Mangrove Rehabilitation

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1Post-logging Ban Timber Tree Planting in Thailand and the Philippines

Mangrove Rehabilitation

in Ticao Island,

Masbate, Philippines

Hilconida P. CalumpongPablina L. Cadiz

SEARCA

Agriculture & Development

Discussion Paper Series

No. 2012-4

SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGIONAL CENTER FOR GRADUATE

STUDY AND RESEARCH IN AGRICULTURE

Science and education for agriculture and development


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2 Post-logging Ban Timber Tree Planting in Thailand and the Philippines

Hilconida P. Calumpong

Principal Researcher

Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences

Silliman University

Tel/Fax: +63 (35) 4209002 or +63 (35) 2252500E-mail: [email protected]

Associate Researcher

Pablina L. Cadiz

DISCLAIMER

The point of view taken in this paper is entirely

that of the authors and does not reect in any

way, SEARCAs position.

The SEARCA Agriculture and Development

Discussion Paper Series aims to disseminate

information on current trends or researches

to inspire discussion between the author

and other stakeholders in the same eld of

interest. SEARCA encourages readers to

directly contact the author through the address

provided or join the discussion board for this

paper at http://bit.ly/searca-dps-2012-4.


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Mangrove Rehabilitation in Ticao Island, Masbate, Philippines 1

ABSTRACT

Eight mangrove forest stands with a total of 473.52 hectares (ha),

and 105.38 ha of shponds were surveyed in Ticao Island, Masbate,

Philippines in 2010 and 2011 to determine areas for rehabilitation.

The stands varied from a very small (0.9 ha) monospecic stand in Sitio

Sawang, Barangay Famosa, Monreal to large (244.72 ha) and diverse

stands like the Bongsanglay Natural Park, Batuan.

Species composition is diverse, consisting of 23 species of truemangroves and 24 species of mangrove associates. Avicennia marina,

Sonneratia alba, andNypa fruticans, were the most common, occurring in

all sites surveyed. The rarest were Pemphis acidula, Aegiceras oridum,

and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, all of which were found only in the

Bongsanglay Natural Park, Batuan. The highest species number was

obtained in Sitio Baladingan, Barangay Famosa, Monreal (19) while the

lowest was in Sta. Rosa, San Jacinto (5). Three species, Ceriops decandra,

Aegiceras oridum, and Sonneratia ovata, are listed in the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2010) Red List as globally

near threatened, while another two species, Avicennia lanata Ridley and

Intsia bijuga, are listed as vulnerable.

The density of mature trees ranged from 600 stems per hectare

(ha) in Barangay Santa Rosa, San Jacinto to 6,557 stems per ha in Sitio

Baladingan, Barangay Famosa, Monreal. The high variation may be due

to the patchiness of the species within the forest. In terms of basal area

(BA), Sawang, although having one of the lowest tree densities, had the

highest BA (199.69 per square meter per ha) contributed mostly by very

old Sonneratia alba with circumference at breast height ranging from 88

to 189 centimeters (cm).

Based on tree density, Sawang and Sta. Rosa both obtained the

highest dominance index (C) of 1.0 and consequently the lowest species

diversity index (H) of zero while Pandan obtained the lowest C of 0.08,

and consequently the highest H of 5.23. In terms of species importance, S.alba in Sawang andA. marina in Sta. Rosa obtained the highest values of

300. This is because the Sawang stand was very small (0.9 ha) with S. alba

being the dominant tree species in the area surveyed, while in Sta. Rosa,


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Mangrove Rehabilitation in Ticao Island, Masbate, Philippines2

although the stand was bigger, the area surveyed was also dominated byA.

marina. Rhizophora mucronata had the highest importance values in Sitio

Pandan and Barangay Poblacion, Monreal; Barangay Burgos, San Jacinto,and Bongsanglay Natural Park, Batuan;Rhizophora apiculata in Barangay

Famosa, Monreal and Barangays Tacdugan and Washington, San Jacinto;

andXylocarpus granatum in Sitio Baladingan, Barangay Famosa, Monreal

and Barangay Daplian, San Fernando.

Seedlings and saplings of three species were found the whole year

round: Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, and R. mucronata. The

highest density of seedlings occurred in Daplian contributed mostly by

Ceriops decandra. As in mature trees, the variation between plots was highdue to the patchiness of the species within the forest. Also, the occurrence

of seedlings is very much dependent on the time of sampling as owering

and fruiting is seasonal. The results indicate that the mangrove forests of

Daplian, Tacdugan, and Poblacion, Monreal have natural regeneration

and may just need species enhancement planting. Sawang and Sta. Rosa,

meanwhile, need to be rehabilitated.

In terms of secondary productivity, three species of mollusk, Geloinaerosa,Lutraria sp., and Vasticardium sp., and one species of crustacean,

Scylla serrata, were commonly gleaned and harvested for food.

Two mangrove nurseries were established: one in Ticao Island

(Baladingan) and the other in Negros Island (Dumaguete City). In both

nurseries, 19,167 seeds/propagules were germinated consisting of 13

uncommon species, half of which were directly potted. Survival rates

of six species monitored were very high, ranging from 100 percent forX. granatum to 8085 percent for C. tagal, except for S. ovata and S.

caseolaris, which had zero germination.

The low number of propagules is due to (1) seasonality in fruiting, (2)

limited mother trees of rare species like Kandelia candel, (3) unusually

low propagule yield, and (4) inclement weather conditions.

The proposed areas for rehabilitation have been identied in Monreal

(53.5 ha), San Fernando (1.5 ha), and San Jacinto (100 ha), the latter mostly

idle shponds and shponds without approved leases. Soil analysis showed

that Daplian has dominant medium coarse sand suitable for Sonneratia

spp. while the rest had dominant silt-clay substrate suitable forAvicennia


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spp.,Rhizophora spp., andBruguiera spp. Of these, a total of 90 ha have

been allocated funding by the DENR through its ICRM project.

Enhancement planting has started at Sitio Baladingan and Ticao Island

Resort withBruguiera sexangula, C. decandra, and C. tagal. Bruguiera

sexangula andK. candelplanted in both sites showed high survival (80-

90%) after two months. Ceriops tagal and C. decandra in Baladingan

showed growth increment of 1.13 0.03 and 0.47 0.60 cm. Bruguiera

sexangula in Baladingan had growth increment of 14.89 4.06 cm after

seven months.

Capacity building was given in two forms: training and technicalassistance. Three trainings on mangrove ecology, management, and

restoration were attended by participants consisting of farmers, faculty,

and DENR and LGU staff. Volunteer cooperators for the Baladingan

nursery were identied. Technical assistance was provided to the LGU

and the DENR through assistance in mapping the mangrove forest and

identifying areas for reforestation and rehabilitation as well as abandoned

shponds. The project has also provided the DENR and LGU with the

seedlings necessary for mangrove rehabilitation.

The participation of the DENR and LGU staff in the training and

assessment has facilitated development of capacity for the integrative

planning and management of mangroves.

The DENR and the LGU must be more active in the reversion and

rehabilitation of shponds without approved leases, idle and abandoned

shponds, and in the protection of remaining mangrove forests and forestfragments. Reforestation must be multi-species based on soil types.


