responsible d irectly to
Governor and Dinas II is responsible d irectly to d istrict head/ mayor.
Bappeda Dati I and Bappeda Dati II are Local Development Planning Agency
at provincial level and d istrict level, respectively.
Both Dinas I and II have indirect link to the relevant central technical ministry
Kanwil and Kandep are provincial and sub-district level office of central government ministry
LKMD is village p lanning board
Non-Department Agencies
People's RepresentativeCouncil (DPR)
Supreme AdvisoryCouncil (DPA)
People's Consultative Assembly (MPR)
Supreme Court(MA)
Supreme Aud it Body(BPK)
President
Ministry ofHome Affairs
TechnicalMinistries
PROVINCEGovernor
Dinas IKanwil
Kandep Dinas II
SUB-DISTRICT
DISTRICTDistrict Head / Mayor
Bappeda Dati I
Bappeda Dati II
(Lurah)LKMD
Sub-d istrict Head(Camat)
VILLAGEVillage Head
(Bupati/ Walikota)
Figure 2. Structure of Indonesian Government
1945 Independence
1951 The Economic Urgent Program Initiated
1956-1960
The First Five Development plan Established
1966 The New Government Order
1967-1968
Foreign and Domestic Investment Act Established
1969/70 The First Five Year Development Plan and The First Long Term (25 years) Development Plan Initiated
Characteristics:- Highly Centralized Plan;- Top Down Oriented;- Technocratic Approach
1994/95 The Sixth Five Year Development Plan andThe Second Long Term Development Plan
Characteristics:- Mix Top-Down and Bottom Up Approach;- More Decentralized
1973-74Coordinating Board for Regional Investment and Regional Development Planning Agency Established
1st 25 YearDevelopmentPlan
2nd 25 YearDevelopmentPlan
2018/19
The OldGovernmentOrder
The NewGovernmentOrder:
Figure 3. Historical Perspective of Development Planning Policies in Indonesia
Structure of Production
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1975 1985 1994
Year
Perc
en
tag
e o
f G
DP
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Figure 4
1976 1978 1980 1981 1984 1987 19901993
Urban
Rural
Urban+Rural
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
(%)
Year
Trend of Proportion of Population below the Poverty Line (1976-1993)
Source: Central Bureau of Statisitic (1995)
40.1%40.4%
38.8%
13.7%
Figure 5
1967-701976-79
1981-841986-89
1993
CDR
CBR
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Bir
ths/
Dea
ths p
er 1
,000
pop
ulat
ion
Year
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR), 1967-1993
Source: Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 1994, CBS, MoH, and SMP/NFPCB
Figure 6
Figure 7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1971 1980 1985 1990 1993
Year
Pop
ulat
ion
(in m
illio
ns)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Gro
wth
Rat
e (%
)
Pop u la tion
Grow th Rate
Population and Growth Rate, 1971-1993
Source: Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 1994, CBS, MoH, and SMP/NFPCB
Figure 8. Age Structure and Dependency Ratio, 1971-1995
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1971 1980 1990 1995
Year
Perc
en
tag
e
ages 0-14
ages 15-64
ages 65+
Dependency Ratio
Figure 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1961 1971 1980 1990 1995
Year
Per
cent
age
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pop
ulat
ion
