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Where SMITH-KAPLAN Turbinas Are Built

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Acrnplanc vicw of the plant of S. Marian Smith Co., Yurk. Pennsylvania; the Largest Plant in th-n World dcuutcd ` .I cxcluaivcly to the m.ELn\:|.fa.ctu.rc uf Hydraulìc Turbinca

Fc:-unded in 18'??

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A Bit of History RegardìngThe SMITH KAPLAN Turbinei É

The introduction of the Kaplan Tufbinerepresenta H must important advance in the

art of hydraulic turbine construction in theUnited States and Canada.

For this remarkable aehievernent, we areindehted to Prof. Dr. Victor Kaplan of Brunn.Checlroslavokia, who, sinoe the beginning ofthis century, has designed hydraulic turbinesalong radìeally different linea, and who, aftermany experimente, developed the funda-rnentally new runner and gate -:ase designs.which exeell the performance of the Franeifi

turbine at high specific speeds.Today, the Kaplan turbine has been

developed into a prime mover which hassuccessfully withstood the most severe testsin actual service in many European andAmeriean hgrdro-electric instaliations. Thisdevelopment is the result of a series of exhaus-tive hydraulic laboratory tests earrìed outover a period of yeara by Dr. Kaplan andthe J. M. Voith Co. in Heidenheim, Germany,9. firrn of world wide reputaticrn as builders

of hydraulic turbìnes for over sixty years.It is noteworthy', that in this rapid develop-ment there have been no disapp-ointing failuresand that all inatallations have gone intoservice without any particular diflìrtulties.

_The large number Of orders placed with

the Voìth Co. in the relatively short space of

five years, dernonstrates ooneluaively -thatthese high speed turbinea have been aoceptedby engine-era in charge ofwater power develop-ment. Up to the end ofNovember. 1929, a totalof 95 Kaplan adjuatable blade turbines witha_ total of 231,000 horse power and 19 Fixedblade turbinas With Si tota] hursepower of

Over 79,000 had either b-ten built, or Were

under oonatruction by the Voith Co.In 1928 the rights under the Kaplan

patenta for the manufactura of adjuarf

able and fixed blade turbinas in theUnited States and Canada Were aoquiréd'

by the S. Morgan Smith Company,-andat the same time arrangements were madewherehy the Voith Co. placed at our diepoealthe resulta of their tests and the benefits oftheir experience in desìgning and manufac-turing auch turbinea. After aequiring thesepatent rights, we carried out complete andexhaustiva tests in our hydraulie laboratoryin order to confirrn these designs and modifythem to ineorporate the knowledge gainedfrom our own experience in designìng and

rnanufacturing hydraulie turhinea ainee IBTT.

Since beginning to manufactura underthese patenta. leas than two years ago, wehave been award-ed oontracta for aixtefifl

adjustable blade turbinas and twenty-sevenfixed blade turbinas.

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Characterìstice of the SMITH-KAPLAN TurbineKaplan turbinee have a totally different formthan Francia turbines. In the Kaplan turbine,a few wing-like runner vanes (or bucketa)Without the familiar rim around their Outerende are attached to a strong hub. Thisrunner, (Fig. 1), therefore, reeembies aehip'apnopelier rather than a Francis turbine.

The Kaplan turbine shows three importantnew characteristics secured and protected bymany United States and foreign patenta.

These characteristics are as foilowaz1--A vane-free tranaftíon space betweenthe wicket gatea discharge and the runnerentranoe. The Water leaving the gates iscieflected in sn axial direction in this transi-tion space and flowa axiaiiy through the1'u1'1I1€['.

2-Wing Sheped former vane-a, eo spaoedand proportionecl that two adjacent vanea

form a nozzle or double guidance for part ofthis radial extent and single guidance for theremainder.3---Adƒusfable runner Velneo. Pføf. Kaplanwas the first to adjust the rurmer vanes andthe wicket gates simultaneously. In the closedposition (Fig. 2, page 5) the whole eurfaoe ofthe vanes or buckets lie approximately atright anglea to the shaft axia. In this positionthe diecharge is a minimum and the runnerdeveiops the minimum power. With increasingwicket gate opening Ifiincreaaing load) thevanes are opened ao that the area of the waterpasaage increases {Fig. 3). Each position of therunner vanes corresponde to a definite positionof the wicket gates, and the oorrect relation-ship of these positions must be maintained ifthe efficiency at a11 rates of dia-:harge is to _b-e simaximum.