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INTRODUCTION

Acontinuing decline in mangrove forest cover in the Philippines

has been reported by several studies (Primavera and Esteban

2008; White and de Leon 2004; de Leon and White 1999;

Calumpong 1994), from around 500,000 hectares in 1920 to less than

one-fth remaining today. Logging caused a substantial reduction to

about half during the period 1920 to 1970. The introduction of sh and

shrimp pond culture in the 1950s exacerbated the problem. Fishponds

occupied from 88,681 hectares (ha) in 1952 to over 224,000 ha in just 30years (Ronquillo 1988). Other causes of the decline were urbanization

and coastline development, charcoal industry, and construction. Overall,

the decline can be traced to lack of appreciation and knowledge on the

ecological and economic values of mangroves.

Efforts and initiatives on mangrove rehabilitation have been a major

activity of government and non-government entities. Yet, despite these

efforts and government policies protecting mangrove forests, the survival ofthe latter remains uncertain mainly because of ineffective law enforcement

and powerful political and business interests, especially in the shpond

and tourism sectors.

Many of the mangrove rehabilitation efforts, especially those

undertaken by government agencies, were monospecic, using propagules

ofRhizophora spp. (Rhizophoraceae) as major planting materials. This

is attributed to the convenience of using these propagules in plantingand monitoring and to the abundance ofRhizophora spp. However, this

practice has been found to be unsuccessful in inappropriate substrates

and poses a threat to mangrove biodiversity (Cadiz and de Leon 1997).

Calumpong and Cadiz (1997) have advocated multi-species reforestation

and conducted such successfully in a 52-square kilometer (km2) area in

Bais Bay on Negros Island in cooperation with the local government unit

of Bais City. The Talabong Mangrove Forest, a 300-ha Wildlife Refuge

and part of Bais Bay, is a demo site for in situ mangrove nursery and multi-

species reforestation.

This project sought to rehabilitate abandoned shponds and establish a

mangrove nursery for rare species in Ticao Island, Masbate. This area was


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selected because there is a considerably large mangrove forest in Ticao.

Furthermore, Silliman University (SU) has acquired a 500-ha property on

the island, including approximately 10 ha of abandoned shponds that canbe reforested. Rare species of mangroves, such asKandelia candel(L.)

Druce, were proposed to be propagated in the area.

The overall goal of the study was to protect the mangrove areas

and rehabilitate abandoned shponds in Ticao Island, Masbate using

multi-species approach. Participatory strategies were employed in the

assessment, establishment, and monitoring of mangrove nursery and

plantation sites.

The specic objectives of the study were the following:

1. Conduct an assessment of the mangrove forests in Ticao Island to

include extent, species composition, community structure, and soil

prole and productivity;

2. Establish at least two nurseries for rare mangrove species: one in

SU-Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences (IEMS) inDumnaguete and one in Ticao;

3. Monitor the germination, growth performance, and survival of the

different species reared in the nursery and plantation sites;

4. Rehabilitate at least 25 ha of abandoned shponds; reforest or conduct

enhancement planting of at least 100 ha;

5. Provide training opportunities and technical assistance to local

communities, local governments units, other government organizations

(Community Environment and Natural Resources Ofce [CENRO] and

Municipal Agriculture Ofce [MAO]), and other private organizations

in mangrove assessment, rehabilitation, and conservation; and

6. Develop capacity for integrative planning and management of

mangroves among local government units (LGUs) in Ticao Island,Masbate.


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Background of the Study

Mangroves are coastal trees or shrubs that are adapted to estuarine

or even saline environments (Tomlinson 1986). Mangrove forests cover

about 75 percent of the worlds tropical coast (Kairoet al.2001). Asia has

approximately 5.2 million ha of mangrove forests with the largest found in

Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. However, because of

so many disturbances such as shpond conversion and other anthropogenic

pressures, mangrove hectarage has been reduced to less than 65 percent of

the original forest cover (Atmadja and Man 1994).

In the Philippines, 500,000 ha of mangroves were reported in 1920 andless than 100,000 ha reported in 1997 (Calumpong and Meez 1997). White

and de Leon (2004) reported 140,000 ha remaining in 2004. The increase

may be a reection of the rehabilitation efforts in those intervening periods

or may just be an artifact of the estimation method. At any rate, it is clear

that only about one-fth of the original hectarage remains today. This

is particularly caused by intensive logging for charcoal and construction

materials, shpond conversion for aquaculture (Ronquillo 1988), and

coastline development.

In response to the decline, the government passed laws, policies, rules,

and other regulatory instruments (Umali and Roque 1991), including

Republic Act 7161 in 1991, which prohibits cutting of all mangroves species;

Presidential Proclamation No. 2151 declaring Quezon, Camarines Sur,

Masbate, Bohol, Surigao del Norte, and Davao del Sur as wilderness areas;

and the Fisheries Code of 1998 (Section 49), which authorizes reversion

of all abandoned, undeveloped, or underutilized shponds to mangrovehabitat (de Leon and White 1999). Primavera (1995) recommended new

legislations and enforcement of existing laws to conserve remaining

mangroves and to undertake massive rehabilitation of denuded mangrove

areas as well as promotion of sustainable aquaculture and sheries. Salmo

and Juinio-Meez (2001) emphasized natural regeneration as the best

management option. Lewis (2001), meanwhile, advocated ecological

engineering for the successful management and restoration of mangrove

forests.

Mangrove planting was documented as early as 1902 in Malaysia

(Kairo et al. 2001; Farnsworth and Ellison 1997). In the Philippines, coastal

reforestation, rehabilitation, and management have gained a lot of support


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and undertakings in 1990 through community-based approach (White and

de Leon 2004), although, mangrove plantings existed as early as 1964 as

part of the civic activities of schools and private organizations in Bohol,Central Visayas. During the late 1980s, massive plantings were also done

in Negros Oriental and Siquijor by the Central Visayas Regional Project.

One of the observations gathered by Cadiz and de Leon (1997) was that

the monospecies stand ofRhizophora was vulnerable to pest infestation.

Rhizophora spp. (bakauan or bakhaw) were used almost exclusively as

planting material in mangrove rehabilitation activities in this project due

to the availability and ease of planting of the propagules (Calumpong and

Cadiz 1997). The unsuitability ofRhizophora spp. to the site and lack of

monitoring and maintenance were also found to contribute to the dismallylow survival rates (< 50%) of the reforestation efforts (Cadiz and de Leon

1997).

Utilizing the lessons from their studies and from past experiences

(ERDS-DENR 1993), Calumpong and Cadiz (1997) introduced multi-

species reforestation in Bais Bay as part of a project on the environmental

and resource management of Bais Bay funded by the Canadian International

Development Agency (CIDA). This was expanded to another projectfunded by the City of Bais wherein an in situ mangrove nursery was

established.

Description of the Project Areas

Ticao Island belongs to the province of Masbate and lies at the eastern

part of the Philippine archipelago (between 12.550725E latitude and

123.689746N longitude) (Figure 1). It is one of the three major islandscomprising the province of Masbate, endowed with white beaches and

natural mangrove stands (CRM Plan for 2007-2011, Monreal, Masbate).

Being in the eastern portion, the island is vulnerable to typhoons.

In 2007, SU acquired a 465-ha lot in Sitio Baladingan, Barangay

Famosa, Municipality of Monreal, Province of Masbate through a

donation from one of its alumni. The area is located along the Ticao Pass

(Figure 1), which is contiguous with the Verde Island Passage, reported by

Carpenter and Springer (2005) as the center of the center of biodiversity

of shoreshes and dubbed as the manta bowl of the Philippines because

of the presence of manta rays year-round. It is about an hour from Donsol,

the whale shark capital of the Philippines and 30 minutes from Bulan,


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Figure 1. Extent and location of mangrove forest and shponds

in Ticao Island, Masbate


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Sorsogon where the major sh species caught is sardines. The area is

mostly planted with coconut, with some parts fringed with mangrove.