Den
sity
(km
2)
Population Distribution (%) Java
Population Distribution (%) Outer Java
Population Density (per km2) Java
Population Density (per km2) Outer Java
Population Density (per km2) Indonesia
Population Distribution and Density in Java and Outer-Java, 1961-1995
Source: Welfare Indicators 1995, CBS
Figure 10. Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex and Infant Mortality Rate, 1971-1995
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1971 1980 1985 1990 1993 1995
Year
Years
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
IMR
per
1,0
00
bir
ths
LE (Male)
LE (Female)
IMR
Figure 11. Health Care Delivery System in Indonesia
HEALTHCENTER
HEALTHCENTER
HEALTHCENTER
SUBHEALTHCENTER
SUBHEALTHCENTER
SUBHEALTHCENTER
POST HEALTHSERVICES
POST HEALTHSERVICES
POST HEALTHSERVICES
HOSPITAL HOSPITALHOSPITAL
REGIONALREFERRAL HOSPITAL
REGIONALREFERRAL HOSPITAL
REGIONALREFERRAL HOSPITAL
TOPREFERRAL
PROVINCE
DISTRICT
SUB-DISTRICT
VILLAGE
VILLAGE
CENTRAL
Figure 12. Budgetary Flows for Health, 1985/86 (in Rp.Billion)
CentralGovernment
ProvincialGovernment
DistrictGovernment
Total (620.3)
DIP INPRES DIK SDO SBBO
8.1
78.4
DIP DIK
14
81.8
DIP DIK
112.5 114.6 133.9 39.2 111.4 5.5 104.1
Regional block grant:1990/91
1992/93
Regional revenue 1990/91:
Figure 13. The Relationship between Regional Bock Grant per capita (1990/91-1992/93)and Regional Revenue per capita (1990/91)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1975/ 76 1980/ 81 1985/ 86 1990/ 91
Year
Per
cen
tage National Revenue
National Expenditure
Regional Revenue
Regional Expenditure
Fiscal Deficiency
Fiscal Surplus
Figure 14. National and Regional Government Budget Structure, 1975-1990/91
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Coe
ffic
ien
t
Indonesia (1990) Austalia (1987) Ind ia (1982-86) Malaysia (1984-88) Canada (1988) Germany (1988) United States (1988)
Country (Year)Source: Shah, Anwar et al (1994), p.2
Figure 15. Coefficient of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance for Selected Countries
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) by Province (1980 and 1993)
-
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
200.0
225.0
250.0
275.0
300.0A
ceh
No
rth
Su
ma
tera
We
st S
um
ate
ra
Ria
u
Jam
bi
So
uth
Su
ma
tera
La
mp
un
g
Be
ng
kulu
Jaka
rta
We
st J
ava
Ce
ntr
al J
ava
Yo
gya
kart
a
Ea
st J
ava
We
st K
alim
an
tan
Ce
ntr
al K
alim
an
tan
So
uth
Ka
lima
nta
n
Ea
st K
alim
an
tan
No
rth
Su
law
esi
Ce
ntr
al S
ula
we
si
So
uth
Su
law
esi
So
uth
ea
st S
ula
we
si
Ba
li
We
st N
usa
Te
ng
ga
ra
Ea
st N
usa
Te
ng
ga
ra
Ma
luku
Iria
n J
aya
IND
ON
ES
IA
Province
De
ath
s p
er
1,0
00
liv
e b
irth
s
1980
1993
Source: Bappenas (1995)
National Average (1980)
National Average (1993)
Figure 16
13
2
13
45 22
23
24
27
26
2519
18
2021
16
17
15
14
13
11
7
6
8
10
9
Infant Mortality Rate in 1990:Province
1. DKI Jakarta;2.West Java;3. Central Java;4. D.I. Yogyakarta;5. East Java;6. Lampung;7. Bengkulu;8. South Sumatera;9. Riau;10. Jambi;11. West Sumatera;12. North Sumatera;13. D.I. Aceh;
13. D.I. Aceh;14. West Kalimantan;15. Central Kalimantan;16. South Kalimantan;17. East Kalimantan;18. Cental Sulawesi;19. North Sulawesi;20. South Sulawesi;21. Southeast Sulawesi;