Figure 1

Srniti:-Kaplan adjoetsble blade ranner

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Advantages of the SMITH-KAPLAN Turbine

Fíiure 2

Runner with vanes in closed position

Modermloperating practice requires that,at times of low load on hydro-electric plants.the gcnerators be opcrated as synchronousoondensers to improve the system powerfactor. Smith-Kaplan adjustshle blade tur-hines have si distìnct advantage in that therunner blades can be moved to the fullyclosed position during such operation, thusmaterially reducing the windage losscs andconsequently' the power required to drivethe sgrnchronous oondenser. Figure 2, above,clearly shows how the wind resistance isreduced when the blades areinthe flatposition.

The features of design and oonstructiondescribed previously give to the Smith-Kaplan

turbine_certain advantages_that are respon-sible for its rapid adoption.

By reducing the number of blad anddecreasing their area and also omitting theband around the blades. the friction of thewater on the runner e-urfaces is greatlyreduced. This reduction in friction means less

loss through the runner with consequenthigher eiìciencies and higher specific speed.Francis tnrhines can be built with goodefficiency at spccilic speeds up to 1111 whileKaplan turhines show good efficieiiciesjatspecific speed: up to 1?!!! for the fix-ed bladerunners and up to 225 for the adjustabicblade rurmers. This increase in specificmakes it possible to use higher speed genera-tors with a consequent reduction in the costof the electriiml equipment.

Pague aRunner with vanes in full load position

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Advantages of the SIVHTH-KAPLAN TurbineT1-le simultaneous adjusting of the runncr

blades and wiclret gates to maintain thebest conditions of flow throughout the entirerange of output results in the obtaining of

exceptionally high part load eflìeicncies, thusggçurìng very flat efficiency-load ctlrveä-

Since the blade and gate angles and openingsalways have the correct relationship to each

other, the Smith-Kaplan adjustable bladeturbine operates with maximum smoothnessand with minimum vibration and pitting.

Figure 4 shows a comparison of the effi-ciency-load curvas of a Kaplan automaticallyacljustable blade runner with those of fixedblade runners at various heads and withclilïerent blade angles. The dotted curvasShow the pe:rfof1'na1'1ce of a fixed blade runner

at different hcads. The dash and dot linesshow the results obtained at 26 feet headif three different fixed blade runners are

used, one having the blades at 28 degree-s,another at 22 degrees and the third at 15%

degrees. An inñnite number of curves offixed blade runners with different bladesingles will develop the envelope c1.u've

by the full line for 26 feet head. Automaticadjustrnent of the blades and gates :rnaintainsthe correct relationship between them tosecure the highest efiìcienty for each blade

position. Four such envelope curves havebeen drawn, using full lines, showing thehorse power and efficiency performance of

an automatically adjustable blade runnerimser hee-.-ls ef 11, 20, ss and se fea. Thesecurves show how the .adjustment of the bladesholds the efficiency of the turbine up to the

maximum which could theoretically be oh-

tsined by using a different fixed blade runnerfor each special oondition of load and head.

A study oi' this figure and a oonsideratìonof the operating featurefi involved clearly

shows that, as a practical matter, it is impos-sìble to obtain even an approximation of theenvelope curves with a hand operatcd adjust-able blade runnef requiring a shut down for

each adjustment. In addition to the neces-sarily uneoonomical operation of the non-

automatìe turbine, there is involved asubstantial amount of increased physicallabor and utlïendance and also loss of power

during the periods ol' shutdown required toadjust the blades when variations in load orhead occur. _

Figure 5 shows a typical efliciency-loadcurve of a. Smith-Kaplan automatically adjust-able blade turbine with a specific speed of161. Note the very flat curve with more than85 per oent efficiency from 33 to 96 per centload and more than QI] per cent eñiciencyfrom 43 to 75 per cent load.