There is livestock (cattle) raising, and about 10 ha of idle shponds.

The major problem in the coastal areas as reported by the local

government and veried during a reconnaissance visit by the principal

researcher is the rampant use of dynamite. Up to 20 blasts a day could be

heard in the area, especially in the early morning. Fishing and farming,

both extractive activities, are the major sources of livelihood for the local

population.


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METHODS

The study consisted of three activities: (1) assessment of the

mangrove forests, (2) establishment of mangrove nursery, and (3)

capacity building through training and technical assistance to the

communities covered in the study.

Assessment of Mangrove Forests

Location and extent of mangrove forests

The location of the mangrove forest was determined using a global

positioning system (GPS) device. The extent of the ecosystem was

estimated with the use of the Map Info Professional software utilizing

coordinates of the boundaries of the ecosystem as determined by the GPS.

Species composition

Plant species encountered during the survey were identied and

photographed. Identication of mangrove species followed Aksornkoae et

al. (1992), Calumpong and Meez (1997), Madulid (2000), and Primavera

et al. (2004). Local names were provided by the community partners.

Whole plants, branches, and reproductive structures such as owers and

fruits were collected when available and kept in herbarium presses. The

voucher specimens are stored at the SU-IEMS Museum.

Community structure

Community structure of the forests in Ticao Island was determined

using the quadrat-plot method modied from English et al. (1994). At least

two replicated transects were laid at each mangrove forest. The length

of the transect depended on the width of the forest. At each 100-meter

(m) interval, 10 m x 10 m plots were established. Data gathered include

species composition, density of trees (i.e., any species that has a single

stem and/or can attain a height of 10 m or more at maturity and 10 cmdiameter at breast height [DBH]), saplings (1 cm DBH - 9.9 cm DBH),

seedlings (height of less than 1 m), and circumference at breast height

(CBH) where breast height is roughly 4.5 ft or 1.37 m above ground.


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For species with prop roots such asRhizophora, measurement was taken

above the prop roots. If branching occurred below breast height, CBH of

each branch was measured.

Basal area (BA) was computed using the formula: CBH = (d2/4) x

area sampled, where: d = CBH/. Stand basal area (SBA) (i.e., the sum of

all basal areas multiplied and divided by 10,000 to get basal area in square

centimeters per hectare [cm2/ha]) was computed. This was further divided

by 100 to get basal area in square meters per hectare (m2/ha).

To determine species diversity, the following formulas from Odum

(1971) were used:

Simpsons Index of Dominance (c)

where:

ni= importance value for each species (density of each species)

N = total of importance values (density of all species)

Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity (H)

where:

ni= importance value for each species (density of each species)

N = total of importance values (density of all species)Pi= importance probability for each species = ln n

i/N

To determine importance value (i.e., a measure of the relative

dominance of a species in a forest community), the following formula is

used (Kent and Coker 1992):

Importance Value = Relative Frequency + Relative Density

+ Relative Dominance

where:

Relative Frequency = number of occurrences of one species as a

percentage of the total number of occurrences of all species;


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Relative Density = number of individuals of one species as a percentage

of the total number of individuals of all species;

Relative Dominance = Basal area of a given species divided by the

sum of the basal area of all the species x 100;

Soil analysis

Soil samples were collected using PVC pipes (50 cm in length by 6

cm diameter) and passed through six sieve sizes, each sieve mesh size

corresponding to a specic grain type (i.e., pebble, granule, coarse sand,

ne sand, silt and clay, etc.) according to the Wentworth Scale (Englishet al. 1994). The relative percentage composition per grain size was

determined using two methods: volumetric and dry weight. In the eld,

the volumetric method modied from Brailey (1992) was used wherein the

sediment was sieved when wet and the total sediment remaining in the sieve

poured into a graduated cylinder, allowed to settle, and the volume of the

sediment obtained. Sediments that were brought to the laboratory were air

dried for three to four weeks, weighed using a Mettler top loading balance

until constant dry weight was attained. The dominant soil type of each sitesampled is the major parameter that is used as basis for determining the

species to plant.

Productivity

Secondary productivity of the mangrove forest was determined

by collecting macro-invertebrates from the mangrove sampling sites.

Gleaners and shers were also interviewed when encountered. Speciesidentication was based on Springsteen and Leobrera (1986).

Establishment of Mangrove Nursery

A suitable site within the mangrove area was chosen. Overhead netting

was constructed to reduce heat. Fencing and netting were also done to

exclude predators such as goats and land crabs. The propagules were

potted in plastic pots using soil collected from the mangrove area. The

seedlings and wildlings were watered with freshwater as needed. At least

60 pots were chosen at random and monitored monthly for germination,

growth, and survival. A trained cooperator was hired part-time to manage

the nursery.


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Capacity Building

Courtesy calls were made to the chief executives of the four

municipalities in Ticao, Masbate and to the barangay captains where the

mangrove forests were found. Participants were chosen by the mayor and

barangay captain. Additional participants were chosen by the Hacienda

Baladingan manager and the MAOs.

The training consisted of lectures, hands-on exercises, and eld

activities.

Limitations of the Study

Rare and uncommon mangrove species in the Philippines were

prioritized in the two nurseries. These species will be used in enhancement

planting. However, in the rehabilitation of the abandoned shponds,

common species may be used depending on the results of the soil

compatibility analysis.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Assessment of the Mangrove Forests in Ticao Island

Location and extent of mangrove forests

A

ll the mangrove forests in Ticao Island are located along the

eastern and northeastern sides of the island. All the eight primary

mangrove forest stands were identied and surveyed, which

totaled 473.52 ha. Four were located in the municipality of Monreal, two inthe municipality of San Jacinto, one in the municipality of San Fernando,

and one in the municipality of Batuan. The extent of the forests surveyed

is shown in Figure 1.

In Monreal, the mangrove forests total 100.2 ha. The biggest stands are

found in Sitio Famosa Proper (53.3 ha) and in Barangay MacArthur (37.9

ha). The other three stands are relatively small and are located in Sitio

Sawang (0.9 ha) and Sitio Baladingan (8.1 ha). In Famosa Proper, thereare about 1.13 ha of shpond, while in Sitio Baladingan, there are about

10.35 ha of idle shponds, about half of which are now being replanted

through this project. The Famosa mangrove is a primary forest bisected

by a river. Sawang is a very small monospecic stand ofS. alba, although

there is a small creek with other species. Baladingan and Tacdugan are on

opposite sides of the Tacdugan River, both are primary forests dominated

byAegeceras sp. The mangrove forest in MacArthur, located in Barangay

Poblacion and Barangay Pandan, is a primary forest which fringes theinner part of San Miguel Bay and is dominated by Rhizophora spp.

In San Jacinto, all the mangrove forests have been partially or

completely converted into shponds or settlements, except for Tacdugan.

The mangrove forests, or what remain of them, are found in Tacdugan

(84.4 ha), Burgos (6.5 ha), Washington (7.5 ha), and Sta. Rosa (5.3 ha).

Fishponds cover 24.1 ha in Burgos, 8.2 ha in Washington, 3.4 ha in Sta.

Rosa, and 25.6 ha in Tacdugan. Washington is encroached by settlements

while Burgos and Sta. Rosa are almost completely converted to shponds.

In San Fernando, all the mangrove forests have also been partially

or completely converted into shponds or settlements like in San Jacinto.


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Mangrove forests total about 24.9 ha while shponds total about 32.6 ha

in Daplian.

