Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy, 1841-1848 John Gast, “American Progress” (1872)
Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy
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Transcript of Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy
Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy
Chapter 17
Essential Question?
• How can expansion lead to conflict and change?
President William Harrison
• Veteran of War of 1812• 1st Whig elected president• Gives longest inaugural
speech in history – in freezing rain– Dies of pneumonia 4
weeks later!!!• Cabinet– Daniel Webster (Sec. of
State)
W. Harrison Administration Timeline
• March 1841– Inagurated
• April 1841– Dies
“and Tyler, Too!”• VP John Tyler becomes 1st
VP to take over presidency
• Not a true Whig, but a Democrat placed on ticket to win southern votes.
• Against entire Whig platform: anti-BUS, anti-tariff, anti-internal improvement.
A President Without a Party• Tyler vetoes bill to create
new BUS• Henry Clay and other
Whigs expelled him from Whig party.
• Cabinet resigns (except Webster)
• Tries to mend ties with Whigs by agreeing to a tariff, but this only upsets Democrats.
US v. UK, Part 3?• British continued to look
down upon Americans.– “tobacco spitting, slave
auctioning, lynching, idiots”• Americans had borrowed
millions from UK, after Panic of 1837 they had no way to pay it back.
• Unsuccessful attempt by Canadians at independence aided by some Americans.
• Steamship Caroline, attacked and destroyed while bringing weapons to Canada – hawks call for war.
• Lumberjack or Aroostook War – minor flair ups between UK and US over border of Maine
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty – Settled border of Maine and Minnesota – Minn. full of iron ore!!
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Texas Sized Troubles
• Mexico refused to recognize sovereignty of TX.– Threatened war if TX joined US.
• Texans outnumbered, began to look for help.– Began to negotiate with UK and France.– UK very interested because of TX’s fertile cotton
lands!
Lone Star Becomes 28th Star
• 1844 election won by Polk on a “annex TX” platform.
• North feared that TX would add to power of slave states, not likely to be approved by Congress.
• President Tyler beats Polk, annexes TX through a joint resolution 3 days before leaving office.
• 1845: Texas annexed• Mexico not very happy!
Annexation of Texas
Tyler Administration Timeline
• 1841– Tyler assumes
presidency• 1842– Lumberjack War– Webster-Ashburton
Treaty• 1845– Annexation of Texas
Oregon Fever
• Oregon Country was claimed by US, UK, Spain, and Russia.
• Thousands of American pioneers travelled the 2,000 mile Oregon Trail in the 1840s.– Trip took 5 months.– Many perished along the
trail!!
Oregon Trail
1844 Election
• Whigs– Henry Clay (Former Speaker of the House, Sec. of
State, Senator)• Democrats– James K. Polk (Speaker of House, former Gov. of
TN)• Polk wins, 170 to 105
1844 Election
President James K. Polk
• Born in NC!!• Supported by Andrew Jackson (called him “Young
Hickory”)• Believer in Manifest Destiny• 4 Goals all accomplished in 4 years– 1. Lower tariff– 2. Independent treasury– 3. Acquire California– 4. Settle Oregon dispute
Manifest Destiny
Belief that God had divinely blessed the American people into controlling North America.
54 ° 40’ or Fight!
• Oregon Territory went as far north as Alaska.• US offers to “settle” with UK at 49°, they
refuse.• By 1846, UK agrees to 49°• No 54° 40’, no fight
Oregon Territory
Misunderstandings con Mexico
• Mexico believed the border of TX was on the Nueces River, US said Rio Grande (farther south)
• Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to attempt to buy CA for $25 million.– Rejected!– Polk wanted CA because
of the fertile land and San Francisco Bay.
• In 1840s CA occupied by Mexicans, Indians, and a few American immigrants.
Mexican Border?
Pretext for War
• Since buying CA failed, Polk decided to take it, but he needed a reason for Congress to declare war.
• Polk sent the Army, led by General Zachary Taylor, down to the Rio Grande in 1846.
• Soon the Mexican Army attacked Taylor, 16 Americans died.
• Polk got his wish, Congress declared war!
Opposition to War
• Young Whig Congressman Abraham Lincoln opposed war (“spot resolution”)– Lost reelection, never heard from again.
• Many northerners and abolitionists opposed the war on the basis that it would add more slave states south of the Missouri Compromise line.
• Henry David Thoreau went to jail for refusal to pay taxes that paid for war.
• Most Americans supported war effort.
Mastering of Mexico
• Santa Anna was in exile, but US aided his return to Mex. thinking he would bring a peaceful resolution – we were wrong!
• General Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe with little trouble.
• John C. Fremont, and other Americans in CA easily overthrew Mexican officials.
• Gen. Taylor led the fighting in N. Mexico– Outnumbered 4 to 1 by
the Mex. Army, he manages to win the Battle of Buena Vista.
Old Fuss and Feathers
• Gen. Winfield Scott invaded Veracruz and fought his way into Mexico City. – He had too few troops,
harsh terrain, diseases– Managed to overcome
odds, take Mexican capital.
Major Campaigns of Mexican War
Peace Leads to War
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war in 1848.– US gets Mexican Cession
(CA, NV, AZ, NM, CO, UT)– More land than the
Louisiana Purchase– Mexico gets $15 million
• Some want to take all of Mexico– What problems exist
with this idea?• US image in Latin
America forever tarnished
• Arguments reignited over slavery in new territory.
Civil War Begins• Mexican War a proving
ground for future Civil War leaders– Jefferson Davis– Robert Lee– Ulysses Grant– Winfield Scott– Abraham Lincoln
• Future Presidents– Taylor– Lincoln– Grant
• Wilmot Proviso– Proposed law that
would prohibit slavery in Mexican Cession.
– Never approved.• Quarreling over slavery
will continue to divide nation through the 1850s.
Mexican Cession
Polk Administration Timeline
• 1844– Election
• 1846– Oregon dispute settled– Mexican War begins– Kearny takes Santa Fe– Fremont takes California– Wilmot Proviso
introduced
• 1847– Battle of Buena Vista– Mexico City falls
• 1848– Mexican War ends– Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
Essential Question?
• How can expansion lead to conflict and change?
Manifest Destiny
Oregon TerritoryTexas Annexation
Mexican War