Manejo de Agua de Drenaje Agricola en Areas Aridas y Semi Aridas - FAO

5/17/2018 Manejo de Agua de Drenaje Agricola en Areas Aridas y Semi Aridas - FAO - slidepdf.com

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HML hbnaghkj mwcne lnakel "ac jg|rn!;

' H _$ xkj| hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn en| vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr "ac-jg|rn'

HY_S[HO Hne|rkj Ykjjnw _ncgmekj Sk|nr [~kjg|w Hme|rmj Omkrl




NH n NH mi xmgj sk|nr mi |bn xk|~rk|nl vkx|n "lX a!

' NH n6 geg|gkj NH n "lX a

!;'

NH n| lnxgrnl NH n "lX a!;

' NH ih NH mi xmgj sk|nr k| ignjl hkvkhg|w "lX a

!;'

NH ir_ NH mi vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr agnl sg|b xmgj xmj~|gme "lX a!;' NH cs NH mi crm~elsk|nr "lX a

!;'

NH G NH mi |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr "lX a!;

' NH GS NH mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr "lX a

!;'

NH GSg NH mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr aggec sg|b xmgj xmj~|gme "lX a!;

' NH _ NH mi |bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr "lX a

!;'

NH Xg NH mi Xg ge|nrhnv|nl ow x~ox~rikhn lrkgex "lX a!;

' NH XS NH mi |bn xmgj sk|nr "lX a

!;'

NH |x |brnxbmjl NH mi |bn n|rkh| irma xk|~rk|nl xmgj vkx|n "lX a!;

' nl lgx|rgo~|gme niighgnehw

NXV nhbkecnkojn xmlg~a vnrhne|kcn N\ nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme "aa' N\ hrmv hrmv nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme "aa' N\m rninrnehn hrmv nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme "aa' i jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmniighgne| i g jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmniighgne| mi sk|nr aggec sg|b xmgj xmj~|gme i r jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmniighgne| mi |bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr C hkvgjjkrw rgxn "aa' B bwlrk~jgh bnkl "a' b xmgj vrnxx~rn bnkl "a'

G |m|kj kvvjgnl grrgck|gme sk|nr "aa' GH^H grrgck|gme hmex~av|gyn ~xn hmniighgne| GN grrgck|gme niighgnehw GILA ge|ncrk|nl ikra lrkgekcn akekcnane| G c crm~elsk|nr grrgck|gme "aa' G g geigj|rk|nl grrgck|gme sk|nr "aa' GX grrgck|gme xkckhg|w G x x~rikhn grrgck|gme "aa' GS geigj|rk|nl sk|nr "aa' @ bwlrk~jgh hmel~h|gyg|w "a l

!;'

@ h hrmv hmniighgne|

@" β ' ~exk|~rk|nl bwlrk~jgh hmel~h|gyg|w "a l!;' @ x xk|~rk|nl bwlrk~jgh hmel~h|gyg|w "a l

!;'

JI jnkhbgec irkh|gme JI g jnkhbgec irkh|gme mi sk|nr aggec sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme J_ jnkhbgec rn{~grnane| J_ g jnkhbgec rn{~grnane| mi sk|nr aggec sg|b xmgj xmj~|gme A h akxx mi xkj|x rnamynl ow bkrynx|nl hrmvx "`c'



Kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| ge krgl kel xnag!krgl krnkx

Irkansmr` kel |nhbeghkj c~



? Vkr| G ‘ Irkansmr` kel |nhb




H

Ge|rm

ENNL IM_ L_KGEKCN MI G__GCK\NL JKELX

Jkrcn!xhkjn lnynjmvane| mi grrgck|gme bkx |k`ne vjkhn ge akew krgl kel xn

|bn jk|n egen|nne|b hne|~rw% Kj|bm~cb grrgck|gme bkx crnk|jw gehrnkxnl |bn kcrg

vm|ne|gkj* rnhbkrcn orm~cb| kom~| ow xnnvkcn jmxxnx irma |bn grrgck|gme vnrhmjk|gme irma ikra grrgck|gme bkx khh~a~jk|nl ge|m |bn ~elnrjwgec crm~

sk|nr |kojn rnx~j|x sbne grrgck|gme!gel~hnl rnhbkrcn gx crnk|nr |bke |bn ek

akew grrgck|nl krnkx krm~el |bn smrjl* rgxgec sk|nr |kojnx bkyn x~oxn{~ne|jw

kel kxxmhgk|nl xkjgeg|w vrmojnax% \bgx bkx bkvvnenl sbnrn lrkgekcn lnynjm

vkhn sg|b grrgck|gme lnynjmvane| mr sbnrn akge|nekehn mi lrkgekcn ikhgjg|g

encjnh|nl% Kx ke nkavjn mi |bn bgx|mrghkj rgxn ge |bn crm~elsk|nr |kojn ki|nr

jkrcn!xhkjn grrgck|gme* Igc~rn ; xbmsx |bn njnyk|gmex mi |bn crm~el x~rikhn ke

|bn vbrnk|gh jnynj ge ke grrgck|nl krnk ge V~edko* Vk`gx|ke%

Xkjgegtk|gme kiinh|x kom~| ?6‘86 agjjgme bk mi |bn smrjl‗x ?96 agjjgme b

IKM "?666'% \m akge|kge ikym~rkojn amgx|~rn hmelg|gmex imr mv|gakj hrmv cr

xmgj xkjgeg|w* lrkgekcn lnynjmvane| gx gelgxvnexkojn nxvnhgkjjw ge xkjgen c

Xanlnak n| kj % "?666' nx|gak|n |bk| h~rrne| lrkgekcn gavrmynane| vrmc

K HBKD LMKO _NHBEK LMKO OK_G LMKO

_kyg

Lnv|b ge akomyn a%x%j%

;76

IGC^_N ;

_gxn mi |bn crm~elsk|nr |kojn ge V~edko* Vk`gx|ke




|m mynrnvjmg|k|gme mi crm~elsk|nr rnxm~rhnx% \bnrnimrn* vrmojnax mi sk|nr

xkjgegtk|gme ge grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn krn hmeigenl vrgehgvkjjw |m xkjgen crm~elsk

|bn xkjgegtk|gme kel xmlgighk|gme mi kcrgh~j|~rkj jkelx rnx~j|gec irma grrgck|gme

vmmr!{~kjg|w sk|nr "akgejw crm~elsk|nr' gx gehrnkxgec rkvgljw% Kj|bm~cb i

h~rrne|jw kykgjkojn* akew hkxnx bkyn onne rnvmr|nl kel lmh~ane|nl imr akd

|bn smrjl gehj~lgec Xm~|b Kxgk* Xm~|bnkx| Kxgk* Hne|rkj Kxgk* Emr|b Kir

K~x|rkjgk* kel |bn ^eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk%

ENNL IM_ SK\N_ HMEXN_YK\GME KEL _N^XN

Ge rnxvmexn |m |bn gehrnkxgec smrjl vmv~jk|gme kel nhmemagh crms|b* sk|

b~ake hmex~av|gme sgjj gehrnkxn* xm gehrnkxgec |bn hmavn|g|gme imr sk|nr o

gel~x|rgkj* kcrgh~j|~rkj* neygrmeane|kj kel rnhrnk|gmekj ennlx% Gi vrnxne| |rn

sk|nr sg|blrkskj ~elnr vrnxne| vrkh|ghnx kel vmjghgnx* g| gx nx|gak|nl |bk| osgjj gehrnkxn ge amrn |bke 96 vnrhne| mi |bn smrjl "Hmxcrmyn kel _gdxonra

Ge |bgx rnxvnh|* vrmyglgec imml imr |bn crmsgec vmv~jk|gme gx k akdmr hbkjj

gx kjrnklw ow ikr |bn jkrcnx| sk|nr hmex~anr ge amx| rncgmex ge |bn smrjl* nh

kel N~rmvn% Me k cjmokj okxgx* kcrgh~j|~rn khhm~e|x imr 97 vnrhne| mi kjj

"IKM* ?666'% Kj|bm~cb |bn sk|nr rnxm~rhnx imr kcrgh~j|~rn krn mi|ne mynr~xn

cnenrkj onjgni gx |bk| grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn bkx |m nvkel ow ?6!86 vnrhne|

mrlnr |m vrml~hn x~iighgne| imml imr |bn crmsgec smrjl vmv~jk|gme% Ge mrlnr |m|bn sk|nr hrgxgx kel |m vrnyne| hmexglnrkojn imml xbmr|kcnx* |bn vrml~h|gyg|w

|m gehrnkxn% Ge m|bnr smrlx* |bn kam~e| mi imml vrml~hnl sg|b |bn xkan kam

|m gehrnkxn% \bgx gx vmxxgojn |brm~cb |bn hmexnryk|gme kel rn~xn mi |bn kykgjko

ge |bn kcrgh~j|~rn xnh|mr* gehj~lgec ~xkojn lrkgekcn sk|nrx%

\bn mynr~xn kel agx~xn mi sk|nr ge grrgck|nl

kcrgh~j|~rn bkx em| mejw rnx~j|nl ge jkrcn!xhkjn

sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjgeg|w kel mynrnvjmg|k|gme mi

crm~elsk|nr rnxm~rhnx* o~| kjxm ge |bn lnvrgygec mi

lmsex|rnka ~xnrx mi x~iighgne| sk|nr kel ge |bn

vm jj~ |gme mi ir nx b sk |n r rn xm~rhn x sg| b

hme|kagek|nl grrgck|gme rn|~re ijms kel lnnv

vnrhmjk|gme jmxxnx% Sk|nr vmjj~|gme kllx |m |bn

g g i g `

OMR;4 ENNL IM_ HMEXN

[^KJG\W ‘ NRKAVJN I_MA \

Ge |bn Krkj Xnk Okxge

grrgck|gme rn|~re sk|nr

wnkr% Amx| mi g| rn|~rex

";9‘;2 `a8'% Ge amx| rn

kjxm xnrynx lmanx|g

neygrmeane|kj v~rvmxn



9

g|x i~jj k||ne|gme me lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane|% Kcnelk ?; em| mejw x|rnxx

lrkgekcn kx k enhnxxkrw hmavjnane| |m grrgck|gme lnynjmvane| ge krgl kel xna

k| |bn xkan |gan g| ~rcnx |bn hmexnryk|gme kel rnhwhjgec mi irnxbsk|nr rnxm~rhn

ge|ncrk|nl rnxm~rhn akekcnane| "^EHNL* ;77?'% Ge akew hm~e|rgnx |bnxn

nxvnhgkjjw |bn hmehnre imr sk|nr {~kjg|w lncrklk|gme bkyn rnx~j|nl ge lrkgekcn

rnc~jk|gmex |m akge|kge |bn sk|nr {~kjg|w x|kelkrlx mi irnxbsk|nr omlgnx imr

kcrgh~j|~rkj* a~eghgvkj* gel~x|rgkj* neygrmeane|kj kel rnhrnk|gmekj ~xnx%

XHMVN MI \BGX V^OJGHK\GME

\bgx v~ojghk|gme imh~xnx me |bn akekcnane| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr irma ngx|gec lr

jmhk|nl ge grrgck|nl krnkx ge krgl kel xnag!krgl rncgmex% G| lmnx em| kllrnxx lnxgce

imr ens lrkgekcn xwx|nax ge ln|kgj kx |bnxn sgjj on |bn x~odnh| mi |bn imr|bhmageckel Lrkgekcn Vkvnr Vjkeegec kel lnxgce mi jkel lrkgekcn xwx|nax%

Imr ngx|gec lrkgekcn ikhgjg|gnx* vjkeenrx* lnhgxgme!ak`nrx kel necgennrx bk

lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex kykgjkojn |m k||kge |bngr lnynjmvane| cmkj

|bn sk|nrjmccnl kel xkjgegtnl krnk ge k hnr|kge lrkgekcn okxge sbgjx| akge|kgege

imr lmsex|rnka ~xnrx% \bn mv|gmex hke on lgyglnl ge|m im~r ormkl crm~vx mi an

hmexnryk|gme* "gg' lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn* "ggg' lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj* kel "gy'

|rnk|ane|% Nkhb mi |bnxn mv|gmex bkx hnr|kge vm|ne|gkj gavkh|x me |bn bwlrm

{~kjg|w ge ke krnk* kel sbnrn amrn |bke men mv|gme gx kvvjgnl k| k xg|n* ge|nrkh|gme

mhh~r% \bnrnimrn* vjkeenrx* lnhgxgme!ak`nrx kel necgennrx ennl |m bkyn k

xnjnh|gec irma kamec |bn ykrgm~x vmxxgogjg|gnx kel imr nykj~k|gec |bn gavkh| kel

|mskrlx |bn lnynjmvane| cmkjx% I~r|bnramrn* |nhbeghkj nvnr|gxn kel c~glnjgen

mv|gmex krn rn{~grnl |m nekojn nebkehnl kxxnxxane| mi |bn gavkh| mi |bn lgiinr

\bn modnh|gyn mi |bgx v~ojghk|gme gx |smimjl4

;% \m vrnxne| k irkansmr` |bk| sgjj nekojn vjkeenrx* lnhgxgme!ak`nrx kel necirma kamec |bn lgiinrgec lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex kel |m nykj~

kel hme|rgo~|gme |mskrlx |bn lnynjmvane| cmkjx0 kel

?% \m vrmygln |nhbeghkj c~glnjgenx imr |bn vjkeegec kel vrnvkrk|gme mi vrnjga

lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex%




kel {~kjg|k|gyn |nrax* ~elnr lgiinrgec lncrnnx mi klagegx|rk|gyn kel vmjghw c~glnj

kx snjj kx lgiinrgec lncrnnx mi |nhbemjmcghkj klykehnane|x kel vmxxgogjg|gnx

_MA hme|kgex |bn i~jj |n| mi |bnxn hkxn x|~lgnx%



2




H

Lnigegec |bn vrmojna kel

x

XWX\NA KVV_MKHB GE L_KGEKCN SK\N_ AKEKCNANE\

Sbne vjkeenrx* lnhgxgme!ak`nrx mr necgennrx ikhn |bn ennl imr k hbkecn

akekcnane|* |bn ek|~rn mi |bn nkh| vrmojna gx mi|ne em| hjnkr kel |bn

lnvnelx hmexglnrkojw me |bn gelgygl~kj‗x ygnsvmge|% Imr nkavjn* k ikran

vrmojna rnjk|nl |m lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| lnvnelx me |bn vbwxghkj hm

ikra om~elkrgnx kel akw lgiinr x~ox|ke|gkjjw irma |bmxn mi ke grrgck|gme lgx|

rnxm~rhn k~|bmrg|w mr neygrmeane|kj vrnxx~rn crm~v% Ge x~hb xg|~k|gmex* k xm

hke bnjv lnigen |bn vrmojna kel xnn` xmj~|gmex% K `nw ink|~rn mi |bn xmi| x

|bk| g| k||nav|x |m kymgl glne|giwgec vrmojnax kel xnn`gec xmj~|gmex irma me

kel nhj~lgec m|bnrx%

\bn hbkrkh|nrgx|gh mi k xwx|na gx |bk|* kj|bm~cb g| hke on lgyglnl ge|m x~oxwkx k sbmjn |m khbgnyn g|x modnh|gynx% \bn x~hhnxxi~j i~eh|gmegec mi k xwx|na

snjj g| xk|gxignx hbkecgec n|nrekj kel ge|nrekj lnakelx% \bn xwx|na g|xnji

~egynrxn% Ge kjj ek|~rkj mr kcrgh~j|~rkj xwx|nax* |bnrn ngx|x k bgnrkrhbw mi jn

Bnxx* ;777'% Imr grrgck|nl hrmv vrml~h|gme |bgx bgnrkrhbw agcb| on4

  ogmhbnaghkj kel vbwxghkj xwx|nax0

  vjke| kel hrmvvgec xwx|na0

  ikragec xwx|na0

  grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn xwx|nax0

  rncgmekj* rgynr! mr lrkgekcn!okxge xwx|na0 kel

  x~vrk!rncgmekj xwx|nax%



Lnigegec |bn vrmojna kel ;6

Me!ikra sk|nr akekcnane|

Hmeynwkehn kellgx|rgo~|gme

_nhngygec sk|nr Hmjjnh|gme kel

lgxvmxkj mi

lrkgekcn sk|nr

_ncgmekjSk|nr X~vvjw

IGC^_N ?

Nkavjn mi k sk|nr akekcnane| xwx|na sg|bge ke grrgck|gme lgx|rgh|

8% \bn njnane|x sg|bge |bn xwx|na krn i~eh|gmekj smr gec vkr|x mi |bn xwx|na% \

xwx|na mvnrk|nx kel onbkynx lnvnelx me |bn ge|nrkh|gmex on|snne |bn njnane

Njnane|x hm~jl on lnhmavmxnl ge|m xakjjnr x~oxwx|nax% \bn jnynj mi ln|kgj

xvnhgigh modnh|gynx mi |bn xwx|nax kekjwxgx% Imr nkavjn* ge xwx|nax kekjw

sk|nr akekcnane|* g| sm~jl on gavmr|ke| |m xbms gelgygl~kj ikrax kx x~ox

me!ikra sk|nr akekcnane| lnigenx |m k crnk| n|ne| |bn |m|kj {~ke|g|w ke

cnenrk|nl lrkgekcn sk|nr%

<% Kx |bn hrnk|mr mi |bn xwx|na gakcn* k xwx|nax kekjwx| lnigenx k vkr|gh~jkr vn

kem|bnr kekjwx| mi lgiinrgec lgxhgvjgekrw |rkgegec akw vrml~hn k lgiinrne| ga

Sbne kvvjwgec k xwx|nax kvvrmkhb* k| igrx| g| gx enhnxxkrw |m gehj~ln kjj

vgh|~rn sbn|bnr |bnw rnjk|n |m vbwxghkj* |nhbeghkj* nhmemagh* jnckj* vmjg|ghkj mr

hmexglnrk|gmex kx snjj kx kew x~odnh|gyn hmexglnrk|gmex okxnl me |bn ~elnrx|

ykj~nx kel onjgnix mi |bn x|k`nbmjlnrx geymjynl% K vrnak|~rn nhj~xgme mi gav

akw rnx~j| ge k x~omv|gakj hm~rxn mi kh|gme "Mvne egynrxg|w* ;773'% Igc~rn 8 xb

mi k xgavjgignl bmjgx|gh vgh|~rn mi |bn me!ikra sk|nr akekcnane| x~oxwx|na%

hme|kgex k ag|~rn mi vbwxghkj* nhmemaghkj* xmhgkj* jnckj kel x~odnh|gyn hmexgl

bkyn xman gavmr|ke| geij~nehn me me!ikra sk|nr akekcnane|%

Sbnrn hbkecnx ge lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| krn enhnxxkrw* k xgavjn an|

vrnln|nragenl rnx~j|x agcb| em| smr`% _k|bnr* k amrn mvne!nelnl geynx|gck|

IGC^_N 8




rn{~grnl ge sbghb gavmr|ke| kyne~nx krn nvjmrnl kel hmexglnrnl kel ge sbg

g|nrk|gyn vrmhnxxnx% \bn m~|hman mi x~hb ke geynx|gck|gyn kvvrmkhb gx em| enh

igekj xmj~|gme o~| rk|bnr k xmj~|gme |bk| xnnax onx| imr |bmxn geymjynl* imr |bk|~elnr |bmxn vkr|gh~jkr hgrh~ax|kehnx% Kx |bn n|nrekj neygrmeane| kel ge|nre

hmex|ke|jw* |bn ag mi xmj~|gmex kel ennlx imr hbkecn krn hbkecgec hme|ge~m~

khbgnynl hbkecnx |bnaxnjynx cgyn ens gexgcb|x ge|m vrmhnxxnx kel nekojn k h

vrmhnxx%

\bn xmi| xwx|na kvvrmkhb |m glne|giwgec hk~xnx kel xnn`gec xmj~|gmex |k`nx

hmexglnrk|gmex ge|m khhm~e|% \bn xmi| xwx|na an|bmlmjmcw gx k xnyne!x|kcn kvv

;72;' |bk| bkx onne klmv|nl kel kld~x|nl imr e~anrm~x v~rvmxnx% Igc~rn < v|bn xmi| xwx|na an|bml% \bn xmi| xwx|na an|bmlmjmcw skx lnynjmvnl imr a

|bn hme|n| mi b~ake kh|gyg|w xwx|nax* g%n% k xn| mi kh|gyg|gnx ~elnr|k`ne ow vnm

ge k jmcghkj x|r~h|~rn |m hmex|g|~|n k v~rvmxni~j sbmjn "Hbnh`jkel* ;727'%

akekcnane| gx k hmavjn ag mi b~ake kh|gyg|w kel ek|~rkj kel lnxgcen

xwx|na kvvrmkhb vrnxne|nl ge |bgx hbkv|nr gx em| k lgrnh| ge|nrvrn|k|gme m

;% \bn vrmojna

xg|~k|gme ~ex|r~h|~rnl

?% \bn vrmojna

xg|~k|gme nvrnxxnl

8% _mm| lnigeg|gmex mi

rnjnyke| xwx|nax

<% Hmehnv|~kj amlnjx

kel xhnekrgmx

>% Hmavkrgxme mi <

sg|b ?

9% Lnigeg|gme

inkxgojn lnxgr

hbkecnx

3% Kh|gme |m xmjyn |bn

vrmojna mr gavrmyn

|bn xg|~k|gmeIgelgec m~|

Imra~jk|gec

lnxgrnl xg|~k|gme

O~gjlgec amlnjxNykj~k|gec amlnjx

\k

Ameg|mrgec ) nykj~k|gme

IGC^_N <

\bn xnyne x|kcnx ge |bn xmi| xwx|na an|bmlmjmcw

Xm~rhn4 ki|nr O~x|krl n| kj %* ?666%



Lnigegec |bn vrmojna kel ;?

hmelg|gmex okxnl me vnmvjn‗x vnrhnv|gme mi |bn glnkj xg|~k|gme% \bn hmelg|gmex

x~odnh|gyn gexmikr kx |bnw krn okxnl me vnrxmekj mr hmaa~ekj modnh|gynx geij~n

ek|gmekj nhmemagh* xmhgkj* h~j|~rkj* nhmjmcghkj kel jnckj am|gynx* emrax kel ykj~

X|nv ;% Ke kekjwxgx mi |bn vrmojna kel |bn xnkrhb imr xmj~|gmex x|kr|x ge k

xmanmen mr k crm~v mi vnmvjn vnrhngynx |bk| |bnrn gx k vrmojna% K| |bg

em| on vmxxgojn |m lnigen |bn vrmojna sg|b vrnhgxgme* kx lgiinrne| vnmv

bkyn lgiinrgec vnrhnv|gmex mi |bn vrmojna%

X|nv ?% \bn igrx| x|nv ge imra~jk|gec |bn vrmojna amrn vrnhgxnjw gx |m glne|giw kjj

geymjynl kel |bngr rnjk|gme |m |bn vrmojna% \m imra sbk| gx hkjjnl |bn rgh

njnane|x a~x| on gehj~lnl sbn|bnr |bnw rnjk|n |m vbwxghkj* |nhbeghkj* n vmjg|ghkj mr klagegx|rk|gyn hmexglnrk|gmex kjmec sg|b x~odnh|gyn hmexgln

~elnrx|kelgec* emrax* ykj~nx kel onjgnix mi |bn x|k`nbmjlnrx geymjynl% G| g

|m n|rkh| krnkx mi hmeijgh| mr lgxkcrnnane| kx snjj kx |bn `nw |kx`

~elnr|k`ne sg|bge |bn vrmojna xg|~k|gme%

X|nv 8% Mehn |bn vrmojna xg|~k|gme bkx onne kekjwxnl kel nvrnxxnl irma |bn

rnjnyke| xwx|nax kel x~oxwx|nax hke on lnigenl% \bnxn xwx|nax hk

geimrakj kel krn |bmxn |bk| hkrrw m~| v~rvmxni~j kh|gyg|gnx |bk| sgjj jnkl mr njgagek|gme mi |bn vrmojna xg|~k|gme% Nkavjnx mi k rnjnyke| xwx|na s

mi lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| agcb| on ke me!ikra sk|nr akekcn

xwx|na imr lnynjmvane| mi sk|nr {~kjg|w r~jnx kel rnc~jk|gme imr lrkgekc

mr k jkel!~xn vjkeegec xwx|na% Ke kekjwxgx mi |bn ykrgm~x njnane|x gey

ykj~kojn gexgcb| ge|m lgiinrne| vnrxvnh|gynx me kel hmex|rkge|x x~rrm~elg

Imr nkhb rnjnyke| xwx|na* k rmm| lnigeg|gme hke on imra~jk|nl% K rmm

imra~jk|gme mi |bn rnjnyke| xwx|na kel |bn v~rvmxn mi |bn xwx|na |m khb

ge sbghb |bn vrmojna gx okjkehnl m~| mr njgagek|nl% Nkhb rmm| lnige vkr|gh~jkr vnrxvnh|gyn mi |bn xwx|na ~elnr geynx|gck|gme% Ge cnenrkj* k

xbm~jl gehj~ln |bn imjjmsgec geimrak|gme4 sbk| |bn v~rvmxni~j kh|gyg|w h

xwx|na gx0 sbm |bn ‒msenr‗ mi |bn xwx|na gx0 sbm |bn onenighgkrgnx

v~rvmxni~j kh|gyg|w krn0 sbm sgjj gavjnane| |bn kh|gyg|w0 kel sbk| |bn h

neygrmeane| krn |bk| x~rrm~el |bn xwx|na "Hbnh`jkel ;727' Krmm| l

Ge |bn ignjl mi kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane|* |bn rmm| hk~xn mi |bn vr

kjskwx x|nax irma b~ake ge|nrinrnehn ge |bn ek|~rkj neygrmeane|%




XNN@GEC XMJ^\GMEX

X|nv <% Me |bn okxgx mi |bn rmm| lnigeg|gmex* hmehnv|~kj amlnjx ennl |m on

amlnjx gehj~ln kjj |bn vrmokojn kh|gyg|gnx kel ankx~rnx |bk| |b

gavjnane| |m khbgnyn |bn rmm| lnigeg|gme% Ge m|bnr smrlx* kj|nrek|gy

on imra~jk|nl% \bgx geymjynx lmgec x~iighgne| smr` me |bn |nhbeghk

sbghb ennl |m on lnigenl* ge mrlnr |m nekojn xm~el lnhgxgme!a

ankx~rkojn gelghk|mrx ennl |m on nx|kojgxbnl |m hmavkrn |bn rnx~j|

amlnjx sg|b |bn kekjwxnl xg|~k|gme mr okxn hkxn% Kx |bn imra~jk|

okxnl me k |bmrm~cb kekjwxgx mi |bn xwx|nax* g| xbm~jl |k`n ge|m hm

modnh|gynx* vmxxgogjg|gnx kel hmex|rkge|x%

X|nv >% \bn en| x|nv gx |m hmavkrn |bn xhnekrgmx mr hmehnv|~kj amlnjx

kekjwxgx% \bn glnk gx |m |nx| |bn xhnekrgmx kel lnhgln sbn|bnr |bn ga

xhnekrgm sm~jl rnxmjyn |bn lnigenl `nw gxx~nx%

X|nv 9% Gi g| sm~jl* g| ennlx |m on geynx|gck|nl kel |bnrn ennlx |m on lnok|

hbkecnx vrmvmxnl* rnx~j|gec irma gavjnane|k|gme mi |bn xhnekrgm*

kel inkxgojn% Sbk| gx lnxgrkojn kel sbk| gx inkxgojn agcb| hjkxb kx

modnh|gynx* vmxxgogjg|gnx kel hmex|rkge|x%

X|nv 3% \bn igekj x|nv gx |m lnigen |bn ankx~rnx kel hbkecnx |m on gavjna

XVK\GKJ GXX^NX

Lrkgekcn sk|nr vrmojnax ykrw ge xvkhn kel |gan l~n akgejw |m xmgj bn|nrm

akekcnane| vrkh|ghnx% \bn imjjmsgec nkavjn gjj~x|rk|nx bms xvk|gkj ykrg

|k`ne ge|m khhm~e| ge |bn vrmojna kekjwxgx* kel kjxm bms g| geij~nehnx |bn m

Gavrmynane|x ennlnl |m agegagtn mr hmrrnh| k vkr|gh~jkr lrkgekcn svrmojna akw hmexgx| mi vbwxghkj x|r~h|~rnx* eme!vbwxghkj gavrmynane|

gavrmynane|x hm~jl geymjyn ~xgec grrgck|gme sk|nr hmexnryk|gynjw

akekcnane| vrkh|ghnx kjmec sg|b rncgmekj lrkgekcn vrkh|ghnx x~hb kx rlrkgekcn sk|nr |m ann| skx|n lgxhbkrcn rn{~grnane|x% Eme!vbwxghkj g

gehj~ln gavjnane|gec |gnrnl sk|nr vrghgec |m nehm~rkcn crmsnrx |m ~x

hbkrcgec k vnekj|w imr mynr~xn%



Lnigegec |bn vrmojna kel ;<

IGC^_N >

\mvmcrkvbw kel om~elkrgnx mi |bn

Lgx|rgh|

hmavmene|x ~xgec lk|k hmjjnh|nl ow |bn

sk|nr lgx|rgh|% I~r|bnramrn* |bnw

lnynjmvnl kel nykj~k|nl xvk|gkjjw

lgx|rgo~|nl lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj

hmx|gec x|rk|ncgnx% \bn imjjmsgec gx k orgni

mynrygns mi |bngr rnxnkrhb igelgecx%

\bn Vkemhbn Sk|nr Lgx|rgh|* xg|~k|nl

ge |bn snx|nre xgln mi |bn Xke Dmk{~ge

Ykjjnw* gx k |wvghkj nkavjn mi k sk|nr

lgx|rgh| |bk| ennlx |m hmvn sg|b lgxvmxkj

jgag|k|gme ge |bn imra mi xnjneg~a jmkl

|krcn|x% Igc~rn > xbmsx |bk| |bn lgx|rgh|

jgnx me |sm kjj~ygkj ikex kel gx cnenrkjjw

ijk| sg|b xjmvnx mi em| amrn |bke ; vnrhne|

|rnelgec ge k emr|bnkx|nrjw lgrnh|gme%

\bn crm~elsk|nr ge |bn Jg||jn

Vkemhbn Hrnn` kjj~ygkj ike hme|kgex

xmlg~a!hbjmrgln |wvn sk|nr* rnjk|gynjw jms

ge xkj| hme|ne|* kel sg|b xnjneg~a

hmehne|rk|gmex rkecgec irma ; |m ?3

¾c-jg|rn "Wm~ec kel Skjjnelnr* ?666o'%

Ge hme|rkx|* |bn crm~elsk|nr ge |bnVkemhbn Hrnn` kjj~ygkj ike hme|kgex

xmlg~a!x~jvbk|n |wvn sk|nr* rnjk|gynjw

bgcb ge xkj| hme|ne|* kel sg|b xnjneg~a

hmehne|rk|gmex rkecgec irma ?6 |m

<66 ¾c-jg|rn% L~n |m mynrgrrgck|gme xgehn

|bn ge|rml~h|gme mi x~rikhn sk|nr lnjgynrw

xwx|nax ge |bn ;7>6x* |bn sk|nr |kojn

rmxn |m sg|bge ;‘8 a mi |bn crm~elx~rikhn% X~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn skx

gex|kjjnl sbghb akge|kgenl x~hhnxxi~jjw

|bn sk|nr |kojn k| ke khhnv|kojn jnynj imr

kcrgh~j|~rn% Bmsnynr* l~n |m grrgck|gme

l l g g b jj

Xm~rhn4 Wm~ec kel Skjjnelnr* ?666k%

IGC^_N 9

Kee~kj rnhbkrcn |m crm~elsk|nr ge V

Lgx|rgh|

aa

!;?66 ! !2

!266 ! !<6

!<66 ! 6




mhh~rrnl ge |bn hne|rn kel emr|bsnx|nre

vkr| mi |bn lgx|rgh| |bk| hmrrnxvmelx sg|b

|bn jmhk|gme mi crnk|nx| lrkgekcn% Xkj|x

ne|nrnl |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr ygk |bn

crm~elsk|nr sg|b |bn akga~a

mhh~rrgec k| |bn kjj~ygkj ike om~elkrgnx%

Khh~a~jk|gme mi xkjgeg|w mhh~rrnl jkrcnjwge |bn lrkgenl rncgmex sg|b |bn akga~a

mhh~rrgec rm~cbjw ge |bn rncgmex mi

akga~a crm~elsk|nr rnhbkrcn% Ge |bn

~elrkgenl rncgmex* amrn xkj| skx

rnamynl irma x|mrkcn kx hmavkrnl |m

|bn lrkgenl rncgmex* hk~xnl ow crnk|nr

lnnv vnrhmjk|gme ge |bn ~elrkgenl krnkx

hm~vjnl sg|b xkj| vgh`~v%

Igc~rn 3 xbmsx |bk| |bn kam~e| mi

xnjneg~a rnamynl ow |bn lrkgex skx

crnk|nx| me |bn Vkemhbn Hrnn` kjj~ygkj

ike kel |bn ge|nrike% \bn lrkgekcn xwx|na

rnamynl xnjneg~a |brm~cb crm~elsk|nr

lgxhbkrcn% Xnjneg~a x|mrkcn ge |bn

~elrkgenl krnkx lnhrnkxnl ge vrmvmr|gme |m |bn ymj~an mi lnnv vnrhmjk|gme

krnkx xnjneg~a khh~a~jk|nl ge krnkx xgagjkr |m |bmxn sbnrn |m|kj xkj| x|mrkc

Kxx~agec k hbkrcn me lrkgekcn ymj~an* xvk|gkj lgx|rgo~|gme mi k lrkgekcn

sm~jl ~eikgrjw kiinh| crmsnrx me |bn Jg||jn Vkemhbn kjj~ygkj ike sbnrn rnjk|g

mrgcgek|nx% Ge hme|rkx|* k hbkrcn jnygnl vnr `gjmcrka mi xnjneg~a lgxhbkrcnl

xwx|nax sm~jl rnx~j| ge crmsnrx me |bn Vkemhbn Hrnn` kjj~ygkj ike kel |bn ge

imr lrkgekcn lgxvmxkj ge khhmrlkehn sg|b |bn bgcbnr xnjneg~a jmklx% Eng|bnr

mi kxxnxxgec lrkgekcn vnekj|gnx kllrnxxnx |bn vmmr sk|nr akekcnane| ge |bn

krnkx |bk| hme|rgo~|n |m lmsexjmvn lrkgekcn vrmojnax% K amrn n{~g|kojn hbmi xnjneg~a lgxhbkrcnl ge|m |bn neygrmeane| irma k hme|rmj ymj~an sm~jl kh

lnnv vnrhmjk|gme kx snjj kx rnijnh| lgiinrnehnx ge xnjneg~a jmklgec hk~xnl ow c

"Wm~ec kel Skjjnelnr* ?666o'%

IGC^_N 3

Kee~kj kam~e| mi Xn rnamynl o

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E

; 6 ; ? 8 @gjman|rnx

Jg||jn Vkemhbn Hrnn`kjj~ygkj ike

Ge|nrike lnvmxg|x

Xm~rhn4 Wm~ec kel Skjjnelnr* ?666o%




\bn |nrax xgavjn kel hmavjghk|nl ge rnjk|gme |m necgennrgec mr i~eh|gmekj kel x

krn rk|bnr x~odnh|gyn% \bn lgx|geh|gme on|snne xhgne|gigh kel i~eh|gmekj rninrx

v~rvmxn mi amlnjjgec kel |bn ge|nelnl ~xnx* o~| kjxm gavjghg|jw |m |bn kvvrmkhb

amlnjx krn okxnl%

\bn |brnn akge crm~vx mi amlnjjgec kvvrmkhbnx krn anhbkegx|gh* navgrghkj

kvvrmkhbnx% Anhbkegx|gh* mr kx Smmjbgxnr kel Ork`nexgn` ";72?' lnigen |bna* v

amlnjx krn okxnl me emse i~elkane|kj vbwxghkj vrmhnxxnx kel njnane|krw jksx

amlnjjgec* |bgx kvvrmkhb gx kjxm `emse kx |bn Lkrhgke kvvrmkhb% Kx |bgx kvvrm

njnane|krw jksx g| xbm~jl on* |bnmrn|ghkjjw* ykjgl ~elnr kew cgyne hmelg|gme k

|rkexinrkogjg|w gx n|rnanjw bgcb% Me |bn m|bnr bkel* navgrghkj kvvrmkhbnx krn ok

|bk| krn nx|kojgxbnl me ke nvnrgane|kj okxgx kel krn emrakjjw mejw ykjgl imr

~elnr sbghb |bnw bkyn onne lnrgynl% Igekjjw* hmehnv|~kj hkjh~jk|gme kvvrmkhb

|bn amlnjjnr‗x ~elnrx|kelgec mi i~elkane|kj vbwxghkj vrmhnxxnx kel njnane|krw

krn em| ~xnl kx x~hb |m xmjyn k vrmojna% Gex|nkl* k hmehnv| mi |bn rnkjg|w gx ~

vrmojna% \bn onx|!`emse nkavjn gx |bn o~h`n|!|wvn kvvrmkhb |m lnxhrgon |b

|brm~cb ~exk|~rk|nl xmgj%

Xhgne|gigh amlnjx ak`n ~xn mi anhbkegx|gh hkjh~jk|gme kvvrmkhbnx sbneny

kymgl |bn ~xn mi navgrghkj kel hmehnv|~kj kvvrmkhbnx% Ge hme|rkx|* i~eh|gmek

gehj~ln kew mi |bn |brnn hkjh~jk|gme kvvrmkhbnx% Bnrn* anhbkegx|gh kvvrmkhbnx a

kx jmec kx |bnw lm em| hmeijgh| sg|b m|bnr rn{~grnl amlnj hbkrkh|nrgx|ghx x~hb k

xbmr| hkjh~jk|gme |gan% Navgrghkj kel hmehnv|~kj kvvrmkhbnx krn ~xnl ge i~eh|

|bn mejw hmehnre gx |bk| |bn amlnj xnrynx g|x ge|nelnl v~rvmxn%

_ncgmekj amlnjx

\bn navjmwane| mi k rkecn mi lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex rnx~j|x ge h

ge|nrkh|gmex kel |rkln!miix em| mejw ge |bn vjkhn sbnrn |bn ankx~rn gx gavjnan

kldkhne| kel lmsex|rnka krnkx% \m nekojn lnhgxgme!ak`nrx* akekcnrx kel necg

irma lgiinrne| mv|gmex kel |m x|~lw |bn niinh|x mi ykrgm~x kj|nrek|gynx* rncgmekj xga

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kel |brm~cb |bn grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn hmel~g|x% _ncgmekj amlnjx emrakjjw rn{~gr

mi lk|k* kel amlnj hkjgork|gme kel ykjglk|gme gx k |gan!hmex~agec nnrhgxn% G

xhmvn mi |bgx rnvmr| |m ge|rml~hn |bn ykrgm~x amlnjx |bk| bkyn onne lnynjmvnl

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akxx mi xkj|x ge crm~elsk|nr a~x| on hmexglnrnl ge N{~k|gme <% L~n |m |bn e

|m x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn hmjjnh|mr jgenx* |bn x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn hmjjnh|nl kel

mi lnnv vnrhmjk|gme irma |bn rmm|tmen kel ge|nrhnv|nl xbkjjms crm~elsk|n

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|m |bn |gjn lrkgekcn niij~ne| okxnl me hbjmrgln akxx okjkehn% \bnw kjxm nx|ga

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Lnigegec |bn vrmojna kel ?6




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kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgek

akekcnane| a

LNIGEG\GME MI L_KGEKCN SK\N_ AKEKCNANE\ KEL \KX@X GEYMJYNL

Ge |bn hme|n| mi |bgx v~ojghk|gme* lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| rninrx |m |bhme|rmj mynr |bn {~ke|g|w kel {~kjg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr cnenrk|nl ge ke kc

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gehj~lgec4

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xmgj amgx|~rn hmelg|gmex imr mv|gakj hrmv crms|b kel xkjgeg|w hme|rmj0

  lnynjmvgec grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| x|rk|ncgnx |m ne

rnc~jk|gmex kel sk|nr {~kjg|w x|kelkrlx krn an| kel lnkjgec sg|b gxx~nx* vrm

|bk| agcb| mhh~r0

  xn||gec lgx|rgo~|gme vrgmrg|gnx kel hrg|nrgk imr rn~xn ge sk|nr xhkrhn krnkx

  nx|kojgxbgec hmx| xbkrgec gavmxnl me x|k`nbmjlnrx imr |bn ~xn mi vmmr

rn{~grnl |rnk|ane| |m ann| |bn sk|nr {~kjg|w x|kelkrlx imr lrkge lgxhbkr

L_GYGEC IM_HNX ONBGEL L_KGEKCN SK\N_ AKEKCNANE\

\bn akge rnkxmex imr lnynjmvgec k lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| x|rk|ncw kr

nhmemagh kel kcrgh~j|~rkj jmxxnx irma sk|nrjmccgec* xkjgegtk|gme kel sk|nr {

"gg' hmehnre imr {~kjg|w lncrklk|gme mi xbkrnl sk|nr rnxm~rhnx0 kel "ggg' |b



Irkansmr` imr xnjnh|gec* nykj~k|gec kel kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgekcn sk??