Batuan has the biggest primary mangrove forest in the islandthe

Bongsanglay Natural Park, covering an area of 244.72 ha and straddling

the three barangays of Royroy, Gibertal, and Sawang. It was declared

a Natural Park under the National Integrated Protected Areas System

(NIPAS) by Presidential Proclamation 139 issued on May 31, 2000.

Species composition

Twenty-three species of true mangroves belonging to 11 families and24 species of mangrove associates belonging to 17 families were found in

the forests surveyed (Appendix Table 1). Three species,Avicennia marina

(Forssk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae), Sonneratia alba Sm. (Sonneratiaceae),

andNypa fruticans Wurmb. (Arecaceae/Palmae), were the most common,

occurring in all sites surveyed. Two species, Rhizophora apiculata

Blume (Rhizophoraceae) and Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae),

were found in all except one site.The rarest were Pemphis acidula J.R.

Forst. and G. Forst. (Lythraceae), Aegiceras oridum Roem. and Schult.(Myrsinaceae), and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C.F. Gaertn. (Rubiaceae),

all of which were found only in Royroy, Batuan in the Bongsanglay

Mangrove Reserve. Some associated species found only in one site were

Dolichandrone spathacea(L.F.) K. Schum. (Bignoniaceae) and Caesalpinia

bonduc (L.) Roxb., both found only in Pandan, Monreal; Intsia bijuga

(Colebr.) Kuntze (Fabaceae), which was found only in Burgos, San Jacinto;

Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae), only in Washington, San Jacinto; and

Vitex rotundifolia L.f. (Verbenaceae), only in Baladingan. The epiphyte,Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack (Rubiaceae) and an unidentied species of

orchid were also found only in Bongsanglay. The highest species number

of true mangroves was obtained in Baladingan and Famosa, Monreal, and

Batuan (19), while the lowest was in Sta. Rosa, San Jacinto (5).

Three species are listed in the International Union for the Conservation

of Nature (IUCN) Red List as near threatened (2010; Version 3.1). These

are: Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou (Rhizophoraceae), Aegiceras

oridum, and Sonneratia ovata Backer (Sonneratiaceae). Another two

species, Avicennia lanata Ridley (Avicenniaceae) and Intsia bijuga

(Colebr.) Kuntze (Fabaceae), are also listed as vulnerable B12c (IUCN

2010; Version 2.3) and vulnerable A1cd (IUCN 2010; Version 2.3) .


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Community structure

Zonation

A distinct zonation pattern of mangrove growth was observed in all

sites surveyed. Sonneratia alba was seen growing in the most seaward

portion of the forest, in all sites, while Excoecaria agallocha was seen

generally growing in the most landward part.Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.

andL. littorea (Jack) Voight, as well as Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume,

occurred in the inner part of the forest. In riverine areas such as Tacdugan,

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) BlancoandRhizophora spp. were dominant

(Figure 2).

Zonation is a result of mangroves tolerance to tidal inundation,

salinity, and substrate (Hogarth 1999). In the study sites, salinity ranged

from almost zero in the landward sites to more than 34 parts per thousand

(ppt) in the seaward portion.

Density and basal area of mature trees

The density of mature trees ranged from 600 stems per hectare (Sta.

Rosa) to 6,557 stems per hectare (Baladingan). The low density in Sta.

Rosa was contributed by only one species, Avicennia marina (600 stems

) while the high density in Baladingan was contributed by 11 species

dominated byAegiceras corniculatum (3,175 stems per ha) andAvicennia

lanata (1,075 stems per ha).Rhizophora apiculata Blume was most dense

in Famosa (1,745 stems per ha), Tacdugan (1,497 stems per ha), and

Daplian (933 stems per ha). Rhizophora mucronata was most dense inPoblacion (MacArthur) (2,430 stems per ha), Batuan (1,500 stems per ha),

Tacdugan (1,157 stems per ha), and Burgos (1,125 stems per ha). The high

variation is due to the patchiness of the species within the forest so that as

one goes from one plot seaward, species composition as well as density

change. However, in terms of basal area (BA), Sawang, although having

one of the lowest densities of trees, had the highest BA (199.69 square

meters per ha [m2/ha)contributed mostlyby very old Sonneratia alba with

circumference at breast height (CBH) ranging from 88 to 189 cm.

Based on tree density, Sawang and Sta. Rosa both obtained the highest

dominance index (C) of 1.0 and consequently the lowest species diversity

index (H) of zero, while Pandan obtained C=0.08 and consequently the


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Zonation of mangrove species in the riverine areas: Sonneratia

alba zone (A);Avicennia marina zone (B);Rhizophora spp. (C);

and Aegiceras corniculatum intermixed with Nypa fruticans(D)

Figure 2.

A

B

C

D

A


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highest H of 5.23 (Table 1). Although Famosa also obtained a C of 0.08,

its H (2.73) was much lower than Pandan (5.23). Only the trees measured

for diameter at breast height (DBH) were used to calculate the indices.In Sawang, these were all Sonneratia alba while in Sta. Rosa, these were

allAvicennia marina. The low values obtained for Bongsanglay and Sta.

Rosa may be a reection of the limited number of quadrats. Also, in

Bongsanglay, the transects did not bisect the forest.

In terms of species importance value, Sonneratia alba in Sawang and

Avicennia marina in Sta. Rosa obtained the highest values of 300 (Table 2).

This is because the Sawang stand was very small (0.9 ha) with Sonneratia

alba being the dominant tree species in the area surveyed. In Sta. Rosa,although the stand was bigger, the area surveyed was also dominated by

Avicennia marina. Rhizophora mucronata had the highest importance

values in Pandan and Poblacion MacArthur, Burgos, and Bongsanglay

Natural Park while R. apiculata had the highest importance values in

Famosa, Tacdugan, and Washington. Xylocarpus granatum had high

importance value in Baladingan and Daplian. In all areas, only species

found in plots were included in the calculation of importance values.

Site C H

Monreal

Sawang 1.00 0.00

Baladingan 0.14 2.25

Famosa 0.08 2.73Poblacion, MacArthur 0.10 2.51

Pandan, MacArthur 0.08 5.23

Batuan 0.42 1.87

San Fernando

Daplian 0.19 1.85

San Jacinto

Tacdugan 0.09 2.69

Washington 0.24 1.69

Burgos 0.20 2.80

Sta. Rosa 1.00 0.00

Table 1. Simpsons index of dominance (C) and Shannons index

diversity (H) of mangrove sites sureveyed in Ticao Island

Note: Highest indices are in bold font


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Scien

ticName

BA-MO

FA-MO

SA-MO

PA-MO

PO-MO

BU-SJ

SR-SJ

TR-SJ

WA-SJ

DA-SF

BM-BA

Aegicerascorniculatum(L.)Bl.

60

69

28

16

82

AvicennialanataRidley

40

37

64

48

64

44

76

Avicenniamarin

a(Forssk.)Vierh.

82

33

42

92

300

18

40

50

AvicenniaofcinalisL.

35

Bruguieracylindrica(L.)Blume

20

18

15

Bruguieragymn

orhiza(L.)Lam.

20

61

65

34

103

Ceriopsdecand

raDingHou

20

23

14

54

90

50

Ceriopstagal(Perr.)C.B.Rob.

15

15

44

41

HeritieralittoralisDryandex.Wait

28

Lumnitzeralittorea(Jack)Voigt

20

LumnitzeraracemosaWilld.

20

15

RhizophoraapiculataBl.

40

151

86

49

126

106

50

RhizophoramucronataLamk.