Figure on page 8 shows a comparison of aSmith-Kaplan automatically adj ustable bladeturbiue, a fixed blade turbine and a high

speed Francis turbine. This figure shows themarked advantage in eflìciency of the adjust-

able blade turbine at all loads except in a verynarrow range at about 90 per cent of full load

capacity. The fixed blade and the Francisturbinefl attain very high efficiencies only

at nearly full load and the part load cfiicienciesdrop off very sharply. For the same fullload capacity, a smaller adjuetable bladeturbine can be used and consequently itcan be operated at _a higher speed, thus per-

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Advantages of the' SMITH-KAPLAN Turbine

Typìcal ePfi-:icncy curva afan autmnaticallyr afiljustahlc blade Smith-Kaplan un-b:inc

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Figure 4Comparison of cflïcicncy. Lund curvas for fixcd and udjustablc blade tu-rbìncs. Them aura-ca ah-nw

huw the autommin acljusuable blade turbine curvca are derivcd

Figura 5

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Advantages' of the SMITH-KAPLAN Turbine

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Figure GCompariaon of high speed Francis. Iìxcd and adjustable.- blade turbinas;

Figure 1'Curve showing total output gainnd by using un adjustable blaclc turbina instead uf a flxcd blade turbinc.

Bath turbìncs have thu same runnu diamctcr and opa-au: at the same specd

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faäber thc eflìciency drnps at part load.I 1 1 1I .

Advantages of the SMITH-KAPLAN Turbinemitting the use of a smaller and eheapergcnerator. The higher the specifie speed fur

the fixed blade and the Francis turbine, the

The1'efn1'e,w1th high specific speeds, the effi

cieney ni' these turhnnes attams satisfactoi-1,'values Only over a small ehanfle nf nutput.

Consequently such turbmes can be con-sidered ünly where they will be cn-perated u.nt_h

lnads varylng nver a short range ai. near full

capacityThe automatic Smith Kaplan adjustable

blade turhine muy he designed and selected

te provide a liberal nverload capacity. Theturhìnc is very flexible in this respect, and the

exee-ss hnrsepnwer for shürt peak leads ur

für low head Hand conditions can he provided

with slightiy less than nnrmn] lond economy,--

and usually with little or no reduction in eth-

eieflcy at low gate op-enings. Figure 'iv' shows

the nverlnsd capacity gsined by substitutingan automatically adjustahle blade nmnerfer a fixed blade 1-unner of the same size andspeed.

Figure 8 shows the pnssibility of redueing

the number of units in a power house withoutreclucing the total capacity by using adjust-able blade instead of fixed blade funners.

This curve shows that two- adjustable bladeunits could be substituted fur ñve smallerfixed blade turbinas and the eliiciency at anydischarge would he higher than if fixed bladeunits were used. The use cif the two ndjustsble

blade units results in material redueticnsin the cost of the mechanical and electricalequipment and also reduces the size 9.1111

cnnaequentially the cost nl' the power hnuseitself.

Figure BCurves shuwillg suhstitutiun uf two sdjustablc blade units fe-1' live flxed hlsde turbincs

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Construction nf the Adjustable Blade Runner of theSMITH-KAPLAN Turbine

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Construction of the AdjustableBlade Runner of theSMITH-KAPLAN Turbìne

The adjustable blade Smith-Kaplan turbineis constructerl in the same manner as annrdinary wicket gate turbine except for theshape of the top plate and the construction

of the runner and shaft. The top plate isshap-ed so ss to form the vane-frcetransitionspace between the wieket gates and the runnerin which the direction of flow of the water ischanged from radial to axial.

The construction of the runner hub whichcarries the mc-vable blades requirw specialattelrtion due to the relatively srnall space

available. All of the operating connectionsfor moving the 'Panes must be containedinside the single piece hub casting (see Fig.9) and must be of such form that they willstand up indefinitely under the most severeservice requirements without any adjust-ments. By very carefully utilizing everycubic inch of space a design has been developedwhich has proved eminently satisfactorjy andreliable in the many plants already builtand in operation over a period of years. Thestresses are held within very conservativelimita to guarantee freedom from excessivestrains and deformstion and to reduce thepossibility of wear to the absoluto minimum.Careful inspection of the Kaplan turbìnes

already in operation for several years revealsno signs of wear.

The hub is borod out and hushed with

bronre to reoeive the truninns of the runnervanes. A crank is keyod to each trunion and

clamped to secure the runner vane againstlateral displaeement. These cracks. whichstand normal to the shaft airis in their mid-position, are oonneeted to s sliding cross bymeans of links and eye-bolts. The cross iscarried on a sliding regulating rod whichoperates inside the hollmv turbine shaft.This regulating rod is guided in bronze bush-ings and moves axially in the shaft to operatethe runner vanes through the agency of thesliding cross, the links and the cranlrs. Theeye-bolts and cranlrs are bushed with highgrade bronze. The cross slicles ocn keys whichprevent any motion except in an axialdirection.