VBWXGHKJ L_KGEKCN SK\N_ AKEKCNANE\ MV\GMEX

Igc~rn 7 glne|gignx |bn vbwxghkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex |bk| krn kykgj

lnhgxgme!ak`nrx kel necgennrx kel bms |bnw rnjk|n |m men kem|bnr% \bn ankx

crm~vnl ge|m im~r hk|ncmrgnx4 sk|nr hmexnryk|gme* lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn* lrkgekcn

kel lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj ankx~rnx%

Hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx

K akdmr cmkj mi hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx gx |m rnl~hn |bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn nii

kel |bn akxx lgxhbkrcn mi xkj|x kel m|bnr hmex|g|~ne|x mi hmehnre sbgjn k| |bn xk

IGC^_N 7

Vbwxghkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex kel bms |bnw rnjk|n |m men kem|

H m e x n r y k | g m e

Xm~rhn rnl~h|gme Xbkjjms

crm~elsk|nr |kojn

Crm~elsk|nr

akekcnane|

Jkel rn|grn

Hbkecn gehrmvvgec vk||nre

³ Vrnyne| nhmemagh kel kcrgh~j|~rkj jmxxnx kx k

rnx~j| mi sk|nrjmccgec** xkjgegtk|gme kel sk|nr

{~kjg|w lncrklk|gme%

³ Lgrnh| sk|nr hmexnryk|gme imr m|bnr ~xnrx mi |bn

xkan sk|nr xm~rhn ge sk|nr xhkrhn krnkx%

³ Hmavjw sg|b lrkgekcn sk|nr {~kjg|w rnc~

|bk| kga |m4

;% Akge|kge sk|nr {~kjg|w x|kelkrlx mi x

sk|nr omlgnx imr m|bnr lmsex|rnka ~kcrgh~j|~rn* a~eghgvkjg|gnx* gel~x|rgnxkel rnhrnk|gme%

?% _nl~hn |bn lrkgekcn ijms imr krnkx s

lgxvmxkj mv|gmex%

_n~xn ge

hmeyne|gmekj

kcrgh~j|~rn

Ge|ncrk|nl Ikra

Lrkgekcn Akekcnane|

Xwx|nax

‚Hmed~eh|gyn‑ ~xn

OjnelgecHwhjgh

~xn

Ge|rk! Ge|nr!

_n~x_n!~xn imr

rnhjkak|gme mi

xkj|!kiinh|nl xmgjx

Hbkecn gehrmvvgec vk||nre

_ n ~ x n Lgrnh| ~xn Xkj| bkrynx|

)

~|gjgtk|gme

L r g y g e c i m r h n




sk|nr imr m|bnr onenighgkj ~xnx% Hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx hke lgrnh|jw kiinh

n|ne| mi rn~xn kx snjj kx |bn {~ke|g|w kel {~kjg|w mi lrkgekcn niij~ne| rn{~gr

|rnk|ane|% Sbnrn hmavn|g|gme imr sk|nr {~ke|g|w kel {~kjg|w kamec lgiinrne

k akdmr gxx~n kel sbnrn lrkgekcn niij~ne| lgxvmxkj gx hmex|rkgenl "kx ge k hjm

mr |brnk|nex nhmjmcghkjjw xnexg|gyn krnkx* hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx krn kam

hmexglnrnl% \bn ykrgm~x hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx gehj~ln4 xm~rhn rnl~h|gme

xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr |kojn akekcnane| "XDYLGV* ;777k kel ;777i'0 crm~el"XDYLGV* ;777i'0 kel jkel rn|grnane| "XDYLGV* ;777h'% \kojn ? vrmyglnx k x

|bn im~r hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx kel xman vmge|x imr hmexglnrk|gme%

\bn igrx| jgen mi kh|gme ge me!ikra sk|nr hmexnryk|gme gx xm~rhn rnl~h|gm

vnrhmjk|gme Sbnrn |bn cmkj gx em| khbgnykojn ow xm~rhn rnl~h|gme g| ak

\KOJN ?Hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx* vrkh|ghnx kel vmge|x imr hmexglnrk|gme

Mv|gme Vrkh|ghnx Vmge|x imr hmexglnrk|gme

Xm~rhnrnl~h|gme

_nl~hn |bn ymj~an mi lnnvvnrhmjk|gme |brm~cb4 gavrmygecgrrgck|gme vnrimrakehn ow x~rikhngrrgck|gme* hbkecgec irma x~rikhn |mvrnhgxgme grrgck|gme an|bmlx* amlgiwgec

grrgck|gme xhbnl~jnx* ~vcrklgecgrrgck|gme geirkx|r~h|~rn* n|h%

Ikra! kel xwx|na!jnynj gavrmynane|x bkyn |m on hmrncgmekj onenig|x% Xkjgegtk|gme|mgh njnane|x ge |bn rmm|tmenow c~krke|nngec agega~a jnkh

Xbkjjmscrm~elsk|nr |kojnakekcnane|

Nehm~rkcn |bn ~xn mi xbkjjmscrm~elsk|nr |m ann| hrmv nykvmrk|gme|brm~cb akge|kgegec x~iighgne|jw bgcbcrm~elsk|nr |kojnx kel vrkh|gxgeclnighg| grrgck|gme%

\bnrn gx k lkecnr mi xkjgegtk|mi |mgh njnane|x ge |bn ~vvgel~hnl hkvgjjkrw rgxn% Amgex~iighgne| knrk|gme l~rgec rkennlx |m on kllrnxxnl%

Crm~elsk|nr akekcnane|

V~avgec irma ynr|ghkj snjjx hm~jlhme|rmj sk|nr |kojnx% V~avnl sk|nr mi kln{~k|n {~kjg|w hm~jl xnryn kx kx~ox|g|~|n imr x~rikhn sk|nr%

Vrnyne| mynrnvjmg|k|gme mi cr\bnrn gx k lkecnr mi ge|r~xxkjgen crm~elsk|nr% Kx crm~enjnyk|nl hmehne|rk|gmex mi xkj|bngr o~gjl~v |m |mgh jnynjx ennlx |m on vrnyne|nl%

Jkel rn|grnane| _n|grn mr ikjjms grrgck|nl jkelx |bk| krnbnkygjw kiinh|nl ow sk|nrjmccgec kelxkjgeg|w mr |bmxn jkelx |bk| cnenrk|nlrkgekcn niij~ne| sg|b n|rnanjw bgcbhmehne|rk|gmex mi xkj|x kel-mr m|bnr |rkhn njnane|x%

_n|grnl jkelx hke onhman nhbgcb hmehne|rk|gme mi |mgh njn|bn |mvxmgj vrnyne|gec ek|~nx|kojgxbgec g|xnji% Hme|kagekiinh| vrml~h|gyg|w kel on k bn|bn yghgeg|w l~n |m sgel nrmxgme

Xm~rhn4 XDYLGV* ;777k* ;777h* ;777n* ;777i%



Irkansmr` imr xnjnh|gec* nykj~k|gec kel kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgekcn sk?<

\KOJN 8

_n~xn ankx~rnx* vrkh|ghnx kel vmge|x imr hmexglnrk|gme

geg|gkj rnhjkak|gme mi xkj|!kiinh|nl jkelx "XDYLGV* ;777k'% \kojn 8 vrmyglnx k o

mi |bn kj|nrek|gyn rn~xn ankx~rnx%

_n~xn ankx~rnx hke on gavjnane|nl ge hmaogek|gme sg|b hmexnryk|gme a|bn lrkgekcn sk|nr gx mi rnjk|gynjw cmml {~kjg|w* g|x rn~xn vm|ne|gkj ge hmeyne|gme

bgcb% Sbnrn g| gx amlnrk|njw |m bgcbjw xkjgen* g|x rn~xn akw on jgag|nl |m xkj| |m

Hkjgimregk* |bn eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk* k ens GILA xwx|na rn~xnx lrkgekcn sk

ge bgcb sk|nr |kojn jkelx sg|b em mvvmr|~eg|gnx imr lgxvmxkj mi x~ox~rikhn lrk

;777k' Irnxbsk|nr gx ~xnl |m crms xkj| xnexg|gyn hrmvx kel x~ox~rikhn lrkgekc

Xm~rhn4 XDYLGV* ;777k%


_n~xn gehmeyne|gmekjkcrgh~j|~rn

Kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr gx hmjjnh|nl kelrnlgx|rgo~|nl kamec ikranrx% _n~xn hkeon lgrnh| mr ge hmed~eh|gme sg|b m|bnr xm~rhnx mi grrgck|gme sk|nr% Hmed~eh|gyn ~xnhke on |brm~cb ojnelgec mr ow hwhjgh ~xn mi lrkgekcn sk|nr kel m|bnr xm~rhnx mi grrgck|gme sk|nr%

\bn n|ne| mi rn~xn lnvnelx melrkgekcn niij~ne|* |gan mi |mjnrkehn* n|h% Xmgj {~kjg|w vrml~h|gme jmxxnx ennl |m on vag|gck|gme ankx~rnx% _nxglsk|nrx* sbghb krn mi|ne bgcbjw k rnl~hnl ymj~an* ennl |m on a

_n~xn ge xkjgenkcrgh~j|~rn

Amlnrk|njw kel bgcbjw xkjgen lrkgekcnsk|nr gx hmjjnh|nl kel ~xnl |m h~j|gyk|n xkj||mjnrke| xbr~ox* |rnnx kel bkjmvbw|nx%

X~x|kgekogjg|w mi |bn xkjgen kcennlx |m on xkinc~krlnl hmehne|rk|nl lrkgekcn niij~nakekcnl%

GILA Xwx|na Me!ikra xn{~ne|gkj rn~xn mi kcrgh~j|~rkjlrkgekcn sk|nr me hrmvx* |rnnx kelbkjmvbw|nx sg|b gehrnkxgec xkj| |mjnrkehn%Ge nynrw rn~xn hwhjn |bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn sk|nr lnhrnkxnx sbgjn |bn xkj|

hmehne|rk|gme gehrnkxnx% \bn igekj orgen gxlgxvmxnl ge k xmjkr nykvmrk|mr% Xkj|~|gjgtk|gme agcb| on inkxgojn%

\m akge|kge kln{~k|n hme|rmj mxmlghg|w kel |m vrnyne| k njnane|x* |bn jnkhbgec irkx~iighgne|% \bn xmjkr nykvmlnxgcenl ge x~hb k akeenr |bk

k{~k|gh jgin kel k||rkh| ogrlx% \on lgxvmxnl mi ge k xkin akeenr%

_n~xn gesgjljgin bkog|k|xkel sn|jkelx

Sbnrn mi x~g|kojn {~kjg|w* lrkgekcn sk|nr akw on ~|gjgtnl |m x~vvmr| sgjljgin* gehj~lgecsk|nrogrlx* igxb* akaakjx kel k{~k|ghyncn|k|gme |bk| xnrynx kx imml kel hmynr imr sgjljgin%

Mi vrgakrw hmehnre gx |bn vmx|rkhn njnane|x |bk| akw on|brm~cb ogmkhh~a~jk|gme ge |bxnjneg~a* amjwolne~a kel an

_n~xn imr rnhjkak|gme mi xkj|!kiinh|nl

xmgjx

^xn mi "amlnrk|njw' xkjgen lrkgekcn sk|nr imr geg|gkj rnhjkak|gme mi xkjgen* xkjgen xmlghmr xmlgh xmgjx% Me xmlgh xmgjx |bn xkjgen

sk|nr akw bnjv vrnyne| xmgj lgxvnrxgme kellncrklk|gme mi xmgj x|r~h|~rn%

Mehn geg|gkj rnhjkak|gme gx mox~iighgne| {~kjg|w kel {~ke|gkykgjkojn imr lnxgrnl jkel ~

lrkgekcn niij~ne| sgjj on bgcxmlgh kel ennlx |m on lgxvmakeenr%




\KOJN <Krrkw mi lrkgekcn sk|nr |rnk|ane| mv|gmex

irma sk|nr |rnk|ane| vrmhnxxnx imr lrge`gec!sk|nr* xnskcn kel gel~x|rgkj

krn ens vrmhnxxnx |m rnamyn xnjneg~a% \bn sk|nr {~kjg|w rn{~grnane|x m

ennl |m on snjj ~elnrx|mml vrgmr |m |bn xnjnh|gme mi kew |rnk|ane| ankx~rn% \

krrkw mi lrkgekcn sk|nr |rnk|ane| mv|gmex%

\bn bgcb hmx|x mi akew mi |bn |rnk|ane| vrmhnxxnx ak`n |bna ~ex~g|ko

rn~xn% \rnk|ane| ankx~rnx x~hb kx rnynrxn mxamxgx krn emrakjjw mejw hm

ykj~n v~rvmxnx x~hb kx lrge`gec!sk|nr x~vvjw% Men mv|gme gx |m vkr|gkjjw |rnkjnynj |bk| hm~jl on ~xnl imr kcrgh~j|~rn "n%c% lnxkj| |m kom~| ; lX-a gex|nkl

a'% Bmsnynr* |bn hmx| mi orgen akekcnane| kel lgxvmxkj rnakgex k akdmr v

Ke nhnv|gme |m |bn |wvghkj bgcb hmx| gx |bn |rnk|ane| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr |b

sn|jkelx Geynx|gck|gmex krn ~elnrskw ge Hkjgimregk |bn ^eg|nl X|k|nx mi K

Lnxhrgv|gme Vrmhnxxnx Hmex|g|~ne|x rnamynl mr |rnk|nl

Xnlgane|k|gme -hmkc~jk|gme

_namyn xnlgane|x kel kxxmhgk|nl e~|rgne|x* vnxnjnane|x ge xnlgane|k|gme vmelx sg|b mr sg|bm~| h

Klxmrv|gme _namyn xmj~ojn hmex|g|~ne|x me|m x~rikhnx mi klx

Gme nhbkecn Nhbkecn hmex|g|~ne|x sg|b kem|bnr ~xgec gme nh

hmj~aex%_nynrxn mxamxgx ^elnr vrnxx~rn* xnvkrk|n m~| lgxxmjynl agenrkj x

vnrankojn anaorkenx%

Vbwxghkj -hbnaghkj

Hmkc~jk|gme -vrnhgvg|k|gme

^xn hbnaghkjx x~hb kx kj~a |m hmkc~jk|n mr vrnhhmehnre%

_nl~h|gme - mglk|gme _nl~hn mglgtnl amogjn imrax x~hb kx xnjnek|n |imrax x~hb kx njnane|kj xnjneg~a |brm~cb aghrmovrmhnxxnx%

Ymjk|gjgtk|gme Xman vjke|x kel aghrmonx krn hkvkojn mi |k`gec kx xnjneg~a kel ymjk|gjgtgec |bn an|bwjk|nl imrax

Vjke| - kjckj ~v|k`n Hnr|kge |nrrnx|rgkj vjke|x kel kjckn krn hkvkojn mikam~e|x mi hmex|g|~ne|x x~hb kx xnjneg~a* eg|rk|n

Ogmjmcghkj

Hmex|r~h|nl ijms!|brm~cb sn|jkelx

Hmex|g|~ne|x x~hb kx xnjneg~a kel bnkyw an|kjx lrkgekcn sk|nr% Imr xnjneg~a* |bn vrgehgvkj rnamyrnl~h|gme |m njnane|kj xnjneg~a kel mrckegh imraak||nr% Imr bnkyw an|kjx* |bn vrgehgvkj xge` anhbigk|gme me |bn xnlgane|x%

Xm~rhn4 XDYLGV* ;777o%



Irkansmr` imr xnjnh|gec* nykj~k|gec kel kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgekcn sk?9

Lrkgekcnkrnk

_gynr okxge

_gynr mr m|bnr

irnxbsk|nr omlw

Hmkx| mi mhnke mr

xkjgen jk`n

Hmex|r~h|nl m~|ikjj

x|rnkax* rgynr am~|bx kel

hmex|r~h|nl m~|ikjj lrkgex imr lgrnh|

lgxvmxkj |m mhnkex mr xkjgen jk`nx*

kel nykvmrk|gme vmelx "Igc~rn ;6'%

Kem|bnr vm|ne|gkj lgxvmxkj

mv|gme gx lnnv!snjj gednh|gme%

Bmsnynr* ge Hkjgimregk* |bgxkvvrmkhb ikgjnl l~n |m |bn xjms

vnrankogjg|w mi |bn cnmjmcgh x|rk|k

irma |bn vj~ccgec mi hmel~h|gec

vmrnx "Dmbex|me n| kj %* ;773'%

Onxglnx |bn ek|~rkj lrkgekcn

hmelg|gmex* |bn x~g|kogjg|w mi nkhb mi

|bnxn ankx~rnx lnvnelx me4 |bn

{~kjg|w kel {~ke|g|w mi lrkgekcnsk|nr rn{~grgec lgxvmxkj0

neygrmeane|kj kel bnkj|b rgx`x0

kykgjkojn |nhbemjmcw kel rnxm~rhnx0

kel nhmemagh hmexglnrk|gmex%

\kojn > vrmyglnx k xbmr| lnxhrgv|gme

mi |bn lgxvmxkj ankx~rnx%

Lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj ge|m ek|~rkj x~rikhn sk|nr omlgnx xbm~jl ne|kgj ageggavkh|x me m|bnr lmsex|rnka sk|nr ~xnx "kcrgh~j|~rkj* gel~x|rgkj kel a~eghgvk

Lgxvmxkj me jkel ge hjmxnl okxgex kel kcrgh~j|~rkj nykvmrk|gme okxgex xbm~jl kymg

|bn nhmjmcw* vkr|gh~jkrjw k{~k|gh ogm|k gehj~lgec igxb kel sk|nrogrlx%

IGC^_N ;6

Mv|gmex imr lgxvmxkj |m x~rikhn sk|nr oml

\KOJN >

Lgxvmxkj ankx~rnx* vrkh|ghnx kel vmge|x imr hmexglnrk|gme


_gynr lgxhbkrcn \bn lrkgekcn niij~ne| gx rnjnkxnlge|m rgynrx* x|rnkax* n|h% irma sbnrng| igelx g|x skw |m ke ~j|gak|n xkj|xge`* g%n% mhnkex kel xkj| jk`nx% \bgxmv|gme gx nxvnhgkjjw kvvrmvrgk|nl~rgec bgcb lgxhbkrcn vnrgmlx%

Lgxvmxkj ge rgynrx kel jk`nx xbm~jl m|bnr lmsex|rnka ~xnx gehj~lgec sx~x|kgegec irkcgjn k{~k|gh nhmxwx|naxmi|ne jgag|nl ow lgxvmxkj rnc~jk|gmex%

Nykvmrk|gme Lgxvmxkj mi lrkgekcn sk|nr ge Hmehne|rk|gme mi |rkhn njnane|x hm~j




EME!VBWXGHKJ L_KGEKCN SK\N_ AKEKCNANE\ MV\GMEX

Ge mrlnr |m on i~jjw niinh|gyn* eme!vbwxghkj akekcnane| ankx~rnx* g%n% vmj

xbm~jl khhmavkew vbwxghkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex% Lgiinrn

gavjnane|nl xnynrkj vmjghgnx* kel |bnxn krn mi|ne vkr| mi k cnenrkj vmjj~|gme

Men mi |bn amx| irn{~ne|jw ane|gmenl vrgehgvjnx sg|b rnxvnh| |m vmjj~|gme g

vkwx% \bgx ankex |bk| nhmemagh vmjghw gex|r~ane|x krn kvvjgnl |m hbkecikranrx ge x~hb k skw |bk| vmjj~|gme gx agegagtnl mr |bk| k| jnkx| |bn vmjj~|nr

Snnrxge` kel Jgynremgx ";779' vrmygln ke mynrygns mi x~hb nhmemagh vmj

rnxmjygec sk|nr {~kjg|w vrmojnax irma kcrgh~j|~rn% \bgx mynrygns skx hmavg

e~|rgne|x ge b~agl |navnrk|n krnkx* x~hb kx Hkeklk% Bmsnynr* xman mi |

rnjnykehn |m vmjj~|gme irma |bn lrkgekcn mi grrgck|nl jkelx% \bn akge vrmojna m

ge lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| gx |bk| sk|nr {~kjg|w lncrklk|gme irma kcrgh

xm~rhn vmjj~|gme% Lgrnh| jge`x on|snne kcrgh~j|~rkj vrkh|ghnx kel sk|nr {~kj

mi|ne lgiigh~j| |m ln|nragen kel {~ke|giw%

Snnrxge` kel Jgynremgx lgyglnl |bn vmjghw

gex|r~ane|x ge|m |sm crm~vx4 "g' |bmxn okxnl

me |bn vnrimrakehn mi ke kcrgh~j|~rkj xwx|na*

g%n% me |bn kh|~kj kam~e| mi vmjj~|gme |bk|

hk~xnl0 kel "gg' |bmxn okxnl me kcrgh~j|~rkj

vrkh|ghnx x~hb kx inr|gjgtnr kel kcrmhbnaghkj

~xnx "\kojn 9'% Ge |bn jk||nr hkxn* |bn~elnrjwgec kxx~av|gme gx |bk| hnr|kge

kcrgh~j|~rkj vrkh|ghnx sgjj jnkl |m amrn mr jnxx

vmjj~|gme% \bnxn vmjghw gex|r~ane|x |rw |m

geij~nehn |bn vrkh|ghnx kel* gelgrnh|jw* |bn

vmjj~|gme rnx~j|gec irma |bnxn vrkh|ghnx%

Nagxxgme jnynjx

Innx krn jnygnl me |bn lgxhbkrcn mi |bn vmjj~|nr ge|m |bn sk|nr% \bn kga

vmjj~|nr |m klmv| vrkh|ghnx |bk| agegagtn vmjj~|gme mr |m ak`n |bn vmjj~|nr v

lkakcn hk~xnl% \bgx rn{~grnx ankx~rnane| mi gelgygl~kj lgxhbkrcnx* sbghb

em| kjskwx vrkh|ghkj |m gavjnane|% Ankx~rnane|x k| |bn gelgygl~kj ikra jnyn

Okxn \krcn|

NagxxgmeVnrimrakehn mi kcrgh~j|~rkj xwx|nax Kaogne|

Kcrgh~j|~rkj vrkh|ghnx Gev~|x

M~|v~|x

\KOJN 9

Nhmemagh vmjghw gex|r~ane|x

Xm~rhn4 okxnl me Snnrxge` kel Jgy



Irkansmr` imr xnjnh|gec* nykj~k|gec kel kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgekcn sk?2

Kaogne| jnynjx

Okxgec hbkrcnx me |bn vmjj~|gme ge |bn lmsex|rnka rnhngygec sk|nr omlw hke

inkxgojn kj|nrek|gyn |m okxgec |bna me |bn nagxxgme jnynj* g%n% sbnrn |bn xm~rhn

n|rnanjw lgiigh~j| |m ankx~rn% Imr nkavjn* ge |bn hkxn mi vmjj~|gme mi crm~els

hme|rgo~|gmex |m |bn vmjj~|gme krn lgiigh~j| |m ankx~rn kel |b~x lgiigh~j| |m {~ke|giw

mi ~xgec kaogne| jnynjx ~elnr |bnxn hmelg|gmex gx |bk| kjj ikranrx* gehj~lgec |bmxn

sk|nr akekcnane| vrkh|ghnx* krn hbkrcnl n{~kjjw%

Kem|bnr hkxn sbnrn |bgx vmjghw ankx~rn akw on ke k||rkh|gyn mv|gme gx sbn

hkvkhg|w mi |bn rnhngygec sk|nr omlw hbkecnx hme|ge~m~xjw% Imr nkavjn* ge G

amexmme* rgynr lgxhbkrcn gx bgcb kel niij~ne| lgxvmxkjx l~rgec |bgx vnrgml gehrnk

hmehne|rk|gmex mejw xjgcb|jw% Me |bn m|bnr bkel* l~rgec |bn lrw xnkxme sbne rg

nagxxgmex kiinh| sk|nr {~kjg|w x~ox|ke|gkjjw% Ge |bgx hkxn* ~xgec |bn kaogne| hrg|n

akdmr hmehnre4 akge|kgegec rgynr sk|nr {~kjg|w imr lmsex|rnka ~xnrx% \bgx an

hmrrnh|gyn ankx~rnx l~rgec hrg|ghkj vnrgmlx%

Xkjgeg|w vnrag|x

Ke ge|nrnx|gec xmj~|gme imr xkjgeg|w akekcnane| me k rncgmekj jnynj gx |bk| klmv|n

Lkrjgec okxge ge K~x|rkjgk% X|k|nx sg|bge |bn okxge bkyn |m ann| njnh|rghkj hme

jnynjx k| |bn nel mi |bngr rgynr ykjjnwx* |bgx ge mrlnr |m akge|kge k ikym~rkojn sk|

ne|grn lmsex|rnka rgynr% Ge mrlnr |m rnkhb |bgx cmkj* k xwx|na mi xkj| hrnlg|x kel

Hrnlg|x krn mo|kgenl imr |bn gavjnane|k|gme mi kew smr`x |bk| rnl~hn |bn xk

rgynrx% Lnog|x krn geh~rrnl okxnl me |bn nx|gak|nl xbmr|ikjj ge vrm|nh|gec xbk

okjkehn mi hrnlg|x kel lnog|x gx rncgx|nrnl imr nkhb x|k|n* kel kx k cnenrkj vrge

a~x| on ge hrnlg|% \bn hrnlg|x kel lnog|x krn hmeynr|nl |m NH gavkh| k| k

lmsex|rnka krnk mi |bn okxge% \bgx an|bml kjjmsx x|k|nx kel hk|hbane| akekcn

|m lnhgln me |bn amx| hmx|!niinh|gyn mv|gmex imr |bngr krnk sbgjx| hme|rgo~|ge

okxge!sgln rgynr xkjgeg|w akekcnane| vjke "A~rrkw!Lkrjgec Okxge Agegx|nrgkj H

Hbkrcnx me gev~|x

Gex|nkl mi hbkrcgec imr vmjj~|gme m~|ijms irma grrgck|gme xwx|nax* nhmemagh ge

lgrnh|nl k| rnl~hgec |bn geijms* sbghb sgjj emrakjjw jnkl |m k rnl~hnl vmjj~|gme m

k skw mi rnl~hgec vmjj~|gme gev~| hbkrcnx xnn` |m hmexnryn sk|nr kel agega

K j j l l l l




Me |bn okxgx mi hmav~|nr xga~jk|gmex* Ykrnjk!Mr|nck n| kj % ";772' kekjwx

ikranrx ge Xvkge |m gehrnkxgec sk|nr vrghnx% _nx~j|x xbmsnl |bk| ge amlnre

sbnrn grrgck|gme niighgnehw gx kjrnklw {~g|n bgcb* em hbkecnx ge sk|nr lna

~ejnxx |bn vrghnx onhkan rnx|rgh|gynjw bgcb kel ikranrx ennlnl |m hbkecn |m

hme|rkx|* ge krnkx sg|b |bn mjlnr grrgck|gme xwx|nax* ikranrx sm~jl bkyn kavjn x

|bngr sk|nr ~xn niighgnehw%

Ke kj|nrek|gyn |m ymj~an|rgh vrghgec gx |gnrnl sk|nr vrghgec% Ge |bgx xwx|jmsnr ymj~an|rgh vrghn imr k rnkxmekojw enhnxxkrw kam~e| mi sk|nr |m crms

bgcbnr ymj~an|rgh vrghn gx hbkrcnl imr kllg|gmekj kam~e|x mi sk|nr% X~hb k x

lnxgcenl |m rnl~hn |bn kam~e|x mi sk|nr |bk| cnenrk|n amx| mi |bn lrkgekcn sk

enhnxxkrw kam~e| xbm~jl gehj~ln |bn agegakj jnkhbgec rn{~grnane| ge m

ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn ge |bn rmm|tmen ~ejnxx x~iighgne| rkgeikjj mhh~rx ge

vrmojna sm~jl on |m lnigen |bn ‒rnkxmekojn enhnxxkrw kam~e| mi sk|nr‗% Ge

Lgx|rgh|* Hkjgimregk* |bn ^eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk* |gnrgec jnynjx lgiinr mejw

em| on|snne xmgjx* onhk~xn ikranrx hmexglnr |bn jk||nr kvvrmkhb |m on gen{~g|snrn nx|kojgxbnl k| 76 vnrhne| mi |bn kynrkcn lnv|bx kvvjgnl ge |bn wnkrx

skx gavjnane|nl% \bgx xwx|na mi |gnrnl sk|nr vrghgec jnl |m k lnhrnkxn ge s

mi |bn xnyne akge hrmvx% Amrn gavmr|ke|jw* |bn lrkgenl ymj~an ge ?6 mi

xwx|nax ge |bn sk|nr lgx|rgh| lnhrnkxnl ow ?8 vnrhne| kel |bn xkj| jmkl lnhj

"Sghbnjex* ;77;'%

Ymj~an|rgh vrghgec vmjghgnx krn |wvghkjjw mejw kvvjghkojn ge me!lnakel xwx|

lnjgynr ignl kam~e|x mi sk|nr |m ikrax* kel |bnw ikjj m~|xgln |bn rnxvmexgogjgikranrx% Ge x~hb xwx|nax* amrn ckgex hm~jl on mo|kgenl ow ak|hbgec x~vvjw

hjmxnjw |m nkhb m|bnr ge k |nhbeghkj-mvnrk|gmekj skw%

X~oxglgnx me vrkh|ghnx

K hbkecnmynr |m sk|nr xkygec mr vmjj~|gme vrnyne|gme ankx~rnx agcb| em| kjs

mi gelgygl~kj ikranrx emr agcb| g| kjskwx on |m |bngr klyke|kcn% Ge |bn h

hkjh~jk|nl |bk| |bn geynx|ane|x ge xvrge`jnr grrgck|gme krn mi |bn xkan mrlnr m

ykj~n mi |bn sk|nr |bk| hke on xkynl* gi |bgx gx ~xnl |m grrgck|n k jkrcnr krnk m

"Vnrrw* ?66;'% Bmsnynr* gi |bn sk|nr xkynl gx lgynr|nl |m grrgck|n jkel ge m|b

ikranrx sgjj on geynx|gec sbgjn onenig|x khhr~n |m m|bnr krnkx% Kem|bnr nk

ikranrx jmhk|nl ge |bn bgcbnr krnkx sg|b irnn lrkgekcn ge |bn Vkemhbn Ike

I ` i j |g j |g l g |b g | i l g86



Irkansmr` imr xnjnh|gec* nykj~k|gec kel kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgekcn sk86

Hmaogenl ankx~rnx

K xgecjn nhmemagh mr vmjghw gex|r~ane| sgjj vrmokojw em| rnxmjyn sk|nr vmjj

mrgcgek|gec irma grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn% Hmaogek|gmex mi vmjghgnx hke bnjv |m neim

Nxvnhgkjjw ge xg|~k|gmex sbnrn ikranrx krn gen{~g|kojw hbkrcnl* k hmaogek|gme mi

bnjv |m hbkrcn ikranrx amrn n{~g|kojw% Imr nkavjn* nagxxgmex irma ke grrgck|gm

on ankx~rnl kel igenx kvvjgnl sbnrn jgag|x krn x~rvkxxnl% \bnxn igenx hm~jl |bn

kamecx| |bn ikranrx* kvvjwgec k rke`gec okxnl me bms ikranrx bkyn ~xnl |bngankx~rnx |bnw gavjnane|% \bn amx| geniighgne| ~xnrx xbm~jl |bne vkw hmavkrk|

|bn amx| niighgne| menx%

XNJNH\GME KEL NYKJ^K\GME MI L_KGEKCN SK\N_ AKEKCNANE\ MV\GMEX

Emrakjjw* amrn |bke men lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gme sgjj ennl |m on

gavjnane|nl |m k||kge |bn lnxgrnl modnh|gynx% Ge |bgx hkxn* ge|nrkh|gmex kel |rOnhk~xn mi |bn hmavjng|w mi |bn vrmhnxxnx kel ge|nrkh|gmex* hmav~|nr amlnjx

|m xnjnh|gec ke mv|gakj hmaogek|gme mi lrkgekcn ankx~rnx% Kx skx nvjkgenl ge

xnjnh|gme mi k xn| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| ankx~rnx rn{~grnx amrn hmex

xmjnjw |nhbeghkj inkxgogjg|w% Igc~rn ;; xbmsx k ijmshbkr| imr xnjnh|gec k xn| mi

akekcnane| ankx~rnx "KBHH* ?666'%

X|nv ; gx |m ck|bnr |nhbeghkj* neygrmeane|kj* xmhgkj* nhmemagh kel gex|g|~|gm

kom~| |bn xg|n kel |bn kykgjkojn lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex% X|nv ? gx

lnxgrkogjg|w mi |bn mv|gmex irma k |nhbeghkj kel neygrmeane|kj vnrxvnh|gyn% \wv

IGC^_N ;;

Ijmshbkr| mi vrmhnxx imr xnjnh|gec ke mv|gakj xn| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnan

X|kr|

X|kr|

X|nv ;4 Ck|bnr |nhbeghkj*

neygrmeane|kj* xmhgkj*

nhmemagh* kel gex|g|~|gmekjgeimrak|gme kel |bn

lrkgekcn sk|nr

akekcnane| mv|gmex%

X|nv ;4 Ck|bnr |nhbeghkj*

neygrmeane|kj* xmhgkj*

nhmemagh kel gex|g|~|gmekj

geimrak|gme* kel ln|nragen

|bn lrkgekcn sk|nr

akekcnane| mv|gmex%

X|nv ?4 Nykj~k

lnxgrkogjg|w mi |imr |bn xg|n irma

|nhbeghkj kel

neygrmeane|kj

X|nv ?4 Nykj~k|n

lnxgrkogjg|w mi |b

imr |bn xg|n irma|nhbeghkj kel

neygrmeane|kj v

X|nv 84 _ke` |bn mv|gmex

Kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| ge krgl kel xnag krgl krnkx




rn{~grnx |bn ~xn mi hmav~|nr amlnjx% Igc~rn 7 agcb| kjxm bnjv ge |bn nykj~k|

geymjynx rke`gec |bn xg|n‗x mv|gmex* okxnl me |bn |nhbeghkj kel neygrmeane|kj

geymjynx ke kekjwxgx mi |bn rnjk|gyn nhmemagh niighgnehw mi |bn ykrgm~x mv|g

h~rynx akw on ~xni~j ge ln|nragegec sbghb mv|gmex krn amrn niighgne| |bke m|bnr

|bn nhmemagh niighgnehw mi k bgcbjw hmavjn* a~j|g!vkrkan|nr xwx|na* g| ak

|m |~re |m k hmav~|nrgtnl nhmemagh mv|gagtk|gme amlnj% \bn hm~rxn mi kh|gme

~vme kjxm lnvnelx me |bn xmhgkj* mrckegtk|gmekj kel gex|g|~|gmekj x~g|kogjg|w mi |b

kel akw r~e hm~e|nr |m sbk| gx nhmemaghkjjw niighgne|% X|nv > nykj~k|nx |bn xmh

gxx~nx% X|nv 9 gx vnrbkvx |bn amx| lgiigh~j| kx g| kjskwx geymjynx ge|~g|gyn d~lc

ankx~rn mi hrnk|gyg|w% Hmjjk|gec kjj |bn geimrak|gme kel lnynjmvgec k

gavjnane|gec |bn ikym~rnl mv|gmex |k`nx |gan kel hmexglnrkojn |bm~cb|% \

rnvmr| lnxhrgogec |bn rnhmaanelnl mv|gmex kel |bngr mrlnr mi gavjnane|k|g

lgrnh|jw irma X|nv 9%

ONEHBAK_@GEC

\bn K~x|rkjgke Ek|gmekj Hmaag||nn me Grrgck|gme kel Lrkgekcn gx nvjmrgec

hkjjnl onehbakr`gec kx vkr| mi g|x niimr|x |m gavrmyn |bn vnrimrakehn mi grr

\bn vrgehgvkj cmkj mi onehbakr`gec gx |m ‚igel kel gavjnane| onx| vrkh|ghn i

ge {~nx|gme‑ ow ‚jnkregec kom~| |bngr mse mrckegtk|gme |brm~cb hmavkrgxme s

vnrimrakehn kel sg|b vrkh|ghnx kel m~|hmanx mi m|bnrx‑ "Kjnkelnr* ?66;'

hmaag||nn nykj~k|nl <3 vkrkan|nrx ge <9 sk|nr vrmyglnrx |m ck~cn

neygrmeane|kj gxx~nx* o~xgenxx vrmhnxxnx kel igekehgkj vnrimrakehn% Enshmexglnrnl sg|b xvnhgigh rnckrl |m me!ikra sk|nr ~xn gehj~ln4 xnh~rg|w mi s

xkygecx irma mvnrk|gmekj kel xnnvkcn rnanlgk|gme* an|nrgec mi x~vvjgnx*

okjkehn* sk|nr {~kjg|w ameg|mrgec* kel mvnrk|gec hmx|x vnr ~eg| jnec|b mi hbke

onehbakr`gec rnvmr|x kel hmavgjnl lk|k bkyn kjrnklw jnl |bn sk|nr gel~x|rw

klmv| gavrmynl |nhbemjmcgnx |m nebkehn nhmemagh* neygrmeane|kj kel xmhgkj

kvvrmkhb bkx rnhngynl vmxg|gyn rnxvmexnx irma |bn sk|nr gel~x|rw* kel |bn vjk

kllg|gmekj hmavkrk|gyn vkrkan|nrx* x~hb kx crm~elsk|nr {~kjg|w* koxmj~|n

|kojn* n|ne| mi sk|nr rn~xn kel rnhwhjgec* kynrkcn sk|nr ~xn me akdmr hr

rnvmr|x me nhmemagh ykj~n kllnl%

Irkansmr` imr xnjnh|gec nykj~k|gec kel kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgekcn sk8?



Irkansmr` imr xnjnh|gec* nykj~k|gec kel kxxnxxgec |bn gavkh| mi lrkgekcn sk8?




Kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| ge krgl kel xnag krgl krnkx

H

Sk|nr {~kjg|w hmehnrex ge

sk|nr ake

GE\_ML^H\GME

\bnrn krn xnynrkj ikh|mrx |m hmexglnr sbne ln|nragegec |bn mvvmr|~eg|gnx imr

|bn xkin ~xn* |rnk|ane| kel lgxvmxkj mi kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr% Geimrak|g

k| |bn xg|n mi lrkgekcn sk|nr vrml~h|gme gehj~ln4 rk|n mi lrkgekcn sk|nr vrml~

hbnaghkj hmehne|rk|gme mi hmex|g|~ne|x mi hmehnre* kel |bn rk|nx mi akxx n

sk|nr akekcnane| rn{~grnx kllg|gmekj geimrak|gme kel lk|k me lrkgekcn s

x~g|kogjg|w imr |bn ge|nelnl sk|nr ~xnx kx snjj kx ke ~elnrx|kelgec mi neygrm

hmehnrex% ^vx|rnka lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| kiinh|x |bn ennlx k

rn{~grnane|x mi lmsex|rnka sk|nr ~xnrx% Kx rnjgkojn rninrnehnx krn kjr

nx|gak|gec lrkgekcn sk|nr vrml~h|gme ymj~anx "Xanlnak kel _whrmi|* ;72

Xhbgjickkrln* ;777'* |bgx hbkv|nr hmehne|rk|nx me |bn akge ikh|mrx kiinh|g

{~kjg|w kel sk|nr {~kjg|w ennlx kel hmehnrex imr m|bnr sk|nr ~xnrx kel gehsmr` lmen ow IKM ";773h'%

L_KGEKCN SK\N_ [^KJG\W

\kojn 3 vrmyglnx k x~aakrw mi

hbkecnx ge sk|nr {~kjg|w nvnh|nl

ge grrgck|gme rn|~re ijms rnjk|gyn |m

grrgck|gme sk|nr kvvjgnl "\kedg n|

kj %* ;733'% \bn nvnh|nl

lgiinrnehnx ge {~kjg|w ge |bn rn|~re

ijms krn lnxhrgonl rnjk|gyn |m |bn

x~vvjw sk|nr onhk~xn kh|~kj

[~kjg|w vkrkan|nrx Mvnrk|gmekjxvgjjx

Grrgck|kgjsk

Cnenrkj {~kjg|w 6 +

Xkjgeg|w 6 6*

Eg|rmcne 6 6* +*

M l lg 6 +

\KOJN 3

Nvnh|nl {~kjg|w hbkrkh|nrgx|ghx mi grrgck

rnjk|nl |m kvvjgnl grrgck|gme sk|nrx

Sk|nr {~kjg|w hmehnrex ge lrkgekcn sk8<



{ w c

lnakel " OML'% X~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn gx nerghbnl ge xmj~ojn hmavmene|x x~hb kx lg

xkj|x kel eg|rk|nx* ynrw jms ge xnlgane|x* sbnrnkx m|bnr {~kjg|w vkrkan|nrx kr

grrgck|gme sk|nr% \bnxn hbkecnx ge sk|nr {~kjg|w mi grrgck|gme rn|~re ijms lnvnel

ikh|mrx gehj~lgec grrgck|gme kvvjghk|gme an|bmlx* xmgj vrmvnr|gnx kel hmelg|gmex

kcrgh~j|~rkj hbnaghkjx* bwlrmcnmjmcw* lrkgekcn xwx|na* hjgak|n* kel ikranrx‗ sk|

Ge akew rncgmex mi |bn smrjl* a~eghgvkjg|gnx kel gel~x|rgnx lgxhbkrcn skx|n

lrkgex geg|gkjjw ge|nelnl imr |bn hmeynwkehn mi mejw kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn kel lnynjmvgec hm~e|rgnx nxvnhgkjjw* a~eghgvkj kel gel~x|rgkj skx|nsk|nr gx mi|ne gex~

onimrn lgxvmxkj ge|m x~hb mvne lrkgex% \bn rnx~j| gx k rgx` |bk| kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgek

agcb| on xnrgm~xjw hme|kagek|nl sg|b aghrmonx* vk|bmcnex* |mgh mrckeghx kel

gehj~lgec bnkyw an|kjx%

K emsjnlcn mi |bn hmavmxg|gme mi |bn lrkgekcn niij~ne| kel |bn kogjg|w |m vr

|bn hmavmxg|gme kx k rnx~j| mi hbkecnx ge hrmv* grrgck|gme mr lrkgekcn sk|nr akekc

krn gavmr|ke| ge |bn vjkeegec kel akekcnane| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr%

IKH\M_X KIINH\GEC L_KGEKCN SK\N_ [^KJG\W

Cnmjmcw kel bwlrmjmcw

\bn cnmjmcw mi |bn rncgme vjkwx ke gavmr|ke| rmjn ge lrkgekcn sk|nr {~kjg|w% \brm

vrmhnxxnx* |bn |wvnx mi rmh`x "om|b vrgakrw kel xnlgane|krw' ge |bn ~vvnr k

lnigen |bn |wvnx kel {~ke|g|gnx mi xmj~ojn hmex|g|~ne|x im~el ge |bn grrgck|nl kbkyn x~oanrcnl akew vkr|x mi |bn hme|gene|x l~rgec k vnrgml ge |bngr cnmjmcg

~vjgi| mi |bnxn x~oanrcnl cnmjmcghkj imrak|gmex kel rnhnlgec xnkx bkyn jni| ak

kel xnlgane|krw rmh`x onbgel* bgcb ge xnk xkj|x gehj~lgec xmlg~a* hbjmrgln* akce

kel omrme% \bnxn cnmjmcghkj imrak|gmex ngx| ge ykrwgec |bgh`enxxnx* lnv|bx ke

hme|gene|x% \brm~cb bwlrmjmcghkj vrmhnxxnx* xmj~|nx hke ne|nr |bn ~vvnr x|rk|~a

ijmmlsk|nr* ~vskrl crm~elsk|nr ijms ge xnnvkcn tmenx* sg|b rgxgec crm~elsk|nr jn

rgxn% Mehn |bn xmj~|nx krn ge |bn ~vvnr x|rk|k* |bnw geij~nehn |bn {~kjg|w mi kcrgh

sk|nr |brm~cb ikranrx‗ grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane|% \bn imjjmsgecbms |bn cnmjmcw kel bwlrmjmcw mi ke krnk geij~nehn |bn {~kjg|w mi kcrgh~j|~rkj l

kjxm gjj~x|rk|nx |bn rnjk|gmexbgv on|snne cnmamrvbmjmcw* sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjge

Igc~rn ;? xbmsx k xhbnak|gh hrmxx!

g i b X D g Y jj g bIGC^_N ;?




irma kjj~yg~a mi |bn Hmkx| _kecn akln ~v mi ~vjgi|nl akrgen xnlgane|krw

|bn snx|nre xgln |nel |m on igenr |n|~rnl kel xkjgen% \bn crm~elsk|nrx me |

hbkrkh|nrgtnl kx amlnrk|njw xkjgen xmlg~a!x~jvbk|n!|wvn sk|nrx sg|b \LX |wv

;6 666 ac-jg|rn rkecn% \bn ~ehmeigenl k{~ginr ge om|b xglnx mi |bn ykjjnw gx cr

~v sg|b lnhklnx mi grrgck|gme lnnv vnrhmjk|gme% \bn xmgjx ge |bn ykjjnw kel

kjj~ygkj ikex ge |bn snx|nre xgln krn sk|nrjmccnl kel xkj| kiinh|nl% K enkrjw s

hjkw jkwnr `emse kx |bn Hmrhmrke hjkw* kom~| ?66 a lnnv* xnrynx kx |bn om~

~ehmeigenl kel hmeigenl k{~ginr% \bn crm~elsk|nrx ge |bn hmeigenl k{~ginr h

; 666 ac-jg|rn \LX % L~rgec |bn cnmjmcgh vkx|* vjk|n |nh|meghx hk~xnl |bn bmrgtm

hjkw ge |bn xbkjjms xnk |m |gj| ~vskrlx imragec |bn Hmkx| _kecn%

Igc~rn ;8 gx k irnnomlw lgkcrka

mi |bn sk|nrjmccnl grrgck|nl jkelx me

|bn snx|nre xgln xbmsgec |bn sk|nr

ijms vk|bskwx ge |bn x~rikhn kel

x~ox~rikhn% \bn kvvjgnl grrgck|gmesk|nr gx kom~| <>6 ac-jg|rn hkjhg~a!

oghkromek|n!|wvn gavmr|nl sk|nr irma

|bn Xkhrkane|m _gynr okxge |m |bn

emr|b% A~hb mi |bn x~rikhn r~emii gx

hkv|~rnl kel rn~xnl me xg|n% A~hb mi

|bn hmjjnh|nl xkjgen x~ox~rikhn

lrkgekcn sk|nr "< 666!;6 666 ac-jg|rn

\LX * xmlg~a!x~jvbk|n |wvn' gxlgxhbkrcnl ge|m |bn Xke Dmk{~ge _gynr%

Nxvnhgkjjw bgcb hmehne|rk|gmex mi |rkhn

njnane|x x~hb kx omrme kel xnjneg~a

mrgcgek|gec irma |bn akrgen

xnlgane|krw rmh`x* im~el ge |bn x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nrx* bkyn cgyne rgx

kel bnkj|b hmehnrex% Lgxhbkrcnx irma |bnxn krnkx krn ems hmex|rkgenl o

rn{~grnane|x%

K xnhmel nkavjn hmanx irma |bn Krkj Xnk Okxge* sbnrn ge |m|kj ;83 ag

krn kee~kjjw lgxhbkrcnl* mi sbghb 2; agjjgme |meenx ">7 vnrhne|' mrgcgek|n

sk|nr kel >9 agjjgme |meenx "<; vnrhne|' irma |bn amogjgtk|gme mi xkj|x irma

Oke`* ;779'% Ge |bn agl!x|rnka krnkx* amogjgtk|gme mi x~oxmgj xkj|x gx |bn am

j lg b i b @ bg oj "^ o `g ' g ;6 2 gjjg

Hmeigenl k{~ginr

^ehmeigenl

k{~ginr

Yklmxn rncgme

_nhbkrcn

_nhbkrcn

N\ rnhgvg|k|gme Grrgck|gme

Lnnv

nrhmjk|gme

IGC^_N ;8

Irnnomlw lgkcrka mi sk|nr ijmsx geYkjjnw

Sk|nr {~kjg|w hmehnrex ge lrkgekcn sk89



Grrgck|gme-

_kgeikjj

_~emii

Vnrhmjk|gme

X~ox~rikhnlrkgekcn

_

Hkvgjjkrw rgxn

Nykvm

Sk|nr |kojn

IGC^_N ;<

Sk|nr ijms mynr kel |brm~cb |bn xmgj

sk|nr {~kjg|w* g| gx enhnxxkrw |m

~elnrx|kel sk|nr amynane| mynr

kel |brm~cb |bn xmgj kel |bn

kxxmhgk|nl x~xvnelnl kel lgxxmjynl

x~ox|kehnx g| hkrrgnx%

Mi |bn sk|nr kllnl |m |bn xmgj*

ng|bnr ge |bn imra mi rkgeikjj mr grrgck|gme* vkr| gx jmx| |brm~cb r~emii

kel lgrnh| nykvmrk|gme k| |bn xmgj

x~rikhn% _~emii sk|nr hmjjnh|x ge

ek|~rkj kel hmex|r~h|nl x~rikhn

lrkgex irma sbnrn g| igelx g|x skw |m

|bn igekj lgxvmxkj xg|n "k rgynr*

nykvmrk|gme vmel mr m~|ikjj lrkge |m

|bn mhnke mr xkjgen jk`n'% \bn m|bnr vkr| geigj|rk|nx ge|m |bn xmgj% \bgx

sk|nr igjjx ~v |bn xmgj vmrnx kel

rnx|mrnx |bn xmgj amgx|~rn hme|ne| ~v |m ignjl hkvkhg|w ~elnr irnn lrkgekcn% \bn

ems kykgjkojn imr vjke| rmm| n|rkh|gme |m xk|gxiw |bn sk|nr rn{~grnane| mi |bn h

ge nhnxx mi ignjl hkvkhg|w vnrhmjk|nx onjms |bn rmm|tmen |m crnk|nr lnv|b ge |b

\bn lnnv vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr akw nyne|~kjjw xnryn kx rnhbkrcn |m |bn crm~elsk

tmen% Ge grrgck|nl krnkx sg|b xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr |kojnx* |bn rnhbkrcn gx gaanl

|bn sk|nr |kojn |m rgxn% Sbnrn x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn gx gex|kjjnl ge sk|nrjmccnl xmxwx|na rnamynx lnnv vnrhmjk|gme kel crm~elsk|nr% Sbnrn |bn xmgj amgx|~rn

rmm|tmen lrmvx kx k rnx~j| mi nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme kel gi |bnrn gx em rnhbkrcn irm

rkgeikjj* hkvgjjkrw rgxn ge|m |bn rmm|tmen agcb| mhh~r* lnvnelgec me |bn sk|nr |

|n|~rn kel x|r~h|~rn* kel xnnvkcn%

_~emii ge grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn gx akgejw rnjk|nl |m |bn ge|nexg|w mi grrgck|gme ke

ge hmavkrgxme |m |bn geigj|rk|gme hkvkhg|w mi |bn xmgj% Sbnrn |bn geigj|rk|gme rk|n gx

grrgck|gme mr rkgeikjj ge|nexg|w* sk|nr sgjj khh~a~jk|n me |bn xmgj x~rikhn kel agega~a x~rikhn xjmvn% Xmgj lncrklk|gme* ge |nrax mi hmavkh|gme kel hr~x| imra

h~j|gyk|gme me x|nnv xjmvnx* vrmam|nx x~rikhn r~emii% \brm~cb |bn vbwxghkj imrhn

sk|nr* xmgj vkr|ghjnx onhman x~xvnelnl ge |bn sk|nr kel krn |rkexvmr|nl |m mvne

x|rnkax* rgynrx kel jk`nx% Lnvmxg|gme mi x~xvnelnl xnlgane|x akw mhh~r lms

j g g l X l l gj g j b i j g jgi




kel gehrnkxnx |bn rgx` |bk| vmjj~|ke|x x~hb kx xkj|x* e~|rgne|x kel vnx|ghglnx

crm~elsk|nr kel |brm~cb ge|nrhnv|gme ow x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn |m x~rikhn sk

Hjgak|n

Kx |bn akdmr |rkexvmr| mi xmj~|nx |brm~cb |bn xmgj gx ow |bn amynane| mi sk

akdmr rmjn ge ln|nragegec lrkgekcn sk|nr {~kjg|w% Ge b~agl |rmvghx kel |nalmageke| amynane| mi sk|nr |brm~cb |bn xmgj gx ynr|ghkjjw lmseskrlx% Xmj~|nx

me|m |bn xmgj ow ikranrx mr krn ek|~rkjjw vrnxne| ge |bn ~vvnr xmgj jkwnrx* krn j

xmgj jkwnrx kel crm~elsk|nr% Hmeynrxnjw* ge krgl hjgak|nx sbnrn nykvmrk|g

vrnhgvg|k|gme |bn lmageke| sk|nr amynane| |brm~cb |bn xmgj gx ynr|ghkjjw ~vs

rkgeikjj mr grrgck|gme nyne|x% \bnrnimrn* |bn hbnaghkj hmavmxg|gme mi lnnvnr xm

|bn {~kjg|w mi |bn xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr kel |bn hmavmxg|gme mi |bn xmgj amgx|

Hjgak|n kel |navnrk|~rn kjxm vjkw k rmjn ge |bn rk|n mi snk|bnrgec kel hbna

Hrmvvgec vk||nrex

Hrmvvgec vk||nrex vjkw ke gavmr|ke| rmjn ge |bn {~kjg|w mi lrkgekcn sk|nr ge k

Igrx|* hrmvx n|rkh| sk|nr irma |bn rmm|tmen rnx~j|gec ge ke nykvmhmehne|

m|bnr xmj~|nx ge |bn xmgj xmj~|gme% Sbnrn |bn xmj~ogjg|w vrml~h| mi agenrkjx gx

nykvmhmehne|rk|gme* agenrkjx vrnhgvg|k|n m~|% \bgx hbkecnx |bn hmavmxg|gme

kel |b~x geij~nehnx |bn hbnaghkj {~kjg|w mi x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nrx% Xnh

kll mrckegh ak||nr |m |bn xmgj vrmigjn% Mrckegh ak||nr ge |bn xmgj gehrnkxnx |bn

imr an|kjx kel m|bnr xmj~|nx% I~r|bnramrn* mrckegh ak||nr nebkehnx |bn xm

gehrnkxnx |bn sk|nr bmjlgec hkvkhg|w mi |bn xmgj% \bn mrckegh ak||nr kjxm

xm~rhn imr xmgj aghrmonx geymjynl ge |rkeximrak|gmex x~hb kx lneg|rgighk|gme*

kel an|bken vrml~h|gme ge x~oanrcnl xmgjx% \bgrl* vjke|x n|rkh| e~|rgne|x |b

xwx|na kel xman vjke|x bkyn |bn hkvkhg|w |m khh~a~jk|n jkrcn kam~e|x m

|mgh njnane|x% Im~r|b* kx em| kjj hrmvx bkyn |bn xkan xkj| |mjnrkehn |bn |w

ln|nragenx |bn akga~a xkj| hmehne|rk|gme ge |bn rmm|tmen kel |bn kam~e|akge|kge k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn ge |bn rmm|tmen% Jkx|* gehmrvmrk|gme mi eg

x~hb kx jnc~anx hke bnjv |m rnl~hn eg|rmcne jnkhbgec% Jnc~anx ge xwao

iggec okh|nrgk krn om|b ~xnrx kel vrml~hnrx mi eg|rmcne% \bnw hke x~ox|g|~|n

inr|gjgtnr ge |bn hrmv rm|k|gme% Lnnv!rmm|nl vnrneegkj hrmvx x~hb kx kjikji

| g| j bg o o og j | i g| "Oj |

Sk|nr {~kjg|w hmehnrex ge lrkgekcn sk82



Hmeynrxnjw* vbmxvbmr~x inr|gjgtnrx krn jnxx amogjn ge |bn xmgj onhk~xn |bnw bkyn ynr

kel vbmxvbk|nx krn klxmronl me vmxg|gyn xg|nx ge xmgj mrckegh ak||nr kel hjkw age

;773'% \bn akge rm~|n imr vbmxvbmrm~x |m lrkgekcn sk|nr gx |brm~cb r~emii kx x

gemrckegh kel mrckegh vbmxvbk|n% _~emii sk|nrx akw hme|kge rnxgl~nx mi kebw

gednh|nl ge|m grrgck|gme sk|nr% Kaamegk gx bgcbjw |mgh |m igxb% _~emii sk|nrx a

xnlgane|!om~el mrckegh eg|rmcne% Nhnxxgyn jnynjx mi eg|rmcne kel vbmxvbk|n ge l

akw rnx~j| ge |bn n~|rmvbghk|gme mi sk|nr omlgnx%

Sk|nr kel xmgj kanelane|x x~hb kx cwvx~a akw hme|rgo~|n xgcegighke|jw |m xk

cwvx~a gx xvkrgecjw xmj~ojn* hkjhg~a hme|rgo~|nl irma cwvx~a akw nhbkecn

xmlg~a* kel xmlg~a x~jvbk|n gx k bgcbjw xmj~ojn agenrkj% Khglgh kanelane|x

hkjhg~a hkromek|nx o~| lm em| hme|rgo~|n |m xkjgeg|w onhk~xn |bn xmj~ogjg|w mi hkj

gx ynrw jms% Sbnrn kegakj ake~rnx krn agenrkjgtnl* eg|rk|nx kel xkj|x krn v

kegakj ake~rn "n%c% vm~j|rw ake~rn' hme|kgex kvvrnhgkojn kam~e|x mi xkj|x%

Grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn akekcnane|

Grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn akekcnane| krn |bn akge ikh|mrx geij~nehgec |bn ijms m

|brm~cb |bn xmgj ge krgl tmen hrmvjkelx% Kx xmj~|n |rkexvmr| |k`nx vjkhn akgejw |b

ij~nx* grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn akekcnane| ln|nragen |m k crnk| n|ne| |bn xmj~|

|bn xmgj% Ge grrgck|gme akekcnane|* |gagec ge rnjk|gme |m hrmv sk|nr rn{~grnane|x

kel vnx|ghgln kvvjghk|gme gx `nw |m hme|rmjjgec |bn kam~e| mi xmj~ojn njnane|x

onjms |bn rmm|tmen* irma sbnrn |bnw hke on ge|nrhnv|nl ow x~ox~rikhn lrkgexgrrgck|gme kjxm kiinh|x hkvgjjkrw rgxn ge|m |bn rmm|tmen* sbghb agcb| hk~xn ke k

xkj|x ge |bn rmm|tmen o~| k| |bn xkan |gan rnl~hnx |bn ennl imr grrgck|gme sk|nr% Mi n

|m |bn |gagec gx |bn kam~e| mi grrgck|gme sk|nr kvvjgnl% Nhnxx sk|nr* gehj~lgec ge

jnkhbnx |m lnnvnr xmgj jkwnrx%

Lrkgekcn |nhbeg{~nx kel lnxgce

\bn hbmghn mi lrkgekcn |nhbemjmcw kel hnr|kge lnxgce hbmghnx geij~nehn |bn {

niij~ne| hmexglnrkojw% X~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn nebkehnx |bn ijms mi sk|nr |brm~cb

irma |bn eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk bkyn xbmse |bk|* ge hmavkrgxme |m xmgjx lrkge

x~rikhn lrkgex* x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn rnl~hnx |bn kam~e| mi r~emii kel x~oxn{~n

vbmxvbmrm~x hme|kagek|gme mi x~rikhn sk|nr% K| |bn xkan |gan* x~ox~rikhn lrk




|m |bn {~kjg|w mi |bn crm~elsk|nr kel |m k jnxxnr n|ne| |m |bn {~kjg|w mi grrgc

me hmav~|nr xga~jk|gmex ge Vk`gx|ke* k hmavkrgxme mi |~onsnjj kel |gjn lrkge

@kgrv~r |bn xkjgeg|w mi lrkgekcn niij~ne| skx ;; 3>6 kel ? ;66 vva imr |~onsn

rnxvnh|gynjw* sbnrnkx imr Vkedekl Koogkek g| skx ?? 7;2 kel 9;6 vva* rnxv

kel Hbkelgm* ;77>'%

\bn lnv|b mi |gjn lrkge gex|kjjk|gme kjxm

geij~nehnx |bn kam~e| kel {~kjg|w mi |bncnenrk|nl lrkgekcn sk|nr% Ge |bn Krkj Xnk

Okxge* lnnv lrkgex gehrnkxn |bn ijms |bk|

bkx |m on nykh~k|nl kel g|x xkj| hme|ne|

|brm~cb amogjgtk|gme mi imxxgj crm~elsk|nr

|brm~cb lnnv ijms vk|bx% Imr nkavjn*

lrkgekcn sk|nr ge |bn @krxbg mojkx|

hmjjnh|mr gx n|rnanjw xkjgen "~v |m

2 c-jg|rn'% Nvnh|nl agenrkjgtk|gme jnynjx mi lrkgekcn sk|nr rnx~j|gec irmaa~hb jnxx "hkxn x|~lw Krkj Xnk Okxge* Vkr| GG'% Nvnrgane|x ge K~x|rkjgk sg|

lrkgex ge k ygenwkrl me k hjkw xmgj jnl |m |bn xkan hmehj~xgme% Jnxx lrk

cnenrk|nl sg|b xbkjjms lrkgex "6%3 a lnnv' |bke sg|b lnnv lrkgex ";%2 a ln

xbkjjms lrkgekcn sk|nr bkl k jmsnr xkjgeg|w |bke |bn lnnv lrkgekcn sk|nr0 |mc

lrkgekcn ymj~anx |bgx rnx~j|nl ge k rnl~hnl xkj| jmkl% Kx |bn lnnv lrkgex rn

xkj| |bke gavmr|nl sg|b |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr "\kojn 2'* |bgx jnl |m |bn hmehj~xgm

|bn niij~ne| mi |bn lnnv lrkgex skx lnrgynl irma lnnvnr xmgj jkwnrx "Hbrgx|ne

Amlnj xga~jk|gmex ow Igm kel Lnynrnj ";77;' hmeigra |bnxn moxnryk|gmex

|bn okxn ijms |mskrlx |gjn lrkgex gehrnkxnl kel |bn {~kjg|w lnhrnkxnl sg|b geh

lnv|b ~elnr eme!grrgck|nl hmelg|gmex% \bnw kjxm xbmsnl |bk| |bgx gx k rnx~j

onhmagec lnnvnr kel jmecnr sg|b gehrnkxnl lrkge lnv|b kel xvkhgec% Me |bn

grrgck|gme nyne|x |bn lgxhbkrcn mi |bn xbkjjms kel lnnvnr lrkgex onhkan xgag

|m lnnv vnrhmjk|gme gehrnkxnl kel |bn vrmvmr|gmekj hme|rgo~|gme mi lnnv cr

jk|nrkj ijms lnhrnkxnl%

HBK_KH\N_GX\GHX MI L_KGEKCN SK\N_ [^KJG\W

Xkj|x kel akdmr gmex

\rnk|ane| Xkj| rnamynl"`c-bk'

Lnnv lrkgex

Xbkjjms lrkgex

963

8?

\KOJN 2

Xkj| kvvjgnl ge grrgck|gme sk|nr kel

Xm~rhn4 Hbrgx|ne kel X`nbke* ?66;%

$ Anke xkj| kvvjgnl 1 >6 `c-bk

Sk|nr {~kjg|w hmehnrex ge lrkgekcn sk<6



\mgh |rkhn njnane|x

\rkhn njnane|x krn hmaamejw vrnxne| k| jms jnynjx ge ek|~rn% Akew |rkhn njnan

aghrme~|rgne|x ge ynrw xakjj {~ke|g|gnx x~hb kx grme* akeckenxn* amjwolne~a k

rkecn on|snne lnighgnehw kel |mghg|w gx ekrrms% \rkhn njnane|x mi hmehnre ge

irma grrgck|nl jkelx gehj~ln4 krxnegh* omrme* hklag~a* hbrmag~a* hmvvnr*

amjwolne~a* egh`nj* xnjneg~a* x|rme|g~a* ~rkeg~a* ykeklg~a kel tgeh% \bn bn

njnane|x krn ignl x|rmecjw ow xmgj ak|nrgkjx kel |nel |m on amogjn mejw ge |bn |mvBmsnynr* xman mi |bna imra amogjn an|kj!mrckegh hmavjnnx ge |bn vrnxnehn m

Xman |rkhn njnane|x "krxnegh* xnjneg~a* amjwolne~a kel ~rkeg~a' krn rnjk|gy

|bn rnl~hnl imra "vrnhgvg|k|nl mr njnane|kj' mr krn klxmronl sbgjn |bn mglgtn

xvnhgnx krn amogjn% Imr nkavjn* xnjneg~a gx xmj~ojn ge kj`kjgen kel snjj!mglgt

Xgagjkr |m |bn lgxxmjynl agenrkj xkj|x* |rkhn njnane|x krn nykvmhmehne|rk|nl

mi k crmsgec hrmv kx amrn mr jnxx v~rn sk|nr gx jmx| ge|m |bn k|amxvbnrn kel |bn

rnakge ge |bn xmgj xmj~|gme% Njnyk|nl hmehne|rk|gmex mi xnjneg~a* omrme kel amjw

im~el ge xmgjx imranl irma Hrn|khnm~x xbkjn kel akrgen xnlgane|krw rmh`x ke

crm~elsk|nrx x~hb kx ge |bn snx|nre xgln mi |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw% Xnjneg~a |w

k rnl~hnl imra ge cnmjmcgh imrak|gmex kx xnjneginrm~x vwrg|n mr mrckegh imra

Sbne |bn imrak|gmex krn nvmxnl |m |bn k|amxvbnrn* |bn rnl~hnl xnjneg~a mglg

imrax kel akw on x~odnh| |m |rkexvmr| irma grrgck|gme kel vrnhgvg|k|gme%

Ek|~rkjjw mhh~rrgec krxnegh gx hmaamejw im~el ge ymjhkegh cjkxx ge ymjhkegh r

|m ge|nranlgk|n hmavmxg|gme "Bge`jn kel Vmjn||n* ;777'% G| akw on klxmronl |m ke

sg|b an|kj mglnx* klxmronl |m hjkw agenrkjx kel kxxmhgk|nl sg|b x~jvbgln agen

hkrome "Snjhb n| kj%* ;722'% Ge ek|~rkj k{~ginrx* krxnegh gx nxvnhgkjjw k vrmojna

Gelgk* kel Okecjklnxb o~| g| rnvmr|nljw kjxm mhh~rx ge |bn ^eg|nl X|k|nx mi Ka

Hbgjn* Hbgek* Krcne|gek* Cbkek* Anghm* |bn Vbgjgvvgenx* Ens Tnkjkel kel Am

\m nykj~k|n sbn|bnr |rkhn njnane|x agcb| vm|ne|gkjjw hk~xn k vrmojna ge

akekcnane|* Snx|hm| ";773' x|~lgnl rkecnx kel cnman|rgh anke ykj~nx ge xmgj

vmjj~|ke| |rkhn njnane|x% Hmavkrgec kh|~kj xmgj lk|k sg|b |bnxn jnynjx sm~jl cgy

mi |bn vm|ne|gkj imr |rkhn njnane| jnkhbgec%

Kcrmvmjj~|ke|x

\b | g jj | | g g j| j l g | | g | l




\bnrnimrn* akew vnx|ghglnx krn akgejw im~el ge x~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr ke

lrkgekcn sk|nr kx x~hb* l~n |m |bn igj|nrgec kh|gme mi |bn xmgjx% Bmsnynr* xma

|nelnehw |m on jnkhbnl |brm~cb xmgj vrmigjnx kel khh~a~jk|n ge crm~

mrckemvbmxvbk|nx "n%c% LOHV kel K|rktgen'%

Xnlgane|x

Xnlgane| hme|kagek|gme gx k akge hmehnre imr x~rikhn lrkgekcn ge bgjjw krnk

bgcb rkgeikjj% Xnlgane| vrml~h|gme ge krgl tmenx mhh~rx ge gavrmvnrjw lnxg

x~rikhn grrgck|gme xwx|nax* nxvnhgkjjw i~rrms grrgck|gme% Xnlgane|x krn k lgr

k{~k|gh rnxm~rhnx kel |bn k{~k|gh neygrmeane| ge cnenrkj% \bnw kjxm gehrnkxn

sk|nr |rnk|ane| kel akge|nekehn mi mvne x~rikhn lrkgekcn en|smr`x irma xn

jg`n ge Vk`gx|ke kel Hbgek% Ge kllg|gme* vbmxvbk|n* mrckegh eg|rmcne kel v

xnlgane| vkr|ghjnx krn k xm~rhn mi vmjj~|gme% Xnlgane| vrml~h|gme hke on rnl

|gjjkcn vrkh|ghnx "E_H* ;778' kel jgag|gec x~rikhn r~emii |brm~cb xm~el gXnlgane| xn||jgec vmelx akw on ~xnl |m rnl~hn |bn jmkl mi xnlgane|x ge

Vmjwkhrwjkaglnx kvvnkr |m xnryn kx ke nhnjjne| hmkc~jke| imr xnlgane|x

Xnlgane|x krn em| emrakjjw im~el ge x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr% Bmsnynr* k l

sg|b xmgj vkr|ghjnx agcb| hk~xn xnlgane| vmjj~|gme ge x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk

SK\N_ [^KJG\W HMEHN_EX IM_ SK\N_ XNX

Hrmv vrml~h|gme

\bn |m|kj hmehne|rk|gme mi xkj|x ge lrkgekcn niij~ne| gx mi akdmr hmehnre imr gr

Xkjgeg|w ge |bn rmm|tmen gehrnkxnx |bn mxam|gh vrnxx~rn ge |bn xmgj xmj~|gme% \

nnr| amrn nenrcw |m |k`n ~v xmgj sk|nr |m ann| |bngr nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme

hnr|kge xkj| hmehne|rk|gme* vjke| rmm|x sgjj em| on kojn |m cnenrk|n nem~cb imr

irma |bn xmgj vrmigjn% Sk|nr x|rnxx sgjj mhh~r* rnx~j|gec ge wgnjl rnl~h|gme% \bn

vjke|x krn kojn |m |mjnrk|n xkjgeg|w ge |bn xmgj amgx|~rn lgiinrx on|snne hrmv xv

Imr |bn x|kogjg|w mi |bn xmgj x|r~h|~rn* |bn hmavmxg|gme mi |bn xmgj xmj~|g

ikh|mr% Ge |bn xmjgl vbkxn* xmgjx bkyn k en| enck|gyn x~rikhn hbkrcn% \bn akce

nhbkecn hkvkhg|w "HNH ' lnvnelx me |bn kam~e| kel |wvn mi hjkw kel |

hme|ne|% Hk|gmex x~hb kx hkjhg~a* akcenxg~a* xmlg~a* vm|kxxg~a kel bwlrmc

Sk|nr {~kjg|w hmehnrex ge lrkgekcn sk<?



lnvrnxxnl wgnjlx% \bn vrnxnehn mi bgcb hmehne|rk|gmex mi xmlg~a gebgog|x |bn ~v

hk~xgec e~|rg|gmekj lgxmrlnrx% M|bnr gmex hke on |mgh* hk~xgec hbkrkh|nrgx|gh ged~

|bn gmex khh~a~jk|n ge |bn vjke|% \mgh njnane|x mi akdmr hmehnre krn hbjmrg

omrme "IKM* ;72>o'%

\bn n|ne| |m sbghb hrmvx x~iinr irma xkjgeg|w x|rnxx lnvnelx me xnynrkj ik

wgnjl rnl~h|gmex krn lnigenl kx k i~eh|gme mi |bn kynrkcn xkj| hmehne|rk|gme g

ge|nrkh|gmex on|snne xmgj* sk|nr kel hjgak|gh hmelg|gmex geij~nehn |bn rnjk|gmexbbgcb kgr |navnrk|~rnx akw hk~xn k rnl~hnl xkj| |mjnrkehn% H~j|~rkj vrkh|ghnx kj

k hnr|kge n|ne| wgnjl rnl~h|gme rnx~j|gec irma xkjgeg|w x|rnxx% M|bnr vjke| hbkrkh

lgiinr on|snne vjke| xvnhgnx* ykrgn|gnx mi |bn xkan xvnhgnx kel crms|b x|kcn

xkjgeg|w x|rnxx mhh~rx' ln|nragen |bngr kogjg|w |m hmvn sg|b xkjgeg|w x|rnxx%

\bn ykrgk|gmex on|snne hrmvx ge xkj| |mjnrkehn krn k||rgo~|kojn |m |bn ikh| |b

hke ak`n |bn enhnxxkrw mxam|gh kld~x|ane| |m nekojn |bna |m n|rkh| amrn sk

xmgjx% \bgx kld~x|ane| geymjynx |sm anhbkegxax4 koxmrv|gme mi xkj|x irma |bn xm

xwe|bnxgx mi mrckegh xmj~|nx% Bkjmvbw|nx |nel |m koxmro xkj|x kel gavm~el |bna

sbgjn mrckegh xmj~|nx xnryn |bn i~eh|gme mi mxam|gh kld~x|ane| ge |bn hw|mvjkxa

|nel |m nhj~ln xmlg~a kel hbjmrgln gmex% Imr |bgx rnkxme* |bnxn vjke|x ennl |m

bkjmvbw|nx me |bn xwe|bnxgx mi mrckegh mxamjw|nx% Kx k rnx~j|* |bnw krn amrn xk

bkjmvbw|nx% Keen ; vrnxne|x lk|k me hrmv |mjnrkehn |m xkjgeg|w kel akdmr gmex

Xnexg|gyg|w |m xkj|x hbkecnx hmexglnrkojw l~rgec vjke| lnynjmvane|% Amx| hrm

|m xkjgeg|w l~rgec nanrcnehn kel nkrjw lnynjmvane|% Mehn nx|kojgxbnl* amx|

gehrnkxgecjw |mjnrke| l~rgec jk|nr x|kcnx mi crms|b% \bnrn gx cnenrkj kcrnnane||bn vjke|x krn x|rnxxnl* |bn crnk|nr |bn rnl~h|gme ge yncn|k|gyn crms|b "Ak

;777'%

Em| kjj |rkhn njnane|x krn |mgh kel xakjj {~ke|g|gnx mi akew krn nxxne|gkj i

"n%c% grme* akeckenxn* amjwolne~a kel tgeh'% Bmsnynr* nhnxxgyn {~ke|g|gnx a

ge vjke| |gxx~nx kel hk~xn crms|b rnl~h|gmex% Hrmv |mjnrkehn |m |rkhn njnane|

ykrgnx sglnjw% Sbne khh~a~jk|nl ge vjke| |gxx~n* hnr|kge |rkhn njnane|x krn kjxm

kel b~akex ~vme nk|gec* n%c% xnjneg~a* krxnegh kel hklag~a% Kx vjke|x lm em||bn |rkhn njnane|x |bk| krn vrnxne| ge |bn xmgj* |bn |rkhn njnane|x khh~a~jk|n ge

Ge ;72>* IKM v~ojgxbnl cnenrkj c~glnjgenx imr nykj~k|gec sk|nr {~kjg|w im

vrml~h|gme "IKM* ;72>o'% \bnxn c~glnjgenx krn cnenrkj ge ek|~rn kel krn okxn

|g Sb |b | j lg|g lgii o | |g jj i |b




Ge ek|~rkj sk|nr* |bn jnynjx mi |rkhn njnane|x krn emrakjjw ynrw jms% Njny

jnynjx bkyn k enck|gyn gavkh| kel bkrai~j niinh|x me k{~k|gh jgin% Xman |rkh

anrh~rw kel xnjneg~a krn mi vkr|gh~jkr hmehnre onhk~xn mi |bngr ogmkhh~a~

k| ynrw jms hmehne|rk|gmex "Snx|hm|* ;773'% Imr nkavjn* ge |bn êg|nl X|k

rnc~jk|mrw akga~a hme|kageke| jnynj imr xnjneg~a imr k{~k|gh ogm|k ge ir

kel imr lrge`gec!sk|nrx imr b~akex* >6 vvo% \bn imranr gx jmsnr l~n |m |bn o

xnjneg~a |brm~cb |bn k{~k|gh imml hbkge%

Vnx|ghglnx akw kjxm hk~xn |mghg|w vrmojnax ge k{~k|gh mrckegxax ge x~r

vnx|ghgln ~xn gx h~rrne|jw bgcbnx| ge Emr|b Kanrghk kel N~rmvn* g| gx nvnh

ikx|nr rk|n ge lnynjmvgec hm~e|rgnx ge |bn enkr i~|~rn% Akew mi |bn xwe|bn|gh m

krn vnrxgx|ne| kel ogmkhh~a~jk|n% \bnw akcegiw ~v |bn imml hbkge kel krn

omlw ik|* sbnrn |bnw hke vnrxgx| imr k jmec |gan% Ge |bn hkxn mi igxb |gxx~nx ke

xman mi |bnxn hmavm~elx akw kjxm rnkhb hmex~anrx% Kx igxb krn ke gavmr|ke

g| gx nxxne|gkj |m vrnyne| kel kymgl khh~a~jk|gme mi hme|kageke|x ge igxb mr xb

;77?'%

Kjj k{~k|gh mrckegxax gehj~lgec igxb mr m|bnr k{~k|gh rnxm~rhnx jgygec ge h

omlgnx krn ongec nvmxnl lkgjw |m k a~j|g|~ln mi xwe|bn|gh hbnaghkj hmavm~

lnynjmvane| mi |bn rnvrml~h|gyn* gaa~en* enrym~x kel nelmhrgen xwx|nax ow a

ojmh`gec |bn kh|gme mi bmramenx* mr ow m|bnr ~eèmse ge|nrinrnehn sg|b |b

"_~|bnrimrl* ;773'% Igxb bkyn lgiinrne| jgin x|kcnx4 ncc* jkrykn* igecnrjgec

vmjj~|ke|x akw bkyn lgiinrne| niinh|x me |bngr jgin hwhjn kel me |bngr i~eh|gme

hkvkhg|w |m rnvrml~hn* e~rxn* innl kel agcrk|n'%\bn crnk|nx| |brnk| |m |bn x~x|kgekogjg|w mi gejkel igxbnrw rnxm~rhnx gx

neygrmeane|% Khhmrlgec |m |bn CNM!G vrnvkrnl ow |bn ÊNV* khhnxx |m

irnxbsk|nr krn kamec |bn im~r `nw vrgmrg|w krnkx "IKM* ;777k'% Ykrgm~x c~

vrmvmxnl imr sk|nr gavmr|ke| imr igxbnrgnx mr vrm|nh|gec k{~k|gh neygrmeane|

"NGIKH* ;79<0 Org|gxb Hmjmaogk Agegx|rw mi Neygrmeane|* Jkel kel Vkr`x* ;7

kel Hbkvake* ;77?'% Sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx nx|kojgxbnl imr |navnrk|n rnc

kvvjgnl sg|bm~| hk~|gme |m m|bnr hjgak|n hmelg|gmex kx |mghg|w* vnrxgx|nehn

rk|nx agcb| lgiinr x~ox|ke|gkjjw "Ogenw n| kj %* ;77<'%

Jgynx|mh` vrml~h|gme

Sk|nr {~kjg|w hmehnrex ge lrkgekcn sk<<



Hmehnrex imr b~ake bnkj|b

\bn {~kjg|w mi sk|nr bkx k akdmr geij~nehn me v~ojgh bnkj|b% Vmmr aghrmogmjmcghkj

|m jnkl |m m~|ornk`x mi geinh|gm~x sk|nr!omren lgxnkxnx kel akw hk~xn xnrg

Hbnaghkj sk|nr {~kjg|w gx cnenrkjjw mi jmsnr gavmr|kehn% \bn gavkh| mi hbna

bnkj|b |nelx |m on mi k hbrmegh jmec!|nra ek|~rn* kel |bnrn gx |gan kykgjkojn |

kh|gme% Bmsnynr* kh~|n niinh|x akw on nehm~e|nrnl sbnrn akdmr vmjj~|gme n

sbnrn jnynjx mi hnr|kge hbnaghkjx "n%c% krxnegh' krn bgcb irma ek|~rkj xm~rhnx

Gehrnkxnx ge xkjgeg|w* rnjk|nl |m lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj me k xbkrnl sk|nr

|brnk|ne g|x ~xn imr lmanx|gh kel lrge`gec!sk|nr x~vvjw% Kj|bm~cb |bn SBM

imra~jk|nl kew c~glnjgenx okxnl me \LX * bgcb xkj| hmehne|rk|gmex hke hk~xn

Hmehne|rk|gmex mi jnxx |bke ; 666 ac-jg|rn ";%>9 lX-a' krn emrakjjw khhnv|koj

Imr |bn akdmrg|w mi |bn akdmr gmex* em bnkj|b c~glnjgenx bkyn onne lnrgynl% Vrn

krn okxnl me |kx|n kel m|bnr xgln!niinh|x mi gelgygl~kj gmex* x~hb kx x|kgegec mi j

mr |bn rm||ne ncc xanjj mi x~jvbglgh sk|nr% Amx| mi |bn |mgh |rkhn njnane|x krn

bnkj|b hrg|nrgk imr c~glnjgenx imr |bn {~kjg|w mi lrge`gec!sk|nr kx xman mi |bna kr