20

114

117

160

69

91

100

RhizophorastylosaGriff.

74

Sonneratiaalba

J.Smith

20

95

300

63

25

55

63

SonneratiaovataBacker

66

35

XylocarpusgranatumKoen.

60

36

15

34

35

43

138

50

Note:BA-MO=

Baladingan,Monreal;FA-MO

=Famosa,Monreal;SA-MO=

Sawang,Monreal;PA-MO=

Pandan,Monreal;PO-MO=P

oblacion,

Monreal;BU-SJ=Burgos,SanJacinto;SR-S

J=Sta.Rosa,SanJacinto;T

R-SJ=TacduganRiver,SanJ

acinto;WA-SJ=SanJacinto;

DA-SF=

Daplian,SanFernando;andBM-BA=Bongsa

nglayNaturalPark,Batuan

Table2.

Importancevaluesofmangrovetreespecimens


23/45


Seedlings and saplings

During the September to October 2010 survey period, seedlings ofseven species were found. These were:Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia

marina,A. lanata, Ceriops decandra, C. tagal, Rhizophora apiculata,

and R. mucronata.The highest density of seedlings occurred in Daplian

contributed mostly by C. decandra (93,333 161,658 stems per ha)

and along Tacdugan River, contributed mostly by Rhizopora mucronata

(30,000 57,446 stems per ha) and Aegiceras corniculatum (25,000

61,237 stems per ha) (Figure 3A). During the March to May 2011 survey

period, seedlings of ve out of the seven species were found, except for

Aegiceras corniculatum and C. decandra. Instead,Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.) Lam. and C. tagalseedlings were seen.

Saplings of six species were found during the September to October

2010 survey period. These were Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia

lanata Ridley, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra,C. tagal, and

Rhizophora mucronata. However, during the survey period MarchMay

2011, saplings of ve of the six species (no Aegiceras corniculatum)

plusAvicennia lanata and A. ofcinalis were found. The highest densityof saplings occurred in Poblacion (MacArthur) contributed mostly byR.

apiculata (8,889 2,667)(Figure 3B).

As in mature trees, the variation between plots for both seedling and

sapling is high due to the patchiness of the species within the forest, thus

the high standard deviations. These results indicate that the mangrove

forests of Daplian, Poblacion, and Tacdugan have natural regeneration

and may just need species enhancement planting. Sawang and Sta. Rosa,meanwhile, need to be rehabilitated. The occurrence of seedlings, however,

is very much dependent on the time of sampling as owering and fruiting

is seasonal.

Soil profle

Soil analysis showed a dominance of very ne sand to silty clay (Table

3). This explains the dominance ofAvicennia marina, Rhizophora spp.,

andAegiceras corniculatum in most of the study sites, except in Daplian,

San Fernando where medium sand dominated and where Sonneratia alba

and S. ovata were dominant in the landward zone.


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Density (stems per ha) of seedlings (A) and saplings (B)Figure 3.

Note: FA-MO = Famosa, Monreal; PA-MO = Pandan, Mac Arthur; PO-MO=Poblacion, Mac

Arthur; TR-SJ = Tacdugan River, San Jacinto; WA-SJ=Washington, BU-SJ=Burgos, San

Jacinto; DA-SF = Daplian, San Fernando and BM-BA = Royroy, Batuan.

A

B


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Productivity

Three species of mollusk, Geloina erosa (Corbiculidae), Lutraria

sp. (Mactridae), and Vasticardium sp. (Cardiidae) and one species of

crustacean, Scylla serrata (Forskal) (Portunidae), were commonly gleaned

and harvested for food in the surveyed mangrove sites. The gleaners (mostly

children) were encountered in the abandoned shponds. The abundance

and catch data on these organisms were not determined because gleaners

harvest occasionally. Littorina scabra(Linnaeus 1758), Terebralia sulcata

(Borne 1778), and Ostrea sp. were also found in the mangrove areas

surveyed. Some wild ducks were seen, especially in Tacdugan, including

other unidentied birds. No reptiles and mammals were encountered

during the surveys.

Threats

The biggest threat to the mangrove ecosystem in Ticao Island is

shpond conversion (Figure 4). The survey showed that there are 473.52

ha of intact mangrove forests compared to 105.38 ha of shponds. The

highest conversion rate was observed in San Fernando where there are

more shponds than mangrove forests. Most of these shponds, locatedin San Jacinto have been found wanting in approved leases and are mostly

idle. The second leading threat to mangrove ecosystem is the conversion

of mangrove areas into settlements. The other causes of loss of mangrove

forests are cutting for construction and rewood.

Table 3. Soil prole of mangrove areas surveyed

Very

Coarse

Sand

Coarse

Sand

Medium

Sand

Fine

Sand

Very

Fine

Sand

Silt/

Clay

Baladingan, Monreal 13 19 5 4 14 45

Famosa, Monreal 9 1 15 19 23 32

Poblacion, Mac Arthur 1 2 8 4 1 85

Pandan, Mac Arthur 2 2 11 8 2 75

Tacdugan River, San

Jacinto6 1 2 30 28 33

Daplian, San Fernando 0 6 38 28 28 28

Burgos, San Jacinto 1 - 2 1 0 95

Washington, San Jacito 9 9 16 19 8 39

Proposed Nursery

(Burgos, San Jacinto)4 6 7 3 2 79


26/45


Threats to mangrove ecosystem: Fishponds big (Burgos, San

Jacinto) and small (Washington, San Jacinto) and settlements

Figure 4.


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Past and current rehabilitation efforts

There have been massive rehabilitation efforts in the past that resulted

in present-day secondaryRhizophora forests. These are found in Royroy,

specically in the Bongsanglay Natural Park in Batuan and in MacArthur,

Monreal. In Royroy, the reforestation effort has even encroached into the

seagrass bed.

Current rehabilitation efforts are conducted by the LGU in San Jacinto

and by nongovernment organizations (NGOs) in Monreal. In San Jacinto,

however, these are limited to the fringes of the mangrove forest as in Sta.

Rosa or along river banks as in Burgos since most of the areas have beenfenced off and converted into shponds with No Trespassing signs.

Establishment of two nurseries for rare mangrove species

Two nurseries were established: one in Sitio Baladingan, Barangay

Famosa, Monreal, Ticao and the other in the SU-IEMS Compound in

Dumaguete City. Only species rare in Ticao were germinated. Propagules

and wildlings were collected from anywhere in the country when available.

A total of 19,167 seeds/propagules of 11 species were germinated;

9,974 seeds were directly potted. Survival rates of six species monitored

were very high, ranging from 100 percent forXylocarpus granatum to 80

85 percent forCeriops tagal, except forSonneratia ovata and S. caseolaris

which have zero germination (Figure 5). Experiments are currently being

conducted exposing the seeds of S. ovata and S. caseolaris to various

treatments such as acid and warm water soaks.

Among the species that were germinated, Bruguiera sexangula,

B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, C. decandra,Heritiera littoralis, and

Kandelia candel (L.) Druce were monitored for growth. Higher growth

increment ofB. sexangula after three months was obtained at Baladingan

(21.98 3.48 cm) compared to SU-IEMS (10.98 2.0 cm). The rst batch

of C. tagal and C. decandra at Baladingan showed growth increment

after four months of 0.81 0.02 cm and 6.73 2.01 cm, respectively. The

second batch ofC. tagalshowed growth increment of 0.06 0.58 cm while

species ofK. candelandH. littoralis showed growth increment of 15.18

2.36 and 16.49 4.48 cm, respectively. Other growth parameters measured

for all three species were stem diameter and numbers of leaves.