In Figure 9 on page 10. the upper viewshows a cross-section through the hub ofa Smith-Kaplan adjustable blade nrnner and

the lower cut shows an outside view of thehub with the lower section removed. Thernoving parts, consisting of the rcgulating

rod.. the sliding cross and the link connection

to the crsnk on the runner vane ti-union areclearly shown in color.

Figure ll) on page 12 shows a runner hubin the shop before asscmbly. The bearingsfor the runner vane trunions are clear-lyshown. àn individual vane and the lower

hub section are also illustrated.- Figure 11

gives a view of the hub With the sliding

cross in plate and an individual vane With

the erank, link and eye-bolt partiallyassembled.

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Construction of the Acljustable Blade Runner of theSIMHTH-KAPLAN Turbìne

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In order to provide constant lubrieation forthe moving parta in the hub, vertical shaftturbines have the hub filled with a heavy-bodied oil, which is supplied thrüflgh thehollow turbine ahaft, by means of openingslocated at a eonvenient height for reñlling.Horizontal shaft turbines are filled with lightgreaae for lubrieation, with proviaion forrefillìng by means of a greaae compresaor.Each runner vane trunion ia pael-red againstleakage where it goes through the hub body,so that the oil loss due to lealzage is eliminated.This packing is ao arranged. that it, in com-

bination with the inside oil presaure Q-partlystatic due to the head in the hoilow ahaftand partly in eentrifugal head due to therotati-on), preventa the atepage of water andsand or other impuritiee into the hub. A brasapipe plug is provided in the lower hub sectionfor draining the oil if necessary.

The runner vanee and hub are made ofcast steel. Great care ia uaed to finiah the vanesto templates, ao that they will have the correctform and degree of smoothnesa required tooiïer the least disturbance to the Flow ofwater through the turbine.

Figure ll

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Regulation of the SMITH-KAPLAN Automatically, . .Adjustable Blade Turbme

Figure 12

As has already been mentioned, to securemaximum efiieieney, the runner vanee, aawell as the wi-cket gates, must be adjustedwith changing load conditions. Therefore,the movezrnents of the gate control systemand the runner vane control system must beaynohronized at aii' tírnes, ao that forevery gate position there is si definite runnervane position. This can only be aeeomplishedwhen the gates and runner each havetheir own ser-.fo-motor and distributing valve.The regulating rod in tbét hollow turbine

shaft is moved axially by a servo-motor(Figure 15, page 15] which is arrangedbetween the flangea of the turbine and genera-tor ahafta and is rigidly connected to them.so that it revolvea with the ahaft. The servo-motor piston ia directly oonnected to theupper end of the regulating rod which com-municatea the piston movernents to therunner vanes. The sei-vo-motor ia operated byoil supplied under pressure from above,through two pipes arranged conocntricallywithin the hollow generator shaft.

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Regulation of the SMITH-KAPLAN AutomaticallyAdjustable Blade Turbine

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The inner pipe earries oil to the lower ii"side of the piston, and is rigidly con-nected to the same, moving upward and OM' pfpfâdownward with the piston. The governorcompensating mechanisln is connectedto the upper end of this pipe. The twopipes to the servo-motor terminate in ,_§`H_,d_FTtwo distributing chambers arranged oneon top of the other, and mounted on topof the generator. These chambers receivethe oil frorn the governor and collectiveiyram the oi! supply Head. see Figure 14. _5'f,qV0-Mg709Spe-Cial provision is made to prevent

any oil leal-:age over the generator, ¦

Figures 13 and 15 show schematically `the regulating meehanism. PEGULATÍNÚ RÚÚ

The governor itself is a simple speedgovernor which operates the wicket gates TJRBINE SHAFTin the usual manner, either through a

Figure 15 i-

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Regulation of the SMITH-KAPLAN AutomaticallvAdjustable Blade Turhine

vertical gate shaft or through servo-motorsand push and pull roda oonneeted to the tur-bine gate shifting ring.