Imr nkavjn* krxnegh hme|kagek|gme mi lrge`gec!sk|nr x~vvjgnx gx mi akdmr hmehnre

Nvnh|nl hmehne|rk|gmex ge ek|~rkj sk|nrx krn cnenrkjjw snjj onjms ; a

hmehne|rk|gmex krn nhnnlnl* nvnexgyn |rnk|ane| vrmhnxxnx krn rn{~grnl |m a

khhnv|kojn imr b~ake hmex~av|gme% Xman snjj!`emse hbnaghkj vmjj~|ke|x |b

gehj~ln eg|rk|n* krxnegh* anrh~rw kel ij~mrgln% Ge kllg|gme* |bnrn gx ke gehrnk

xwe|bn|gh mrckegh hmavm~elx rnjnkxnl ge|m |bn neygrmeane| sbmxn niinh| me b

vmmrjw ~elnrx|mml* o~| kvvnkrx |m on hkrhgemcnegh "SBM* ?666'% Keen 8

sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx%

B~akex kjxm ~xn sk|nr rnxm~rhnx imr ok|bgec kel rnhrnk|gme% X~hb kh|gyg|gnx g

sk|nrx vmxn k bnkj|b rgx` l~n |m4 |bn vmxxgogjg|w mi gecnx|gec xakjj {~ke|g|gnx0 h

nwn* emxn kel nkr0 kel hme|kh| |brm~cb mvne sm~elx% Bnkj|b rgx`x rnjk|nl |m

akgejw rnjk|nl |m vk|bmcnegh hme|kagek|gme% \bn vm|ne|gkj rgx`x irma hbnaghkj h

rnhrnk|gmekj sk|nrx krn ~x~kjjw xakjj% Nyne rnvnk|nl nvmx~rn gx ~ejg`njw |m rnx~

|bn hmehne|rk|gmex mi hme|kagek|gme im~el ge sk|nrx kel sg|b |bn nvmx~rn vk||nre

~xnrx% Bmsnynr* |bn knx|bn|gh {~kjg|w mi rnhrnk|gmekj sk|nr gx n|rnanjw ga

vxwhbmjmcghkj snjjongec mi ~xnrx "SBM* ;772'%




H

Sk|nr hmex

ENNL IM_ SK\N_ HMEXN_YK\GME ANKX^_NX

Sk|nr hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx krn |bn igrx|!jgen mv|gme imr |bn hme|rmj ke

x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr% Hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx geymjyn rnl~hgec |bn k

sk|nr kel |bnw gehj~ln4 xm~rhn rnl~h|gme |brm~cb xm~el grrgck|gme sk|nr ak

sk|nr |kojn akekcnane|0 crm~elsk|nr akekcnane|;0 kel jkel rn|grnane

kiinh| m|bnr mv|gmex x~hb kx |bn rn~xn kel lgxvmxkj mi lrkgekcn sk|nr% Ge cne

ankx~rnx hmexgx| mi ankx~rnx |bk| kga |m rnl~hn |bn {~ke|g|w mi lrkgekcn nii

|bk| kga |m rnl~hn |bn akxx nagxxgme mi hmex|g|~ne|x ge|m rnhngygec sk|nr% Sk

|m sk|nr ~xnrx "kcrgh~j|~rn* igxbnrgnx* n|h%' krn rnijnh|nl ge |nrax mi hmehne|rk

mi lrkgekcn irma grrgck|nl jkelx gx ge |nrax mi sk|nr ymj~an kel akxx lgxhbk

\bn hkxn x|~lgnx irma |bn ^eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk* Gelgk* Vk`gx|ke kel

vrnxne|nl ge Vkr| GG gjj~x|rk|n |bn ennl imr xm~rhn rnl~h|gme% Ge |bn emr|bn

Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw* jgag|nl lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj ge|m |bn Xke Dmk{~ge _gynr gx v

vrm|nh| sk|nr {~kjg|w imr lmsex|rnka sk|nr ~xnrx% Bmsnynr* ge |bn xm~|bnrykjjnw |bnrn krn em mvvmr|~eg|gnx imr kew lrkgekcn ge|m |bn rgynr kel |bn yklmx

sg|b lnnv vnrhmjk|gme% X~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn gx vrkh|gxnl sg|b lgxvmxkj ge|m n

Imr |bn xm~|bnre vkr| mi |bgx ykjjnw* mv|gmex x~hb kx lnnv!snjj gednh|gme* lnxk

|rnk|ane| |m rnamyn xnjneg~a krn ng|bnr cnenrkjjw |mm nvnexgyn imr |bn i

ne|grn hmx| mr |nhbeghkjjw em| inkxgojn% \bnrnimrn* xm~rhn rnl~h|gme vjkwx k a

sg|b vrmojnax hk~xnl ow |bn xbkjjms* xkjgen crm~elsk|nr ge |bn Xke Dmk{~ge

x~hb kx Gelgk kel Vk`gx|ke* hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx krn rn{~grnl kx jkrcn |rk

mi lrkgekcn mhh~r ge gejkel okxgex sg|bm~| kln{~k|n lgxvmxkj ikhgjg|gnx% Ge V~aornjjk mi |bn Im~r|b Xkjgeg|w Hme|rmj kel _nhjkak|gme Vrmdnh|* nykvmrk|gm

hmex|r~h|nl |m rnjgnyn |bn lgxvmxkj vrmojna* |bm~cb klynrxn gavkh|x bkyn o

x~rrm~elgec jkelx% \m vrnyne| xnrgm~x neygrmeane|kj lncrklk|gme kel |m x~x|kge g

vkrkjjnj hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx ennl |m on gavjnane|nl%

Sk<9



OMR ?4 ENNL \M GEH_NKXN SK\N_ XN NIIGHGNEHW KX _N

XHK_HG\W ‘ KE NRKAVJN I_MA NCWV\

Nx|gak|nl sk|nr okjkehn imr Ncwv|

\bn grrgck|gme lnakel gx vrmdnh|nl |m gehrnkxn |m 9; >

?6?>% Sg|bm~| |k`gec ge|m khhm~e| |bn gehrnkxn ge a~eghg

lnakel* |bn |m|kj vrmdnh|nl sk|nr lnakel imr ?6?> gx 3

vnr wnkr% Kx |bn sk|nr rnxm~rhnx krn em| vrmdnh|nl |m ge

niighgnehw ennlx |m gehrnkxn ge mrlnr |m x~x|kge kjj ykj~

Imr |bgx v~rvmxn* |bn Cmynreane| mi Ncwv| vrmam|nx |grrgck|gme gavrmynane| vrmdnh|x% _nl~h|gme mi grrgck|gme

|bn lrkgekcn niij~ne| cnenrk|nl kel gx jg`njw |m gehrnkxn

bkx hmexglnrkojn hmexn{~nehnx imr rn~xn kel lgxvmxkj

NVG[ Sk|nr Vmjghw \nka* ;772'%

Sk|nr xm~rhn Kee~kjkykgjkogjg|w ge

agjjgme a8

Sk|nr ~xn

Egjn sk|nr {~m|k

_nenskojn CS

Akga~a rn~xkojn

>> >66

9 666

3 666

Grrgck|gme

A~eghgvkj

Gel~x|rgkj

\m|kj kykgjkojn 92 >66 \m|kj lnakel

|bnxn hmelg|gmex* lmseskrl

jnkhbgec mi xkj|x sgjj rnx~j| ge

ke mynrkjj gavrmynl xkj|

xg|~k|gme "Hbrgx|ne kel

X`nbke* ?666'%

BWL_MJMCGH OKJKEHN

Lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane|

ge cnenrkj kel sk|nr

hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx ge

vk r| gh~j kr rn {~grn k

hmavrnbnexgyn `emsjnlcn

kel lk|kokxn mi |bn

bwlrmjmcgh okjkehn ge grrgck|nlkcrgh~j|~rn% \bn hme|rmj

ymj~an akw on |bn yklmxn

tmen gehj~lgec |bn hrmv

rmm|tmen* |bn xk|~rk|nl tmen

imr |bn crm~elsk|nr okxge* mr

k hmaogek|gme mi yklmxn kel

xk|~rk|nl tmenx% \bn yklmxn

kel xk|~rk|nl tmenx akw onygnsnl kx |bn x~oxwx|na

hmavmene|x kel |bn

hmaogek|gme mi |bnxn |sm kx

|bn mynrkjj xwx|na mr cjmokj

vn rx vnh| gyn% Ig c~rn ;>

lnvgh|x |bn bwlrmjmcgh

ok jkehn im r |bnxn |b rn n

hme|rmj ymj~anx% Sk|nr gev~|xkel m~|v~|x ykrw kamec |bn

x~oxwx|na hmavmene|x kel

|bn sbmjn xwx|na% Imr

nkavjn* v~avnl

G x

G c

V N\

Lr

_M

_ C

_ CG c

Xg

G x V N\ Lr 1 lrkgesk|nr rn~xn

Lrk 1 kr|gighgkj x~ox~rik

Lre 1 ek|~rkj lrkgekcn

Yklmxn Tmen Xk|~rk|nl Tmen

∉S yt ∉S xt

IGC^_N ;>

Bwlrmjmcgh okjkehn ge |bn yklmxn kel xk|~rk|nl

k hmaogek|gme mi yklmxn kel xk|~rk|nl tmenx




gehj~ln |bn hrmv rmm|tmen* |bn yklmxn tmen "|bn hrmv rmm|tmen gx mi|ne |k

yklmxn tmen' |brm~cb sbghb lnnv vnrhmjk|gme vkxxnx kel rnhbkrcnx |bn xk|~rk

tmen% Ankx~rnane|x mi hmjjnh|nl x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn krn vmxxgojn o~| lnnv

|bn rmm|tmen gx n|rnanjw lgiigh~j| |m nx|gak|n kel |wvghkjjw mo|kgenl kx k

bwlrmjmcgh okjkehn ge |bn yklmxn tmen% \bn vrnxnehn mi k bgcb crm~els

hmavjghk|nx |bn xg|~k|gme kx ~vskrl ij~nx* g%n% hkvgjjkrw rgxn kel sk|nr ~v|k`

crm~elsk|nr ow rmm|x* akw kjxm mhh~r%

Sbne ygnsgec k xnrgnx mi ge|nrhmeenh|nl grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn lgx|rgh|x

sk|nr ~xn onhmanx {~g|n hmavjn% Kj|bm~cb sk|nr akw on ~xnl rk|bnr geni

|bn mynrkjj niighgnehw akw on {~g|n bgcb imr |bn ne|grn rgynr okxge onhk~xn mi

sk|nr em| hmex~anl ~vxjmvn mr ~vx|rnka* g%n% |bn grrgck|gme rn|~re ijms "Xmjm

;777'% Bmsnynr* ge |nrax mi sk|nr {~kjg|w* |bnrn gx k vrmcrnxxgyn lncrklk|gme

rn|~re ijmsx vgh` ~v gav~rg|gnx "Hbkv|nr <'% \b~x* g| gx enhnxxkrw |m on ko

vnrimrakehn mi grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn xwx|nax em| mejw imr |bn lnxgce mi kj

o~| kjxm imr |bn akekcnane| kel mvnrk|gme mi grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn xwx|na

G__GCK\GME VN_IM_AKEHN GELGHK\M_X

E~anrm~x gelghk|mrx* ~x~kjjw hkjjnl niighgnehgnx* bkyn onne lnynjmvnl |

vnrimrakehn% \bn lnigeg|gmex mi niighgnehgnx kx imra~jk|nl ow |bn GHGL-GJ_G

;776' krn sglnjw ~xnl% Khhmrlgec |m |bn GHGL-GJ_G* |bn amynane| mi sk|nr |b

xwx|na geymjynx |brnn xnvkrk|n mvnrk|gmex4 hmeynwkehn* lgx|rgo~|gme* kel i

hmecr~nehn* |bn akge niighgnehgnx krn lnigenl imr sk|nr ~xn ge nkhb mi |bnx

\bn hmeynwkehn niighgnehw "nh' gx |bn niighgnehw mi |bn hkekj mr hmel~g|

xm~rhn |m |bn mii|k`nx mi |bn lgx|rgo~|gme xwx|na% \bn nh

hke on nvrnxxnl

sk|nr lnjgynrnl |m |bn lgx|rgo~|gme xwx|na vj~x |bn eme!grrgck|gme lnjgynrgnx ir

xwx|na lgyglnl ow |bn ymj~an lgynr|nl mr v~avnl irma k xm~rhn mi sk|nr v

xm~rhnx% \bn lgx|rgo~|gme niighgnehw "nl ' gx |bn niighgnehw mi |bn sk|nr lgx|rgo

{~k|nrekrw' hkekjx kel hmel~g|x x~vvjwgec sk|nr |m gelgygl~kj ignjlx% \bn nl h

|bn ymj~an mi sk|nr i~regxbnl |m |bn ignjlx vj~x eme!grrgck|gme lnjgynrgnx lgyglsk|nr lnjgynrnl |m |bn lgx|rgo~|gme xwx|na% Igekjjw* |bn sk|nr kvvjghk|gme ni

rnjk|gmexbgv on|snne |bn {~ke|g|w mi sk|nr kvvjgnl k| |bn ignjl gejn| kel |bn

ennlnl imr nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme ow |bn hrmvx |m kymgl ~elnxgrkojn sk|nr x|

^ejg`n |bn KXHN \kx` Hmaag||nn me Lnxhrgogec Grrgck|gme Niighgnehw kel e

l ` i b lg g g o g o ig g j

Sk<2



ONENIGHGKJ ^XNX! N\h ! Sk|nr bkrynx|nl sg|b hrmv! Xkj| rnamykj! Xnnl cnragek|gme! Hjgak|n hme|rmj n|h%

EME!ONENIGHGKJ ^XNX

_nkxmekojn ~xnx_nkxmekojn mr

ymj~an mynr k xvnhgigh vnrgml mi |gan%

\bn |gan vnrgml |k`ne gx k hrmvvgec

xnkxme rk|bnr |bke k xgecjn grrgck|gme

nyne|%

Igc~rn ;9 xbmsx |bk| |bn lgygxgme

on|snne hmex~av|gyn ~xn kel eme!

hmex~av|gyn ~xn jgnx ge |bn lnjgenk|gme on |snne sk |nr |bk | gx hmex gln rnl

grrnhmynrkojn kel sk|nr |bk| hke on rn!

kvvjgnl njxnsbnrn* |bm~cb vnrbkvx

lncrklnl ge {~kjg|w% Hmex~av|gyn ~xnx

gehj~ln sk|nr |bk| igelx g|x skw ge|m |bn

k|amxvbnrn |brm~cb nykvmrk|gme kel

|rkexvgrk|gme* kel sk|nr |bk| jnkynx |bn

om~elkrgnx ge bkrynx|nl vjke| |gxx~nx% Eme!hmex~av|gyn ~xn gx sk|nr |bk|

jnkynx |bn om~elkrgnx ge |bn imra mi

r~emii* lnnv vnrhmjk|gme kel hkekj xvgjjx% \bn vkr|g|gmegec mi kvvjgnl sk|nr ge|m

eme!onenighgkj ~xnx gx k lgx|geh|gme on|snne sk|nr hmex~anl ge mrlnr |m khb

modnh|gynx kel sk|nr |bk| lmnx em| hme|rgo~|n |m |bgx modnh|gyn% Onenighgkj ~xn mi

|bn vrml~h|gme mi hrmvx kel gehj~lnx nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme* sk|nr ennlnl imr gavrmyge

xmgj vrml~h|gyg|w* xnnl onl vrnvkrk|gme kel xnnl cnragek|gme* irmx| vrnyne|gme* n|h

~xnx gehj~ln lnnv vnrhmjk|gme ge nhnxx mi |bn jnkhbgec rn{~grnane|* |kgjsk|nr* ny ow snnlx* hkekj xnnvkcn* xvgjjx* n|h%

Em| kjj eme!onenighgkj ~xnx hke on

kymglnl k| kjj |ganx% L~n |m vbwxghkj*

nhmemagh mr akekcnrgkj hmex|rkge|x kel

ykrgm~x neygrmeane|kj rn{~grnane|x*

xman lncrnn mi eme!onenighgkj ~xn gx

rnkxmekojn% Imr nkavjn* rnkxmekojn o~|

eme!onenighgkj lnnv vnrhmjk|gme hke

mhh~r onhk~xn mi ~ehnr|kge|gnx |bk|

ikranrx ikhn sbne lnhglgec bms a~hb

|m grrgck|n |m rnvjnegxb |bn kykgjkojn xmgj

g ^ oj g j l

! Hrmv N\h

! Nykvmrk|gme imr

hjgak|n hme|rmj

! n|h%

! Lnnv

vnrhmjk|gme imr

xkj| rnamykj

! n|h%

! Vbrnk|mvbw|n N\

! Xvrge`jnr nykvm%

! _nxnrymgr nykvm%

! n|h%

! Nhnxx lnnv

vnrhmjk|gme

! Nhnxx r~emii

! Xvgjj* n|h%

Hmex~av|gyn

^xn

Eme!

hmex~av|gyn

^xn

IGC^_N ;9

Hmex~av|gyn ynrx~x eme!hmex

onenighgkj ynrx~x eme!onenighgkj ~xn

Xm~rhn4 Hjnaanex kel O~r|* ;773%

IGC^_N ;3

Onenighgkj kel eme!onenighgkj kel rn~ernkxmekojn ~xnx




\brnn mi |bn vnrimrakehn gelghk|mrx vrmvmxnl ow |bn KXHN \kx` Hmaa

ge rnjk|gme |m |bn vjkeegec kel lnxgce mi hmexnryk|gme ankx~rnx% \bn igrx| gelgh

hmex~av|gyn ~xn hmniighgne| " GH^H ' sbghb gx nvrnxxnl kx imjjmsx4

\bn GH^H lnkjx sg|b |bn irkh|gme mi sk|nr |bk| gx kh|~kjjw hmex~anl ge |bn kel eme!onenighgkjjw% \bn lnemagek|mr hme|kgex ‒hbkecn ge x|mrkcn mi grrgck

vkr| mi |bn sk|nr kvvjgnl |bk| bkx em| jni| |bn hme|rmj ymj~an kel gx |b~x ~xkojn

vnrgmlx% \bn {~ke|g|w ";66! GH^H ' rnvrnxne|x |bn vnrhne|kcn mi eme!hmex~

kvvjgnl sk|nr% \b~x* |bn GH^H lnkjx sg|b |bn irkh|gme mi sk|nr |bk| gx grrnhmyn

hkeem| on rn!kvvjgnl njxnsbnrn%

\bn xnhmel gelghk|mr* grrgck|gme niighgnehw " GN ' lnkjx sg|b sk|nr ~xnl on

vrml~h|gme% GN hke on nvrnxxnl kx4

\bn {~ke|g|w ";66! GN ' rnvrnxne|x |bn vnrhne|kcn mi eme!onenighgkj ~xnx

\bn KXHN \kx` Hmaag||nn x~ccnx|x k |bgrl vnrimrakehn gelghk|mr onh

jmxxnx krn kymglkojn% \bn grrgck|gme xkckhg|w " GX '* igrx| ge|rml~hnl ow Xmjmame

gx ems lnigenl ow |bn KXHN \kx` Hmaag||nn kx4

\bn KXHN \kx` Hmaag||nn x~ccnx|x |bn ~xn mi GX |m hmavjnane| GN %

\bn e~anrghkj ykj~nx mi |bnxn |brnn vnrimrakehn gelghk|mrx vrmygln kvvr

niinh|gynenxx mi |bn grrgck|gme xwx|na kel g|x akekcnane| kel |bn hme|rgo~|gmsk|nr vrml~h|gme% Bmsnynr* |bn ~xn mi |bnxn vnrimrakehn gelghk|mrx rnjgnx m

|bn ykrgm~x sk|nr ~xnx kel ik|n vk|bskwx mi sk|nr% \bnrn krn akew an|bm

|bn ymj~an kxxmhgk|nl sg|b nkhb sk|nr ~xn% Xman krn lgrnh| ankx~rnan

sk|nr an|nrx'* xman krn gelgrnh| ankx~rnane|x "n%c% N\ nx|gak|nl irma sn

sk|grrgck|gmemi x|mrkcnkvvjgnl sk|nr grrgck|gmemi ymj~an

~xnl njwhmex~av|gysk|nr grrgck|gmemi ymj~an GH^H

∉∟1

sk|ngrrgck|gmemi x|mrkcnkvvjgnl sk|nr grrgck|gmemi ymj~an

~xnl jwonenighgkj sk|nr grrgck|gmemi ymj~an GN

∉∟1

-

sk|nrgrrgck|gmemi x|mrkcnkvvjgnl sk|nr grrgck|gmemi ymj~an

~xnl rnkxmekojwmr kel jwonenighgkj sk|nr grrgck|gmemi ymj~an GX

∉∟1

Sk>6



XM^_HN _NL^H\GME \B_M^CB XMÊL

G__GCK\GME AKEKCNANE\

Xm~rhn rnl~h|gme kgax |m rnl~hn |bn

lrkgekcn niij~ne| |brm~cb gavrmygec

grrgck|gme vnrimrakehn kel |b~x

gavrmygec GN % Kx hnr|kge jmxxnx krn

~ekymglkojn* xm~rhn rnl~h|gme kgaxamrn vrnhgxnjw |m gehrnkxn GX ow

rnl~hgec eme!onenighgkj* ~ernkxmekojn

~xnx "Om 8'%

_nkxmekojn jmxxnx

\bgx xnh|gme nvjmrnx |bn ykrgm~x jmxxnx

hkv|~rnl ow x~ox~rikhn ignjl lrkgex kel

mvne hmjjnh|mr kel akge lrkgex* kel

nx|kojgxbnx nx|gak|nx imr rnkxmekojn

jmxxnx%

Jmxxnx hkv|~rnl ow x~ox~rikhn ignjl

lrkgex

\bn lgxhbkrcn mi me!ikra x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn ge grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn akw on l

|bn imjjmsgec sk|nr okjkehn n{~k|gme4

sbnrn4

{ 1 xvnhgigh lgxhbkrcn "aa-l'0

_ 1 nx|gak|nl lnnv vnrhmjk|gme "aa'0X

h1 xnnvkcn irma hkekj "aa'0

X j

1 jk|nrkj xnnvkcn geijms |m |bn krnk "aa'0

X y

1 ynr|ghkj xnnvkcn geijms "aa'0

L 1 ek|~rkj crm~elsk|nr lrkgekcn irma |bn krnk "aa'0 kel

OMR 84 EME!ONENIGHGKJ E_NKXMEKO

Eme!onenighgkj ^xnx

  Kew mynrgrrgck|gme l~n |meme!~egimrag|w0

  Kew ~ehmjjnh|nl |kgjsk|nr0

  Lnnv vnrhmjk|gme ge nhnxxmi |bk| ennlnl imr xkj|rnamykj0

  Nykvmrk|gme irma sn| xmgjm~|xgln |bn hrmvvnl krnk mi k ignjl0

  Xvrkw lrgi| onwmel |bn ignjlom~elkrgnx0

  Nykvmrk|gme kxxmhgk|nlsg|b nhnxxgynjw irn{~ne|grrgck|gmex0

  Snnl mr vbrnk|mvbw|nnykvm|rkexvgrk|gme0

  Xwx|na mvnrk|gmekj jmxxnx0

  Jnk`kcn irma hkekjx0

  Xnnvkcn kel nykvmrk|gmejmxxnx irma hkekjx kelx|mrkcn rnxnrymgrx0

  _nc~jk|mrw xvgjjx |m ann|skx|nsk|nr lgxhbkrcnrn{~grnane|x |bk| krnokxnl me hmehne|rk|gmex%

êrnkxmek

  Eme!onenkrn kjxm snhmemaghneygrmea d~x|gighk|gmêrnkxmehkeem| onxhgne|gighk d~lcane|xg|n kel |gBmsnynron onwmekx necgenemrakjjw hhmex|rkgemodnh|gynxn|h%

Xm~rhn4 O

|

LX X X _{ reyj h ∟+++1




l~rk|gme mi grrgck|gme* sk|nr

kvvjgnl |m jnkhb xkj|x* kel

rkgeikjj% ^ernkxmekojn lnnv

vn rhmj k| gme jmx xn x kr n kew

vnrhmjk|gme jmxxnx ge nhnxx mi

|bn gebnrne| eme!~egimrag|w mi

|bn grrgck|gme kvvjghk|gme xwx|na

kel xkj| jnkhbgec lnxgrnl imr |bnhrmv ge {~nx|gme%

\kojn 7 xbmsx |bk| nkhb

grrgck|gme an|bml bkx k rkecn mi

gebnrne| lgx|rgo~|gme ~egimrag|w*

nk* kel lnnv vnrhmjk|gme% \bn

lk|k rnvmr|nl krn okxnl me snjj!

lnxgcenl kel snjj!akekcnlxwx|nax me kvvrmvrgk|n xmgj

|wvnx% Ge \kojn 7* nk

gx lnigenl

kx |bn rk|gm mi |bn kynrkcn

kam~e| mi sk|nr x|mrnl ge |bn

rmm|tmen |m |bn kynrkcn kam~e|

mi sk|nr kvvjgnl% Lnnv vnrhmjk!

|gme* x~rikhn r~emii* |kgjsk|nr

kel nykvmrk|gme jmxxnx ak`n ~v|bn |m|kj jmxxnx% \bn nkrnvmr|nl

ow \kedg kel Bkexme ";776' gx

okxnl me lk|k nx|gak|nl irma

grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn ge Hkjgimregk*

|bn ^eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk*

sbnrn |bnrn gx k x|k|n akelk|n

|m hmexnryn sk|nr kel sbnrn

amx| grrgck|mrx rnhngyn xman|rkgegec%

Amrn rnhne|jw* |bn \nhbeghkj Hmaag||nn me Xm~rhn _nl~h|gme imr |bn X

Lrkgekcn Gavjnane|k|gme Vrmcrka "XDYLGV* ;777n' rnvmr|nl nk

ykj~nx |b

irma |bn ;776 ykj~nx \bn ;777 ykj~nx snrn okxnl me ke kekjwxgx mi enkr

IGC^_N ;7Lnnv vnrhmjk|gme jmxxnx

Xm~rhn4 ki|nr Hjnaanex kel O~r|* ;773%

Crm~el x~rikhn

L n v | b

m i s k | n r

Nhnxxgyn l~rk|gme

Sk|nr ennlnl |m rnvjnegxb xmgj sk|nr

lnvjn|gme ge |bn rmm|tmen

Jnkhbgec sk|nr imr xkj| rnamykj

Eme!~egimrag|w

Sk|nr kvvjghniighgnehw

Kvvjghk|gmean|bml

Lgx|rgo~|gme~egimrag|w

".' \kedg kelBkexme*

;776

X

Xvrge`jnr

!vnrgmlgh amyn

!hme|ge~m~x amyn

!xmjgl xn|

36!26

36!76

76!7>

9>!26

3>!2>

2>!76

Lrgv-|rgh`jn 26!76 3>!76

X~rikhn

!i~rrms

!omrlnr

!okxge

26!76

36!2>

76!7>

96!76

9>!26

3>!76

\KOJN 7Nx|gak|nl rnkxmekojn lnnv vnrhmjk|gme jmx

|m grrgck|gme an|bmlx

Xm~rhn4 \kedg kel Bkexme* ;7760 kel XDYLGV* ;777n

Sk>?



\KOJN ;6Xnnvkcn jmxxnx ge vnrhne|kcn mi |

\wvn mi hkekj X

êjgenl hkekjx

Jgenl hkekjx

êjgenl jkrcn jk|nrkjxJgenl jkrcn jk|nrkjx kel ~ejgenlxakjj jk|nrkjx

Xakjj jgenl jk|nrkjx

Vgvnjgenx

Hkekj xnnvkcn

Hkekj xnnvkcn ykrgnx sg|b4 |bn ek|~rn mi |bn

hkekj jgegec0 bwlrk~jgh hmel~h|gyg|w0 |bn

bwlrk~jgh crklgne| on|snne |bn hkekj kel

|bn x~rrm~elgec jkel0 rnxgx|kehn jkwnr k| |bn

hkekj vnrgan|nr0 sk|nr lnv|b0 ijms ynjmhg|w0

kel xnlgane| jmkl% \bn hkekj xnnvkcn hke on hkjh~jk|nl ~xgec navgrghkjjw lnynjmvnl

imra~jkn mr xmj~|gmex lnrgynl irma kekjw|ghkj

kvvrmkhbnx "IKM* ;733'% Hkekj xnnvkcn

agcb| kjxm on nx|gak|nl me |bn okxgx mi

\kojn ;6%

Nhnxxgyn xnnvkcn hke mhh~r l~n |m vmmr hkekj akge|nekehn% Kew xnnvkcn

kimrnane|gmenl igc~rnx ennlx |m on rnckrlnl kx ~ernkxmekojn%

Xnnvkcn geijms

Xnnvkcn geijms irma m~|xgln krnkx gx lgxh~xxnl ge |bn xnh|gme me jkel rn|grnane

xnnvkcn geijms irma lnnv k{~ginrx rn{~grnx x~ox|ke|gkj cnmbwlrmjmcghkj èms

onwmel |bn xhmvn mi |bgx v~ojghk|gme%

Jmxxnx hkv|~rnl ow hmjjnh|mr kel akge lrkgex

\bn lrkgekcn lgxhbkrcn ge hmjjnh|mr kel akge lrkgex lnvnelx me |bn lgxhbkrcn mi

kllg|gmekj gev~|x x~hb kx grrgck|gme r~emii irma ikranrx‗ ignjlx* kel mvnrk|gmekj

\bn GJ_G ge hmjjkomrk|gme sg|b |bn GHGL kekjwxnl grrgck|gme niighgnehgnx imr 7; gr

|bn okxgx mi {~nx|gmeekgrnx x~oag||nl ow ?7 ek|gmekj hmaag||nnx mi |bn GHGL "Om

;776'% Imr |bn ge|nrvrn|k|gme mi |bn lk|k* |bn okxgh hjgak|n kel xmhgm!nhmemagh

|k`ne kx vrgakrw ykrgkojnx% Me |bn okxgx mi |bnxn ykrgkojnx* |bn grrgck|nl krnkx s

im~r crm~vx% Crm~v G gehj~lnx kjj krnkx sg|b xnynrn rkgeikjj lnighg|* kel |bn ikra

xakjj sg|b hnrnkjx kx |bn akge hrmv% Imr Crm~v GG* |bn akge hrmv gx rghn kel |bn r

jnxx |bke imr Crm~v G% Crm~v GGG bkx k xbmr|nr grrgck|gme xnkxme |bke |bn igrx| |sm

nhmemagh lnynjmvane| gx amrn klykehnl% Ge kllg|gme |m hnrnkjx* |bn amx| gav

imllnr hrmvx* ir~g|x kel yncn|kojnx% Imr Crm~v GY* grrgck|gme gx x~vvjnane|krw k

j | | jg |

Xm~rhn4 ^XO_* ;732%




Ge Ncwv|* hkekj |kgj jmxxnx krn nx|gak|nl |m khhm~e| imr ?>!>6 vnrhne|

jmxxnx ge grrgck|gme "NVG[ Sk|nr Vmjghw \nka* ;772'% Imr Ncwv|* g| gx nvnh|

jmxxnx hke on rnl~hnl xgcegighke|jw sbne ankx~rnx x~hb kx k~|mak|gh hme|rmkrn ge|rml~hnl%

M|bnr jmxxnx rnkhbgec hmjjnh|mr kel akge lrkgex krn irma |bn lgx|rgo~|gme

|m |bn xnnvkcn jmxxnx irma |bn |nr|gkrw kel {~k|nrekrw hkekjx* |bn an|bml mi

ikra xgtn* xmgj |wvn kel l~rk|gme mi |bn lnjgynrw vnrgml kiinh| |bn nl % Igc~rn ?

gx k i~eh|gme mi ikra xgtn kel xmgj |wvn% Ikra ~eg|x mi jnxx |bke ;6 bk xnrynl o

IGC^_N ?;Lgx|rgo~|gme jmxxnx ge rnjk|gme |m ikra xgtn kel xmgj |wvn

Xm~rhn4 Omx kel E~c|nrne* ;776%

IGC^_N ?6

Akekcnane| jmxxnx ge rnjk|gme |m |bn xgtn mi |bn grrgck|gme xhbnan

nh

1 sk|nr hmeynwkehn niighgnehw

Sk><



bkyn k jmsnr niighgnehw |bke jkrcnr ~eg|x% \bgx gx k rnx~j| mi |bn jmxxnx |bk| mhh~r

kel nel mi nkhb grrgck|gme |~re% Amrnmynr* sbnrn ikrax krn xnrynl ow vgvnjgen

me jnxx vnrankojn xmgjx* |bn nl sgjj on bgcbnr |bke kynrkcn% Amx| mi |bnxn jmxxnx

ikrax rnhngyn k hme|ge~m~x sk|nr x~vvjw% Hmexn{~ne|jw* ge |bgx hkxn* |bn nl

gx b

mi ikra xgtn%

Sbne |bn lnjgynrw vnrgmlx krn gehrnkxnl* |bn nl

rgxnx akr`nljw% \bgx gx vrmo

jmxxnx |bk| mhh~r k| |bn geg|gkj sn||gec mi |bn hkekjx%

Akekcnane| mv|gmex imr me!ikra xm~rhn rnl~h|gme

Gavrmygec me!ikra grrgck|gme akekcnane|

Gavrmygec me!ikra grrgck|gme akekcnane| geymjynx mv|gagtgec grrgck|gme xhbnl~j

ln|nragegec sbne |m grrgck|n kel bms a~hb sk|nr |m kvvjw% \bgx hke on lmen ow

snk|bnr lk|k |m mo|kge |bn rninrnehn hrmv nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme " N\m' kel |k`gec N\m kel hrmv hmniighgne| |m nx|kojgxb |bn lnv|b mi sk|nr |m kvvjw "XDYLGV* ;7

okjkehn an|bmlx krn hmaamejw ~xnl |m ln|nragen |gagec kel lnv|b mi i~|~rn

Hkjgimregk Grrgck|gme Akekcnane| Geimrak|gme Xwx|na "HGAGX' kel IKM‗x H_

;77?k' krn okxnl me |bnxn vrgehgvjnx% Okxgh kxx~av|gmex ge |bnxn an|bmlx krn |b

wgnjlgec hrmvx krn crmse kel |bk| |bn xmgj amgx|~rn lnvjn|gme on|snne |sm grrgck

hrmv nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme% \bn jk||nr kxx~av|gme akw em| on ykjgl sbnrn |bn vjke| rmm

sk|nr irma xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr% Sbnrn x~hb hmelg|gmex ngx|* ~xgec HGAGX mr

cgyn ke mynrnx|gak|gme mi |bn lnvjn|gme kel rnx~j| ge amrn sk|nr ongec kvvjgnlrnvjnegxb xmgj amgx|~rn% Ignjl nvnrgane|x bkyn onne gavjnane|nl kjj mynr |bn s

|bn hme|rgo~|gme mi hkvgjjkrw rgxn irma k xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn |mskrlx hrmv sk|n

"n%c% [~rnxbg n| kj %* ;7730 L_G* ;773o0 Agebkx n| kj %* ;7220 kel _km n| kj %* ;77?

xgavjn hkjh~jk|gme vrmhnl~rnx bkyn onne lnynjmvnl wn|% Kwkrx kel B~|akhbnr

k amlgignl hrmv hmniighgne| |m gehmrvmrk|n crm~elsk|nr hme|rgo~|gme |m hrmv sk|n

hkjh~jk|gme vrmhnl~rn gx vrmvmxnl ge |bn xnh|gme me xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn akek

nx|gak|nx imr hkvgjjkrw rgxn agcb| on ~xnl* nxvnhgkjjw sbnrn lrm~cb| rnxgx|ke| hrm

l~rgec vnrgmlx sbne |bn hrmv gx jnxx xnexg|gyn |m sk|nr x|rnxx% IKM ";729' bkxwgnjl rnxvmexn |m sk|nr imr k rkecn mi hrmvx% X~hb geimrak|gme akw on bnjvi~j

rgx`x geymjynl* ge |nrax mi wgnjl jmxxnx* sbne rm~cb nx|gak|nx mi hkvgjjkrw rgxn krn ~x

grrgck|gme xhbnl~jgec%




IGC^_N ??

Geigj|rk|gme jmxxnx ge i~rrms grrg

Hwhjn ; Hwhjn 8Hwhjn ?

Hme|ge~m~x ijms

Ijms lgrnh|gme

G e h r n k x g e c

g e i g j | r k | g m e

onjms |bn rmm|tmen imr ignjl jnec|bx nhnnlgec 866 a% \bn xn| |gan bkx |m

xkan |gan* kel gx n{~kj |m |bn lgiinrnehn ge |bn geg|gkj klykehn |gan kel |bn

Ikgj~rn |m lm xm sgjj crnk|jw gehrnkxn |bn x~rikhn r~emii kel x~ox~rikhn l

mv|gme gx |m kvvjw h~|okh` grrgck|gme% H~|okh` grrgck|gme ankex rnl~hgec |bn gei

i~rrmsx ki|nr |bn hmavjn|gme mi klykehn%

K |bgrl mv|gme gx |m ~xn x~rcn grrgck|gme%

X~rcn grrgck|gme gx ge|nrag||ne| kvvjghk|gme

mi sk|nr |m ke grrgck|gme i~rrms "Wme|x n|

kj%* ;77<'% Geg|gkj geigj|rk|gme rk|nx ge k lrw

i~rrms krn bgcb% Kx |bn sk|nr hme|ge~nx |m

r~e* |bn geigj|rk|gme rk|n rnl~hnx |m k

hmex|ke| rk|n% Gi sk|nr gx xb~| mii kel

kjjmsnl |m geigj|rk|n* x~rikhn xmgj vkr|ghjnx

hmexmjglk|n kel imra k vkr|gkj xnkj ge |bn

i~rrms* sbghb x~ox|ke|gkjjw rnl~hnx |bngeigj|rk|gme rk|n% Sbne |bn sk|nr geijms ge|m

|bn i~rrms gx rn!ge|rml~hnl* amrn sk|nr

amynx lmse |bn i~rrms ge |bn vrnygm~xjw sn||nl krnk kel jnxx geigj|rk|gme

vjkhn% \bgx vrmhnxx gx rnvnk|nl xnynrkj |ganx% Kx |bn vrnygm~xjw sn||nl vkr|

jmsnr geigj|rk|gme rk|n kel |bn klykehn ge |bgx vkr| gx bgcbnr* |bn igekj rnx~j|

geigj|rk|gme vk||nre "Igc~rn ??'%

Jkx|* on||nr jkel crklgec kel hmavkh|gme mi |bn i~rrms hke gavrmyn |

niighgnehw mi i~rrms grrgck|gme "XDYLGV* ;777n'%

Gavrmynane|x ge okxge grrgck|gme hmexgx| akgejw mi kld~x|gec |bn xgtn mi |bn o

sg|b |bn jkel xjmvn* |bn xmgj |wvn kel |bn kykgjkojn x|rnka xgtn% IKM ";776o'

bms |m nx|gak|n mv|gakj okxge xgtnx% \m mo|kge k ~egimrajw sn||nl rmm|tmen

okxge a~x| on jnynj kel |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr a~x| on kvvjgnl rkvgljw%

Lrgv kel xvrge`jnr grrgck|gme xwx|nax bkyn |bn vm|ne|gkj |m on bgcbjw n

sbnrn |bn xwx|nax krn em| vrmvnrjw lnxgcenl* mvnrk|nl mr akge|kgenl* |bn njms kx ge x~rikhn grrgck|gme xwx|nax% Gavrmygec |bn ~egimrag|w kel |b~x |bn ni

xvrge`jnr grrgck|gme geymjynx rnl~hgec |bn bwlrk~jgh jmxxnx% Jmxxnx hke on age

|bn vrmvnr jnec|b mi |bn jk|nrkjx kel vgvnjgen lgkan|nr kel ow kvvjwgec kv

rnc~jk|gme |brm~cbm~| |bn xwx|na% Ki|nr |bn xwx|na bkx onne vrmvnrjw lnxgc

Xm~rhn4 ki|nr Wme|x n| kj %* ;77<%

Sk>9



kykgjkojn% Ge akew hm~e|rgnx* lrgyne jkrcnjw ow igekehgkj hmex|rkge|x* |bn sk|nr ~x

|bn grrgck|gme xwx|nax% G| gx bmvnl |bk| bkelgec mynr |bn xwx|nax |m |bn sk|nr

niighgnehw kel vrmig|kogjg|w% IKM ";777o' bkx lnynjmvnl c~glnjgenx imr |bn |rkex

akekcnane| xnryghnx%

Gavkh| mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me jmec!|nra rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w

\bn akge modnh|gyn mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme ge |bn hme|n| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr ak

rnl~hn |bn kam~e| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr% Imr |bn rnl~h|gme mi |bn kam~e| mi x~ox~

|bgx ankex |bk| |bn kam~e| mi sk|nr vnrhmjk|gec onjms |bn rmm|tmen sgjj on r

gavrmygec sk|nr kvvjghk|gme niighgnehw% Ge krnkx sbnrn xkjgegtk|gme gx k akdm

gavmr|ke| |m kxxnxx |bn inkxgogjg|w kel gavkh| mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me rmm|tmen x

\bn n{~gjgorg~a rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w gx k i~eh|gme mi |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn kvvjgnl s

sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme kel |bn irkh|gme mi sk|nr vnrhmjk|gec irma |bn xmgj xmj~|gme

hke on nvrnxxnl kx4

sbnrn4

NH ir_

1 xkjgeg|w mi |bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr sbghb bkx onne agnl sg|b |bn

"lX-a'0

NH XS

1 xkjgeg|w mi |bn xmgj sk|nr "lX-a'0

NH GSg

1 xkjgeg|w mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr |bk| agnx sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme "l

JI g

1 jnkhbgec irkh|gme mi geigj|rk|nl sk|nr |bk| agnx sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~

\bnrnimrn* g| gx gavmr|ke| |m nykj~k|n sbn|bnr |bn kynrkcn en| kam~e| mi vn

~elnr vrmvmxnl grrgck|gme vrkh|ghnx xk|gxignx |bn agega~a jnkhbgec rn{~grnane

xkjgegtk|gme% Ge |bgx nykj~k|gme* rkgeikjj xbm~jl on hmexglnrnl kx g| agcb| x~vvjw kl

\bn jnkhbgec irkh|gme mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr |bk| agnx sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme h

kx4

sbnrn4

g

GSgXS _ i

JI

NH NH NH

r 11

ngg

r g

V G i

_ i JI

+

1

$




G| gx mi|ne kxx~anl |bk| |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn lnnv vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr gx n{~gyk

rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w% Bmsnynr* l~n |m grrgck|gme kel rmm|sk|nr n|rkh|gme vk||

jmsnr ge |bn ~vvnr vmr|gme mi |bn rmm|tmen l~n |m bgcbnr jnkhbgec irkh|gmex "tm

kel |bn xkjgeg|w gx bgcbnr ge |bn om||ma vmr|gmex onhk~xn mi xakjjnr jnkhbgec

xkj| khh~a~jk|gme'% elnr emrakj grrgck|gme kel rmm| lgx|rgo~|gme* |bn |wvghk

imr |bn rmm|tmen gx <6!86!?6!;6 vnrhne| sk|nr ~v|k`n irma |bn ~vvnr |m |bn j

rmm|tmen% N{~k|gme ;6 hke on ~xnl |m hkjh~jk|n |bn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w mi igyn

~elnr |bgx sk|nr ~v|k`n vk||nre |m mo|kge igekjjw |bn kynrkcn xkjgeg|w ge |bn rmKeen <'%

Akge|kgegec k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn ~elnr xm~rhn rnl~h|gme

\bn rnjk|gmexbgv on|snne NH GSg

kel

|bn kynrkcn xmgj xkjgeg|w mi |bn

xk|~rk|nl xmgj vkx|n " NH n' hke on

hkjh~jk|nl imr nkhb JI g kelnvrnxxnl kx k hmehne|rk|gme

irkh|gme "\kojn ; ge Keen <'% \bnxn

hmehne|rk|gme ikh|mrx hke on ~xnl

|m hkjh~jk|n |bn rnjk|gmexbgv

on |snne NH n

kel NH GSg

"Igc~rn ?8'% Sbnrn |bn xkjgeg|w mi

|bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr kel |bn hrmv

|mjnrkehn |m xkjgeg|w krn emse* |bnenhnxxkrw JI |m hme|rmj xmgj xkjgeg|w

hke on nx|gak|nl irma |bgx igc~rn%

Gi |bn w!kgx mi |bn igc~rn snrn |bn

|brnxbmjl xkjgeg|w imr |bn hrmv ~elnr

hmexglnrk|gme " NH |x'* |bne |bn

lgkcmekj jgenx sm~jl cgyn k rkecn mi

jnkhbgec rn{~grnane|x " J_ '

nvrnxxnl kx k JI %

Ykrgm~x rnxnkrhbnrx bkyn lnynjmvnl m|bnr an|bmlx |m hkjh~jk|n |bn

ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn ge |bn rmm|tmen% Ke navgrghkj imra~jk lnynjmvnl ow _

_bmklnx kel Anrrgjj ";739' gx4

IGC^_N ?8

Kxxnxxane| mi jnkhbgec irkh|gme ge rnj

mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr

6

?