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Percent survival of mangroves planted in Ticao Island,

Masbate and SU-IEMS mangrove nurseries.Figure 5.

The low number of propagules propagated is due to (1) seasonality in

fruiting, (2) limited mother trees of rare species likeKandelia candel, (3)unusually low propagule yield, and (4) inclement weather.

Rehabilitation areas

Fishponds surveyed totalled 105.38 ha; although this may be an

underestimate since many of the ponds could not be accessed. Many of

the ponds were found to have been idle for many years but not abandoned.

In Sitio Baladingan, one entity had leased a total of 10.35 ha of shpond.In San Jacinto, the exact area is yet to be determined, but the agricultural

technologist in charge of sheries reported that there are 268 ha of shponds

on record but only two have approved leases of 2 ha each.

Soil analysis showed that the areas are dominated by silt-clay soils

best suited toAvicennia spp., Rhizophora spp., andBruguiera spp. Daplian

has dominant medium coarse sand suitable forSonneratia spp. while silt-

clay, which is suitable forAvicennia spp., Rhizophora spp., andBruguiera

spp. dominated the rest. Considerations for site selection include soil type,

tidal exposure, and dominant species. Proposed areas for rehabilitation

have been identied in Monreal (53.61 ha), San Fernando (1.5 ha), and

Legend: BS= Bruguiera sexangula; CT= Ceriops tagal; CT= Ceriops decandra; XG=

Xylocarpus granatum; HL= Heritiera littoralis; KC=Kandelia candel; AM=Avicennia marina;

SO= Sonneratia ovata; SC= Sonneratia caseolaris and LR= Lumnitzera racemosa


29/45


San Jacinto (100 ha). In Monreal, these sites are in Sitio Baladingan (10.35

ha), Famosa Proper (5.03 ha), and MacArthur (37.3 ha); in San Fernando,

Daplian (1.5 ha); and in San Jacinto these are idle shponds and shpondswithout approved leases totaling more than 100 ha. Of these, a total of

90 ha have been allocated funding by the Department of Environment

and Natural Resources (DENR) through its Integrated Coastal Resources

Management (ICRM) project. These are distributed as follows: MacArthur

(30 ha), Washington (10 ha), Burgos (10), Poblacion 2 in San Jacinto (5 ha),

Tacdugan (30 ha), and Famosa (5 ha). Reforestation contracts have been

issued to the accredited peoples organizations (POs) in these respective

areas at PHP 25,000.00 per ha.

Reforestation/Enhancement Planting

Enhancement planting has started at Sitio Baladingan with 3,800

seedlings of Bruguiera sexangula, Ceriops decandra, C. tagal, and

Rhizophora mucronata planted along a very small creek near the Famosa

Hacienda House and a portion of the 10.35-ha idle shpond in Baladingan,

Famosa. Bruguiera sexangula planted in Baladingan compound showed

higher survival (80%) andKandelia candelplanted in both sites also hadhigher survival (80-90%) after two months. C. tagal and C. decandra

planted in Baladingan shponds showed growth increment of 1.13 0.03

and 0.47 0.60 cm whileB. sexangula planted in Baladingan compound

had growth increment of 14.89 4.06 cm after seven months.

Enhancement planting of about 1 ha surrounding the Ticao Island

Resort commenced in March 2011 with 50 seedlings ofCeriops decandra.

Capacity Building

Capacity building was conducted in two forms: training and technical

assistance. Courtesy calls were made to local chief executives (mayors and

barangay captains) to inform them about the project and seek their support.

Three training courses on mangrove ecology, management, and

restoration were conducted during the duration of the project. The rst

batch consisted of 45 participants, mostly farmers from the SU-Ticao

Island Project, faculty from Masbate School of Fisheries, and staff

from the DENR-Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Ofce

(PENRO) Masbate, DENR-CENRO, and LGUs in Batuan, San Jacinto,


30/45


and Monreal, mostly from the MAO. This was conducted on 25-28 March

2010 at Sitio Baladingan, Famosa, Monreal. Activities undertaken during

the training were (1) lectures on the mangrove ecosystem, mangrovespecies identication and ecology, and methods in assessing mangrove

communities; (2) a eld trip to the mangrove forest of Famosa to practice

mangrove species identication; (3) a eld trip to the mangrove forest in

Sitio Baladingan to practice assessment and undertake propagule collection;

and (4) actual establishment of mangrove nursery. Techniques in propagule

collection, soil analysis, potting mangrove seeds and propagules, and

monitoring growth and survival were taught. Volunteer cooperators for the

Baladingan nursery were later determined.

The second batch consisted of 34 participants, mostly barangay LGU

ofcials and representatives from the shers association f four barangays

in San Jacinto and MacArthur, Monreal. Lectures were held at San Jacinto.

On-site practice of mapping, species identication, assessment, and soil

analysis were conducted separately for Barangay Washington (30 April

2011), Barangay Burgos, and Barangay Sta. Rosa (31 April 2011) in San

Jacinto, and Barangay MacArthur, Monreal (3-4 May 2011).

A Validation and Integrative Planning Workshop was held at the

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) Training

Center in San Jacinto, Masbate on 21 March 2011. The objectives of the

workshop were to (1) update participants about the project, (2) share the

results of the assessment conducted on 21-24 March 2010 so these can

be validated, (3) update participants on the progress of the two nurseries

and plantings, and (4) plan for upcoming rehabilitation and reforestation

activities. The 26 participants were from the LGU of Monreal and SanJacinto and CENRO-San Jacinto.

The most important activity of the validation workshop was the

identication of areas for assessment in this project and rehabilitation of

degraded mangrove forests or idle shponds to be funded by the ICRMP.

A resource person from CENRO-Jacinto showed the participants the

technical description of mangrove areas in their respective barangays. The

barangay ofcials validated the DENR maps. As a result, areas that had

mangroves but have not yet been assessed in this project were identied

and schedules for training and assessment were tentatively set by the

MAO of both municipalities. In addition, a total of 100 ha in two sites

(MacArthur, Monreal and the mangrove areas in Washington, Burgos, and


31/45


Sta. Rosa, San Jacinto), were identied as priority areas for rehabilitation

under the ICRMP.

Technical assistance was provided to the LGU and the DENR through

assistance in mapping the mangrove forests and shponds, identifying

areas for reforestation and rehabilitation, and identifying threats. The

project has also provided the DENR, LGU, and private entities (e.g., Ticao

Island Resort) with the seedlings necessary for mangrove rehabilitation.


32/45


SUMMARY AND

CONCLUSIONS

The mangrove forests of Ticao Island were surveyed and eight stands

were identied: four located in the municipality of Monreal, two in

San Jacinto, one in San Fernando, and one in Batuan. Of these, four

were surveyed in 2010 and the rest in 2011, with a total area of 473.52 ha.

The stands varied from very small (0.9 ha), monospecic stand in Sawang

to large (244.72 ha), and diverse stands like the Bongsanglay Natural Park

in Batuan.

The species composition is diverse, consisting of 23 species of true

mangroves in 11 families and 24 species of mangrove associates in 17

families. Three species were the most common, Avicennia marina,

Sonneratia alba, and Nypa fruticans, occurring in all sites surveyed.

Three were rare, occurring only in one site (Bongsanglay Natural Park)

Pemphis acidula, Aegiceras oridum, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The

highest species number was obtained in Baladingan (19), while the lowestwas in Santa Rosa (5). Three species, Ceriops decandra,A. oridum, and

Sonneratia ovata are listed in the International Union for the Conservation

of Nature (IUCN 2010) Red List as globally Near Threatened while another

two species,Avicennia lanata and Intsia bijuga, are listed as Vulnerable.