22. Bali;23. West Nusa Tenggara;24. East Nusa Tenggara;25. Maluku;26. Irian Jaya;27. East Timor.
Figure 17. Infant Mortality Rate by Province in 1990
Availability ofhealth facilities:
Health Center in 1990
Sub Health Center in 1990
Health Center in 1993
Sub Health Center in 1993The difference betweenIMR in 1990 and 1993:
Figure 18. The Relationship between Improvement in IMR and Availability ofHealth Facilities, 1990-1993
The difference betweenIMR in 1990 and 1993:
Health budget per capita:
1990
1993
Figure 19. The Relationship between Improvement in IMR andHealth Budget Per Capita, 1990-1993
The difference betweenIMR in 1990 and 1993:
Immunization coverage(in percentage):
1990
1993
Figure 20. The Relationship between Improvement in IMR andImmunization Coverage, 1990-1993
Availability ofhealth facilities:
Health Center in 1990
Sub Health Center in 1990
Health Center in 1993
Sub Health Center in 1993
Infant Mortality in 1993:
Figure 21. Infant Mortality Rate (1993) and Availability of Health Facilities (1990 and 1993)
Deconcentration Devolution toFunction to Ministry Filed Local Delegation Privatization
Office GovernmentLegislative - ** - -Revenue-raising * ** ** ***Policy-making - ** ** **Regulation - ** * -Planning and resource allocation ** ** *** ***Management
- personnel * ** *** ***-budgeting and expenditure ** ** *** ***-procurement of supplies * ** *** ***-maintenance * ** *** ***
Intersectoral collaboration * *** *** ***Interagency coordination * ** *** ***Training * ** *** ***
Note:*** Extensive responsibilities** Some responsibilities* Limited responsibilities- No responsibilitiesSource: Mills, A nne et al, 1990 p.26
Table 1. Decentralization of Functions in Different Types of Decentralized System
Indicator 1 2 3 4 5
A Continued delivery of services and benefitsA-1 Volume/ stability of actual and intended benefitsA-2 Efficiency of service deliveryA-3 Quality of services/ benefitsA-4 Satisfaction of beneficiariesA-5 Distribution of benefits among economic and social groups
B Maintenance of physical infrastructureB-1 Condition of physical infrastructureB-2 Condition of plant and equipmentB-3 Adequacy of maintenance proceduresB-4 Efficiency of cost-recovery and adequacy of operating budgetB-5 Beneficiary involvement in maintenance procedures
C Long-term institutional capacityC-1 Capacity and mandate of the principal operating agenciesC-2 Stability of staff and budget of operating agencyC-3 Adequacy of interagency coordinationC-4 Adequacy of coordination with community organization and beneficiariesC-5 Flexibility and capacity to adapt project to changing circumstances
D Support from stakeholdersD-1 Stability and strength of support from international agenciesD-2 Stability and strength of support from national governmentD-3 Stability and strength of support from provincial and local governmentD-4 Stability and strength of support at the community levelD-5 Ability of project to avoid becoming politically controversial
Note: rating code: 1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=average, 4=good, and 5=very goodSource: Valadeze and Bamberger, 1994, p.194
Rating
Table 2. An Index for Assessing Program Sustainability
Growth of Real GDP/Growth of Real GDP Per Capita, 1966-19951966-73 1974-90 1991-94 1994 1995 (estimate)
Indonesia 6.4 6.7 7.6 7.3 7.53.9 4.7 5.8 5.7 6
World 5.1 3.0 1.5 2.9 2.83.0 1.2 -0.1 1.3 1.4
High Income Countries 4.8 2.8 1.7 3.0 2.53.8 2.1 1.0 2.3 1.8
Low- and Middle Income Countries 6.9 3.6 1.0 2.5 3.94.3 1.6 -0.7 0.8 2.3
Source: Global Economic Prospects and Developing Countries, World Bank (1996)
Table 3
Trends of Government Expenditure on Health:
Central Government and Selected Provinves (1982/83-1987/88)
Expenditure (Rp. Billion) Central as
Province Central Province Total % of total
East Kalimantan1982/83 7.21 2.87 10.08 721983/84 5.88 2.11 8.00 741984/85 5.53 2.37 7.90 701985/86 5.96 2.84 8.80 681986/87 5.20 2.88 8.07 641987/88 4.14 2.36 6.50 64
West Nusa Tenggara1982/83 6.37 0.83 7.20 881983/84 6.37 0.65 7.02 911984/85 5.87 0.63 6.50 901985/86 6.48 0.84 7.32 891986/87 6.06 0.83 6.88 881987/88 4.77 0.77 5.54 86
Source: Ministry of Health and the World Bank
Table 4
Indicators West Nusa Tenggara East Kalimantan Indonesia
Area (km2) 20,177 202,400 1,919,497
Population Density per km2 (people) 173 10 97
Life Expetancy in 1980 (years) 39.1 53.8 52.2
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 282 148 162live birth)
Regional Income per capita in 1993 285,573 3,232,750 744,751(Rupiah)
Table 5. Social, Economic, and Demographic Characteristics of West Nusa Tenggara Barat and East Kalimantan Provinces
Source: Ministry of Health and Bappenas
Revenue Share Expenditure Share Surplus/Deficit
Own Source and Shared Revenues National 94.3 83.1 11.2 Subnational 5.7 16.9 -11.2 Provincial 3.5 9.3 -5.8 Local (District) 2.2 7.6 -5.4 All Levels 100.0 100.0 0.0
Own Source, Shared Revenues and
Transfers National 82.2 83.1 -0.9 Subnational 17.8 16.9 0.9 Provincial 9.9 9.3 0.6 Local (District) 7.9 7.6 0.3 All Levels 100.0 100.0 0.0
Table 6. Vertical Fiscal Imbalance in Indonesia (Percentage), 1991
Source: Shah, Anwar et al (1996)