Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Through Mangrove Conservation and Rehabilitation
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Transcript of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Through Mangrove Conservation and Rehabilitation
J.H. Primavera ZSL Community-based Mangrove Rehabilitation Project
Iloilo City, Philippines
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION THROUGH MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION
seagrasses
corals
mangroves (13+-15 million ha)
W. Licuanan
MARINE HABITATS
Sources: Brown & Fischer, 1920; Arroyo, 1979; Fernando & Pancho, 1980; Tomlinson, 1986; Anon, 1996; Spalding et al., 1997; Yao, 1999; Norman Duke, AIMS, pers. comm.
Family Species Common name
Acanthaceae 1. Acanthus ebracteatus --2. A. ilicifolius --
Avicenniaceae 3. Avicennia alba Api-api4. A. officinalis Api-api5. A. marina Bungalon6. A. rumphiana Api-api
Bombacaceae 7. Camptostemon philippinensis Gapas gapas8. C. schultzii --
Combretaceae 9. Lumnitzera littorea Faban10. L. racemosa --11. L. rosea
c--
Euphorbiaceae 12. Excoecaria agallocha Alipata
Lythraceae 13. Pemphis acidula Bantigi
Meliaceae 14. Xylocarpus granatum Tabigi15. X. moluccensis Tabigi
Myrsinaceae 16. Aegiceras corniculatum Saging-saging17. A. floridum Tinduktindukan
Myrtaceae 18. Osbornia octodonta --
Palmae 19. Nypa fruticans Nipa
Family Species
Plumbaginaceae 20. Aegialitis annulata
Rhizophoraceae 21. Bruguiera cylindrica22. B. exaristata23. B. hainesii24. B. gymnorrhiza25. B. parviflora26. B. sexangula27. Ceriops decandra28. C. tagal29. Kandelia candel30. Rhizophora apiculata31. R. lamarckii
c
32. R. mucronata33. R. stylosa
Rubiaceae 34. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Sonneratiaceae 35. Sonneratia alba36. S. caseolaris37. S. gulngai
c
38. S. lanceolatac
39. S. ovata
MANGROVE SPECIES OF THE PHILIPPINES (Primavera et al, 2004)
Mangrove Species Diversity (Polidoro et al 2010)
Indo-Malay Philippine
Archipelago
USES OF MANGROVES
Coastal protection
Fisheries products
Forestry products
Habitat for wildlife
Artwork by Ta Luu
(Latief & Hadi,
2006)
Coastal Planning for Disaster Management Seminar – June 30, 2006
NATURAL BUFFERS
PHILIPPINE MANGROVE GREENBELT/OTHER LAWS (J.H. Primavera)
P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: mangrove strips in islands providing protection from high winds, typhoons shall not be alienated
P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove lease holders required to retain or replant 20-m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks
BFD A.O. 2 (1979) Min. 25% of total mangrove forest in given area completely protected as Mangrove Wilderness Areas
P.P. 2151 & 2152 (1981)
Declaration of 4,326 ha mangroves as wilderness areas, 74,767 ha as forest reserves
MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas: 100 m along shorelines, 50 m along riverbanks
DENR A.O. 76 (1987)
Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas/oceans and 20 m along riverbanks; lessees of FLA ponds required to plant 20-50 m-mangrove strip
DENR A.O. 77 (1988)
Integrated Social Forestry Program (provision of legal tenure incentives for co-management of forest resources)
DENR A.O. 123 (1990)
Award of 25-yr Community Forestry Management Agreement for small scale mangrove use, Rhizophora and Nypa plantations, aquasilviculture
DENR A.O. 15 (1990)
Policies on communal forests, plantations, tenure through Mangrove Stewardship Contracts; revert abandoned ponds to forest; ban cutting of trees in FLA areas; prohibit conversion of thickly vegetated areas
DENR A.O. 3 (1991) Policies and guidelines for Mangrove Stewardship Agreement
DENR A.O. 23 (1993)
Combined 3-yr Mangrove Reforestation Contract and 25-yr Forest Land Management Agreement into 25-yr FLMA for families (1-10 ha) and communities (10-1,000 ha)
Greenbelt: Kung
Krabaen, Thailand
No greenbelt:
Philippines
Photo Siri Tookwinas
Photo Vic Mancebo
MANILA BAY
J.H. Primavera
June 2011: Roxas Blvd-Manila Bay
(J.H. Primavera)
Roxas Blvd. – September 2011 (J.H. Primavera)
HARD STRUCTURES (ENGG) vs SOFT STRUCTURES
(GREENBELT)
GREENBELT/BUFFER ZONE
P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: retention (exclusion from pond
development) of 20 m wide mangrove strip along shorelines facing
oceans, lakes etc.
P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove leaseholders to retain/replant
20 m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks
MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas:
50-100 m along shorelines, 20-50 m along riverbanks
DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas, oceans
and 20 m along riverbanks
DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Pond leases required to plant 50 m mangrove strip
DENR A.O. 16 (1993) Guidelines for buffer zones in protected areas J.H. Primavera
What changes
climate?