The forests have distinct zones with S. alba growing in the most seaward

portion of the forest while Excoecaria agallocha was seen generally

growing in the most landward part. Rhizophora spp. and Aegicerascorniculatum were found along rivers. The dominant soil type was very

ne sand to silt-clay which explained the dominance ofRhizophora spp.

andA. corniculatum in all of the surveyed, except in Daplian, San Jacinto

where medium sand dominated and where S. alba and S. ovata were

dominant in the landward zone.

The density of mature trees varied from species to species and ranged

from 600 stems per ha (Sta. Rosa), all contributed by A. marina to 6557

stems per ha (Baladingan) contributed by 11 species dominated by A.

corniculatum andA. lanata. A high variation was observed which may be

due to the patchiness of the species within the forest.


33/45


In terms of BA, Sawang, although having one of the lowest densities

of trees, had the highest BA (199.69 m-2 ha-1)contributed mostlyby very

old S. alba with circumference at breast height (CBH) ranging from 88 to189 cm.

Based on tree density, Sawang and Sta. Rosa both obtained the

highest Dominance Index (C) of 1.0, and consequently the lowest Species

Diversity Index (H) of zero, while Pandan obtained the lowest C of 0.08

and consequently the highest H of 5.23.

In terms of species importance, S. alba in Sawang andA. marina in

Sta. Rosa obtained highest values of 300. This is because the Sawang standwas very small (0.9 ha) with S. alba being the dominant tree species in

the area surveyed while in Sta. Rosa, although the stand was bigger, the

area surveyed was also dominated by A. marina.Rhizophora mucronata

had the highest importance values in Pandan and Poblacion MacArthur,

Burgos, and Bongsanglai Natural Park;R. apiculata in Famosa, Tacdugan,

and Washington; andXylocarpus granatum in Baladingan and Daplian.

The seedlings and saplings of three species were found the whole yearround: Ceriops tagal,Rhizophora apiculata, and R. mucronata.The highest

density of seedlings occurred in Daplian, San Jacinto contributed mostly by

Ceriops decandra. As in mature trees, the variation between plots was high

due to the patchiness of the species within the forest. Also, the occurrence

of seedlings is very much dependent on the time of sampling as owering

and fruiting is seasonal. The results indicate that the mangrove forests of

Daplian, Tacdugan, and Poblacion - Monreal have natural regeneration

and may just need species enhancement planting. Sawang and Sta. Rosa,meanwhile, need to be rehabilitated. The occurrence of seedlings, however,

is very much dependent on the time of sampling as owering and fruiting

is seasonal.

In terms of secondary productivity, three species of mollusk, Geloina

erosa,Lutraria sp., and Vasticardium sp. and one species of crustacean,

Scylla serrata, were commonly gleaned and harvested for food. The

gleaners (mostly children) were encountered in the abandoned shponds.

Some wild ducks and birds were seen, especially in Tacdugan, but these

were not identied. No reptiles and mammals were encountered during the

surveys.


34/45


Two mangrove nurseries were established: one in Ticao Island

(Baladingan) and the other in Negros Island (Dumaguete City). In both

nurseries, approximately 19,167 seeds/propagules were germinatedconsisting of 11 uncommon species, half of which were directly potted.

The survival rates of six species monitored were very high, ranging from

100 percent forXylocarpus granatum to 80-85 percent forC. tagalexcept

forS. ovata and S. caseolaris which have zero germination. Germination

experiments are on-going.

The low number of propagules is due to (1) seasonality in fruiting, (2)

limited mother trees of rare species like Kandelia candel, (3) unusually

low propagule yield, and (4) inclement weather.

The proposed areas for rehabilitation have been identied in Monreal

(53.5 ha), San Fernando (1.5 ha), and San Jacinto (100 ha), the latter

mostly idle shponds and shponds without approved leases. Of these, a

total of 90 ha have been allocated funding by the DENR through its ICRM

project with reforestations contracts at PHP 25,000/ha given to accredited

Peoples Organization in MacArthur (30 ha), Washington (10 ha), Burgos

(10), Poblacion 2 in San Jacinto (5 ha), Tacdugan (30 ha) and Famosa (5ha).

The soil analysis showed that Daplian has dominant medium coarse

sand suitable forSonneratia spp. The rest had dominant substrate of silt-

clay suitable forAvicennia spp., Rhizophora spp., andBruguiera spp.

Enhancement planting has started at Sitio Baladingan and Ticao Island

Resort with Bruguiera sexangula, Ceriops decandra, and Ceriops tagal.Bruguiera sexangula and Kandelia candelplanted in both sites showed

also high survival (80-90%) after two months. Ceriops tagaland Ceriops

decandra in Baladingan showed growth increment of 1.13 0.03 and 0.47

0.60 cm, respectively. Bruguiera sexangula in Baladingan had growth

increment of 14.89 4.06 cm after seven months.

Capacity building was given in two forms: training and technical

assistance. Three trainings on Mangrove Ecology, Management, and

Restoration were attended by participants consisting of farmers, faculty, and

DENR and LGU staff. The activities undertaken during the trainings were

(1) lectures on the mangrove ecosystem, mangrove species identication


35/45


36/45


POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

On the conduct of mangrove reforestation, this project was able to

tie up with the DENR-ICRMP for massive reforestation (about

200 ha) to be undertaken in San Jacinto and Monreal. During the

integrative planning with CENRO-San Jacinto, it was agreed that 100 ha

of mangrove area in Monreal (Barangay MacArthur) and another 100 ha

in San Jacinto (total in ve barangays) be applied for reforestation under

the ICRMP. However, under the ICRMP, the reforestation efforts will

have to be undertaken by a Peoples Organization (PO). This is ne in

areas with registered and accredited POs with good track record in project

management and implementation such as the one in MacArthur but in

areas where the PO is just being formed, as in San Jacinto, this may not be

effective.

In terms of mangrove nurseries, massive reforestation efforts such asthe one described here and that under the ICRMP require a lot of seedlings

and propagules, hence, the need for nurseries. During the integrative

planning meeting with the DENR and the LGU, it was decided to establish

barangay nurseries. However, except for Batuan and Baladingan, the other

areas had very fragmented mangrove forests and limited area that could

be established as a nursery. Only Sitio Pandan, Macarthur, was identied

as having a site suitable for nursery establishment. Also, MacArthur has

a very well-established PO that could manage the nursery well after thisproject.

Policy implications on the rehabilitation of abandoned shponds,

the conduct of mangrove reforestation, and the establishment of

mangrove nurseries became evident during this project.The following are

recommended:

1. All shponds without approved leases should be reverted to the

government and reforested. The DENR should take a lead in this

effort per DENR Memorandum No. 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Joint Department

of Agriculture (DA)-DENR General Memorandum Order No. 3.


37/45


2. The remaining mangrove forests in Ticao should be declared

mangrove reserves to stop further encroachment. Again, this should

be spearheaded by the DENR since mangrove areas are consideredtimberlands.

3. Reforestation must be multi-species based on soil types, tidal exposure,

and dominance.


38/45


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Brailey, R. (Ed.) 1992. The Giant Clam: Hatchery and Nursery CultureManual. ACIAR Monograph No. 15, 144 pp.