In addition this governor has a seconddistrihuting valve controlling the flow ofoil to the runner vane servo-motor in theturbine shaft. A cam is connected to thegate operating mechanism and to the runnervane oompensating connections in such away that the gates and runner vanes alwaysmove in the definite relationship requiredto give the maximum efficiency for every

variation in load.Figure 1'? shows the runner servo-motor

` forged in the eoupling end of the turbinev shaft and the servo-motor piston mounted

1 on the end of the regulating rod which slides¦ inside the hollow turbine shaft and adjusts

the Pflsíüüfl Df the 1-'l-l111'1€1` blfldflfi- Figure lo Runner blade control valve

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With hydraulie turhines of such high speedas the Kaplan turbine, direct connectionof the turbina to the generator is possible

under very low heads, since the rotational

speed is high enough to utilize commercial

sizes of high speed generators, thus rcduciogthe Cost of the electrical genezrating equipment.

.As a clase Kaplan turbines are essentially low

and medium head machines. However thehead under which they may he used is con-stantly inoreasingancl heads up to GG feetmay now be developed with perfect

The installation of a Kaplan adjustable

blade turbina is particularly advantageoua

where the quantity of water varìes greatly.

Du account of its high part load efficiency,

an adjustahle blade turbina delivers muchmore power in times of low water than a

fixed blade or Francis type turbine. Thus the

total annual kilowatt-hour output availableis greatly increased. The realised increaseis greater the cornputed gain, as in actualplant operation the Francis units are not

started and stopped in aooordanoe with the

envelope of the individual eflìciency curves.Another and important advantage of the

automatically adjustable vane turbine is thatit may be readily selected and designed so

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Field of Use for the SMITH-KAPLAN Turbinethat substantial overload capacity is avail-able at all heads, This is a valuable feature atnormal heads since the exec-ss capacity canbe used to carry peal-z Ioads-and this advan-tage oan be obtained with negligible reductionof eflìcìency. During low head periods thegates and buclrets are opened wide, thus

developing gçreatly increased output as com-pared with a Francis or fixed blade axial How

turhine.

Fixed blade Kaplan turbines, on accountof their narrow operating range at high

efficiency, can only be considered in compari-son with adjustable blade turbines whenthey can he eonstantly operated at nearlyfull load. This condition applies only wheresuch machines are used to carry base loadand are tìed in electrically with a large systemao that other units may he used for regulating

IWFPOSW- _Where there ia a large quantity of water tobe handled, a ntunhcr of fixed blade turbines

may be-installed and only as many units

op-erated as the immediate quantity of waterjustìfies. Even in this case the total yearlyoutput mn he increased by using one of more

automatically adjustahle blade turbìnes forregulating purposes.

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SMITH-KAPLAN Turbme SettingsThe vertical sheƒt type of setting is alwaysto be preferred for Keplnn turhines, althoughthese turbines muy be used with horizontal

shaft settings where the shaft is only e shortdistance above tail water- Where the tail

water variations are great and the capseiticsare large, vertical settings should always beused. This type of setting offers the mostfafiiorable hydralflic conditions with conse-

quent higher efiìtienoy and the least space

requirements and the minimum cost of

constru-|::tio11. It also permite the gener:-:tor

to be installed at any desired elevation to

eliminate the possibfility of flooding.With these turbines the allowable draft

head deereases with increasing head andincreasing specific speed. Consequcntially thisfeature must be earefulljf' considered in design-

ing the setting or uneven operation and alsopitting may result in the turhine. The opera-

tion of this turbine is also very dependenton the design of the draft tube. For small

units we recommend o straight conical tubebut this type of tube can only be used in cas-es

where the excavatìon oost will permit. For

ali medium and large size tufbines we recom-

mend the elbow type clraft tube in order to

secure the length necessary to rr,-gain theenergy from the turbìne diseharge with theminimum amount of exeavation. This elbowtype of draft tube, es developed by ourengineers is the result of years of study andhundreds of tests in our hydraulic laboratory.