<

9

2

;6

6 ? < 9

NH GSg "lX-a'

N H n

" l X - a '

6%6%> 6%;6 6%;>

Xm~rhn4 ki|nr IKM* ;72>o%

Sk>2



Onjms ke gjj~x|rk|gyn hkjh~jk|gme irma Vk`gx|ke gx cgyne% \bn nkavjn xbms

xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me |bn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w%

Hkjh~jk|gme nkavjn gavkh| mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me xkjgeg|w mi rmm|tmen

Cnenrkj geimrak|gme

\bn lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~lw krnk gx xg|~k|nl ge |bn xm~|b nkx| mi |bn V~edko* Vk`gx|k onne x~iinrgec irma sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjgeg|w vrmojnax imr k jmec |gan kel |bnrni

kx k vrgmrg|w krnk ge ~rcne| ennl mi lrkgekcn% \bn akge hk~xnx mi sk|nrjmccgec kr

kel xnnvkcn geijms irma x~rrm~elgec grrgck|nl krnkx kel hkekjx% \bn nx|gak|nl k

geijms gx 6%> aa-l sg|b k xkjgeg|w mi > lX-a% Ge ;772* k x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn xwx|n

me k vgjm| krnk mi ;;6 bk% \bn lnxgce lgxhbkrcn mi |bn xwx|na gx ;%> aa-l kel |

|kojn lnv|b gx ;%< a% \bn xmgjx krn vrnlmageke|jw xgj|w "β ih

6%89' sg|b ke nx|g

niighgnehw hmniighgne| " i g' mi 6%7% \bn hjgak|n gx xnag!krgl sg|b ke kee~kj

nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme mi ; 868 aa kel ke kynrkcn kee~kj niinh|gyn rkgeikjj mi ;73hrmvx krn sbnk| ge sge|nr "Lnhnaonr |m Kvrgj' kel hm||me ge x~aanr "D~en |m Mh|m

Om|b hrmvx krn grrgck|nl |brm~cbm~| |bn wnkr* kx rkgeikjj gx gex~iighgne| |m a

rn{~grnane|x "\kojn ;;'% Grrgck|gme sk|nr gx x~vvjgnl |brm~cb mvne hkekjx kel

; lX-a% Sbnk| gx grrgck|nl |brm~cb okxge grrgck|gme kel hm||me gx grrgck|nl sg|b

\bn akdmr kvvjghk|gme jmxxnx mhh~r kx k rnx~j| mi lnnv vnrhmjk|gme l~n |m vmmr

"eme!~egimrag|w' kel kx k rnx~j| mi ~ehnr|kge|gnx ge rnjk|gme |m rkgeikjj kel sk|nr l

kee~kj kynrkcn nk gx 9< vnrhne| "" N\

hrmv! V

n'- G '* gehj~lgec > vnrhne| nykvmrk|gme jm

mi |bn rmm|tmen gx kxx~anl |m on ; a kel |bn sk|nr ~v|k`n vk||nre gx <6* 86* ?6* |bn igrx| |m |bn im~r|b {~kr|nr mi |bn rmm|tmen* rnxvnh|gynjw% G| gx kxx~anl |bk| e

mhh~rx%

Jmec!|nra rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w

Jmec!|nra xkjgeg|w ge |bn rmm|tmen ~elnr |bnxn hmelg|gmex gx hkjh~jk|nl ~xgec

vrnxne|nl ge Keen < imr |bn im~r!jkwnr hmehnv|% \bn igrx| x|nv gx |m hkjh~j

N{~k|gme ;64 NH

GSg1 i

g G

g- " i

g G

g+ V

n' $ NH

G 1 "6%7 $ 6%7> $ ;3;2' - "6%7 $ 6%7> $ ;3;2 + ;73' $

\bn xnhmel x|nv gx |m hkjh~jk|n |bn JI gykj~nx imr |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr agg

xmj~|gme imr |bn x~hhnxxgyn {~kr|nrx "Igc~rn ? ge Keen <'4




\bn |bgrl x|nv gx |m hkjh~jk|n |bn NH nykj~nx sg|b N{~k|gme 3 "Keen <'% H

amx| xmgjx NH n ≂ 6%> NH

xs4

NH n;

1 6%> NH xs;

1 6%> $ 6%22 - 6%97 1 6%9< lX-a

NH n?

1 6%> NH xs?

1 6%> $ 6%22 - 6%<> 1 6%72 lX-a

NH n8

1 6%> NH xs8

1 6%> $ 6%22 - 6%86 1 ;%<3 lX-a

NH n<

1 6%> NH xs<

1 6%> $ 6%22 - 6%?? 1 ?%66 lX-a

\bn kynrkcn NH n

mi |bn rmm|tmen*

gehj~lgec |bn igrx| ykj~n mi |bn geigj|rk|nl

sk|nr* gx ;%;; lX-a% Igc~rn ?< vrnxne|x |bn

rnx~j|x mi |bnxn hkjh~jk|gmex%

Xm~rhn rnl~h|gme kel |bn gavkh| me

rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w

Lgxvmxkj mi lrkgekcn sk|nr ge xm~|bnre

V~edko gx k akdmr vrmojna% Mejw ynrw

jgag|nl ymj~anx mi lrkgekcn sk|nr hke on

lgxvmxnl ge|m akge grrgck|gme hkekjx kel

rgynrx% Nykvmrk|gme vmelx bkyn onne

hmex|r~h|nl |m rnjgnyn |bn lgxvmxkj vrmojna

o~| klynrxn neygrmeane|kj niinh|x krn

moxnrynl% \m x~x|kge grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn

kel |m vrnyne| xnrgm~x neygrmeane|kj

lncrklk|gme* vkrkjjnj hmexnryk|gme

ankx~rnx bkyn |m on gavjnane|nl% Kx |bn

hkjh~jk|nl rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w mi ;%;; lX-a gx ikr onjms |bn |brnxbmjl xkjgeg|w

hm||me* xm~rhn rnl~h|gme k| ignjl jnynj xbm~jl on hmexglnrnl% Xm~rhn rnl~h|gm

|brm~cb k hmaogek|gme mi ankx~rnx gehj~lgec4 vrnhgxgme jkel jnynjjgec0 |bn xb

okxge i~rrmsx0 gavrmynl grrgck|gme sk|nr lgx|rgo~|gme0 kel |bn ge|rml~h|gme m

\bn |brnxbmjl NH n ykj~n imr sbnk| gx 9 lX-a kel imr hm||me 3%3 lX-a "K|bn agega~a jnkhbgec rn{~grnane|* |bn |brnxbmjl rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w mi |bn am

|bn hrmv rm|k|gme sgjj on ~xnl% xgec Igc~rn ?8* |bnmrn|ghkjjw* |bn jnkhbgec irkh|gm

sk|nr aggec sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme hm~jl on jnxx |bke > vnrhne|% Gi |bn JI gyk

|bn rmm|tmen gx kxx~anl |m on 6 6> |bn |m|kj grrgck|gme sk|nr kvvjgnl hke on

IGC^_N ?<

Hkjh~jk|gme mi kynrkcn rmm|tm

lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~lw krnk

6%<6 N\

NHn;16%9< lX-a

JI;

6%86 N\

NHn?1 6%72 lX-a

JI? 16%<>

6%?6 N\

NHn8

1;%<3 lX-a

JI8

16%86

6%;6 N\

NHn<

1? lX-a

JI< 16%??

JI 6

Sk96



\bn JI ykj~nx imr |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr

aggec sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme kel |bn NH n

ykj~nx imr |bn x~hhnxxgyn {~kr|nrx krn

hkjh~jk|nl |bn xkan skw kx imr Igc~rn ?<

kel rnx~j| ge ke kynrkcn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w

mi ?%33 lX-a "Igc~rn ?>' kckgex| |bn

mrgcgekj ykj~n mi ;%;; lX-a% Gelnnl* |bn

xkjgeg|w gehrnkxnl* o~| g| gx x|gjj khhnv|kojnimr |bn hmaame hrmvx crmse ge |bn krnk%

\bn komyn hkjh~jk|gmex snrn okxnl me

lgyglgec |bn rmm|tmen ge|m im~r n{~kj vkr|x

"{~klrke|x'% Bmsnynr* |bgx amlnj hke on

n|nelnl ge|m e!e~aonr mi jkwnrx vrmyglnl

|bk| |bn rmm|sk|nr n|rkh|gme vk||nre gx

`emse* n%c% ge ;>!ha lnv|b gehrnane|x

imr 76!ha rmm|gec lnv|b%

Gavkh| mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me xkj| x|mrkcn sg|bge |bn hrmvvgec xnkxme

Ge vrnygm~x xnh|gmex* jmec!|nra x|nklw!x|k|n hmelg|gmex snrn kxx~anl |m vrnykgj% B

jnynjx l~rgec k hrmvvgec xnkxme krn em| x|kojn kel hbkecn |brm~cbm~| |bn xnkx

gavkh| mi grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn ankx~rnx me hrmv vnrimrakehn* g| gx gavmr|hbkecnx ge rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w l~rgec k hrmvvgec xnkxme mynr a~j|gvjn |gan vnrgml

akw rkecn irma k lkw |m k ame|bjw vnrgml% \bn akxx mi xkj|x k| |bn x|kr| mi k v

nel mi k vnrgml emrakjjw lgiinrx kel hke on nvrnxxnl kx4

sbnrn4

X x| kr |

1 {~ke|g|w mi xkj|x ge |bn rmm|tmen k| |bn x|kr| mi |bn vnrgml "NHaa;'

X ne l

1 {~ke|g|w mi xkj|x ge |bn rmm|tmen k| |bn nel mi |bn vnrgml "NHaa'0

∉X 1 hbkecn ge xkj| x|mrkcn ge |bn rmm|tmen "NHaa'%

N{~k|gmex ;9 |m ?< ge Keen < vrmygln k i~jj lnxhrgv|gme mi |bn lnrgyk|gme m

|g \b j| | |g g l ig l

IGC^_N ?>

Hkjh~jk|gme kynrkcn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|

rnl~h|gme ge |bn lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~l

6%<6 N\ JI 6

1;%66

NHn;16%97 lX-a

JI ;

16%9?

6%86 N\

NHn? 1;%?9 lX-a

JI?16%8<

6%?6 N\

NHn81 ?%23lX-a

JI 816%;>

6%;6N\

NHn<12%96lX-a JI 16%6>

6%7 $

NH G

X X X nel x|kr| ∉∟1




N{~k|gme ;< hke on ~xnl |m hkjh~jk|n hbkecnx ge xmgj xkjgeg|w sg|bge k hrm

xkj| x|mrkcn n{~k|gme hke kjxm on kvvjgnl |m |bn im~r!jkwnr hmehnv|% ^xgec

vrnygm~x nkavjn* |bn imjjmsgec hkjh~jk|gme nkavjn kxxnxxnx |bn gavkh| mi x

|bn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w me k ame|bjw okxgx%

Hkjh~jk|gme nkavjn mi gavkh| mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me xkj| okjkehn m

\m nvjmrn |bn hbkecnx ge xkjgeg|w mynr |bn crmsgec xnkxme kx k rnx~j| mi xm

xkj| x|mrkcn n{~k|gme "N{~k|gme ;<' kvvjgnl |m |bn im~r!jkwnr hmehnv| kx nvj

~xnl% Imr nkhb jkwnr |bn hbkecn ge xkj| x|mrkcn gx hkjh~jk|nl ~xgec N{~k|gme

Keen < imr |bn igrx| jkwnr kel N{~k|gme ?8 imr |bn hmexnh~|gyn |brnn jkwnrx

gx okxnl me |bn {~ke|g|w mi xkj|x x|mrnl ge |bn rmm|tmen k| |bn nel mi |bn h

N{~k|gme ;7 vrnxne|nl ge Keen < gx ~xnl |m hmeynr| X |m NH n% \kojn ;? vrnx

|bn sbnk|!crmsgec xnkxme%

\KOJN ;?

Xkj| okjkehn ge |bn rmm| tmen imr |bn lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~lw krnk l~rgec sbnk| xnk

Hrmv Sbnk|

Vnrgml Lnh Dke Ino Akr

N\ hrmv "aa' <8 >> ;6;

V n "aa' > ;> ;>

G g "aa' ;98%< 7;%? 7;%? 7

NH GSg "lX-a' 6%73 6%2> 6%2> 6

∉S ;

"aa' 6 6 6

_ ; "aa' ;8> 3> >3

JI ; "!' 6%27 6%33 6%>2 6

Xx|kr| ; "NHaa' ;8; ;68 ;66

∉X; "NHaa' !?2 !8 ;<

Xnel ; "NHaa' ;68 ;66 ;;>

_ ; NH _; "NHaa' ;3> 2> 92

∉S ? "aa' 6 6 6

_ ? "aa' ;?? >7 ?9

JI ? "!' 6%76 6%32 6%<3 6Xx|kr| ? "NHaa' 8;3 ;9> ;<2

∉X? "NHaa' !;>; !;3 ?;

Xnel ? "NHaa' ;9> ;<2 ;97 ?

_ ? NH _? "NHaa' 8?9 ;6? <9

Sk9?



Igc~rn ?9 xbmsx |bn hbkecnx ge

|bn kynrkcn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w mynr ke

ne|grn wnkr% \bn xkjgeg|w gehrnkxnx

l~rgec |bn x~aanr ame|bx kel

rnkhbnx g|x vnk` |mskrlx |bn nel mi

|bn hm||me crmsgec xnkxme% Onimrn

vjke| gec sbnk | ge Emynaonr!

Lnhnaonr* akew ikranrx kvvjw krk~eg "vrn!grrgck|gme' |m jnkhb kew

khh~a~jk|nl xkj|x%

Gavkh| mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me xkjgeg|w mi lrkgekcn sk|nr

\m nx|gak|n |bn gavkh| mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme me |bn n|ne| mi rn~xn kel lgxvm

sk|nr* g| gx enhnxxkrw |m hmexglnr em| mejw |bn sk|nr {~ke|g|w o~| kjxm |bn hb

{~kjg|w% Cnenrkjjw* |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr gehrnkxnx kx |bn lrkgekcn lgxhb

Sbnrn kjj |bn lnnv vnrhmjk|gme gx ge|nrhnv|nl ow |bn x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn xwx|na

cnenrk|nl lrkgekcn sk|nr gx4

\bn xkj| jmkl mi |bn x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr gx |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn ge|nrhnv|nl s

ow |bn lnv|b mi lrkgekcn sk|nr vj~x |bn xkj| jmkl mi |bn xnnvkcn geijms age~x |b

ek|~rkj lrkgekcn% Gi |bn ek|~rkj lrkgekcn hke on gcemrnl |bn xkj| jmkl mi |bn x~ox

xkjgeg|w hke on hkjh~jk|nl kx imjjmsx4

sbnrn4

NH Lrk 1 xkjgeg|w mi |bn x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr "lX-a'0 NH

ir_1 xkjgeg|w mi |bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr |bk| agnl sg|b xmgj xmj~|gme "lX

NH Xg

1 xkjgeg|w mi |bn xnnvkcn geijms ge|nrhnv|nl ow |bn x~ox~rikhn lrk

NH G

1 xkjgeg|w mi |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr "lX-a'

IGC^_N ?9

Hbkecn ge |bn kynrkcn rmm|tmen xkjgeg

~elnr xm~rhn rnl~h|gme

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;




Hkjh~jk|gme nkavjn mi xm~rhn rnl~h|gme kel |bn gavkh| me lrkgekcn

kel xkjgeg|w

Xm~rhn rnl~h|gme geij~nehnx em| mejw |bn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w o~| kjxm |bn kam~e

cnenrk|nl kel |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr% \bgx gx mi xvnhgkj ge|nrnx| sb

imr rn~xn kel lgxvmxkj% elnr emrakj hmelg|gmex kel xm~rhn rnl~h|gme* |bn ka

lrkgekcn sk|nr ge |bn lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~lw krnk ge Vk`gx|ke hke on hkjh~jk|nl

Lrk!emrakj 1 898 + ;98 + ;2?%> 1 362%> aa

Lrk

!rnl~h|gme 1 97 + ;8; + ;2?%> 1 82?%> aa

\b~x* sbne xm~rhn rnl~h|gme gx

kvvjgnl* <9 vnrhne| jnxx lrkgekcn sk|nr

gx vrml~hnl% K akdmr rnl~h|gme gx

mo|kgenl ge |bn igrx| ame|bx mi |bn sge|nr

xnkxme kel |m k jnxxnr n|ne| l~rgec |bn

x~aanr xnkxme "Igc~rn ?3'%

\bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr

gehrnkxnx akgejw l~rgec |bn igrx| |sm

ame|bx mi |bn sge|nr xnkxme sbne

xm~rhn rnl~h|gme gx kvvjgnl ge

hmavkrgxme |m |bn emrakj grrgck|gme

vrkh|ghnx "Igc~rn ?2'% \bn gehrnkxnl

rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w |bk| lnynjmvx mynr |bnx~aanr xnkxme kx k rnx~j| mi rnl~hnl

jnkhbgec kel |bn x~oxn{~ne| jnkhbgec k|

|bn x|kr| mi |bn sge|nr xnkxme krn |bn

akge rnkxmex imr |bgx gehrnkxn ge xkjgeg|w

mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr%

\bn |m|kj xkj| jmkl gx emrakjjw mi

ge|nrnx| imr lgxvmxkj mv|gmex% \bn xkj|jmkl hke on nvrnxxnl kx |bn lnv|b mi

sk|nr a~j|gvjgnl ow |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn

lrkgekcn sk|nr "NHaa'% \bn kee~kj

xkj| jmkl gx hkjh~jk|nl ~xgec N{~k|gme ;94

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IGC^_N ?3

Lnv|b mi lrkgekcn sk|nr cnenrk|n

IGC^_N ?2

Xkjgeg|w mi |bn cnenrk|nl lrkgekcn

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Sk9<



bkx onne ~xnl |m lnamex|rk|n |bn

vm|ne|gkj gavkh| me grrgck|gme lnxgce kel

|bn kh|gyn akekcnane| mi lrkgekcn

xwx|nax% Bmsnynr* |bnrn bkx onne jg||jn

rnxnkrhb me |bn kh|gyn akekcnane| mi

lrkgekcn xwx|nax ge krgl kel xnag!krgl

krnkx "Kwkrx* ;779'% \bn hmehnv| mi

hme|rmjjnl x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn skx igrx|lnynjmvnl imr b~agl hjgak|nx%

Hme|rmjjnl x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn

\bn hmehnv| mi hme|rmjjnl x~ox~rikhn

lrkgekcn hke on kvvjgnl kx k ankex |m

rnl~hn |bn {~ke|g|w mi lrkgekcn niij~ne|%

Igc~rn 86 xbmsx bms k hme|rmj x|r~h|~rn

k| |bn lrkgekcn m~|jn| mr k sngr vjkhnl

ge |bn mvne hmjjnh|mr lrkge kjjmsx |bn

sk|nr |kojn |m on kr|gighgkjjw xn| k| kew

jnynj on|snne |bn crm~el x~rikhn kel

|bn vgvn lrkgekcn jnynj* xm vrmam|gec

rmm|sk|nr n|rkh|gme% \bn xgtn mi |bn

krnkx sbnrn |bn sk|nr |kojn gx

hme|rmjjnl ow men x|r~h|~rn lnvnelx me

|bn |mvmcrkvbw% L~rgec xwx|na

mvnrk|gme* g| gx gavmr|ke| |bk| |bn sk|nr

|kojn on akge|kgenl k| k rnjk|gynjw

~egimra lnv|b% K ln|kgjnl |mvmcrkvbghkj

akv gx nxxne|gkj imr lgyglgec ke krnk ge|m

tmenx mi hme|rmj imr |bn sk|nr

akekcnane| xwx|na "Im~xx n| kj %* ;777'% O~||nrijw ykjynx hm~jl on gex|kjjnl |m

irma gelgygl~kj jk|nrkj jgenx* kel akebmjnx sg|b sngr x|r~h|~rnx hm~jl on gex|

hmjjnh|mr "Kwkrx* ;779'% Ge xg|~k|gmex sbnrn |bn lrkge jk|nrkjx r~e vkrkjjnj |m |b

ge!ignjl hme|rmjx agcb| on enhnxxkrw |m akge|kge ~egimra crm~elsk|nr lnv|b

Kwkrx* ?66;'%

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LNH!emrakj LNH!r

IGC^_N ?7Xkj| jmkl ge |bn cnenrk|nl lrkgekcn s

IGC^_N 86

Hme|rmjjnl lrkgekcn

Xm~rhn4 T~h`nr kel Ormse* ;772%

_MM\ TMEN

HMEYNE\GMEKJ L_KGEKCN AM

_MM\ TMEN

HME\_MJJNL L_KGEKCN

Sk|nr |kojn vrmigjn

l~rgec lrkgekcn

Sk|nr |kojn vrmigjn l~rgec

hme|rmjjnl lrkgekcnLrmv jmcx

|m rnx|rgh|

Hme|rmj

x|r~h|~rn




Hmexglnrk|gmex ge xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn akekcnane|

Ge krgl |m xnag!krgl krnkx |bn akge

v~rvmxn mi lrkgekcn gx |bn hme|rmj mi

sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjgeg|w% Akge|kgegec

|bn sk|nr |kojn k| k xbkjjms lnv|b kel

|b~x gel~hgec hkvgjjkrw rgxn ge|m |bn

rmm|tmen xnnax hm~e|nrvrml~h|gyn |m

k||kgegec |bgx modnh|gyn% Bmsnynr*

vrmdnh|x ge Vk`gx|ke kel Gelgk bkyn

xbmse |bk| |bn xkj|x* sbghb khh~a~jk|nl

ge |bn rmm|tmen sbne xbkjjms

crm~elsk|nr skx ~xnl imr

nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme* snrn nkxgjw jnkhbnl onimrn |bn en| hrmvvgec xnkxme

hjgak|nx* |bn khh~a~jk|nl xkj|x krn jnkhbnl ge |bn x~oxn{~ne| amexmme xn

nvnrgnehn xbmsx |bk| xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn akekcnane| gx ke gavmr|ke| anhb

|bn lrkgekcn niij~ne| kel k| |bn xkan |gan imr xkygec sk|nr imr m|bnr oneni

\bn n|ne| |m sbghb xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn akekcnane| hke on ~xnl |m rn

niij~ne| lgxhbkrcn lnvnelx me4

  hkvgjjkrw rgxn ge|m |bn rmm|tmen* sbghb gx rnjk|nl |m |bn sk|nr |kojn lnv|b*

|kojn rnhbkrcn0

  xkj| khh~a~jk|gme ge rnjk|gme |m |bn xkj| |mjnrkehn mi |bn hrmvx0 kel

  vm|ne|gkj |m akge|kge k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn%

Hkvgjjkrw rgxn

Hkvgjjkrw ijms lnvnelx me4 xmgj |wvn0 xmgj amgx|~rn lnvjn|gme ge |bn rmm|tmen

|kojn0 kel rnhbkrcn% Nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme lnvjn|nx |bn xmgj amgx|~rn hme|ne| ge |b

em rnhbkrcn |brm~cb grrgck|gme mr rkgeikjj |k`nx vjkhn* k lgiinrnehn ge vm|ne|gk

rgxn irma |bn crm~elsk|nr% Ge |bn ~exk|~rk|nl rmm|tmen* |bn ak|rg bnkl* sbgge|nrkh|gme on|snne |bn xmgj ak|rg kel sk|nr* gx enck|gyn% K| |bn sk|nr

vrnxx~rn ngx|x kel |bnrnimrn |bn ak|rg bnkl gx tnrm% \bn sk|nr amynx irm

bgcbnr vm|ne|gkj |m jmhk|gmex sg|b jmsnr vm|ne|gkjx% Hkvgjjkrw rgxn irma |b

~elnrjwgec xmgj jkwnrx |m |bn rmm|tmen |k`nx vjkhn ~elnr |bn geij~nehn mi |bgx

OMR <4 HME\_GO^\GME MI HKVGJJK

Ge Gelgk* ge k xkelw jmka xmgj sg|b k s

lnv|b kel k xkjgeg|w mi 2%3 lX-a* hkvg

~v |m >6 vnrhne| mi |bn hrmv sk|nr rn{~

kem|bnr xg|n k xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn k

xkjgeg|w ge |bn rkecn mi 8%>!>%> lX

khbgnynane| mi |bn vm|ne|gkj hrmv wgnjlgrrgck|gme kvvjghk|gme ow >6 vnrhne|%

khh~a~jk|nl xkj|x snrn jnkhbnl ge |bn x

xnkxme "hkxn x|~lw me Gelgk* Vkr| GG'%

Sk99



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6 ! 9

6 ! 7

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! 8 6 6

! 8 8 6

! 8 9 6

b "ha'

t " h a '

IGC^_N 8;

Vrnxx~rn bnkl vrmigjnx imr k xgj|w xmgj

hkvgjjkrw rgxn ij~nx

sbnrn4

t ;*?

1 ynr|ghkj hmmrlgek|nx "vmxg|gyn ~vskrl kel t 1 6 k| crm~elsk|nr

b;*?

1 xmgj vrnxx~rn bnklx "a'0 kel

@" β ' 1 ~exk|~rk|nl bwlrk~jgh hmel~h|gyg|w "a-l'%

@" ' gx |bn bwlrk~jgh hmel~h|gyg|w

imr sbghb gx "b; + b

?'-?% Sg|b |bgx

n{~k|gme* |bn xmgj vrnxx~rn bnkl vrmigjnx imr x|k|gmekrw hkvgjjkrw rgxn

ij~nx hke on hkjh~jk|nl% Irma |bnxn

vrnx x~rn bnkl vrmi gjn x* |bn

hme|rgo~|gme mi |bn hkvgjjkrw rgxn ~elnr

xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr |kojn

akekcnane| hke on nx|gak|nl%

Igc~rn 8; xbmsx |bn hkvgjjkrw ij~nx

imr k xgj|w xmgj sbnrn |bn rninrnehnjnynj gx |bn crm~elsk|nr |kojn " t 1 6'%

Om > vrmyglnx ke nkavjn me

bms Igc~rn 8; hke on ~xnl |m

nx|gak|n akga~a hkvgjjkrw rgxn%

Keen > vrmyglnx amrn |bnmrn!

|ghkj okh`crm~el kel ke nkavjn |m

xbms |bn hkjh~jk|gme vrmhnl~rnx |m

lnrgyn |bn xmgj vrnxx~rn bnkl vrmigjnx

imr k cgyne x|k|gmekrw hkvgjjkrw ij~%

Gex|nkl mi hkjh~jk|gec |bn hkvgjjkrw

rgxn ake~kjjw* hmav~|nr vrmcrkax

agcb| on ~xnl% Vrmcrkax krn kykgjkojn

okxnl me om|b x|nklw!x|k|n kel eme!

x|nklw!x|k|n amlnjx% Ke nkavjn mi k x|nklw!x|k|n amlnj gx HKVXNY

"Snxxnjgec* ;77;'% Eme!x|nklw!x|k|n amlnjx gehj~ln XSKV "@rmnx n| kj %* ;777

xvnhgighkjjw lnxgcenl |m hkjh~jk|n hkvgjjkrw rgxn o~| akgejw |m xga~jk|n sk|nr kel

g |b | | l l j | |b

OMR >4 HKVGJJK_W IJ^R GE \BNL_KGEKCN VGJM\

Ge |bn lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~lw krnk "vrnygm

nkavjnx'* akga~a hrmv nykvm|rkexvgrk|gm

g| gx kxx~anl |bk| |bn xmgj amgx|~rn gx rnklgjw

xmgj vrnxx~rn bnkl mi <66 ha* k sk|nr |kojn

ha onjms |bn om||ma mi |bn rmm|tmen hke lnj

mi |bn hrmv sk|nr rn{~grnane|x |brm~cb hkvg

8;'% Gi |bn sk|nr |kojn gx em| rnhbkrcnl* |bn s

sgjj gehrnkxn kel |bnrnimrn |bn hkvgjjkrw ij~

Imr nkavjn* k| k lnv|b mi ;96 ha onjms |

hkvgjjkrw rgxn ge|m |bn rmm|tmen gx rnl~hnl |m




gx koxne| l~rgec |bgx vnrgml* g| gx gavmr|ke| |m hkjh~jk|n |bn kam~e| mi sk|nr rn

khh~a~jk|nl xkj|x irma |bn rmm|tmen%

Kxx~agec |bk| |bn kam~e| mi nykvmrk|gme hke on gcemrnl l~rgec |bn jnk

|bk| |bn xmgj amgx|~rn bkx onne rnx|mrnl |m ignjl hkvkhg|w xm |bk| |bn jnkhbgec ni

i g n{~kjx i

r * |bn lnv|b mi jnkhbgec sk|nr hke on hkjh~jk|nl gi |bn jnkhbgec hmni

^elnr |bn kxx~av|gme |bk| |bnrn gx em rkgeikjj* |bn imjjmsgec n{~k|gme hke o

|bn lnv|b mi jnkhbgec sk|nr rn{~grnl "Yke Bmmre kel Yke Kjvbne* ;77<'4

sbnrn4

i 1 jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmniighgne| "!'0

{ 1 ynr|ghkj ijms rk|n "aa-l'0

| 1 |gan rn{~grnl |m jnkhb |bn khh~a~jk|nl xkj|x "l'0

NH nm

1 xkjgeg|w ge |bn rmm|tmen k| |bn x|kr| mi |bn hkjh~jk|gme vnrgml "

NH n|

1 |bn lnxgrnl xkjgeg|w ge |bn rmm|tmen k| |bn nel mi |bn vnrgml "l

Hkjh~jk|gme nkavjn mi |bn gavkh| mi xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn akekcnane| m

kel jnkhbgec rn{~grnane|

Ge |bn lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~lw krnk* |bn sk|nr |kojn lnv|b gx emrakjjw bgcb gnykvm|rkexvgrk|gme gx jms kel grrgck|gme sk|nr x~vvjgnx krn jgag|nl l~rgec |bn

glnkj |m vrkh|gxn xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr |kojn akekcnane| ge |bn sge|nr sbne

hrmv% \m|kj hrmv nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme imr sbnk| gx 82> aa% \bn |m|kj xnnvkcn

sbnk| crmsgec xnkxme gx 6%> aa-l $ ;>6 l 1 3> aa% \bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn xnnv

a kel |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr gx ;%6 lX-a% \bn sk|nr |kojn lnv|b

|bn xnkxme gx 6%3 a% \bn rnklgjw kykgjkojn xmgj amgx|~rn imr |bn xgj|w xmgj kx k

"β ' gx 6%;7;% \bn lrkgekojn vmrn xvkhn "¾ ' 6%;>% \bn xmgj amgx|~rn hme|ne| ge |

hkvkhg|w "β ih' gx 6%89%

G| gx kxx~anl |bk| kjj ikranrx ge |bn krnk sgjj vrkh|ghn xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr

kel em kllg|gmekj xnnvkcn ge|m |bn krnk gx gel~hnl% elnr |bnxn kxx~av|gmex

ennl |m on imjjmsnl |m hkjh~jk|n |bn hbkecn ge crm~elsk|nr |kojn lnv|b kel

G | n

G mn

ih!NH NH

!NH NH S i{|

?

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Sk92



X|nv 9% Hkjh~jk|n |bn hbkecn ge xmgj amgx|~rn hme|ne| "∉S ' 1 " N\ hrmv

! kh|~kj

X|nv 3% Hkjh~jk|n |bn lrmv ge crm~elsk|nr |kojn "∉b' 1 ""kh|~kj C ! X g' - ¾ '%

X|nv 2% \bn S\ ge |bn x~hhnnlgec ame|b gx |bn S\ mi |bn hkjh~jk|nl ame|b v

X|nv 7% _nvnk| vrnygm~x x|nvx imr kjj |bn ame|bx ge |bn hkjh~jk|gme vnrgml%

\bn onjms ak|rg vrnxne|x k x~aakrw mi |bn hkjh~jk|gmex mi |bn hbkecnx

|kojn lnv|b kel |bn hme|rgo~|gme mi |bn hkvgjjkrw ijms |mskrlx hrmv nykvm|rkexv

\bn hkjh~jk|gme nkavjn xbmsx |bk|

|bn sk|nr |kojn lrmvx irma 36 ha |m

?;8 ha onjms |bn xmgj x~rikhn "Igc~rn

8?'% \bn xmgj amgx|~rn hme|ne|

lnhrnkxnx |mskrlx |bn nel mi |bncrmsgec xnkxme o~| lmnx em| cn| onjms

|bn rnklgjw kykgjkojn xmgj amgx|~rn%

Grrgck|gme gx |bnrnimrn em| rn{~grnl%

Kxx~agec |bk| |bn xbkjjms crm~el!

sk|nr xkjgeg|w gx n{~gykjne| |m |bn

xkjgeg|w mi |bn xnnvkcn geijms ge|m |bn

krnk* |bn hbkecn ge xkj| x|mrkcn ge |bnrmm|tmen mynr |bn sge|nr xnkxme gx4

∉X 1 ?27 aa $ > lX-a 1 ; <<> NHaa

Gi |b jg g| "NH ' | |b | | i |b ? lX- |b jg g| | |b

Lnh Dke Ino Akr

S\ "ha' 36 27 ;;9 ;38

Lrt "ha' >6 26 ;66 ;66

t "ha' <> <7 99 ;?8

β "imr b 1 t ' 6%<? 6%<? 6%<; 6%89 6

akga~a { "ha-l' 5 ;%6 5 ;%6 6%3> 6%?

akga~a C "ha' 5 86 5 86 ??%> 9

Xg "ha' ;%> ;%> ;%> ;%>

N\ hrmv "ha' <%8 >%> ;6%; ;;%6 kh|~kj C "ha' <%8 >%> ;6%; 9%6

∉S "ha' 6 6 6 ! >%6 !

∉b "ha' ;7 ?3 >3 86

Ige

Geg|g

Xmg

t 1 <> ha

Xg

Aglljn mi rmm|tmen

Geg|

1 6%> aa-l

IGC^_N 8?

Hbkecn ge sk|nr |kojn l~rgec |bn sge|n

lrkgekcn vgjm| x|~lw krnk




\bgx jnkhbgec agcb| on mo|kgenl l~rgec emrakj grrgck|gme l~rgec |bn imjjms

em| ennl kew xvnhgkj jnkhbgec grrgck|gme ~ejnxx |bn xkj|x bkyn kh|~kjjw khh~a~jk|

JKEL _N\G_NANE\

Jkel rn|grnane| geymjynx |k`gec jkel m~| mi vrml~h|gme onhk~xn mi sk|nr x

kel sk|nr {~kjg|w hmexglnrk|gmex% Njnyk|nl hmehne|rk|gmex mi |mgh |rkhn njna

bgcb xkj| hmehne|rk|gmex ge hmaogek|gme sg|b sk|nrjmccgec vrmojnax akw on

jkel m~| mi vrml~h|gme% Ow rn|grgec xkj|!kiinh|nl jkel* |bn |m|kj xkj| mr |mgh |r

on lgxvmxnl mi gx rnl~hnl% Amrnmynr* jkel rn|grnane| hmexnrynx grrgck|gme sk

|m m|bnr onenighgkj ~xnx x~hb kx v~ojgh sk|nr x~vvjw* sn|jkelx* n|h% Bmsnyn

^eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk* sk|nr lgx|rgh|x sm~jl cnenrkjjw vrninr |m rn|kge |b

imr kvvjghk|gme |m m|bnr jkelx sg|bge |bn lgx|rgh| vrninrkojw me eme!vrmojna x

rncgmex mi |bn Hmjnkaokjjw krnk ge K~x|rkjgk* |bnrn gx k vmjghw |m rn|kge k a

sk|nr "? 666 a8-bk' |m `nnv rn|grnl jkelx irma onhmagec xkjgegtnl xm |bk| r

onhman k lgxhbkrcn tmen "Hbrgx|ne* N%S%* vnrxmekj hmaa~eghk|gme* ?66;'%

nehm~e|nrnl ge |bn vjkeegec x|kcnx mi ens grrgck|gme vrmdnh|x* g| agcb| on lnh

~eh~j|gyk|nl% Nhj~lgec jkel l~rgec |bn vjkeegec x|kcnx gx hmavkrkojn |m

lnynjmvnl vrmdnh|x% Sbnrn jkrcn hme|gc~m~x ojmh`x mi jkelx krn rn|grnl* ek|

sgjljgin hke on x~x|kgenl%

Bwlrmjmcgh* xmgj kel ogmjmcgh hmexglnrk|gmex

Jkel rn|grnane| kvvnkrx |m on ke k||rkh|gyn xmj~|gme |m |bn lrkgekcn vrmojna%

mi bwlrmjmcgh* ogmjmcgh kel xmgj hmexn{~nehnx gelghk|nx jkel rn|grnane| gx hma

ge |bn snx|nre xgln mi |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw "XDYLGV* ;777h'* |bn sk|n

bgcb!xnjneg~a xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr krn jmhk|nl lmsexjmvn ge |bn jmsnr vkr|

kel ge |bn |rm~cb mi |bn ykjjnw% \bn sk|nr |kojn ge ~vxjmvn jmhk|gmex gx lnnv ke

ijms mi lnnv vnrhmjk|gme irma ~vxjmvn krnkx hme|rgo~|nx |m lmsexjmvn l

Xga~jk|gmex sg|b k |sm!lganexgmekj bwlrmjmcgh amlnj "V~r`nw* ;772' kxhnr|k

  _n|grnane| mi jkrcn hme|gc~m~x jkelx om|b ~vxjmvn kel lmsexjmvn sm~jl v

mynrkjj rnl~h|gme ge lrkgekcn ymj~an kel jmsnrgec mi rncgmekj sk|nr |koj

  _n|grnane| mi lmsexjmvn vkrhnjx sg|b ke ngx|gec bgcb sk|nr |kojn sm~

ymj~an |m k crnk|nr n|ne| |bke rn|grnane| mi |bn xkan krnk mi ~vxjmvn

Sk36



khh~a~jk|gme agcb| rnx~j| ge jg||jn mr em yncn|k|gme hmynr* kel sgel!ojmse xk

vrmojnax lmsesgel% \bnrnimrn* rn|grnl jkelx rn{~grn jkel* yncn|k|gme kel sk|nr

mrlnr |m mo|kge sgjljgin onenig|x%

Xnjnh|gme mi jkelx |m rn|grn

\bn vm|ne|gkj rnl~h|gme ge lrkgekcn sk|nr niij~ne|* xkjgeg|w kel |mgh |rkhn njnanhrg|nrgk imr xnjnh|gme mi jkelx |m rn|grn% Imr nkavjn* ge |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw jkel

xnjneg~a hmehne|rk|gmex mi amrn |bke ?66 vvo krn vrgan hkelglk|nx imr jkel

|bmxn cnenrk|gec amrn |bke >6 vvo krn xnhmelkrw hkelglk|nx imr jkel rn|grnane|% S

mi lrkgekcn niij~ne| gx |bn akdmr cmkj* |bn rn|grnane| mi ~elrkgenl ~vxjmvn jkel

|bn crnk|nx| jmec!|nra rnjgni sbgjn rn|grnane| mi lmsexjmvn sk|nrjmccnl jkel s

lrkgekcn ymj~an |m k crnk|nr n|ne| me k xbmr|!|nra okxgx%

Men mi |bn akdmr hmehnrex ge jkel

rn|grnane| gx |bn khh~a~jk|gme mi xkj|x

kel |rkhn njnane|x k| mr enkr |bn xmgj

x~rikhn lnx|rmwgec |bn yncn|k|gme

hmynr kel |b~x nelkecnrgec g|x jmec!

|nra x~x|kgekogjg|w% Ge |bgx rnxvnh|* g| gx

gavmr|ke| |m ak`n k lgx|geh|gme

on|snne rnhbkrcn kel lgxhbkrcn krnkx

"Igc~rn 88'%

G| gx rnjk|gynjw nkxw |m lgiinrne|gk|n

on|snne rnhbkrcn kel lgxhbkrcn krnkx

ge bgjjw kel ~el~jk|gec |nrrkge%

_nhbkrcn mhh~rx ge |bn ~vjkelx kel

lgxhbkrcn ge |bn jmsjkelx kel ykjjnw

om||max% Ge grrgck|nl jkelx* rnhbkrcn

kel lgxhbkrcn krnkx krn amrn lgiigh~j|

|m glne|giw% Onimrn ke grrgck|gme nyne|ge sk|nrjmccnl jkelx* |bn jkel onhmanx

k lgxhbkrcn krnk ~elnr |bn geij~nehn mi nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme sbgjn d~x| ki|nr grrg

|~rex ge|m k rnhbkrcn krnk% Imr amrn jmec!|nra |rnelx* g| sm~jl on lnxgrkojn |m kxh

i l ij b i b gl gig g i oj g _ g

_nhbkrcn Krnkx Lgx

^vjkel J

Grrgck|nl jkel Eme

IGC^_N 88_nhbkrcn kel lgxhbkrcn krnkx




Akekcnane| mi rn|grnl jkelx

\bn akekcnane| mi rn|grnl jkelx lgiinrx imr ~vjkel kel jmsjkel hmelg|gmex%

sk|nr |kojn gx lnnv kel |bn yncn|k|gme lnvnelx me x~rikhn sk|nr gev~| |m a

rn{~grnane|% Ge jmsjkel krnkx* k xbkjjms xkjgen crm~elsk|nr |kojn emrakj

rn|grnl jkel% Akge|nekehn mi |bn sk|nr kel xkj| okjkehn imr om|b ~vjkelx kel

me |bn sk|nr rn{~grnane| kel xkj| |mjnrkehn mi |bn yncn|k|gme% Keen 9 vrn

lk|k imr |rnnx kel xbr~ox |bk| krn vm|ne|gkjjw x~g|kojn imr rn|grnl jkelx%

G| gx xman|ganx x~ccnx|nl |bk| |bn vjke|gec mi xkj| |mjnrke| |rnnx* xbr~o

akw bnjv |m k||kge k vmxg|gyn xkj| okjkehn% Hbnaghkj kekjwxgx mi |bn o~j` mi l

xbmsnl |bk| > vnrhne| mi |bn lrw sngcb| mi k vjke| hmexgx|x mi agenrkj hme

;77?0 kel Vkelnw kel Xgebk* ;77>'% @kvmmr "?666' kxx~anx |bk| |bnxn agen

lnrgynl irma |bn xmgj xmj~|gme% Ge |bgx hkxn* |bn ogmakxx vrml~hnl ow xkj| |

wnkrjw okxgx vnr bnh|krn a~j|gvjgnl ow |bn vnrhne|kcn agenrkj hme|ne| mi |b

kee~kj xkj| n|rkh|gme vnr bnh|krn mi xkj| |mjnrke| yncn|k|gme% \bn hkjh~jk|gme

ow @kvmmr "?666' xbmsx k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn imr ke krnk sbnrn |bn megavmr|nl x~rikhn sk|nr sg|b k jms xkj| hmehne|rk|gme "29 ac-jg|rn'% Bmsnynr* i

m~| ge Hkjgimregk kel K~x|rkjgk sbnrn xkjgeg|w jnynjx krn hmexglnrkojw bgcbnr |

rnkj nyglnehn |bk| xkj| |mjnrke| hrmvx rnamyn x~ox|ke|gkj kam~e|x mi xkj|x i

xmj~|gme "Bn~vnrake* ?6660 Hbk~bke* ?666'% \bnrnimrn* |bn sk|nr kel xkj|

kx ~xnl imr hmeyne|gmekj kcrgh~j|~rkj hrmvx kjxm kvvjw |m akge|kgegec ikym~r

okjkehnx imr yncn|k|gme |mjnrke| |m xkjgen kel sk|nrjmccnl hmelg|gmex |bk| gx ~

Sk3?