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Calumpong, H.P. 1994. Status of Mangrove Resources in the Philippines.Proceedings of the ASEAN-Australia Third Symposium on LivingCoastal Resources, 139-145. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok,Thailand, 16-20 May, 1994.

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Calumpong, H.P., and E. Meez. 1997. Field Guide to the CommonMangroves, Seagrasses, and Algae of the Philippines. Makati City,Philippines: Bookmark, Inc.

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de Leon, R.O.D., and A.T. White. 1999. Mangrove Rehabilitation inthe Philippines. In An International Perspective on Wetland

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APPENDICES

ScienticNam

e

Local/CommonName

BA-

MO

FA-

MO

SA-

MO

PA-

MO

PO-

MO

BU- SJ

SR-SJ

TR-SJ

WA-

SJ

DA-

SF

BM-

BA

TrueMangroves

Arecaceae/Palmae

1.Nypafruticans(Thunb.)Wurmb.

Nipa

Avicenniace

ae

2.Avicenniamarina(Forssk.)Vierh

Miapi/Piapiputi

3.AvicenniaofcinalisL.

Miapi/Piapilaki

4.AvicennialanataRidley

Miapi/Piapilaki

Combretace

ae

5.Lumnitze

raracemosa

Willd.

Tabau/Kulasi

6.Lumnitze

ralittorea(Jack)Voigt

Sagasa

Euphorbiac

eae

7.ExcoecariaagallochaL.

Lipata/Buta-buta

Lythraceae

8.Pemphis

acidulaForster

Meliaceae

9.XylocarpusgranatumKoen.

Piagau

10.Xylocarpusmoluccensis(Lam.)Roem

.

Tabigue

+

+

+

+

+

+

Myrsinaceae

11.Aegicerascorniculatum(L.)Bl.

Saging-saging

12.

Aegicer

asoridumRoem.andSchult.

Tinduk-tindukan

Rhizophora

ceae

13.Rhizoph

oramucronataLamk.

Bakaw/Bakhaw-baye

AppendixTa

ble1.

Truemangrovean

dassociatespeciesinTi

caoIsland,

Masbate

Note:BA-MO=

Baladingan,Monreal;FA-MO=Famosa,Monreal;SA-MO=

Sawang,Monreal;PA-MO=Pandan,Monreal;PO-MO=

Poblacion,Monr

eal;BU-SJ=Burgos,SanJac

into;SR-SJ=Sta.Rosa,SanJacinto;TR-SJ=TacduganRiv

er,SanJacinto;WA-SJ=

SanJacinto;DA-SF=Daplian,SanFernando;

andBM-BA=BongsanglayNaturalPark,Batuan


42/45


AppendixTa

ble1(continued)

ScienticNam

e

Local/CommonName

BA-

MO

FA-

MO

SA-

MO

P

A-

M

O

PO-

MO

BU-SJ

SR-SJ

TR-SJ

WA-SJ

DA-

SF

BM-

BA

TrueMangroves

Rhizophora

ceae

14.Rhizoph

oraapiculataBl.

Bakaw/Bakhaw-la

ki

15.Rhizoph

orastylosaGriff.

Bakaw/Bakhawbatu

16.Bruguie

racylindrica(L.)Blume

Pototan/Langarai

17.Bruguie

ragymnorrhiza(L.)Lam.

Busaing

18.Bruguie

rasexangula(Lour.)Poir

Busaing

19.Ceriops

decandraDingHou

Tawing-tawing/La

pis-lapis

20.Ceriops

tagal(Perr.)C.B.Rob.

Tungog/Malatang

al

Rubiaceae

21.Scyphip

horahydrophyllaceaC.F.Gae

rtner

Sonneratia

ceae

22.SonneratiaalbaJ.Smith

Pagatpat

23.SonneratiaovataBacker

Buro-batuan;Bon

gkalo

Subtotal

19

19

81

5

12

13

5

16

10

18

19

MangroveAss

ociates

Acanthacea

e

1.Acanthus

ebracteatusVahl

Tagal-ang/Lagiwliw

2.Acanthus

ilicifoliusL.

Tagal-ang/Lagiwliw

Asclepiadaceae

3.FinlaysoniamaritimaBackerexK.Heyn

e

Bignoniaceae

4.Dolichandronespathacea(L.f.)K.Schu

m.

Tui


43/45


ScienticNam

e

Local/CommonName

BA-

MO

FA-

MO

SA-

MO

PA-

M

O

PO-

MO

BU-SJ

SR-SJ

TR-SJ

WA-

SJ

DA-

SF

BM-

BA

Clusiaceae

/Guttiferae

5.CalophylluminophyllumL.

Dangkalan/Bitaug

Convolvulaceae

6.Ipomoea

pes-caprae(L)R.Br.

Lambayong

Ebenaceae

7.DiospyrosmaritimaBl.

Kanumay

Fabaceae/

Leguminosae

8.Caesalpiniabonduc(L.)Roxb.

9.Intsiabiju

ga(Colebr.)Kuntze

Ipil

10.Pongam

iapinnata(L.)Pier.

Marok-arok/Balok-balok

11.Derrist

rifoliataLour.

Sig-id/Tubli

Goodeniac

eae

12.Scaevolafrutescens(Mill.)Krause

Malak-balak

Lecythidac

eae

13.Barringtoniaasiatica(L.)Kurz

Biton/Bolobito-on

Malvaceae

14.HibiscustiliaceusL.

Malubago

15.Termina

liacatappaL.

Talisay

Moraceae

16.Ficussp.

Pandanaceae

17.Pandan

ussp.

Pandan

AppendixTa

ble1(continued)

Note:BA-MO=

Baladingan,Monreal;FA-MO=Famosa,Monreal;SA-MO=

Sawang,Monreal;PA-MO=Pandan,Monreal;PO-MO=Pob

lacion,

Monreal;BU-SJ

=Burgos,SanJacinto;SR-SJ=Sta.Rosa,SanJacinto;TR-SJ=TacduganRiver,SanJac

into;WA-SJ=SanJacinto;

DA-SF=Daplian,SanFernando;andBM-BA=BongsanglayNaturalPark,B

atuan


44/45


AppendixTable1(continued)

ScienticNam

e

Local/CommonName

BA-

MO

FA-

MO

SA-

MO

PA-

MO

PO

-

MO

BU-SJ

SR-SJ

TR-SJ

WA-

SJ

DA-

S

F

BM-

BA

Polypodiaceae

18.Acrostic

humspeciosumWilld.

Lagolo

19.Acrostic

humaureumL.

Lagolo

Portulacace

ae

20.Sesuviu

mportulacastrum(L.)L.

Rubiaceae

21.MorindacitrifoliaL.

Nino/Apatot

Sterculiaceae

22.HeritieralittoralisDryandex.Wait

Dungon

Verbenacea

e

23.Vitexro

tundifoliaL.f.

24.Premna

odorataBlco.

Adyaw/Abgaw,Agbaw,Alagaw

Sub-total

13

9

10

6

5

3

0

5

6

7

13

Overalltotal

32

28

18

21

17

16

5

21

16

2

5

32

Note:BA-MO=

Baladingan,Monreal;FA-MO

=Famosa,Monreal;SA-MO=Sawang,Monreal;PA-MO=

Pandan,Monreal;PO-MO=P

oblacion,

Monreal;BU-SJ

=Burgos,SanJacinto;SR-SJ

=Sta.Rosa,SanJacinto;TR-SJ=TacduganRiver,SanJac

into;WA-SJ=SanJacinto;

DA-SF=Daplian,SanFernando;andBM-BA=BongsanglayNaturalPark,B

atuan


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