This tube reduces excavation to a minimum,

provides maxinium support for the super-

structure. szìmplifies and cheapens the form

work, has no underhsnging parts requiringexpensive reeflforcing, and enables the turbine

to develop maximum efficieney.The water is generally supplied to the run-

ner through an Open flume or a concrete

scroll casiug and, so111¢l:i.11'Ies, through a plate

steel pressure case of spirsl cssing. Open flumesettings ere usually chosen for both smallvertical and horizontal shaft turbinas, and

for low heacls, also for the larger turbinas.

the type of se-«seg is seem if. mg. 12., eses14, which illustrates a turbine With inside

gate control mechanisrn and the runner servo-

motor mounted in the shsít. Larger units inoonerete scroll cases are built with outsidegate meehanism and the gates and runner

vsnes operar-ed by senromotors as shown inFig. 18, page 19.

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Installation View of SMITH-KAPLAN TurbineShowing Generator wlth Oil Supply Head -pliwm. .

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SMITH-KAPLAN Turbine Installations jThe following list shows the sixteen Smith- 31, 1929. The total rated capacity of these

Kaplan fldjustablfl blade turbines installed turbinas at the normal he-ads is 37,366

or in process of manufacture on December horse power.

No. Date I-I.P.PcrCompany Plant State Units Purehascd Head Spccd Unit

Metropolitan Edison Co,... . York Haven,Central Pr. EG Lt. Co.. . . . . . . Dcvils River ¡§¿9,

weeønsin 111-. se I..-r. cr-_¬__..____ Rasines,Nova Scotia Pr. Comm.,....... Tusket Falls,Uriiiraes Pr. s. Le ca... _ _- vsisnrin-s,Wlleatsworth, Inc.,... . . . . . Hamburg,

Metropolitan Edison Co.,.... . York Haven,Connecticut River Dev. Co., Mclndoes,

Utilities Pr. lis _Lt. Co.,._ _ _ _ _ Lebanon,

San Joaquin Lt. lis Pr. Co., Merced Falls,

Of the turbines listed above, only' one, andthis the firslj one, is of the rnanually adjustable

type. It is interesting to note that the Metro-politan Edison Company purchased first a

fixed blade, then a fnanually adjustable, and

now has on order, as shown above, three

fully automatic, adjustahle, axial flow tur-

bincs. A thorough study of the results actually

obtained in place with the fixed blade and themanually adjustahle blade turbines shows con-clusively that turbineswith fully automatically

adjustshle blades are advantageous even inthe twenty-unit plant at York Haven.

Pa. 1

Tex. 1

Ill. 1

N . S. 3

Neb. 1

N. J. 1

Pa. 3

Vt. 2Mo. 2Cial. 1

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In addition to the adjustable blade tur-bines, our company has built or now has on

order 72 ñxed blade turbines developing atotal of 215,658 horse power.

Included in this number are turbines withrunners ranging from 30 to 200 inches indiarneter operating under hcads of from Bto flü feet and developing from 100 to 37,500horse power pcriunit. These turbines have

been installed .in all parts of the United

States and Canada and are supplying power

for public utiìities, municipal plants, paper

mills, industrial plants andflour mills.

_- SMITH-anotar: TURBLNES

_ ._

--¿I 2211+'

SMITH Reactlon Turbmes and AccessoriesIn addition to the Smith-Kaplan turbine. wealso design and build reaction turbinas ofany ealpacity from 5 Imp. to 90.000 h.p.. for

heads of from 4 ft. to 850 ft., in typea ofSettings to suit the particular requirelnents

of each installation. Eflìeiencies of up to 94%have been obtained in actual i-ìeld tests.

Vertical self-contained hydru-gellefatinl unit withthe turbine mounted in a plate steel pressure

case and direct connected to 8 ¡eneflltnrrnounted un the case head

Turbine runner on one of our flpeeifll esta

Stenclerd single vertical turbine foropen flume settings

For arnall inetallations we manufactura astandard turhine which is adaptable for headsup to 40 ft., and with capacities up to 1,500h.p. These may be had in either vertical orhoriaontal settings and in single or multiplerunner designs. '

30.000 h.p. turbìne esse

For larger units and for higher heads 'we havedeveloped a great number of patterns anddesigrle covering pmctìcally every possiblecombination of turbinas in vertical or hori-zontal and in either open flume or scroll casesettings.

We also build gn-vernu-rs, Gibbs thrustb-earings, roller dama, gate, butterfly and Dowvalves, head and slui-ce gates of various types,and gate hoists.

“Write for bulletins oovering these productsand for our engineers' recommendations.

" 'SHIÍH-tmeúfifl TURBIHES ~ * "-el 24 IP" :=-rima in uan.

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