H



H

Lrkgekcn sk|

GE\_ML^H\GME

Ge krnkx sbnrn grrgck|gme sk|nr gx xhkrhn* |bn ~xn mi lrkgekcn sk|nr gx ke gav

x~vvjnane|gec sk|nr rnxm~rhnx% I~r|bnramrn* rn~xn akw bnjv kjjnygk|n lrkgekc

ow rnl~hgec |bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn sk|nr geymjynl% \bn rn~xn mi lrkgekcn

hke rnl~hn |bn mynrkjj vrmojnax mi sk|nr vmjj~|gme% _n~xn ankx~rnx hm

hmeyne|gmekj kcrgh~j|~rn0 rn~xn |m crms xkj| |mjnrke| hrmvx0 GILA xwx|na

bkog|k|x kel sn|jkelx0 kel rn~xn imr geg|gkj rnhjkak|gme mi xkj|!kiinh|nl jkelx

sg|b mejw |bmxn lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn ankx~rnx |bk| rnjk|n |m kcrgh~j|~rkj vr

Lrkgekcn sk|nr gx emrakjjw mi geinrgmr {~kjg|w hmavkrnl |m |bn mrgcgek

Kln{~k|n k||ne|gme ennlx |m on vkgl |m akekcnane| ankx~rnx |m agegagtn jm

|nra bkrai~j niinh|x me hrmv vrml~h|gme* xmgj vrml~h|gyg|w kel sk|nr {~kjg|w

xhkjn% \bn lrkgekcn sk|nr {~kjg|w ln|nragenx sbghb hrmvx hke on grrgck|nl% Bgc

sk|nr hkeem| on ~xnl |m grrgck|n xkj| xnexg|gyn hrmvx* o~| g| hke on ~xnl me

|rnnx* o~xbnx kel imllnr hrmvx% K akdmr hmehnre ge rn~xn ankx~rnx gx |bk| lrn~xnl sk|nrx gx mi|ne bgcbjw hmehne|rk|nl* rn{~grgec hkrni~j akekcnane|%

_ NJNYKE\ IKH\M_X

Lrkgekcn sk|nr {~kjg|w gx |bn akdmr hmehnre ge rn~xn vmxxgogjg|gnx kx g| lnige

on grrgck|nl kel sbn|bnr jmec!|nra lncrklk|gme mi xmgj vrml~h|gyg|w gx k akdmr

bkel* |bn xmgj |wvn* lrkgekcn hmelg|gmex mi |bn jkel kel |bn hrmv xkj| |mjnrkehn lrkgekcn sk|nr hke on ~xnl imr grrgck|gme ge hmaogek|gme sg|b |bn kykgjkogjg|w

rnxm~rhnx%

Vmjj~|ke|x irma x~rikhn r~emii* g%n% xnlgane|x* vnx|ghglnx kel e~|rgne|x* v

Lrkg3<

H



HMEXGLN_K\GMEX ME \BN NR\NE\ MI _N^XN

A~eghgvkjg|gnx kel gel~x|rgnx mi|ne ~xn

kcrgh~j|~rkj akge lrkgex |m lgxvmxn mi

|bngr skx|nsk|nr% Ge akew krnkx

krm~el |bn smrjl* a~eghgvkj kel

gel~x|rgkj skx|nsk|nr gx ng|bnr

gex~iighgne|jw |rnk|nl* mr em| |rnk|nl

k| kjj% Okh|nrgmjmcghkj kel mrckegh kelgemrckegh hmavm~elx xnrgm~xjw

vm jj~|n ak ge lrkgex * vmxgec ke

neygrmeane|kj bktkrl |m om|b b~ake

kel sgjljgin kel rnx|rgh|gec rn~xn irma

akge lrkgex% Imr nkavjn* ge |bn Egjn

Lnj|k* Ncwv|* |bn lgxhbkrcn mi ~e|rnk|nl skx|nsk|nr gx k akdmr hmehnre imr |bn x

ke grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn |bk| lnvnelx bnkygjw me |bn jkrcn!xhkjn rn~xn mi kcrgh~

sk|nr |m ann| sk|nr xbmr|ikjjx% \kojn ;8 jgx|x xnynrkj sk|nr {~kjg|w gelghk|mrx

akge lrkgex kel |bn miighgkj jgag|x imr |bn {~kjg|w mi lrkgekcn sk|nr |bk| gx kjjms

sg|b irnxbsk|nr rnxm~rhnx% \bn ogmhbnaghkj mwcne lnakel " OML' gx lnigenl k

mwcne hmex~anl ow aghrmonx ge lnhmavmxgec hkromekhnm~x mrckegh ak||nr

mwcne lnakel "HML' gx |bn kam~e| mi mwcne rn{~grnl |m mglgtn |bn mrckegh a

rnl~hnl hmavm~elx% \bn bgcb hbnaghkj ynrx~x ogmjmcghkj mwcne lnakel "HM

gavjw xgcegighke| gel~x|rgkj vmjj~|gme "NVG[ Sk|nr Vmjghw \nka* ;772'% \m|kj hmjg

vrmokojn e~aonr mi iknhkj hmjgimra " AVE ' ge ;66 aj kel k bgcb ykj~n gelghk|nx

irma a~eghgvkj xnskcn sk|nr%

\bn lncrklnl sk|nr {~kjg|w |brnk|nex |bn nvkexgme kel nyne |bn hme|ge~k|

mi lrkgekcn sk|nr irma |bn akge lrkgex "miighgkj rn~xn' ge |bn Egjn Lnj|k% Xgehn |

rn~xn aggec x|k|gmex bkyn onne ~elnr gehrnkxgec vrnxx~rn mi sk|nr {~kjg|w ln|nrg

xgehn ;77?* 3 mi |bn ?8 akge rn~xn aggec x|k|gmex bkyn onne ne|grnjw mr vnrg

"L_G* ;77>'% L~n |m |bn gehrnkxgec ln|nrgmrk|gme mi sk|nr {~kjg|w* ens mvvmr|~e

lrkgekcn sk|nr krn ongec nvjmrnl% On|snne |bn hne|rkjgtnl miighgkj rn~xn ke

~emiighgkj rn~xn "sbnrn ikranrx v~av lrkgekcn sk|nr irma |bn hmjjnh|mr lrkgeignjlx'* |bnrn gx |bn mv|gme |m hkv|~rn lrkgekcn sk|nr irma orkehb lrkgex kel v

orkehb hkekjx k| |bngr ge|nrxnh|gmex% \bgx jnynj mi rn~xn* |nranl ge|nranlgk|n

rnjk|gynjw cmml {~kjg|w lrkgekcn sk|nr onimrn g| gx lgxhbkrcnl ge|m |bn akge lrkge

Lrkge

Gelghk|mr

^vvnr Xnrs

Bka~j ^vvnr Em%;

\LX "ac-jg|rn'

OML "ac-jg|rn'

HML "ac-jg|rn'

EB< "ac-jg|rn'

AVE ";69-;66aj'

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\KOJN ;8[~kjg|w gelghk|mrx imr xman akge lrkgex


jgnx ge kvvjwgec d~x| nem~cb sk|nr |m akge|kge k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn \



jgnx ge kvvjwgec d~x| nem~cb sk|nr |m akge|kge k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn% \

Hbkv|nr > kx onenighgkj eme!hmex~av|gyn ~xn%

\bn imjjmsgec nkavjn irma |bn

Ormklygns Sk|nr Lgx|rgh| ge |bn Xke

Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw gjj~x|rk|nx |bk| lrkgekcn

sk|nr rn~xn gx k ygkojn akekcnane|mv|gme o~| |bk| ~vvnr jgag|x ennl |m on

nx|kojgxbnl% Amrnmynr* k agega~a

kam~e| mi jnkhbgec gx rn{~grnl |m kymgl

lnjn|nrgm~x gavkh|x me |bn amrn xkj|

xnexg|gyn hrmvx% \bn Ormklygns

Sk|nr Lgx|rgh| gx k jkeljmh`nl |rkh|

mi < ;66 bk mi grrgck|nl jkel sg|bm~|

k x~rikhn lrkgekcn m~|jn| xgehn ;7>9%

X~rikhn grrgck|gme rn|~re ijms* om|b

|kgjsk|nr kel x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn*

skx rnhwhjnl okh` hmavjn|njw ge|m |bn grrgck|gme x~vvjw lg|hb% \kojn ;< hme

sk|nr {~kjg|w kel akxx ijms mi xkj|x imr |bgx |wvn mi rn~xn% \bn kee~kj ;2

gavmr|nl hkekj sk|nr skx k jms!xkj|* jms!omrme sk|nr sbgjn |bn

;9 898 agjjgme a8 mi lrkgekcn sk|nr skx k amlnrk|njw xkjgen* ? ac-jg|rn omrme

sk|nr xnrygec kx |bn x~vvjw sk|nr |m |bn Ormklygns Sk|nr Lgx|rgh| skx hmex

Ge |nrax mi akxx mi xkj|x* |bn hkv|~rnl lrkgekcn sk|nr hme|rgo~|nl kom~| 99

kvvjgnl ge |bn sk|nr lgx|rgh|%

Igc~rn 8< xbmsx |bn kynrkcn hmehne|rk|gme mi xmgj xkjgeg|w kel omrme ge xn

b O l g S Lg g g ;739 \b o i l g g jj l o

Sbnrn |bn hrmv |mjnrkehn |m xkjgeg|w kel |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr krn em

hkjh~jk|nl "Hbkv|nr > kel Keen <'% \bn imjjmsgec nkavjn ~xnx N{~k|gmex ;

Keen < |m hkjh~jk|n |bnJ_ imr jn||~hn* k xkj| xnexg|gyn hrmv sg|b ke NH |x

mi ;%8 lX

kvvjgnl sk|nr* k ag|~rn mi irnxbsk|nr kel lrkgekcn sk|nr* gx kxx~anl |m on

N\ hrmv

gx <86 aa* kel em rkgeikjj mhh~rx l~rgec |bn crmsgec xnkxme% \bn hrm

hrkh`gec xmgj sg|b ke i g mi 6%2% Irma N{~k|gme ;<* |bn J_ g gx 6%?8% \bn kam~e|mo|kgenl irma N{~k|gme ;> gx 972 aa% Gi jn||~hn gx grrgck|nl ~elnr i~rrms grrgck|g

mi ;%? |m khhm~e| imr eme!~egimrag|w "\kojn 7' gx gehmrvmrk|nl% \bn |m|kj kam~e| m

|bne 282 aa* mi sbghb 936 aa agnl sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme kel ;92 aa owvk

hrkh`x%

\KOJN ;<

Ijms!sngcb|nl hmehne|rk|gme mi x

hmehne|rk|gmex kel akxx |rkexinr mi

Sk|nr Lgx|rgh|* ;739

$ Sk|nr {~kjg|w skx ankx~rnl snn`jw kel |bn ijms

agnl x~vvjw sk|nr snrn ankx~rnl lkgjw sbgjn |

skx nx|gak|nl ow ame|bjw njnh|rghkj hbkrcnx me

v~av niighgnehw% \b~x* |bn akxx mi xkj|x ge hkv|~on ~elnrnx|gak|nl%

Xm~rhn4 \kedg* n| kj%;733%

Lnxhrgv|gme NH

"lX-a'\LX

"ac-jg|rn'

Irnxb hkekj sk|nr 6%<; ?3?

Hkv|~rnl lrkgesk|nr ?%77 ? 62>

Agnl x~vvjw sk|nr ?%;7 ; <2>

Lrkg39

nhbkecnkojn xmlg~a vnrhne|kcn "NXV'



IGC^_N 8<

Kynrkcn hmehne|rk|gme mi xmgj xkjgeg|

xnyne xmgj vrmigjnx ge Ormklygns Sk|nr

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OMR 94 KLD^X\NL XMLG A KLXM_V\G

\bn XK_ gx lnigenl kx Ek-""Hk + Ac

|bn hmehne|rk|gmex krn nvrnxxnl ge

vnr jg|rn* kel g| gx ~xnl |m kxxnxx

vrmojnax l~n |m ke nhnxx mi xmlg~

hkjhg~a kel akcenxg~a% G| lmnx em| |k|bn hbkecnx ge xmj~ogjg|w mi hkjhg~a ge

jkwnrx ki|nr kel l~rgec grrgck|gme% \hkjhg~a hkromek|n ge |bn rmm|tmen gx

lgxxmjynl hkrome lgmgln hmehne|rk|gme

mi |bn xmj~|gme kel |bn vrnxnehn m

oghkromek|nx kel x~jvbk|nx% IKM

vrmvmxnl k vrmhnl~rn imr kld~x|gehmehne|rk|gme mi |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr |

n{~gjgorg~a ykj~n imjjmsgec grrgck|gme%

nhbkecnkojn xmlg~a vnrhne|kcn " NXV '

ykj~nx* sbnrnkx k| jms NXV jnynjx gev~|x

mi nenrcw krn rn{~grnl imr lgxvnrxgme%

\bn xkj| hmehne|rk|gme ge |bn xmgj sk|nr

gx hr~hgkj |m ln|nragegec xmgj vbwxghkj

onbkygm~r onhk~xn mi g|x niinh|x ge

vrmam|gec hjkw ijmhh~jk|gme "X~aenr*

;778'% Bmsnynr* |bn om~elkrw " NXV -

xkj| hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn xmgj sk|nr'

on|snne x|kojn kel ~ex|kojn hmelg|gmex

ykrgnx irma men xmgj |m |bn en| kel

hbkecnx sg|b |bn hjkw agenrkjmcw* vB *

xmgj |n|~rn* kel hjkw* mrckegh ak||nr kel

mgln hme|ne| "IKM* ;77?o'%

\bn xbmr|!|nra niinh|x mi grrgck|gec

sg|b sk|nr bkygec nhnxx xmlg~a mr ynrw jms xkj| hmehne|rk|gmex rnjk|n

akgejw |m geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax% \bn

rnl~h|gme mi geigj|rk|gme hke on k||rgo~|nl

|m |bn lgxvnrxgme kel agcrk|gme mi hjkw

agenrkjx ge|m xmgj vmrnx* |bn xsnjjgec mi

nvkelkojn hjkwx kel hr~x| imrak|gme%

\bn vm|ne|gkj geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax ge

rnjk|gme |m |bn {~kjg|w mi |bn grrgck|gme

sk|nr krn emrakjjw nykj~k|nl me |bn

okxgx mi |bn xkjgeg|w kel XK_; mi |bn

grrgck|gme sk|nr "Om 9'%

Ykrgm~x k~|bmrx bkyn lnynjmvnl

x|kogjg|w jgenx rnjk|nl |m |bn |m|kj xkjgeg|w

hmehne|rk|gme kel |bn XK_% \bn kh|~kj

jgen |bk| rnvrnxne|x |bn lgygxgme on|snnex|kojn kel ~ex|kojn xmgj hmelg|gmex gx ~eg{~n imr nkhb xmgj |wvn kel ykrgnx sg|b

V~ojgxbnl c~glnjgenx "Igc~rn 8>' me geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax ge rnjk|gme |m |bn XK_ ke

|bn kvvjgnl sk|nr hke |bnrnimrn vrmygln mejw kvvrmgak|n c~glkehn% Sbnrn jkrc

l g g j l l lg b l g b o l ogjg j


_nl~h|gme mi |bn bwlrk~jgh



_nl~h|gme mi |bn bwlrk~jgh

hmel~h|gyg|w ge |bn xmgj vrmigjn gx emrakjjw

k jmec!|nra niinh| rnx~j|gec irma |bn ~xn

mi xmlgh sk|nr% Ge vkr|gh~jkr* |bn

vrnxnehn mi hk romek| nx kel

oghkromek|nx ge |bn sk|nr hm~jl rnx~j|

ge xmgj lncrklk|gme ge |bn jmec |nra

onhk~x n vrnh gv g| k| gme mi hkjhg ~a

hkromek|n gehrnkxnx xmgj XK_% Hkjhg~a

ge |bn imra mi hkjhg|n gx men mi |bn igrx|

xkj|x |m vrnhgvg|k|n% ^vme i~r|bnr

hmehne|rk|gme akcenxg~a xkj|x sgjj kjxm

vrnhgvg|k|n%

\bnrn gx jg||jn ennl |m ~elnr|k`n

kh|gme |m gehrnkxn geigj|rk|gme kel mr

bwlrk~jgh hmel~h|gyg|w ~ejnxx hrmv sk|nr mr jnkhbgec rn{~grnane|x hkeem| on an|

mr gi xnhmelkrw vrmojnax rnl~hn hrmv wgnjlx mr gavnln xnnljgec nanrcnehn% X

gehj~ln hr~x|gec mi xnnl onlx* nhnxxgyn snnl crms|b kel x~rikhn sk|nr

hk~xn rmm| rm|* lgxnkxnx* e~|rg|gmekj lgxmrlnrx* vmmr knrk|gme kel vmmr cnragek

Akekcnane| mv|gmex |m ag|gck|n kel rnl~hn |bnxn vrmojnax hke on hbnag

vbwxghkj% Hbnaghkj akekcnane| mv|gmex ne|kgj kllgec hbnaghkj kanelan

kel |bnrnow hbkecgec |bn xmgj mr sk|nr hbnagx|rw% \bn kga mi ogmjmcghkj an|

xmgj x|r~h|~rn mr |m geij~nehn |bn xmgj hbnagx|rw |brm~cb |bn lnhmavmxg|gme miVbwxghkj an|bmlx gehj~ln h~j|~rkj vrkh|ghnx |m gehrnkxn geigj|rk|gme rk|nx l~

rkgeikjj mr |m vrnyne| lgrnh| hme|kh| on|snne vmelgec sk|nr kel vjke| x|nax

Hbnaghkj xmgj kel sk|nr kanelane|x |m vrnyne| geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax

IKM ";72>o' bkx kekjwxnl |bn akekcnane| mi geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax ow anke

kanelane|x ge hmexglnrkojn ln|kgj% \bgx xnh|gme bgcbjgcb|x |bn akdmr gxx~nx% \hbnaghkj kanelane|x |m xmgj mr sk|nr gx |m gavrmyn vmmr geigj|rk|gme hk~x

xkjgeg|w mr ow nhnxxgyn xmlg~a% \bn vrmojna gx amx| xnynrn k| jms njnh|rm

kel bgcb XK_% Gavrmynane|x hke on nvnh|nl gi |bn xmj~ojn hkjhg~a hme|ne

g gig | g g jg g| g bg l A | gj l | l

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Xkjgeg|w mi kvvjgnl sk|nr "

X m l g ~ a k

l x m r v | g m e r k | g m " X K _ '

Xjgcb| |m amrnl~h|gme gegeigj|rk|gme

Xnynrn rnl~h|gme gerk|n mi geigj|rk|gme

Xm~rhn4 IKM* ;72>o%

IGC^_N 8>

_njk|gyn rk|n mi sk|nr geigj|rk|gmxkjgeg|w kelXK_

Lrkg32

hne|gan|rnx mi |bn xmgj% Bnehn* g| gx emrakjjw amrn niinh|gyn |m kvvjw xakjj irn



OMR 34 HMEYN_XGME I_MA AN[ -JG\_

V^_N CWVX^A

; agjjgn{~gykjne| mi hkjhg~a vnr jg|rn

vnrhne| cwvx~a vnr jg|rn mi sk|nr vnrhne| cwvx~a vnr ; 666 a8 mi sk

6%9; |meen mi x~jvb~rgh

;66 vnrhne| cwvx~a%

* w vv w

cwvx~a jni| me |bn xmgj x~rikhn mr agnl sg|b |bn ~vvnr ins hne|gan|rnx mi |

bgcbnr lmxnx gehmrvmrk|nl lnnvnr ge |bn xmgj vrmigjn%

\bn kvvjghk|gme mi cwvx~a |m grrgck|gme

sk|nr |m vrnyne| geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax ~x~kjjw

rn{~grnx jnxx cwvx~a vnr bnh|krn |bke sbne

g| gx ~xnl kx xmgj kvvjghk|gme% Cwvx~a

kvvjghk|gme |m sk|nr gx vkr|gh~jkrjw niinh|gynsbne kllnl |m jms xkjgeg|w sk|nr ": 6%> lX-

a' kel jnxx niinh|gyn imr bgcbnr xkjgeg|w

sk|nr onhk~xn mi |bn lgiigh~j|w mi mo|kgegec x~iighgne| hkjhg~a ge xmj~|gme% Ge v

vmxxgojn |m mo|kge amrn |bke ;!< an{-jg|rn mi lgxxmjynl hkjhg~a* mr 6%29!8%<< c-jg|rn

"Om 3'* ge ikx|!ijmsgec grrgck|gme x|rnkax% Ge jms xkjgeg|w sk|nr* |bnxn xakjj kam~

hkjhg~a gmex akw gehrnkxn |bn geigj|rk|gme rk|n ow kx a~hb kx 866 vnrhne|% \m ~

sk|nr kanelane|* igenjw crm~el cwvx~a ": 6%?> aa ge lgkan|nr' gx vrninrrnl k

xmj~ogjg|w% \bgx gx kjxm emrakjjw |bn v~rnr crkln mi cwvx~a% K lrksokh` gx |bk v~rnr crklnx mi cwvx~a krn amrn nvnexgyn* sbghb mi|ne vrnyne|x xakjj ikran

\bn hmkrxnr crgelx kel jmsnr crklnx mi cwvx~a krn amrn xk|gxikh|mrw imr xmgj k

Nvnrgane|x bkyn onne hmel~h|nl sg|b |bn vjkhnane| mi cwvx~a rmh`x ge |

\bn vrmojna gx |bk| |bn kam~e| mi hkjhg~a lgxxmjygec irma |bn cwvx~a rmh`

niinh|gynenxx lnvnelx me |bn x|rnka ynjmhg|w kel ymj~an% Nvnrgane|x irma

xbmse |bk| x~iighgne| bnkl kel jnec|b mi |bn x~vvjw hkekj irma |bn |~onsnjj |m

"sbghb gx kjxm ~xnl imr irnxb hkekj sk|nr' krn rn{~grnl |m lgxxmjyn nem~cb hkjhsk|nr% Sbnrn |nhbeghkjjw inkxgojn* |bn ~xn mi cwvx~a x|menx bkx vrmynl |m on igeke

imr ikranrx "Hbk~lrw n| kj %* ;72<'% Ge jkrcn!xhkjn kvvjghk|gmex* k lrksokh` agc

hkekj akge|nekehn* kx |bn cwvx~a ojmh`x ennl |m on rnamynl onimrn anhbkegh

X~jvb~rgh khgl gx ke n|nexgynjw ~xnl kanelane|

imr kllrnxxgec geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax% G| gx niinh|gyn mejw

sbnrn jgan gx vrnxne| ge |bn xmgj x~rikhn% \bgx bgcbjw

hmrrmxgyn khgl hke on kvvjgnl |m |bn xmgj lgrnh|jw* sbnrn g| rnkh|x sg|b jgan ak`g vrnxne| hkjhg~a kykgjkojn imr nhbkecn sg|b klxmronl xmlg~a% X~jvb~rgh khg

sg|b xmgj jgan ak`gec g| k ~xni~j kanelane| |m hmaok| geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax% Sb

grrgck|gme sk|nr* g| gx en~|rkjgtnl ow |bn hkromek|nx kel oghkromek|nx ge |bn sk|nr

sm~jl hme|rgo~|n |mskrlx lgxxmjygec |bn xmgj jgan


H~j|~rkj vrkh|ghnx



v

H~j|gyk|gme gx ~x~kjjw lmen imr snnl

hme|rmj mr xmgj knrk|gme v~rvmxnx rk|bnr

|bke |m gavrmyn geigj|rk|gme% Bmsnynr*

sbnrn geigj|rk|gme vrmojnax krn xnynrn*

h~j|gyk|gme mr |gjjkcn krn bnjvi~j kx |bnw

rm~cbne |bn xmgj x~rikhn* sbghb xjmsx

lmse |bn ijms mi sk|nr* xm gehrnkxgec|bn |gan l~rgec sbghb |bn sk|nr hke

geigj|rk|n% H~j|gyk|gme gx mejw k |navmrkrw

xmj~|gme% Ki|nr men mr |sm grrgck|gmex*

kem|bnr h~j|gyk|gme akw on ennlnl%

Amrnmynr* |bn hmex|r~h|gme mi "ormkl'

onlx akw bnjv ag|gck|n |bn gjj niinh|x mi

x|kelgec sk|nr kx g| vrnyne|x lgrnh|

hme|kh| mi |bn vjke|x sg|b |bn sk|nr%_nxnkrhb irma Vk`gx|ke bkx xbmse |bk|

hm||me ge vkr|gh~jkr onenig|x irma vjke|gec

me ormkl onlx%

Akge|kgegec ikym~rkojn jnynjx mi gmex kel |rkhn njnane|x

Bgcb hmehne|rk|gmex mi |rkhn njnane|x ge xmgj* crm~el kel lrkgekcn sk|nr hke m

sg|b bgcb xkjgeg|w kel hke on kiinh|nl ow |bn xkan vrmhnxxnx% Bmsnynr* geakw kjxm mhh~r gelnvnelne|jw mi xkjgeg|w% Ge nkagegec skwx |m hme|rmj jnyn

njnane|x ge |bn rmm|tmen* g| gx enhnxxkrw |m ~elnrx|kel |bn vrmhnxxnx |bk| ki

Lnynrnj kel I~dgg ";776' vrmygln k irkansmr` imr nykj~k|gec hmehne|rk|gme

ge xmgj kel xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr% \bn |sm vrmhnxxnx |bk| jkrcnjw hme|rmj |b

njnane|x ge |bn xmgj sk|nr krn4 g' klxmrv|gme kel lnxmrv|gme rnkh|gmex0 k

vrnhgvg|k|gme kel lgxxmj~|gme vrmhnxxnx% \bnxn vrmhnxxnx krn geij~nehnl ow hb

x|k|n kel rnkh|gmex* hbnaghkj hmavmxg|gme kel xmjgl!vbkxn x|r~h|~rkj hbkecnx

"Bge`jn kel Vmjn||n* ;777'%

\bnrn krn em snjj!|nx|nl kel xgavjn amlnjx imr nx|gak|gec hbkecnx

hmehne|rk|gme kx k rnx~j| mi grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane|% E

| jg| g| g i | j | o | ojg b l B g

OMR 24 \BN XN MI X NXOKEGK KX K C_NN

XMGJ HBNAGHKJ KEL VBWXGHKJ V

Ge Gelgk kel Vk`gx|ke* ikranrx ~

crnne ake~rn |m gavrmyn |bn hbnavrmvnr|gnx mi xmgjx lncrklnl ow

|~onsnjj sk|nr% \bnw kjxm ~xn g| gekj`kjg xmgjx% Xnxokegk lnhmavmxnx

mrckegh khglx sbghb bnjv |m lgxxm

amrn igorm~x x|nax mi Xnxokegk

mvne ymglx kel hbkeenjx% Ge kllg|

eg|rmcne!iggec |rnn kel |b~x bnjvinr|gjg|w% \bn wm~ec orkehbnx mi |bn

imllnr% Onhk~xn mi kjj |bnxn hbkrkh

gx k ynrw vmv~jkr hrmv nxvnhgkjjw ka

vmmr {~kjg|w |~onsnjj sk|nr ge V~e

Lrkg26

IGC^_N 89 vkr| gh jnx kel gx |b~x rnklgjw



IGC^_N 89

_njk|gmexbgv on|snne jnkhbgec irkh|gme mi |b

xnjneg~a hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn grrgck|gme

xnjneg~a hmehne|rk|gme ge |bn xmgj xmj~|gme

jnkhbnl0 gg' sk|nr hme|kgegec bgcb

xnjneg~a hmehne|rk|gmex kjxm bkx

k bgcb |m|kj xkjgeg|w hme|ne| kel

|b~x rn{~grnx bgcb jnkhbgec

irkh|gmex |m vrnyne| xkjgeg|w o~gjl

~v ge |bn xmgj vrmigjn0 kel ggg' sk|nr

hme|kgegec xnjneg~a bkx bgcb

hmehne|rk|gmex mi XM<

! |bk|

crnk|jw gebgog| vjke| ~v|k`n mi

xnjneg~a% Kjokxnj n| kj % ";727'

~xnl |bn hmehne|rk|gme irkh|gmex

imr ykrgm~x JI x |m hmeynr| |bn

hmehne|rk|gme mi xnjneg~a ge |bn

grrgck|gme sk|nr "Xn G ' ge|m

xnjneg~a hmehne|rk|gme ge |bn xmgj

xmj~|gme "Xn xx

'% \m lnrgyn |bn

rnjk|gmexbgvx xbmse ge Igc~rn 89* |bnw kxx~anl k sk|nr ~v|k`n vk||nre mi <6!8

irma |bn igrx| |m |bn im~r|b {~kr|nr mi |bn rmm|tmen% \bn hmehne|rk|gme ikh|mrx ~

~v|k`n vk||nre krn >%>9* 8%39* ?%>2* ?%6>* ;%3< kel ;%>8* rnxvnh|gynjw* imr JI 6%6>*

6%<6 kel 6%>6% \m nx|kojgxb c~glnjgenx me |bn okxgx mi |bnxn rnjk|gmexbgvx* g| gx en

|bn akga~a xnjneg~a hmehne|rk|gme ge |bn xmgj xmj~|gme "Xn xxa

' k| sbghb

hmehne|rk|gme mi xnjneg~a ge |bn bkrynx|nl vrml~h| "Xnbv

' sgjj em| on nhnnlnl

enhnxxkrw |bk| |bn JI on khbgnykojn%

_nxnkrhb sg|b kjikjik* sbghb gx |bn amx| xnexg|gyn hrmv |m xnjneg~a khh~a~j

|m |bn ~xn mi |bn bkrynx|nl vrml~h|* xbmsnl |bk| Xn xxa

gx ?>6 ¾c-jg|rn sg|bm~| n

mi <!> ac-`c gi |bn xkjgen grrgck|gme sk|nr gx lmagek|nl ow x~jvbk|n% Kxx~agec |b

on 6%? mr amrn* |bn Xn G

hm~jl on ;66 ¾c-jg|rn "Kjokxnj n| kj %* ;727'% Sbnrn m|bnr

me xmgjx lgiinrne| irma |bmxn ge |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw* ens c~glnjgenx sgjj on e

xbm~jl on okxnl me xmgj kel sk|nr vrmvnr|gnx kel |bn akga~a Xnbv

xvnhgigh imr

|bn ~xn mi |bn bkrynx|nl vrml~h|%

Omrme

Omrme gx ke nxxne|gkj aghrme~|rgne| imr vjke|x o~| g| gx |mgh k| hmehne|rk|gmex mej

Xm~rhn4 Kjokxnj n| kj %* ;727%

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@nrne n| kj % ";776' rnvmr|nl |bk| ek|gyn xmgj omrme gx amrn lgiigh~j| |m



khh~a~jk|nl irma grrgck|gme sg|b omrme!rghb sk|nr%

Sbnrn x|nklw!x|k|n hmelg|gmex

ngx| on|snne omrme klxmronl kel

omrme ge |bn xmgj xmj~|gme " O xx

'* |bne |bn

gev~| kel m~|v~| mi omrme irma |bn

rmm|tmen* kel |b~x O xx

* gx rnjk|nl |m |bn

omrme hmehne|rk|gme ge |bn grrgck|gmesk|nr " O

G ' kel |bn JI "Vrk|| kel

X~krnt* ;776'% \m nx|kojgxb |bn

rnjk|gmexbgv on|snne O G

kel O xx

"Igc~rn 83'* k sk|nr ~v|k`n vk||nre mi

<6!86!?6!;6 vnrhne| irma |bn igrx| |m

|bn im~r|b {~kr|nr mi |bn rmm|tmen gx

kxx~anl% \bn hmehne|rk|gme ikh|mrx

~elnr |bgx sk|nr ~v|k`n vk||nre krnkx |bn xkan kx imr xnjneg~a komyn%

Jwxgan|nr nvnrgane|x bkyn xbmse

|bk| Igc~rn 83 hke on ~xnl |m kxxnxx

|bn ~xn mi omrme!hme|kgegec sk|nr imr

grrgck|gme "Vrk|| kel X~krnt* ;776' sbnrn

enkr x|nklw!x|k|n hmelg|gmex ngx|%

_ N^XN GE HMEYNE\GMEKJ H_MV

V_ML^H\GME

Lrkgekcn sk|nr mi x~iighgne|jw cmml

{~kjg|w agcb| on ~xnl lgrnh|jw imr hrmv

vrml~h|gme% M|bnrsgxn* lrkgekcn

sk|nr hke on rn~xnl ge hmed~eh|gme

sg|b irnxbsk|nr rnxm~rhnx"Igc~rn 82'% Hmed~eh|gyn ~xn geymjynx

ojnelgec lrkgek cn sk|nr sg |b

irnxbsk|nr% Kj|nrek|gynjw* lrkgekcn

6

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O x x

" a c - j g | r n '

IGC^_N 83

_njk|gmexbgv on|snne anke Oxx

ge

on|snne OG imr xnynrkj jnkhbgec irk

Xm~rhn4 Vrk|| kel X~krnt* ;776%

^xn mi lrkgekcn sk|nr imr grrgck|gm

Lgrnh| ~xn Hmed~

Hwhjgh

Ge|rk!xnkxmekj Ge|nrxn

IGC^_N 82

^xn mi lrkgekcn sk|nr imr hrmv vrml

Lrkg2?