Changes in:
– Sun’s output
– Earth’s orbit
– Drifting continents
– Volcanic eruptions
– Greenhouse gases
Sea-level rise over coming centuries following 70 years of excess greenhouse gas
emissions
200 400 600 800
Time from start (years)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Sea-l
evel
rise (
m) Total sea level rise
Ocean Expansion
Ice-melt
Greenhouse gas emissions -
Global warming
IPCC 2001 IPCC, 2001
Sea-Level Rise, over the coming millennium
Peaking in 2050
Vulnerability to flooding
(Nicholls & Canezave, 2010)
Sea-level trends
Most Vulnerable Mangroves
• low relief islands • lack of rivers • carbonate settings • subsiding areas • microtidal <2 meters, sediment-starved • blocked by coastal development/ steep topography
J.H. Primavera
Mangroves can keep up with sea level rise if:
- sedimentation rate keeps up with the rate of sea level rise
- substrates for retreat available in landward margins
mangroves
lost
move
landward
(Gilman et al, 2006)
Semeniuk,
1994
MANGROVES TO PONDS (J.H. Primavera)
(Duke 1992 )
MANGROVE AREA Spalding et al, 2010 - 152,360 sq km (=15.2 million ha)
- 123 countries, territories
Giri et al, 2010 - 137,760 sq km (=13.8 million ha)
- 118 countries, territories, <7% protected
aquaculture ponds salt beds agriculture
Oil spills harbors Vietnam War
MANGROVE THREATS (J.H. Primavera)
Natural: sealevel change, erosion
Anthropogenic: Oil spills, War
- Small-scale harvest: fuelwood, fishing poles,
- Large-scale conversion: salt beds, rice paddies, aquaculture
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• Restore/rehabilitate degraded areas (planned retreat:
• CC adaptation)
• Protect remaining forests (C sinks: CC mitigation)
MANGROVES PONDS
1918: 450,000 ha 1940: 61,000 ha
2003: 240,000 ha 1994: 232,000 ha
PRESENT MANGROVE: POND RATIO - 1: 1
IDEAL RATIO (Saenger et al 1983) - 4: 1
MANGROVE-AQUACULTURE INTEGRATION Mudcrab Culture in Mangrove Pens
J.H. Primavera
Darwin
Harbor,
Australia
Iriomote, Japan
(ISME, 1998)
Duke in Tomlinson,1986
Misguided planting of bakhaw Rhizophora –
WRONG SPECIES/ECOSYSTEM (J.H. Primavera)
After 3 mo
After 3 weeks
Correct Species: Avicennia
marina (J.H. Primavera)
50 meters 50 meters
WRONG SITE!! Seafront planting –
below MSL
J.H. Primavera
Machiwa &
Hallberg, 1995)
50 meters 50 meters
WRONG SITE!! Seafront planting –
below MSL
J.H. Primavera
Machiwa &
Hallberg, 1995)
MANGROVE REHABILITATION – SEAFRONT PLANTING VS POND REVERSION
(J.H. Primavera)
Supra/ Upper Intertidal (>80% survival)
Pond Reversion (50,000-80,000 ha
abandoned ponds)
Middle/Lower Intertidal/
Subtidal (~10% survival)
Seafront Planting
(<50,000 ha planted)
J.H. Primavera
Tigbauan,
Iloilo,
central
Philippines
1993 1989 2004
2006
Fisheries Code (Rep. Act 8550): Reversion of abandoned, unutilized and underdeveloped ponds back to mangroves
J.H. Primavera
relay
relay
relay
NURSERY
abandoned
pond big size: direct
planting
small: bagging
natural stand
Wildings from
Abandoned Pond
Nabitasan Natl H.S., Leganes, Iloilo
J.H. Primavera
2009-2012: pond-to-
mangrove reversion
in collaboraton w/
local govt. officials
(Leganes, Iloilo)
bungalon
dungon lipata
tabao
Photos J.H. Primavera
Green Carbon Blue Carbon
Brown Carbon
Black Carbon
C SINKS
(Donato et al, 2010)
MANGROVES
•0% of global deforestation emissions
• sequester up to 5x carbon in tropical
forest
• 0.7% area of tropical forests, but
destroyed 3-4x faster
•so key to mitigation of CC-GW
• also key to CC-SLR adaptation
Mangrove Valuation
Total Goods and Services
Costanza et al. (1997) PhP495,000/ha/yr ($9,900/ha/yr)
Spurgeon & Roxburgh (2005) PhP520,000/ha/yr ($10,400/ha/yr)
American Samoa (=$104,000/sq km/yr)
Sathirathai & Barbier (2001) PhP1.8-17.5 million/ha/yr ($27,000-35,000/ha/yr)
Thailand ($2.7-3.5 million/sq km/yr)
Wells et al (2006) PhP20-45 million/ha/yr
($200,000-900,000/ha/yr)
Individual Goods and Services
Fisheries: Ronnback 1999, 2000 PhP45,000-620,000 ($900-12,400/ha/yr)
Wood products (Malaysia) ($11,561/ha/yr)
Erosion control: Ruitenbeek 1992 PhP3,000/household/yr ($600/household/yr)
Waste disposal: Lal 1990 (Fiji) PhP264,000/ha/yr ($5,280/ha/yr)
Cabrera etal, 1998 (Mexico) PhP59,500/ha/yr ($1,190/ha/yr)
Coastal protection & waste PhP420,750/ha/yr ($8,414/ha/yr)
disposal (Costanza et al 1997)
14 years: from 1996 `discovery` by scientists to Jan. 2010 KII launching
AJUY, ILOILO
THE AGUSAN MARSH
Thank You