OMR 74LG_NH\ _N^XN GE NCWV\ KEL VK@GX\KE



sk|nr hke on ~xnl lgrnh|jw imr grrgck|gme v~rvmxnx sg|bm~| xnynrn hrmv wgnjl rn|bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr lmnx em| nhnnl |bn |brnxbmjl xkjgeg|w ykj~

crmse kel cmml lrkgekcn hmelg|gmex ngx|% Kx hrmvx krn mi|ne amrn xnexg|gyn |m

|bn geg|gkj crms|b x|kcnx* rnxnkrhb ge Gelgk bkx rnynkjnl |bn gavmr|kehn mi vrn

cmml {~kjg|w grrgck|gme sk|nr% Bgcbnr hrmv wgnjlx snrn k||kgenl sbne irnxbsk|

skx kvvjgnl sg|b mejw lrkgekcn sk|nr ongec kvvjgnl |bnrnki|nr% elnr |bnxn hmel

sk|nr sg|b xkjgeg|w jnynjx nhnnlgec |bn |brnxbmjl ykj~n hm~jl on ~xnl sbg

khhnv|kojn hrmv wgnjlx%

Ge Vk`gx|ke* |bn akdmr hrmvx krn sbnk|* hm||me* x~ckr hken* rghn kel k yk

hrmvx% \bn sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx x|k|n |bk| |bn akga~a xkjgeg|w mi sk|nr ~

grrgck|gme gx ?%< lX-a "Vk`gx|ke hkxn x|~lw ge Vkr| GG'% Kxx~agec k hmehne|rk|gm

on|snne grrgck|gme sk|nr kel xk|~rk|nl vkx|n* |bgx jgag| gx rk|bnr bgcb imr x~ckr

k |brnxbmjl ykj~n mi ;%3 lX-a% Okxnl me Akkx kel Crk||ke ";777'* x~ckr hke

?%< lX-a sk|nr sm~jl wgnjl 27 vnrhne| mi |bn akga~a vm|ne|gkj wgnjl% \bn jmec!|n

mi lgrnh| ~xn mi lrkgekcn sk|nr lnvnelx me akge|kgegec k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn

xmgj lncrklk|gme l~n |m xmlghg|w vrmojnax% Om 7 lnxhrgonx lgrnh| rn~xn vrkh|gh

Vk`gx|ke%

Hmed~eh|gyn ~xn ‘ ojnelgec

OMR 74 LG_NH\ _N^XN GE NCWV\ KEL VK@GX\KE

Ge |bn Egjn Lnj|k* Ncwv|* ke miighgkj rn~xn vmjghw ngx|x sbnrnow jkrcn!xhkjn v~avge

|bn lrkgekcn sk|nr irma |bn akge lrkgex ge|m irnxbsk|nr akge hkekjx% ^emiighgkj

cnenrkjjw k rnkh|gme mi ikranrx |m gekln{~k|n grrgck|gme sk|nr x~vvjgnx% Ikranrx lgr

lrkgekcn sk|nr irma |bn hmjjnh|mr lrkge me|m |bngr ignjlx sg|bm~| cmynreane| kvvrmykj|bk| k| jnkx| 8 666 agjjgme a8 mi lrkgekcn sk|nr gx rn~xnl ~emiighgkjjw nkhb wnkr* kja

|m |bn ymj~an mi miighgkjjw rn~xnl lrkgekcn sk|nr ge ;77>-79 "Ncwv| hkxn x|~lw ge Vk

Ge Vk`gx|ke* kem|bnr imra mi lgrnh| rn~xn |k`nx vjkhn% Ge |bn ;796x* ynr|ghkj lrkgekcge |bn hm~e|rw |m hmaok| gehrnkxgec sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjgeg|w% Kx |bn x~rikhn grrgck|gmgeg|gkjjw okxnl me jms hrmvvgec ge|nexg|gnx kel jms sk|nr kjjmskehnx* ikranrx n

niij~ne| irma |bn |~onsnjjx me k jkrcn xhkjn |m k~cane| gex~iighgne| x~rikhn sk|nr

lrkgekcn sk|nr gx ng|bnr ~xnl ge hmed~eh|gme sg|b irnxb x~rikhn sk|nr rnxm~rhnx* m

imr hrmv vrml~h|gme% Imr ikranrx k| |bn |kgjnel mi |bn sk|nr lgx|rgo~|gme xwx|nax* |~o

mi|ne |bn mejw xm~rhn mi sk|nr x~vvjw "Vk`gx|ke hkxn x|~lw ge Vkr| GG'%


vrml~h|gme mi |bnxn |sm hrmvx kelg | |g i | i

\KOJN ;>Lrkgekcn sk|nr {~kjg|w hrg|nrgk imr grrgc



kxx~agec k hmehne|rk|gme ikh|mr mi

|sm on|snne |bn NH mi |bn grrgck|gme

sk|nr kel |bn NH n* |bn akga~a

kjjmskojn xkjgeg|w mi |bn grrgck|gme

sk|nr gx kom~| 6%2!6%7 lX-a

"\kojn ;>'%

Sbnrn aggec |k`nx vjkhn k| |bnikra jnynj* |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn ojnelnl

sk|nr hke on kld~x|nl |mskrlx |bn xkj|

|mjnrkehn mi gelgygl~kj hrmvx% \kojn ;9

xbmsx ke nvnrgane| irma Gelgk*

sbnrn ojnelnl sk|nr sg|b lgiinrne|

jnynjx mi xkjgeg|w skx ~xnl |m h~j|gyk|n

sbnk|%

\bgx nvnrgane| xbmsx |bk| imr |bn

hkxn mi kjj grrgck|gmex kvvjgnl sg|b k

ojnelnl sk|nr ag|~rn bkygec k

akga~a xkjgeg|w mi 8 lX-a* k

vm|ne|gkj hrmv wgnjl mi 76 vnrhne| mi

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x~iinrx irma n~|rmvbghk|gme l~n |m lrkge lgxhbkrcnx hkrrwgec gel~x|rgkj kel a~e

\bn x~rygygec igxb xvnhgnx krn jgag|nl kel vrmygln mejw k eme!hmaanrhgkj imml xmrnxglne|x% Kx |bn jk`n sm~jl ennl jkrcn {~ke|g|gnx mi irnxbsk|nr geijms |m rnhmynr g|

hmexnex~x gx |bk| |bgx jk`n sgjj hme|ge~n g|x xkjgegtk|gme vrmhnxx kel nyne|~kjjw

vrml~h|gme kel g|x nhmjmcghkj ykj~n "NVG[ Sk|nr Vmjghw \nka* ;772'% \bn m|bn

lnvnel me lrkgekcn m~|ijms |m akge|kge |bngr orkh`gxb sk|nr neygrmeane|% O

kxx~av|gme |bk| Jk`n Akr~g| sgjj jmmxn g|x i~eh|gme kx k irnxbsk|nr jk`n imr igxb v

Lrkgekcn _n!~xn Smr`gec Crm~v mi |bn NVG[ Sk|nr Vmjghw \nka hmel~h|nl ke k

rn{~grnl agega~a lrkgekcn sk|nr m~|ijms |m jk`nx Nl`m* O~rr~j~x kel Aketkjk% igxb vrml~h|gme* |bn xkjgeg|w jnynjx ge |bn jk`nx xbm~jl on akge|kgenl on|snne >%>

a% Jk`n Nl`m* Jk`n Aketkjk kel Jk`n O~rr~j~x bkyn xkjgeg|w jnynjx mi ?%;* 8%? k

rnxvnh|gynjw% \m akge|kge akga~a xkjgeg|w jnynjx* |bn lrkgekcn m~|ijms |m Jk`n

Jk`n Nl`m hke on rnl~hnl |m k akga~a >6 vnrhne| mi |bn vrnxne| m~|ijms jnynj%

m~|ijms |m Jk`n O~rr~j~x gx kjrnklw me |bn jms xgln kel hkeem| on rnl~hnl kew

agega~a lrkgekcn lgxhbkrcn okxnl me x~x|kgenl irnxbsk|nr jk`n igxbnrgnx gx 2 >

vnr wnkr% \bgx gx 8 266 agjjgme a8 amrn |bke |bn rn~xn vm|ne|gkj okxnl me akge|k

okjkehn ge |bn Egjn Lnj|k imr kcrgh~j|~rkj vrml~h|gme% Bnehn* jnxx sk|nr gx kykgjko

|bn jk`n igxbnrgnx krn |m on akge|kgenl%


Lgxvmxkj ge sn|jkelx miinrx a~hb vm|ne|gkj o~| k| |bn xkan |gan |bnrn krn khmex|rkge|x% Sn|jkelx agcb| on ng|bnr ek|~rkj mr xvnhgkjjw hmex|r~h|nl imr lr

Ge |bn imranr hkxn |bn akge|nekehn mi nhmjmcghkj i~eh|gmex lnvnelx me |bn {



Ge |bn imranr hkxn* |bn akge|nekehn mi nhmjmcghkj i~eh|gmex lnvnelx me |bn {

mi lrkgekcn sk|nr geijms%

LGXVMXKJ GE I_NXBSK\N_ OMLGNX

\bn akge kga mi xkin lgxvmxkj ge irnxbsk|nr omlgnx x~hb kx jk`nx kel rgynrx gx |lmsex|rnka sk|nr ~xnx% _gynrx kel jk`nx krn emrakjjw a~j|gi~eh|gmekj "a

sk|nr* gel~x|rgkj sk|nr* igxbgec* rnhrnk|gme kel kcrgh~j|~rn' kel bkyn ke ge|rgex

I~r|bnramrn* rgynrx innl jk`nx* ijmmlvjkgex* sn|jkelx* nx|~krgnx kel okwx

i~eh|gmex* g| gx enhnxxkrw |m ln|nragen |bn kxxgagjk|gyn hkvkhg|w mi |bn rgynr ke

mi hmeenh|nl mr rnhngygec nhmxwx|nax% G| gx kjxm enhnxxkrw |m glne|giw |bn hmex

ge |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr ge mrlnr |m ln|nragen g|x lgxhbkrcn rn{~grnane|x% Amrn

xnlgane|x* rgvkrgke bkog|k|x kel ijmmlvjkgex skrrke| hmexglnrk|gme%

\bn lgxhbkrcn rn{~grnane|x xbm~jl xvnhgiw |bn akga~a kjjmskojn hme

hmex|g|~ne| mi hmehnre kel |bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn sk|nr |bk| sgjj on khhnv|k

gx |bn sk|nr {~kjg|w vkrkan|nr emrakjjw ~xnl ge lrge`gec!sk|nr x|kelkrlx m

k{~k|gh kegakjx kel vjke|x% Bmsnynr* vjkhgec mejw hmehne|rk|gme jgag|x m

nehm~rkcn lgj~|gme kel geniighgne| sk|nr ~xn% Sbnrn om|b hmehne|rk|gme kel j

mi sk|nr hmehne|rk|gme kel sk|nr ymj~an' krn neimrhnl* |bnw |nel |m vrma

~xn% Imr nkavjn* ge |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw* |bn lgxhbkrcn jgag|k|gmex ge|m |bn

gehj~ln jgag|x me hmehne|rk|gme mi xvnhgigh hmex|g|~ne|x kel |bngr jmklx% \bn hmehgehj~ln jgag|x me xkjgeg|w* omrme* xnjneg~a kel amjwolne~a ge mrlnr |m vrm|nh

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lgj~|gme mr geniighgne| sk|nr ~xkcn* jmkl jgag|x imr |bnxn hmex|g|~ne|x krn neimrh

mi grrgck|gme rn|~re ijmsx ge|m |bn Xke Dmk{~ge _gynr%

\bn kxxgagjk|gyn hkvkhg|w mi |bn

rnhngygec sk|nr omlw ykrgnx irma vjkhn |m

vjkhn kel irma |gan |m |gan lnvnelgec me

e~anrm~x jmhkj hmelg|gmex% \bnxn gehj~ln

hjgak|n kel vbwxghkj hmelg|gmex kel |bn

~vx|rnka ~xnx% \bn _gynr Wka~ek ge

Bkrwkek Gelgk vrmyglnx ke nkavjn mi

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IGC^_N <?Akv mi |bn Crkxxjkelx x~okrnk kel lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxhbkrcn



sg|b xkjgeg|w vrmojnax hke ~xn |bn _gynr Wka~ek kx k vmxxgojn lrkgekcn m~|jn| o

Xnv|naonr "Gelgk hkxn x|~lw ge Vkr| GG'%

Lrkgekcn irma |bn Crkxxjkel x~okrnk ge |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw vrmyglnx kem

|bn vmxxgogjg|gnx kel hmex|rkge|x mi rgynr lgxvmxkj% Igc~rn <? vrnxne|x k xhbnak|gh

"87 966 bk' |bk| bkx mvvmr|~eg|gnx |m lgxhbkrcn g|x grrgck|gme rn|~re ijms ge|m |

_gynr% Bmsnynr* |bnrn krn xman hmex|rkge|x kx lgh|k|nl ow |bn skx|n lgxhbkrc

xn| ow |bn Hne|rkj Ykjjnw _ncgmekj Sk|nr [~kjg|w Hme|rmj Omkrl "HY_S[HO

Ge |bn rnhne| vkx|* grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn lgxhbkrcnl g|x grrgck|gme rn|~re ijms ge

Xm~|b Crkxxjkelx Lgx|rgh|* ke ne|g|w lnym|nl |m sn|jkel bkog|k| imr vrgyk|n

ogrlsk|hbgec kx snjj kx vkx|~rnjkel imr crktgec kegakjx% Xgehn |bn lgxhmynrw mi xnjnmi sk|nrogrlx k| @nx|nrxme _nxnrymgr irma x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nrx hmey

Snx|jkelx Sk|nr Lgx|rgh|* lrkgekcn irma |bn vrmojna krnk gx em jmecnr lgxh

Crkxxjkelx Sk|nr Lgx|rgh| Gex|nkl g| gx lgxhbkrcnl lgrnh|jw ge|m |bn Xke Dmk{~

Xkhrkane|m _gynr Lnj|k Xke Irkehgxhm Okw

X|kegxjk~x _gynr

\~mj~aan _gynr Anrhnl _gynr

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A~l Xjm~cb

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Anelm|k Vmmj

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87 966 bk

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akgelrkge

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IGC^_N <8

\bn xgcegighkehn mi grrgck|gme rn|~re ijmsx irma Xkj| Xjm~cb kel A~l Xjm~cb

|bn Xke Dmk{~ge _gynr xwx|na



rnx~j|x ge amen|krw igenx |m |bn lgxhbkrcnrx% \bn xnjneg~a jmkl gx |bn amx| lg

kcrgh~j|~rn |m ann|%

Cnenrkjjw* rgynrx hme|ge~kjjw hjnkexn |bnaxnjynx% Ge amx| hkxnx* jk`nx lm em

kx |bnw akw em| bkyn ke m~|jn|* mr ijms ymj~an irma |bn jk`n gx jgag|nl% \bn l

sk|nr ge|m jk`nx agcb| hk~xn x~ox|ke|gkj jmec!|nra vrmojnax% \b~x* g

hmexglnrk|gmex% \bnrn krn e~anrm~x nkavjnx irma kjj mynr |bn smrjl kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr ge|m irnxbsk|nr jk`nx* mi|ne ge hmaogek|gme sg|b

geijms* bkx kllnl |m |bn lnynjmvane| mi gaanexn kel hk|kx|rmvbgh neygrm

Nkavjnx gehj~ln Jk`n Hbkvkjk ge Anghm* Jk`n Akehbbkr ge Vk`gx|ke* J

kel m|bnr jk`nx sbnrn xgcegighke| niimr| gx rn{~grnl |m bkj| neygrmeane|kj ln

LGXVMXKJ GE\M NYKVM_K\GME VMELX

Ge gejkel lrkgekcn okxgex sg|bm~| ke kln{~k|n m~|jn| |m k rgynr* jk`n mr xnk

rnx|rgh|gmex vrnyne| lgxhbkrcn ge|m rgynrx kel jk`nx* men mi |bn ins mv|gmex gx l

niij~ne| ge|m hmex|r~h|nl nykvmrk|gme vmelx mr ek|~rkj lnvrnxxgmex% Lgxh

6. ?6. <6. 96. 26. 66.

Lgxhbkrcn \LX Xnjneg~a

X~rikhn rn|~re ijmsx

X~ox~rikhn rn|~re ijm

Xkj| Xjm~cb A~l Xjm~cb Crm~elsk|nr Nkx|!xgln |rgo~|krgnx

Anke kee~kj lgxhbkrcn* \LX kel xnjneg~a jmklxJmsnr Xke Dmk{~ge _gynr xwx|na

|bn Xke Dmk{~ge _gynr xwx|na

Xm~rhn4 HY_S[HO* ?666%

Lrkgekc79

Nykvmrk|gme vmelx ge Vk`gx|ke

Ge Vk`gx|ke* nykvmrk|gme vmelx bkyn onne hmex|r~h|nl ~elnr |bn Xkjgeg|w Hme|rmj k

d "XHK ' i b lg j i b bg bj jg l g iij i



Vrmdnh| "XHK_V' YG imr |bn lgxvmxkj mi |bn bgcbjw xkjgen lrkgekcn niij~ne| irm

krnkx me |bn irgecnx mi |bn lnxnr| jmhk|nl >66!266 `a irma |bn xnk% XHK_V Y

ynr|ghkj lrkgekcn |m jmsnr kel akge|kge |bn sk|nr |kojn k| k lnv|b mi ?%8 a m

;>? 666 bk% \bn krnk gx ~elnrjkge ow crm~elsk|nr sg|b ke NH rkecgec irma ;

|m|kj mi >;< |~onsnjjx* rkecgec ge hkvkhg|w irma 86 |m 76 jg|rnx-x* bkyn onne gex|k

966 agjjgme a8

kee~kjjw% \bgx sk|nr gx lgxhbkrcnl ge|m mvne x~rikhn lrkgex imr hmnykvmrk|gme vmelx imr igekj lgxvmxkj% Kjjmsgec imr hmeynwkehn jmxxnx* |bn lrkgeko

lgxvmxnl mi gx ke nx|gak|nl ><6 agjjgme a8% G| skx ke|ghgvk|nl |bk| |bn rnx~j|ke

lrkgekcn sk|nr sm~jl on mi |bn mrlnr mi 86 lX-a "ENXVK@!GJKHM* ;72;'%

\bn lnxgce mi |bn nykvmrk|gme vmelx kxx~anl k vnrhmjk|gme rk|n mi ?26 aa v

|bn nx|gak|nl ykj~n' kel ke nykvmrk|gme rk|n mi ; 366 aa vnr wnkr "kckgex| |bn

mi ; 266 aa'% \bn x~rikhn krnk mi |bn vmelx skx nx|gak|nl |m on ?3 866 bk% \

vmelx snrn lnynjmvnl ge k lnxnr| krnk me |bn irgecnx mi |bn Gel~x Vjkge d~x| o

hmaakel krnk mi |bn vrmdnh|% \bn vmel krnk gx hbkrkh|nrgtnl ow ge|nrl~ekj ln

bgcbjw xmlgh xmgjx'* on|snne jmecg|~lgekj xkel l~enx <!7 a bgcb% \bn ~elnrjwgec

bgcbjw orkh`gxb% Imr |bn lnynjmvane| mi |bn nykvmrk|gme vmelx* lw`nx snrn vrm

xklljnx kel hbkeenjx h~| khrmxx |bn l~enx |m imra k xnrgnx mi ge|nrhmeenh|nl vm

|bk| bkyn onne lnynjmvnl xm ikr bkyn k x~rikhn krnk mi ;8 8>6 bk kel k lgx|k

xnvkrk|nx |bngr nlcnx irma |bn grrgck|nl krnk% \bn lrkgekcn niij~ne| gx lgxhb

nykvmrk|gme vmelx ow crkyg|w ijms irma men lrkgekcn xwx|na kel v~avnl irma k

xwx|na i~r|bnr lmsexjmvn%

\bn mvnrk|gme mi |bn vmelx x|kr|nl ge ;727 kel ow Akw ;772 g| skx rnvmr|nl

xvrnkl mynr k vmel x~rikhn krnk mi < ?66 bk "GSKX_G* ;772'% \bn vnrgml mi mvn

|mm xbmr| |m nx|kojgxb k x|k|n mi n{~gjgorg~a% Bmsnynr* xmme ki|nr vmelgec x|kr|nl

krnkx hjmxn |m |bn vmelx snrn xnynrnjw kiinh|nl ow sk|nrjmccgec% \bgx hm~jl

xgcegighke| xnnvkcn jmxxnx irma |bn vmelx cnenrk|gec k tmen mi bgcb crm~elsk|n

rn|krlgec |bn ek|~rkj x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn irma |bn grrgck|nl jkelx "E_KV* ;77

kiinh|nl krnk bkl crmse |m kom~| < 666 bk ge ;778* nyne |bm~cb |bn |~onsnj

niinh|gyn ge jmsnrgec |bn sk|nr |kojn |m 8 a ge vkr|x mi |bn lrkgenl krnk%

Nykvmrk|gme vmelx ge Hkjgimregk* |bn ^eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk


krn kh|gyn kel akekcnl ow xnyne mvnrk|mrx% \bn m|bnr vmelx bkyn onne ymj~l~n |m |bn bgcb hmx|x mi ann|gec |bn skx|n lgxhbkrcn rn{~grnane|x kel ag|gc

ogrl |mghg|w% \bn x|k|n-rncgmekj sk|nr {~kjg|w rnc~jk|mrw kcnehw mrlnrnl |b



vmelx onhk~xn mi |bn ~ekhhnv|kojn |mgh niinh|x mi xnjneg~a me sk|nrogrlx irm

ge |bn gavm~elnl lrkgekcn sk|nrx%

\bn skx|n lgxhbkrcn rn{~grnane|x imr vmel lgxvmxkj lnigen |bn rn{~grnan

xhbnl~jnx lnxgcenl |m lgxhm~rkcn sgjljgin ~xn mi nykvmrk|gme vmelx kel-mr

kel hmavnexk|gme ankx~rnx |m miixn| klynrxn niinh|x me ogrlx%

\bn nykvmrk|gme vmelx krn hmex|r~h|nl ow nhkyk|gec |bn xmgj |m imra onra

mi k| jnkx| 84; "b4y'% \bn vmel om||max krn ~ejgenl o~| hmavkh|nl* |bn vmel

irnn mi yncn|k|gme* kel k agega~a sk|nr lnv|b gx akge|kgenl k| 96 ha% Ag

k||rkh|nl |m |bn vmel xg|n krn |m on xhkrnl mii* kel ogrl lgxnkxnx nv| ~elnr hm

ameg|mrgec gehj~lnx xnkxmekj lrkgekcn sk|nr kel xnlgane| xnjneg~a hmehne|rk|

ameg|mrgec mi ogrlx imr ko~elkehn kel xwav|max mi |mghg|w% Sbne klynrx

krn em|nl* mii!xg|n ag|gck|gme ankx~rnx a~x| on gavjnane|nl sg|b ng|bn

kj|nrek|gyn bkog|k|x kx c~glnl ow kvvrmynl vrm|mhmjx kel rgx` kekjwxgx an|bm

bkog|k|x krn hmex|r~h|nl |m hmavnexk|n imr ~ekymglkojn agcrk|mrw ogrl jmx

sn|jkel bkog|k| xkin irma xnjneg~a kel vrnlk|mrx% Kj|nrek|gyn bkog|k|x krn wnk

bkog|k|x gaanlgk|njw kldkhne| |m hme|kagek|nl vmelx ge mrlnr |m vrmygln lgn|krw

nvmx~rn% Ge xvg|n mi |bn x|rgecne| skx|n lgxhbkrcn rn{~grnane|x kel kxxm

ikranrx kel lgx|rgh|x ge |bn \~jkrn x~okrnk ~xn nykvmrk|gme vmelx imr lrkge

okxgex% \bgx gx onhk~xn |bnrn krn em mvvmr|~eg|gnx imr mii!xg|n lgxhbkrcn ge

_gynr mr m|bnr lnxgcek|nl xge`x imr lrkgekcn sk|nrx% Nykvmrk|gme vmelx krn

ankex mi lgxvmxkj mi xkjgen lrkgekcn ge |bn \~jkrn!@nre x~okrnkx%

Nykvmrk|gme vmelx ge K~x|rkjgk

\bn Xkjgeg|w Lrkgekcn X|rk|ncw mi |bn A~rrkw!Lkrjgec Okxge Hmaagxxgme g

me |bn kam~e| mi rgynr lgxvmxkj% Nvmr| mi xkjgen lrkgekcn sk|nr ygk vgvnjgenx

hmexglnrnl o~| x|~lgnx xbms |bk| |bgx mv|gme gx rnjk|gynjw ~enhmemagh hmavkr

mv|gmex "Jnkenw n| kj%* ?666'% Xkjgen lgxvmxkj okxgex bkyn onne ke gavmr|klgxvmxkj mi lrkgekcn niij~ne| kel sgjj rnakge xm% Ge |bn A~rrkw!Lkrjgec Okxge

snrn kh|gynjw ~xnl sg|b k |m|kj krnk mi amrn |bke ;> 766 bk* k |m|kj x|mrkc

|bke ;;8 agjjgme a8kel ke kee~kj lgxvmxkj ymj~an mi amrn |bke ?;6 agjjgme

Lrkgekc72

Lnxgce hmexglnrk|gmex imr nykvmrk|gme vmelx

\bn igrx| x|nv ge |bn lnxgce mi ke nykvmrk|gme vmel gx |m ln|nragen |bn ymj~an mi

ge ennl mi lgxvmxkj \bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn sk|nr lnvnelx me |bn jkel ~xn hjg



ge ennl mi lgxvmxkj% \bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn sk|nr lnvnelx me |bn jkel ~xn* hjg

vrkh|ghn kel |wvn mi lrkgekcn xwx|na% \bn vjkeegec x|kcn ennlx |m gehj~ln ke kx

xkjgeg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr kx snjj kx k i~jj kekjwxgx imr |rkhn njnane|x* e~|rgne

|m vrnyne| vmxxgojn khh~a~jk|gme |m |mgh jnynjx "Jnkenw n| kj%* ?666'% \rkhn njna

sk|nr lgxvmxnl ge|m |bn nykvmrk|gme vmelx gehj~ln krxnegh* omrme* amjwolne~a* xn

kel ykeklg~a% \bn |rkhn njnane| mi amx| hmehnre ge Hkjgimregk imr gavm~elnl gx xnjneg~a% \bn geij~ne| xnjneg~a gx x~odnh|nl |m k e~aonr mi rnkh

nykvmhmehne|rk|gme* xnnvkcn jmxxnx* rnl~h|gme mi mglgtnl xvnhgnx mi xnjnek|n "Xn

"Xn+<' |m xnjnegln "Xn!?' kx snjj kx njnane|kj xnjneg~a "Xn6'* an|bwjk|gme o

vjke|x kel ymjk|gjgtk|gme kx lgan|bwjxnjnegln "LAXn'* kel klxmrv|gme mi xnjneg|n

"\kedg kel Ckm* ;777'% Kvvrmgak|njw 96 vnrhne| mi |bn akxx mi xnjneg~a gei

rnakge ge |bn vmelnl sk|nr* |bn okjkehn ongec gaamogjgtnl mr jmx| ow |bn komyn

\bn bwlrmjmcgh okjkehn mi nykvmrk|gme vmelx gx rnjk|gynjw xgavjn% \bn gev~

gehj~ln lrkgekcn sk|nr irma hrmvvnl jkel* rkgeikjj kel* sbnrn kvvjghkojn* sk|nr v

vmel irma k vnrgan|nr lrkge gex|kjjnl |m ge|nrhnv| xnnvkcn sk|nr irma |bn vme

hmexgx| mi nykvmrk|gme* eme!rnhmynrnl xnnvkcn jmxxnx kel |rkexvgrk|gme irma k{~

Ke nkavjn mi |bn bwlrmjmcw mi k |wvghkj vmel xwx|na ge Hkjgimregk gx4 ;%7; a-wnk

6%6?? a-wnkr vrnhgvg|k|gme0 ;%23 a-wnkr nykvmrk|gme0 6%87 a-wnkr xnnvkcn0 k

geij~ne| irma |bn vnrgan|nr ge|nrhnv|mr lrkge |bk| hmjjnh|x om|b vmel xnnvkcn jmx

crm~elsk|nr%

\bn rn{~grnl vmel krnk hke on hkjh~jk|nl me |bn okxgx mi |bgx bwlrmjmcgh okjkehme |bn lnv|b mi sk|nr jkwnr |bk| gx |m on akge|kgenl ge |bn vmel% Sbne |bn xkjge

ge |bn nykvmrk|gme vmelx gehrnkxnx* |bn nykvmrk|gme rk|n irma |bn sk|nr x~rikhn

rnx~j| mi k lnhrnkxn ge sk|nr ykvm~r vrnxx~rn% \bn lnxgce mi |bn vmel krnk en

kxvnh| ge|m khhm~e|% Nykvmrk|gme rk|nx ge vmelx bkyn onne ankx~rnl% \bn vmel

on nx|gak|nl ~xgec ke navgrghkj hmrrnh|gme ikh|mr "W ' kel N\m%"Dmbex|me n| kj %

ge sbghb W 1 ;%8?8< ! 6%6699 NH imr sk|nr on|snne NH ;< kel 96 lX-a%

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hmelg|gmex Xg|n xnjnh|gme gx ynrw gavmr|ke| imr vrnyne|gec nhnxx xnnvkcn jmxxnx

'" M N\ W N 1


|bn lgn| |m |bn innlgec ogrlx% Hmavnexk|gme bkog|k|x krn jmhk|nl m~|xgln |bn i~mi |bn nykvmrk|gme vmelx "kom~| > `a' l~rgec |bn ornnlgec xnkxme%



GEDNH\GME GE\M LNNV K[^GIN_X

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snjj imr vjkhnane| ge|m k vmrm~x cnmjmcgh imrak|gme onjms |bn xmgj x~rikhn "

kel ckx gel~x|rgnx ~xn lnnv!snjj gednh|gme |m lgxvmxn mi skx|n orgen% Ge HkjX|k|nx mi Kanrghk* lnnv!snjj gednh|gme |nhbemjmcw bkx onne ~xnl imr myn

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lrkgekcn sk|nr vrmyglnl |bn hmelg|gmex mi |bn rnhngygec cnmjmcgh imrak|gme

krn em neygrmeane|kj bktkrlx kel |bn hmx|x krn em| vrmbgog|gyn% \bn akge ney

gx jnk`kcn irma vgvnx kel hmeigegec k{~ginrx% Lrkgekcn niij~ne| hke hme|k

tmenx |brm~cb jnk`kcn%

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\bn Snx|jkelx Sk|nr Lgx|rgh|* Hkjgimregk* |bn eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk* hkr

lnnv!snjj gednh|gme |m lgxvmxn mi ~v |m < 666 a8-l mi lrkgekcn sk|nr "Dmbex|m

lrkgekcn sk|nr skx |m on ge gednh|nl ge|m xbkjn kel xkel imrak|gmex ; >

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k 6%>!aghrme igj|nr kel |rnk|nl sg|b ?!vnrhne| vm|kxxg~a hbjmrgln kel k hbj

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|m|kj mi ;3> 666 jg|rnx mi sk|nr gednh|nl% \bne* k <2!bm~r vrnxx~rn ikjj!mii |

|bk| rnynkjnl |bn vnrankogjg|w mi |bn cnmjmcgh imrak|gme skx ;? aa-l% \bgx gx |mm jms |m khbgnyn |bn lnxgrnl gednh|gme rk|n mi << jg|rn-x% Ge xvg|n mi |bn igj|rk|g

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Neygrmeane|kj Vrm|nh|gmeKcnehw rndnh|nl k rn{~nx| imr vnragxxgme |m hmel~h

Lrkgekc;66




H

\rnk|ane| mi lrkgekcn



\rnk|ane| mi lrkgekcn

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khbgnykojn% \bn |rnk|ane| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr xbm~jl on hmexglnrnl sbnrn

sk|nr akekcnane| ankx~rnx ikgj |m c~krke|nn xkin lgxvmxkj mr sbnrn g| gx ige

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njnane|x* |bn |rnk|ane| modnh|gynx krn4 g' rnl~hn xkj|x kel |mgh hmex|g|~ne|

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\_NK\ANE\ MV\GMEX

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{~kjg|w mi x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nrx lgxvmxnl ge|m @nx|nrxme _nxnrymgr

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|bn EkHj!Ek?XM

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vva

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Xmlg~a ? ?86 Omrme

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|bk| rnl~hn |bn |m|kj xkjgeg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr kel vrmhnxxnx |bk| rnamy



|bk| rnl~hn |bn |m|kj xkjgeg|w mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr kel vrmhnxxnx |bk| rnamy

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x~aakrw mi |bngr igelgecx%

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|bn xkj| hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn niij~ne|% Lnvnelgec me |bn {~kjg|w mi |bn sk|n

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Xke J~gx LrkgeJgan!xmlk

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w

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rnamykj mi xnjneg~a "XDYLGV* ;777o'%

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l~n |m |bngr mi|ne hmavjn hbnaghkj

hbkrkh|nrgx|ghx "Jnn* ;77<'% Hbnaghkj

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ankex mi inrrm~x bwlrmgln% elnr jkomrk|mrw

hmelg|gmex* inrrm~x bwlrmgln skx kojn |m rnl~hn

kel vrnhgvg|k|n xnjneg~a ow 77 vnrhne| ge

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;8 gl j i g g gj | j |

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AN\KJX

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|bn imrak|gme mi xnhmelkrw

agegagtnl%


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| g jn x~avigj|rk|gme



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ykj~n kom~| ; 966 aa'%

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\rnk|ane| mi ;69

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irma geijms kel m~|ijms kel N\ hrmv

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h~rrne|jw ongec rnygnsnl |m ln|nragen sbn|bnr xnjneg~a rnamykj ijms!|brm~

k ygkojn |rnk|ane| mv|gme



NYKJ^K\GME KEL XNJNH\GME MI \_NK\ANE\ MV\GMEX

\bn igrx| x|nvx ge |bn xnjnh|gme mi kew lrkgekcn |rnk|ane| vrmhnxx krn4 g' lnig

ln|nragen |bn rnkxmex imr |bn rn{~grnl |rnk|ane|0 kel ggg' ln|nragen sbk| gx |

akge rnkxme imr mv|gec imr lrkgekcn sk|nr |rnk|ane| gx emrakjjw |bn lnxgrn |m

niij~ne| mr |m hmeimra |m rnc~jk|mrw lgxvmxkj rn{~grnane|x% Imr om|b v~rvm

{~kjg|w hrg|nrgk kvvjw%

Ge mrlnr |m ak`n k vrnjgagekrw xnjnh|gme mi x~g|kojn |rnk|ane| vrmhnxxnx*

x~iighgne| lk|k on kykgjkojn% \bnxn lk|k hmexgx| mi bgx|mrghkj lk|k me |bn hbna

|bn lrkgekcn sk|nr* xnkxmekj ijms ykrgk|gmex kel ykrgk|gmex ge |bn hmehne|rk|gme

mi hmehnre% Mehn hmaogenl sg|b geimrak|gme me |bn |krcn|nl {~kjg|w mi |bn |r|bne vmxxgojn |m xbmr|jgx| lrkgekcn |rnk|ane| vrmhnxxnx |bk| krn |bnmrn|ghkjjw

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|rnk|ane| |nhbemjmcw% Bmsnynr* g| gx gavmr|ke| |m hmexglnr nhmemagh* ige

gex|g|~|gmekj hrg|nrgk ge mrlnr |m nex~rn |bn x~x|kgekogjg|w mi |bn |rnk|ane| ikhg

\rnk|ane| mi ;62




X~aakrgnx mi hkxn



L_KGEKCN SK\N_ AKEKCNANE\ GE \BNK_KJ XNK OKXGE

Ow Y% L~`bmyew* @% Wk`~omy* K% ^xakem kel A% Wk`~omy

X~aakrw

\bn Krkj Xnk Okxge gx jmhk|nl ge Hne|rkj Kxgk kel hmynrx ke krnk mi ;><%7

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krn hm||me* rghn* sbnk|* akgtn kel imllnr hrmvx%

Sk|nr rnxm~rhnx ge |bn rncgme hmexgx| mi rnenskojn x~rikhn kel crm~e

rn|~re ijmsx ge |bn imra mi kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr kel skx|nsk|nr% \bn

|bn okxge krn |bn Ka~ Lkrwk _gynr ge |bn xm~|b kel Xwr Lkrwk _gynr ge |b

anke kee~kj rgynr r~emii gx ;;9 666 agjjgme a8% \bn kee~kj kam~e| mi crm~e

x~o|rkh|nl sg|bm~| lkakcn gx ;8 ;66 agjjgme a8

% Sk|nr ~xn ge |bn Krkj Xnk Ok;;6 666 agjjgme kel ;;3 666 agjjgme a8 kee~kjjw lnvnelgec me |bn kh|~kj sk

crm~elsk|nr kox|rkh|nl gx kom~| ;6 666 agjjgme a8 vnr wnkr% Me kynrkcn* |b

khhm~e|x imr 7> vnrhne| mi kjj sk|nr sg|blrkskjx%

Nkhb wnkr kom~| > 666 agjjgme a8 mi sk|nr rnkhbnx |bn Krkj Xnk

>< 666 agjjgme a8 onimrn |bn jkrcn!xhkjn nvkexgme mi grrgck|gme% \bgx bkx jnl |m

~v mi |bn Krkj Xnk* sbghb bkx bkl xnynrn klynrxn niinh|x me |bn rncgme‗x ne

kel nhmemaw% G| bkx onne nx|gak|nl |bk| k| jnkx| 38 666 agjjgme a8 mi sk|n

lgxhbkrcnl |m |bn Krkj Xnk nkhb wnkr imr k vnrgml mi k| jnkx| ?6 wnkrx ge mrln

;796 jnynj mi >8 a komyn xnk jnynj% \bn rgvkrgke x|k|nx hmexglnr |bgx |krcn

Vrmvmxkjx bkyn onne akln |m rnx|mrn vkr| mi |bn Krkj Xnk |m k jnynj mi 82!<6

X~aakrg;;?

kel k xjgcb|jw xakjjnr vkr|* kom~| ;> agjjgme a8

-wnkr* gx lgynr|nl |m lnxnr| ;83 agjjgme |meenx mi xkj| krn lgxhbkrcnl kee~kjjw |mcn|bnr sg|b kcrgh~j|~rkj lrk

|bgx |m|kj* 2; agjjgme |meenx snrn mrgcgekjjw vrnxne| ge |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr kel >9

mrgcgek|n irma |bn amogjgtk|gme mi xkj|x irma |bn x~oxmgj%



\bn c~glgec vrgehgvjn ge |bn vjkeegec kel akekcnane| mi sk|nr rnxm~rhnx

Okxge gx |m xn| |krcn|x imr sk|nr ~xn kel hmexnryk|gme* kel |m nx|kojgxb anhbk

|bnxn |krcn|x% K sgln rkecn mi ankx~rnx bkx onne gavjnane|nl |m lnhrnkxn

grrgck|nl krnkx "gehj~lgec rnvjkhgec hm||me sg|b sbnk|* sbghb rn{~grnx jnxx sk

rnxnkrhb bkx onne ~elnr|k`ne |m nx|kojgxb vrkh|ghnx |bk| rnl~hn kvvjghk|gme* h

mvnrk|gmekj jmxxnx% _nxnkrhb bkx xbmse |bk| kvvjghk|gme niighgnehgnx hke on gavr

jnynjjgec kel rnxhbnl~jgec |bn kam~e| kel |gagec mi grrgck|gme sk|nr kvvjghk|g

akge rnkxmex imr |bn vrnxne| sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjgeg|w vrmojnax gx |bn bgcb g

klmv|nl ge |bn vkx|% Kvvjwgec k jkrcnr e~aonr mi grrgck|gme |~rex sg|b xakjjnr ka

gehrnkxnx |bn niighgnehw% Bmsnynr* rnxnkrhb rnx~j|x bkyn em| jnl |m jkrcn hbkec

vrkh|ghnx% \bn jkrcn!xhkjn klmv|gme mi rnxnkrhb rnx~j|x rn{~grnx ke niinh|gyn n

Kem|bnr mox|khjn gx |bk| |bn geirkx|r~h|~rn kel grrgck|gme xhbnl~jgec me imranr h

lm em| kjskwx kjjms gelgygl~kj ikranrx |m kvvjw |bn kam~e|x mi sk|nr |bk| sm~jl o

Ge kllg|gme |m me!ikra jmxxnx* bgcb lgx|rgo~|gme jmxxnx krn k akdmr hmehnre% Imjjms

mi |bn imranr hmjjnh|gyn ikrax* ens kjjmhk|gme kel xhbnl~jgec r~jnx bkyn wn| |m hma

\bn nx|kojgxbgec mi sk|nr ~xnrx kxxmhgk|gmex hm~jl bnjv rnl~hn lgx|rgo~|gme jm

imranr hmjjnh|gyn ikrax% Bmsnynr* x~hb rnl~h|gmex hke mejw on nvnh|nl gi gr

irma bgcbnr jnynjx kjxm gavrmynx%

Lrkgekcn sk|nr ~xn imr grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn ge g|x vjkhn mi mrgcge mr ge kldkh

mi |bn mv|gmex imr rnl~hgec |bn lgxvmxkj vrmojnax ge |bn Krkj Xnk Okxge% Imr |bhmelg|gmex* k sk|nr {~kjg|w hjkxxgighk|gme bkx onne lnynjmvnl imr |bn ~xn mi x

hmelg|gmex imr ~xn ge rnjk|gme |m g|x xkjgeg|w kel hbnaghkj hmavmxg|gme% K xmgj hjkx

~xn mi xkjgen sk|nr bkx kjxm onne vrmvmxnl% G| gx nx|gak|nl |bk| lrkgekcn s

gehrnkxnl |m ~v |m ?> vnrhne| mi |bn kee~kj lrkgekcn ijms ge |bn Krkj Xnk Okxge*

|bn h~rrne| ;; vnrhne|% Ge kllg|gme* kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr hke on rn~xnl

ogmlgynrxg|w lnynjmvane|%

Kjmec |bn Ka~ Lkrwk _gynr* lnxnr| lnvrnxxgmex krn im~el ge sbghb lrkgelgxvmxnl kel jni| imr nykvmrk|gme% \bnxn lnxnr| xge`x mr lrkgekcn jk`nx krn mi ykr

vrkh|ghn gx k inkxgojn kj|nrek|gyn |m lgxvmxkj ge|m |bn rgynr% Amrnmynr* g| kymgl

agenrkjgtk|gme mi |bn rgynr Xvnhgigh imrax mi ijmrk kel ik~ek bkyn onhman nx|k


L_KGEKCN SK\N_ _N^XN KEL LGXVMXKJ4 K HKXN X\^LW I_MA \BN EGJN LN

Ow E%H% @gnjne

X~aakrw



w

\bn Egjn Lnj|k ge emr|bnre Ncwv| x|kr|x emr|b mi Hkgrm sbnrn |bn Egjn _g

orkehbnx* |bn Lmag||k kel _mtn||k% Ncwv|‗x h~j|gyk|nl jkel kam~e|nl |m 8%8

enkrjw kjj mi g| grrgck|nl% Ge |bn koxnehn mi niinh|gyn rkgeikjj* |bn hm~e|rw

hmexgx| mi4 x~rikhn sk|nr irma |bn Egjn _gynr0 xbkjjms kel lnnv crm~els

sk|nr% \bn akge xm~rhn mi sk|nr ge Ncwv| gx |bn Egjn _gynr% \bn ;7>7 kcrn

kjjmhk|nx >> >66 agjjgme a8 mi |bn Egjn lgxhbkrcn vnr wnkr |m Ncwv|% \bn kee

crm~elsk|nr ge |bn Egjn Ykjjnw kel Egjn Lnj|k gx nx|gak|nl |m on on|snne >

9 866 agjjgme a8%

\bn crmxx sk|nr ~xn ge |bn agl!;776x skx kom~| 96 866 agjjgme a8 v

>; >66 agjjgme a8 mr 2> vnrhne| skx n|rkh|nl imr grrgck|gme v~rvmxnx% \bn

_nxm~rhnx kel Grrgck|gme "AS_G' nvnh|x grrgck|gme lnakel |m gehrnkxn |m vnr wnkr ow ?6?>% \bn vrmdnh|nl |m|kj sk|nr lnakel hkeem| on an| ow lny

rnxm~rhnx% Onxglnx gehrnkxgec sk|nr ~xn niighgnehw* lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn gx |

gaanlgk|n kel nhmemaghkjjw k||rkh|gyn mv|gme |m ak`n amrn sk|nr kykgjkojn

|bn ;726x* |bn rn~xn mi kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr onhkan k vmjghw |m k~ca

ignl irnxbsk|nr rnxm~rhnx kel |m hjmxn |bn ckv on|snne x~vvjw kel lnake

_n~xn gx hne|rkjjw mrckegtnl sg|b |bn v~avgec mi sk|nr irma |bn akge l

hkekjx% Ge ;779-73* |bn kam~e| mi sk|nr v~avnl k| |bn rn~xn aggec x|k|gmex ssg|b ke kynrkcn xkjgeg|w mi ;%2 lX-a% \bn |m|kj {~ke|g|w mi lrkgekcn sk

Anlg|nrrkenke Xnk kel hmkx|kj jk`nx skx ;? <66 agjjgme a8 sg|b ke kynrkcn

a% \bn AS_G bkx hmaag||nl kem|bnr 8 666 agjjgme a8 mi |bn lrkgekcn sk

|bn ens rnhjkak|gme krnkx mi |bn Nj Xkjka Hkekj kel ^am~a Lrkge

; 666 agjjgme a8 mi |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr sgjj on rn~xnl ge |bn enkr i~|~rn |m grrgck

jkelx ge |bn @kjkvxbm krnk ge |bn Aglljn Lnj|k% \bnrnimrn* |bn ymj~an mi lrkge

rn~xnl imr grrgck|gme gx nvnh|nl |m gehrnkxn |m 2 666 agjjgme a8 vnr wnkr ge

Ikranrx kjxm ~xn lrkgekcn sk|nr lgrnh|jw ow v~avgec g| irma lrkgex hjmxn

gx |nranl ~emiighgkj rn~xn% Nx|gak|nx mi |bn kam~e| mi lrkgekcn sk|nr ~e

grrgck|gme rkecn irma ? 266 agjjgme a8 |m < 666 agjjgme a8 vnr wnkr% emiighgk

X~aakrg;;<

Jk`n Aketkjk kel Jk`n Nl`m hke on rnl~hnl ow k akga~a mi >6 vnrhne| mi |bge ;778-7<% \bn m~|ijms |m Jk`n O~rr~j~x gx kjrnklw me |bn jms xgln kel hkeem|

i~r|bnr% \bn kllg|gmekj lrkgekcn rn~xn vm|ne|gkj okxnl me x~x|kgenl irnxbsk|nr

< 666 agjjgme a8 vnr wnkr* sbghb gx ; 666 agjjgme a8 jnxx |bke |bn rn~xn vm|

akge|kgegec k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn ge |bn Egjn Lnj|k%



c

\bn miighgkj x|rk|ncw imr lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn bkx em| hk~xnl akdmr gehrnkxn

jnynjx me k jkrcn xhkjn% Ge |nrax mi akge|kgegec k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn ge

lrkgekcn rn~xn ge Ncwv| bkx onne x~hhnxxi~j% Ikh|mrx |bk| bkyn hme|rgo~|nl |

gavjnane|k|gme mi rn~xn krn |bk| lrkgekcn bkx onne gavjnane|nl me 76 vnrhne|

jkelx* kel |bk| rn~xnl lrkgekcn sk|nr ki|nr aggec sg|b irnxbsk|nr bkx k jms x

Xkjgeg|w jnynjx mi |bn sk|nr ge |bn akge lrkgex gehrnkxn irma xm~|b |m emr|b* sbgh

ijms lgrnh|gme% \bnrnimrn* lrkgekcn sk|nr sg|b ikym~rkojn xkjgeg|w jnynjx gx ge|nr

sbgjn lrkgekcn sk|nr sg|b k bgcb xkjgeg|w hme|ne| gx lgxvmxnl ge |bn hmkx|kj jk`nx ke

Xnk% Bmsnynr* xmgj xkjgeg|w jnynjx agcb| on bgcb jmhkjjw nxvnhgkjjw ge |kgj nel krnkx

sk|nr gx gekln{~k|n kel crm~elsk|nr xkjgeg|w gx bgcb%

Xgehn |bn ;776x* vmjj~|gme mi |bn lrkgex kx k rnx~j| mi jkrcn!xhkjn ~rgel~x|rgkjgtk|gme bkx rnhngynl gehrnkxnl k||ne|gme% L~n |m |bn gehrnkxgec ln|nrgm

{~kjg|w ge |bn akge lrkgex kel |bn gehrnkxgec hmehnre kom~| bms |m akekcn ~e

lrkgekcn sk|nr* g| kvvnkrnl |bk| g| sm~jl on lgiigh~j| |m nvkel miighgkj rn~xn% \bn A

ens mvvmr|~eg|gnx imr lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn% On|snne |bn hne|rkjgtnl miighgk

jmhkjgtnl ~emiighgkj rn~xn* |bnrn gx |bn mv|gme mi hkv|~rgec lrkgekcn sk|nr irma or

v~avgec g| ge|m |bn orkehb hkekjx k| |bngr ge|nrxnh|gmex% \bgx jnynj mi rn~xn gx |nra

rn~xn% G| miinrx |sm akge klyke|kcnx% Igrx|* rnjk|gynjw cmml!{~kjg|w lrkgekcn s

onimrn lgxhbkrcgec ge|m |bn akge lrkgex sbnrn g| gx jmx| |m vmjj~|gme% Xnhmel* sg|b |bn h~rrne| lnjgynrw xwx|na* sk|nr xbmr|kcnx mi|ne mhh~r k| |bn |kgj nel mi hkekjx%

jnynj* lrkgekcn sk|nr gx v~avnl ge|m |bn |kgj nel mi |bn orkehb hkekjx* xm ak`gec

|m sk|nr xbmr|kcn krnkx%

\sm kj|nrek|gyn amlnx mi rn~xn bkyn onne |nx|nl me ke nvnrgane|kj okxgx% \b

|bn kvvjghk|gme mi irnxbsk|nr xnvkrk|njw irma lrkgekcn sk|nr ge |bn xm!hkjjnl hw

m|bnr mv|gme |nx|nl skx lnighg| grrgck|gme ge sbghb grrgck|gme skx sg|bbnjl l~rgec

Ge |bgx vnrgml* |bn hrmvx |mm` ~v xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr |m xk|gxiw |bngr sk|nr rn{x|rk|ncw xnnanl |m miinr hmexglnrkojn xhmvn ge sk|nr xbmr|kcn krnkx% Kllg

klyke|kcnx krn4 g| xkynx me necgennrgec kel nenrcw hmx|x imr v~avgec0 g| kymglx

|m hman ge|m hme|kh| sg|b hme|kagek|nl sk|nr0 g| vrnyne|x |bn kvvjghk|gme mi xkj


kel vm|ne|gkj lnakel |m k hnr|kge n|ne|% Grrgck|gme gx |bn akgex|kw mi kcrgh~jgrrgck|gme lnynjmvane| |mm` vjkhn sg|bm~| |bn vkrkjjnj lnynjmvane| mi lrkge

khh~a~jk|gme bkx mhh~rrnl ge amx| hkekj hmaakel krnkx% Xkjgeg|w bkx kjrnk

mi ; agjjgme bk% \bgx krnk agcb| nvkel |m amrn |bke 8 agjjgme bk ge |bn e

~ejnxx rnanlgkj ankx~rnx krn |k`ne%



Ge V~edko kel Bkrwkek* x~rikhn lrkgex snrn hmex|r~h|nl kel crm~elsk|n

ijmml hme|rmj snrn geg|gk|nl ge mrlnr |m mynrhman sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjgeg|w

sbnrn x~rikhn lrkgex lm em| bkyn k ek|~rkj lrkgekcn m~|jn|* jms!bnkl bgcb

lgxvmxn |bn lrkgekcn niij~ne| ge|m akdmr hkekj xwx|nax% Bmrgtme|kj x~ox~

onne lnynjmvnl me k xakjj xhkjn ge |bn rncgme% Ynr|ghkj lrkgekcn ge |bn imra m

gx sglnxvrnkl |brm~cbm~| |bn rncgme% \bn lnexg|w mi |bn |~onsnjjx ykrgnx sg

{~kjg|w kel rnhbkrcn% Ge krnkx jmhk|nl ge |bn xkjgen crm~elsk|nr tmenx* |bn k

rnhbkrcn irma |bn n|nexgyn hkekj en|smr` hme|ge~nx |m nhnnl crm~elsk|n

rnx~j|* |bn rgxn ge |bn sk|nr |kojn kel x~oxn{~ne| xkjgegtk|gme bkx hme|ge~n

ek|gmekj imml xnh~rg|w gx |m on nex~rnl* |bgx vrmojna ennlx |m on kllrnxxnl% N

hmexgx|nl mi jgegec grrgck|gme hbkeenjx ~v |m sk|nrhm~rxn jnynj kel xge`gec v

grrgck|gme% Sk|nr |nx|gec ikhgjg|k|nx bkyn onne gavrmynl kel |bn |nhbemjmcw imr

sk|nr bkx onne lgxxnagek|nl |m ikranrx%

\bn rn~xn mi xkjgen niij~ne|x gx ke gavmr|ke| mv|gme imr Emr|bsnx| Gelgk kx

xhkrhn grrgck|gme sk|nr x~vvjgnx kel kjxm bnjv |m kjjnygk|n lgxvmxkj vrmojna

vjkhn ow kvvjwgec |bn lrkgekcn sk|nr lgrnh|jw |m |bn hrmv* ojnelgec g| sg|b hk

g| ge|nrag||ne|jw sg|b hkekj sk|nr% \bn jkx| imra mi rn~xn gx amx| hmaame i

sk|nr ~xn kx ikranrx rnhngyn hkekj sk|nr imr mejw k ins bm~rx vnr snn`% \

gx bgcbnx| l~rgec |bn sge|nr xnkxme sbne nykvmrk|gyn lnakelx krn jms kel |bngx jms l~n |m |bn jnkhbgec sbghb mhh~rx l~rgec |bn amexmme rkgex on|snne D~

L~rgec |bn sge|nr xnkxme* |bn xmgj xkjgeg|w sgjj gehrnkxn xjmsjw% Sbne x~aa

krn k| ak|~rg|w x|kcn kel krn kojn |m |mjnrk|n bgcbnr jnynjx mi xkjgeg|w% \bn x~

rkgex sgjj jnkhb |bn xkj|x |bk| bkyn khh~a~jk|nl l~rgec |bn sge|nr kel nk

amexmme rkgex krn em| x~iighgne|* k bnkyw vrn!grrgck|gme agcb| on cgyne |m nex

gx rnl~hnl |m khhnv|kojn jnynjx imr k cmml cnragek|gme mi |bn x~oxn{~ne| s

Ge kllg|gme |m lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn* xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn akekcnananhbkegxa imr |bn ~xn mi xmgj sk|nr ge jkelx vrmyglnl sg|b lrkgekcn% Nvnrg

me k xkelw jmka xmgj sg|b k sk|nr |kojn k| k lnv|b mi ;%3 a kel sg|b k xkjgeg

sk|nr |kojn hme|rgo~|nl ~v |m >6 vnrhne| mi |bn sk|nr rn{~grnane| sbne grrgck

X~aakrg;;9

xkjgeg|w mi |bn sk|nr l~rgec |bn amexmme vnrgml gelghk|n |bn vm|ne|gkj imr |bn lgniij~ne|x ge|m |bgx rgynr% Ge Bkrwkek* ke krnk mi ; 988 666 bk lrkgex ge|m |bn Wk

n|nexgyn x~rikhn lrkgekcn xwx|na |m nykh~k|n ijmmlsk|nrx bkx onne hmex|r~h

rnckrlgec |bn kam~e| mi x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr |bk| hm~jl on lgxvmxnl |brm

lrkgex ge|m |bn Wka~ek _gynr snrn akln me |bn okxgx mi k x|~lw hmynrgec k vnrg



Ge |bn okxge* sk|nrjmccgec kel xkjgeg|w kiinh| ;28 666 bk% \bn x|~lw xbmsx |bk| |b

mi x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr hm~jl on lgxvmxnl ge|m |bn Wka~ek _gynr l~rge

vnrgml* sbnrnow |bn rgynr sk|nr xkjgeg|w sm~jl rnakge onjms 6%3> lX-a% Ge |bn

jms rgynr ijmsx rnl~hn |bn lgxvmxkj hkvkhg|w hmexglnrkojw% Bmsnynr* ge |bgx vnrgrn{~grnane|x hke on rnl~hnl |brm~cb |bn gavjnane|k|gme mi xbkjjms sk|nr |ko

kel |bn rn~xn mi cnenrk|nl lrkgekcn sk|nr%

Kx |bn ennl imr xkjgen sk|nr lgxvmxkj gx gehrnkxgec* nykvmrk|gme vmelx a

hmex|r~h|nl% \bn vnrimrakehn mi ke nykvmrk|gme vmel hmex|r~h|nl ge k xkelw k

em| nehm~rkcgec* vrmokojw |bn rnx~j| mi jmhk|gec |bn vmel ge k xjgcb|jw bgcbnr

enhnxxkrw |m hmex|r~h| k xnrgnx mi vmelx ge |bn jmsnx|!jwgec krnkx%

G| sgjj on enhnxxkrw |m akge|kge k igen okjkehn on|snne rn~xn kel lgxvmxkj ge mk ikym~rkojn xkj| rncgan ge |bn rncgme% \bn ngx|gec nvnrgnehn irma xakjj vgjm|

gelghk|gyn mi |bn inkxgogjg|w mi rn~xn* xbkjjms sk|nr |kojn akekcnane| kel lgxvmx

\bn jkrcn!xhkjn lrkgekcn lgxvmxkj kel rn~xn vrmcrkaanx vjkeenl imr Emr|bsnx

|m cgyn l~n sngcb| |m akge|kgegec k ikym~rkojn xkj| rncgan k| okxge jnynj%

L_KGEKCN SK\N_ _N^XN KEL LGXVMXKJ4 K HKXN X\^LW ME VK@GX\KE

Ow A% Oklr~llge

X~aakrw

\bn Gel~x _gynr kel g|x |rgo~|krgnx krn |bn akge xm~rhnx mi sk|nr ge Vk`gx|ke% ^

Sk|nr \rnk|w mi ;796 on|snne Gelgk kel Vk`gx|ke* Vk`gx|ke gx ne|g|jnl |m kjj |b

Gel~x kel |m |bk| mi |sm m~| mi |bn igyn nkx|nre |rgo~|krw rgynrx* |bn Dnbj~a kel

|bne |bn kee~kj geijms bkx kynrkcnl ;3; <96 agjjgme a8% \bn {~kjg|w mi |bn sk

_gynr kel g|x |rgo~|krgnx k| |bngr ne|rw vmge|x ge|m Vk`gx|ke gx hbkrkh|nrgtnl ow k


lnnv |~onsnjjx* snrn gex|kjjnl ge jkrcn |rkh|x mi kiinh|nl jkelx* sbgjn bmr

lrkgekcn bkx onne ~xnl imr xakjjnr krnkx%

Kx k rnx~j| mi |bn jms sk|nr kjjmskehnx kel |bn hmrrnxvmelgec jms lnxgce h

|bnrn bkx onne hmex|ke| lnakel imr amrn grrgck|gme sk|nr ge mrlnr |m h~j|

ikrajkel amrn ge|nexgynjw \bgx lnakel bkx hme|ge~nl |m crms sg|b |bn geh



ikrajkel amrn ge|nexgynjw% \bgx lnakel bkx hme|ge~nl |m crms sg|b |bn geh

kel jkel vrnxx~rn% Kjmecxgln |bn ennl |m gavjnane| sk|nr hmexnryk|gme a

ikrack|n sk|nr kykgjkogjg|w* lrkgekcn sk|nr rnvrnxne|x k xm~rhn mi kllg|gmek

Cmynreane| vmjghgnx nehm~rkcn |bn akga~a ~xn mi crm~elsk|nr v~avgrrgck|gme ge hmed~eh|gme sg|b |bn hkekj x~vvjgnx% Sbnrn crm~elsk|nr gx xkjge

gx kjjmsnl |m on lgxvmxnl ge|m |bn hkekjx imr rn~xn ki|nr lgj~|gme mr g| hke o

rgynrx |brm~cb lrkgex k| |ganx mi bgcb rgynr ijmsx% Kj|nrek|gyn lgxvmxkj a

vrmyglnl mejw sbnrn |bn crm~elsk|nr niij~ne| gx |mm xkjgen%

Crm~elsk|nr rn~xn ge XHK_V krnkx bkx bkl k xgcegighke| gavkh| me kcrgh

Sg|b |bn gehrnkxnl grrgck|gme x~vvjgnx* |bn hrmvvgec ge|nexg|gnx ge |bnxn krnkx rm

mi 26 vnrhne| ge |bn ;796x kel nkrjw ;736x |m ke kynrkcn mi ;;9 vnrhne| ge |lrkgekcn rnjgni vrmyglnl ge hmed~eh|gme sg|b gehrnkxnl grrgck|gme x~vvjgnx |br

rn~xn bkx bkl k vmxg|gyn gavkh| ge |nrax mi rnl~hgec xkj|!kiinh|nl xmgjx% Bms

|nhbemjmcw hbmxne akw em| bkyn onne |bn amx| x~g|kojn kx |bn bgcb M)A

|~onsnjjx vjkhnl k bnkyw o~rlne me |bn jgag|nl o~lcn| mi |bn Grrgck|gme Lnv

x~x|kgenl lrkgekcn* |~onsnjjx ge |bn irnxb crm~elsk|nr tmenx bkyn onne |rk

xnh|mr ~elnr|k`gecx* sbghb ~xn |bn niij~ne| imr grrgck|gme v~rvmxnx%

Ge tmenx sbnrn crm~elsk|nr xkjgeg|w nhnnlx <%> lX-a k| k lnv|b mi

hkeem| on ~xnl imr grrgck|gme kel ennlx |m on xkinjw lgxvmxnl mi% \bgx agcb|

hnr|kge krnkx% Bmsnynr* ge jkrcn krnkx sg|bge |bn xkjgen crm~elsk|nr tmenx

~xkojn crm~elsk|nr jgnx me |mv mi |bn xkjgen crm~elsk|nr% Ge |bnxn krnkx*

bmrgtme|kj x~ox~rikhn lrkgex hm~jl on ~xnl |m vrmygln |bn rn{~grnl lrkgekcn rnjgn

|bn lnnvnr xkjgen crm~elsk|nr% _nxnkrhb bkx kjxm xbmse |bk| |bn niij~ne| mi bm

lrkgex gavrmynx sg|b |gan% \b~x* |bn lrkgekcn niij~ne| irma x`gaagec s

x~ox~rikhn lrkgex hm~jl x~oxn{~ne|jw on ~xnl imr grrgck|gme* xm kjxm kjjnygk|gec

\bn hkxn x|~lw kjxm imh~xnx me |bn rn~xn mi sk|nr sbmxn {~kjg|w sm~jl omr akrcgekj% K e~aonr mi jmhkj rnxnkrhb gex|g|~|nx bkyn geynx|gck|nl |bn niin

vmmr!{~kjg|w |~onsnjj sk|nrx me hrmv vrml~h|gme kel xmgjx% Okxnl me |bngr igelge

j b g l i jg g j| G| b |b | o i

X~aakrg;;2

|bn ek|~rkj x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn irma |bn grrgck|nl jkelx% Ge |bn xvkhn mi im~r wn

krnk bkl crmse |m < ?66 bk%

K xvgekj lrkge bkx onne hmex|r~h|nl imr krnkx jmhk|nl hjmxn |m |bn xnk% \bn

?>6 `a jmec kel bkx k hkvkhg|w k| |bn m~|ikjj mi ;;8 a 8-x% G| bkx onne hmex|r~

bgcbjw xkjgen x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn niij~ne| irma >33 666 bk kel |bn rkgeikjj nh



bgcbjw xkjgen x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn niij~ne| irma >33 666 bk kel |bn rkgeikjj nh

krm~el |bn krnk |m |bn xnk% Kx |bn ynr|ghkj an|bml mi x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn vr

mvnrk|gmekj vjkex vrmygln imr |bn |~onsnjj v~avgec |m on x|mvvnl k| |ganx mi bn

ge mrlnr |m ak`n rmma ge |bn |rgo~|krw x~rikhn lrkgex imr |bn nykh~k|gme mi |bn

Nvnrgnehn |m lk|n x~ccnx|x |bk| |bn jmsnr irgecnx mi |bn grrgck|nl krnk krn em| |bn crklgne|x mi |bn lrkgex k| |bn m~|ikjj krn kx jms kx ;4;< 666%

L_KGEKCN SK\N_ _N^XN KEL LGXVMXKJ4 K HKXN X\^LW ME \BN SNX\N_E XG

DMK[^GE YKJJNW* HKJGIM_EGK* \BN ^EG\NL X\K\NX MIKAN_GHK

Ow @%@% \kedg

X~aakrw

\bgx hkxn x|~lw imh~xnx me |bn snx|nre xgln mi |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw* Hkjgimr

X|k|nx mi Kanrghk% \bgx krnk hmavrgxnx |bn x~okrnkx mi Emr|bnre* Crkxxjkelx* S

kel @nre% Ge |bn snx|nre xgln mi |bn ykjjnw |bnrn gx kom~| 782 666 bk mi grrgck

rnhngynx gavmr|nl hkekj sk|nr irma |bn Xkhrkane|m Ykjjnw% Sk|nr lnjgynrw |m grrgc

gx okxnl me sk|nr rgcb|x kel sk|nr kykgjkogjg|w% \bn vrgehgvkj hrmvx krn hm||me* k|mak|mnx* innl crkgex* kjikjik bkw* x~ckr onn|x* mgjxnnlx* megmex* ckrjgh* jn||~hn* anjm

\bn snx|nre xgln mi |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw gx kiinh|nl ow smrxnegec sk

xkjgeg|w vrmojnax% Ge ;776* sk|nr |kojnx jnxx |bke ;%> a irma |bn jkel x~rikhn

kom~| ?6 9>6 bk ge Crkxxjkelx* ? 6?6 bk ge Snx|jkelx* ;3 666 bk ge \~jkrn* k

@nre% \bn nx|gak|nl ymj~an mi hmjjnh|nl x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nrx

<9%2>< agjjgme a8 ge Crkxxjkelx* <%78? agjjgme a8 ge Snx|jkelx* 87%<>9 agjjgme a

7%29< agjjgme a

8

ge @nre% \bn n|ne| mi sk|nrjmccgec kel ymj~an mi x~ox~rikhn |bk| ennl |m on akekcnl ~elnr k em!kh|gme xhnekrgm ~v |m ?6<6 gx nvnh|nl

gehrnkxn mi ;82 vnrhne| ge sk|nrjmccgec kel ke gehrnkxn mi ;<8 vnrhne| ge lrkgekc


Imr |bn snx|nre xgln mi |bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw* ngcb| lrkgekcn sk|nr ake

snrn glne|gignl% Kx |bn vrgehgvkj hmex|rkge| gx x~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmx

mv|gmex krn ormklnr |bke anrnjw rn~xn kel lgxvmxkj% Lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcna

xm~rhn rnl~h|gme* lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn* lrkgekcn sk|nr |rnk|ane|* lgxvmxkj ge

jkel rn|grnane|* crm~elsk|nr akekcnane|* rgynr lgxhbkrcn* kel xkj| ~|gjgtk|g



K x|~lw irma |bn Crkxxjkelx x~okrnk xbmsx |bk| xm~rhn rnl~h|gme gx hm

vrninrrnl lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gme% \bgx gx onhk~xn g| gx hmavkrk|g

crmsnrx |m gavjnane|* hme|rgo~|nx |m akekcgec sk|nr amrn niighgne|jw kel r

mi lrkgekcn sk|nr |bk| ennlx |m on lgxvmxnl% K hmaogek|gme mi xm~rhn rnl~sk|nr rn~xn gx k ek|~rkj imjjms!~v |m rnl~hn grrgck|gme rn|~re ijmsx kel |m a

rn{~grnane|x imr rgynr lgxhbkrcn% Amrnmynr* xm~rhn rnl~h|gme kel lrkgekc

rnl~hn |bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn sk|nr kel |b~x bnjv rnl~hn |bn ennl imr n

lrkgekcn sk|nr |rnk|ane|* crm~elsk|nr akekcnane| kel jkel rn|grnane|% B

sk|nr rn~xn hm~jl lncrkln |bn xmgj vbwxghkjjw kel hbnaghkjjw gi |bn jmklge

Amrnmynr* lnnv vnrhmjk|gme akw nyne|~kjjw lncrkln crm~elsk|nr gi |bn hme

sk|nr gx em| ge|nrhnv|nl kel rnamynl% Gavjnane|gec k rnkj!|gan lrkgek

vrmcrkaan hm~jl nvkel |bn vmxxgogjg|gnx imr rgynr lgxvmxkj%

Imr lrkgekcn sk|nr |rnk|ane|* |bn ijms!|brm~cb sn|jkel xwx|na kvvnk

vrmagxgec mv|gme% G| gx rnjk|gynjw genvnexgyn wn| ikgrjw niinh|gyn k| rnl~hgec

hmehne|rk|gmex% Bmsnynr* |bgx imra mi lrkgekcn sk|nr |rnk|ane| bkx onne ga

me k vgjm| xhkjn |m lk|n% M|bnr |nhbemjmcgnx* x~hb kx rnynrxn mxamxgx* lm em| k

on amrn ygkojn nhmemaghkjjw% Jkel rn|grnane| sgjj xn| kxgln jkel imr sgjl

rnx|gec krnkx imr agcrk|mrw ogrlx% Bmsnynr* kj|nrek|gynx |m jkel rn|grnane| "ge

akekcnane|' akw wgnjl |bn xkan rnx~j|x kel |b~x xbm~jl on hmexglnrnl% Sbsk|nr imranrjw ~xnl imr |bn grrgck|gme mi |bmxn jkelx gx anrnjw hmeynwnl |

grrgck|gme* |bne jg||jn gavrmynane| sgjj on khbgnynl ge |nrax mi rnl~hgec lrkge

Nykvmrk|gme vmelx sm~jl lnhrnkxn |bn ymj~an mi lrkgekcn sk|nr sbghb s

lgxvmxnl ge|m rgynrx% Bmsnynr* |bn ag|gck|gme ankx~rnx kel m|bnr ankx~rnx

|bn sk|nr lgxvmxkj rn{~grnane|x agcb| on nvnexgyn* nxvnhgkjjw sbnrn xnjne

krn bgcb% Kj|bm~cb crm~elsk|nr akekcnane| hke vjkw k akdmr rmjn ge kl

vrmojnax* |bn akekcnane| mv|gmex kykgjkojn imr crm~elsk|nr krn kjj mi k jm

akw on nvnexgyn% Xkj| ~|gjgtk|gme miinrx cmml jmec!|nra vm|ne|gkj imr bnjvg okjkehn ge |bn ykjjnw% Bmsnynr* |bn hmelg|gmex mi k vrmig|kojn akr`n| kel nh

kel |rkexvmr| krrkecnane|x krn em| ge vjkhn%

X~aakrg;?6




_ni



Kjokxnj* E%* Vrk||* V%I% ) Snx|hm|* L%S% ;727% C~glnjgenx imr xnjneg~a ge

D% Neygrme% [~kj%* ";2'4 ?>8!?>2%

Ko~!Tngl* A% ;722% Ncwv|gke vmjghgnx imr ~xgec jms {~kjg|w sk|nr imr grrgck|nl% Vrmh% mi |bn Hkgrm-Kxske xnagekr ‚_n~xn mi jms {~kjg|w sk|nr

Anlg|nrrkenke Hm~e|rgnx‑% Hkgrm%

KBHH "Kl Bmh Hmmrlgek|gme Hmaag||nn'% ?666% Nykj~k|gme mi |b

akekcnane| imr |bn Snx|xgln Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw* Hkjgimregk% Igekj rn

|bn Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw Lrkgekcn Gavjnane|k|gme Vrmcrka% b||v4--sss%

kcrgh~j|~rn-lrkgekcn-gavjnane|k|gme-b{-kbhhigekjrv|%vli

KGH_V Xkjgen Sk|nr% ;772% Kjj Gelgk hm!mrlgek|nl vrmdnh| me akekcna

xmgjx kel ~xn mi xkjgen sk|nrx ge kcrgh~j|~rn% Kee~kj _nvmr|x ;73?!

Hne|rkj Xmgj Xkjgeg|w _nxnkrhb Gex|g|~|n%

Kjnkelnr* V% ?66;% Onehbakr`gec mi K~x|rkjgke grrgck|gme sk|nr vrm

Ek|gmekj Hmaag||nn me Grrgck|gme kel Lrkgekcn% b||v4--sss%kehgl%m

geln%b|aj%

Krkcúçx* _%* \kedg* @%@%* [~gjnt* L% ) Ikhg* D% ;776% Hmehnv|~kj grrgbwlrmxkjgeg|w amlnj% Ge @%@% \kedg* nl% Kcrgh~j|~rkj xkjgeg|w kxxnxxane|

KXHN Ake~kjx kel _nvmr|x me Necgennrgec Vrkh|ghnx Em% 3;% Ens Wmr`

mi Kanrghk* Kanrghke Xmhgn|w mi Hgygj Necgennrx%

Kwkrx* D%N% ;779% Akekcgec grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn xwx|nax ge krgl krnkx

xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr4 hkxn x|~lgnx% Grrgc% kel Lrkge% Xwx%* ";6'4 ??3!?<

Kwkrx* D%N% ) B~|akhbnr* _%O% ;77<% Hrmv hmniighgne|x imr grrgck|gec hm|

mi crm~elsk|nr% Grrgc% Xhg%* ;>";'4 <>!>?%

Kwkrx* D%N% ) \kedg* @%@% ;777% Niinh|x mi lrkgekcn me sk|nr {~kjg|w ge

grrgck|nl jkelx Ge _ S X`kccx ) D yke Xhbgjickkrln nlx Kcrgh~j|~rkj

;??

Oj~ane|bkj* D%A%* _~xnjjn* A%V% ) Jkao* D%I%X% ;777% X~oxmgj eg|rk|n kel

ow hme|rkx|gec kjikjik ne|rgnx% Kcrme% D%* "7;'4 ?97!?3>%

Omx* A%C% ) E~c|nrne* D% ;776% Me grrgck|gme niighgnehgnx% V~oj% ;7* <|b n

\bn En|bnrjkelx* GJ_G%

Omsnr H Xvnehnr D ) Snn`x J ;797 Xkj| kel sk|nr okjkehn Hmkhbnjjk Yk



Omsnr* H%* Xvnehnr* D% ) Snn`x* J% ;797% Xkj| kel sk|nr okjkehn* Hmkhbnjjk Yk

D% Grrgc% kel Lrkgekcn Lgy%* KXHN 7> "G_8'4 >>!9<%

Org|gxb Hmj~aogk Agegx|rw mi Neygrmeane|* Jkel kel Vkr`x% ;772% K

smr`gec sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx imr Org|gxb Hmj~aogk% Sk|nr Akekc

Neygrmeane| kel _nxm~rhn Lnvkr|ane|* Agegx|rw mi Neygrmeane|* Jkel ke

sss%njv%cmy%oh%hk-sk|-s{-OHc~glnjgenx-smr`gec%b|aj%

O~r|* H%A%* Hjnaanex* K%D%* X|rnj`mii* \%X%* Xmjmame* @%B* Ojgnxenr*

J%K%* Bmsnjj* \%K% ) Ngxneb~knr* L%N% ;773% Grrgck|gme vnrimrakehn ankx

kel ~egimrag|w% D% Grrgc% ) Lrkgekcn Nece%* ;?8 "9'4 <?8!<<?%

O~x|krl* L%S%* Bn* T% ) Sgj`gn* I%C% ?666% Jge`gec xmi| xwx|nax kel ~xn!|brm~cb xhnekrgmx% Ge|nrkh|gec sg|b Hmav~|nrx* ";8'4 73!;;6%

HHAN "Hkeklgke Hm~ehgj mi Agegx|nrx mi |bn Neygrmeane|'% ;777k% X

Hkeklgke sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx imr |bn vrm|nh|gme mi k{~k|gh

neygrmeane|kj {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx% b||v4--sss%nh%ch%hk-hn{c!rh{n-sk|nr%vli

HHAN "Hkeklgke Hm~ehgj mi Agegx|nrx mi |bn Neygrmeane|'% ;777o

Hkeklgke sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx imr |bn vrm|nh|gme mi kcrgh~j|~rkj sk|nr

neygrmeane|kj {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx% b||v4--sss?%nh%ch%hk-hn{c!rh{n- kcr|oj]n

Hnryge`k* Y%* Igehb* H%* Akr|ge* A%* Anentnx* I%* Vn|nrx* L% ) O~hb

Lrkgesk|nr* xkj| kel xnjneg~a akekcnane| ~|gjgtgec GILA-Kcrmimrnx|rw x

|m ^X O~rnk~ mi _nhjkak|gme%

HB?A BGJJ% ;729% _nynrxn mxamxgx lnxkj|gec mi Xke J~gx Lrkge% Hmehnv|

Igekj _nvmr| |m ^XLG O~rnk~ mi _nhjkak|gme%

Hbkelgm* O%K% ) Hbkelgm* K%X% ;77>% \~onsnjj lrkgekcn vnrimrakehn ge Gmvnrk|gme kel akge|nekehn hmx|% Ge GSKX_G% ;772% Kox|rkh|x mi vk

sk|nrjmccgec* xkjgeg|w kel sk|nr akekcnane| hmel~h|nl ge |bn hm~e


Hbnh`jkel* V%O% ;727% Xmi| xwx|nax an|bmlmjmcw% B~ake Xwx|nax Ake

?27%

Hbgjhm||* D%N%* Snx|hm|* L%S%* Dmbexme* X%L% ) \m|m* K%J % ;778%

nykvmrk|gme okxgex ~xnl imr |bn lgxvmxkj mi kcrgh~j|~rkj x~ox~rikh

Xke Dmk{~ge Ykjjnw* Hkjgimregk% Hne|rkj Ykjjnw _ncgmekj Sk|nr [~kjg|w



Hbrgx|ne* N%S% ) Kwkrx* D%N% ?66;% X~ox~rikhn lrkgekcn xwx|na lnxgce

ge grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn4 onx| akekcnane| vrkh|ghnx imr rnl~hgec

kel xkj| jmkl% \nhbeghkj _nvmr| 82-6;% Crgiig|b EXS* K~x|rkjgk* HXG_M

Hbrgx|ne* N%S% ) X`nbke* L% ?666% Gavrmygec kel ge|ncrk|gec grrgck|g

lrkgekcn akekcnane| ge k ygenwkrl4 k hkxn x|~lw% Ge C%D% Hmeenjjke

hmeinrnehn K~x|rkjgk ?666% Grrgck|gme Kxxmhgk|gme mi K~x|rkjgk%

Hbrgx|ne* N% ) X`nbke* L% ?66;% Lnxgce kel akekcnane| mi x~ox~rikhn b

|m rnl~hn xkj| jmklx% D% Grrgc% ) Lrkgekcn Nece%* ;?3 "8'4 ;<2!;>>%

Hjnaanex* K%D% ) O~r|* H%A% ;773% Khh~rkhw mi grrgck|gme niighgnehw nx Lrkgekcn Nece%* ;?8 "9'4 <?8!<<?%

Hmxcrmyn* S%D% ) _gdxonrake* I%_% ?666% Ak`gec sk|nr nynrwomlw

sk|nr ygxgme% Jmelme* Nkr|bxhke V~ojghk|gmex J|l%

HY_S[HO "Hne|rkj Ykjjnw _ncgmekj Sk|nr [~kjg|w Hme|rmj Omkrl'% ;

hme|rmj vjke% Okxge Vjke* >O imr |bn Xke Dmk{~ge _gynr Okxge* <|b nl%

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HY_S[HO* "Hne|rkj Ykjjnw _ncgmekj Sk|nr [~kjg|w Hme|rmj Omkrl'%

lrkgekcn hme|rgo~|gmex |m sk|nr {~kjg|w ge Crkxxjkelx sk|nrxbnl mi

hm~e|w* Hkjgimregk* Mh|monr ;773!Xnv|naonr ;772%

Lnynrnj* X%D% ) I~dgg* _% ;776% Hbnagx|rw mi |rkhn njnane|x ge xmgjx kel

@%@% \kedg* nl% Kcrgh~j|~rkj xkjgeg|w kxxnxxane| kel akekcnane| % K

_nvmr|x me Necgennrgec Vrkh|ghnx Em% 3;% Ens Wmr`* \bn eg|nl X|k|nx mi Xmhgn|w mi Hgygj Necgennrx%

L_G ;77> _n~xn mi lrkgekcn sk|nr ge |bn Egjn Lnj|k4 ameg|mrgec amln

;?<

IKM% ;733% Grrgck|gme hkekj jgegec * ow L%O% @rkk|t% IKM Grrgck|gme kel Lrkg

?% _man%

IKM% ;726% Lrkgekcn lnxgce ikh|mrx4 ?2 {~nx|gmex kel kexsnrx% IKM Grrgck|gm

Vkvnr Em% 82% _man%

IKM% ;72>k% \nhbeghkj rnvmr| me x|~lgnx imr ~xn mi xkjgen sk|nr ge |b



M v i i

grrgck|gme vrmdnh|x% Bkrwkek* KC4LV-GEL-2;-6;6% _man* ÊLV!IKM%

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Lrkgekcn Vkvnr Em% ?7 "_ny% ;'% _man%

IKM% ;729% Wgnjl rnxvmexn |m sk|nr* ow D% Lmmrneomx* K%B% @kxxka* H%J%A%

Orkexhbngl* D%A%C%K% Vj~xdç* A% Xag|b* C%M% ^g||neomckkrl ) B%@% yke

Grrgck|gme kel Lrkgekcn Vkvnr Em% 88% _man%

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Akxxm~l% IKM Xmgjx O~jjn|ge Em% 87% _man%

IKM% ;776k% C~glnjgenx imr xmgj vrmigjn lnxhrgv|gme0 8rl nl% "rnygxnl'% X

Akekcnane| kel Hmexnryk|gme Xnryghn* Jkel kel Sk|nr Akekcnane| Lgy

IKM% ;776o% Grrgck|gme sk|nr akekcnane|4 grrgck|gme an|bmlx* ow H% Orm

A% @kw ) A% Bngojmna% \rkgegec ake~kj Em% > "Vrmygxgmekj nlg|gme'% _ma

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A% Xag|b% IKM Grrgck|gme kel Lrkgekcn Vkvnr Em% <9% _man%

IKM% ;77?o% \bn ~xn mi xkjgen sk|nrx imr hrmv vrml~h|gme* ow D%L% _bmklnx

K%A% Akxbkjg% IKM Grrgck|gme kel Lrkgekcn Vkvnr Em% <2% _man%

IKM% ;773k% Grrgck|gme ge |bn hm~e|rgnx mi |bn Imranr Xmygn| êgme ge igc~r

_nvmr| Em% ;>% _man%

IKM% ;773o% Grrgck|gme ge |bn Enkr Nkx| _ncgme ge igc~rnx% IKM Sk|nr _nvm

IKM% ;773h% Akekcnane| mi kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr {~kjg|w* ow H%K%

S%_% Dmbex|me ) J%X% Sgjjkrlxme* nlx% IKM Sk|nr _nvmr| Em% ;8% _man%

IKM% ;777k% _nygns mi |bn xk|n mi smrjl igxbnrw rnxm~rhnx4 gejkel igxbnrgnx%


êg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk* Kanrghke Xmhgn|w mi Kcrmemaw* Hrmv Xhgnehn X

Xmgj Xhgnehn Xmhgn|w mi Kanrghk%

Cbklgrg* B% ) _mxn* H%S%* nlx% ;77?% Amlnjgec hbnaghkj |rkexvmr| ge xmgjx*

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X|k|nx mi Kanrghk* Mbgm X|k|n ^egynrxg|w%




K




Hrmv xkj| |mjnrk



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xnynrkj yncn|kojn hrmvx kel c~kw~jn% Grrgc% Xhg%* 94 ;>7!;36%

Ekrkjn* _%V%* X~orkakewka* \%@% ) A~`bnrdnn* _%@% ;797% Geij~nehn mi xkjgeg|w me cnra

crms|b* kel crkge wgnjl mi rghn "Mrwtk xk|gyk ykr% L~jkr'% Kcrme% D%* 9;4 8<;!8<<%

Ek|gmekj Khklnaw mi Xhgnehnx ;73> ^elnrnvjmg|nl |rmvghkj vjke|x sg|b vrmagxgec



Ek|gmekj Khklnaw mi Xhgnehnx% ;73>% ^elnrnvjmg|nl |rmvghkj vjke|x sg|b vrmagxgecSkxbgec|me* LH* Ek|gmekj Khklnaw mi Xhgnehnx% ;27 vv%

Ek~rgwkj* D%V% )% C~v|k* M%V%;793% X|~lgnx me xkj| |mjnrkehn mi crkvn% G% Niinh| mi |m|kj x

D% _nx%* <4 ;73!?6>%

Ens|me* V%D%* Awnrx* O%K% ) Snx|* L%S% ;77;% _nl~h|gme ge crms|b kel wgnjl mi Dnr

hk~xnl ow xmgj xkjgeg|w% Grrgc% Xhg%* ;?4 ?;8!??;%

Egnake* _%B% ) Onrex|nge* J% ;7>7% Ge|nrkh|gyn niinh|x mi cgoonrnjjgh khgl kel xkjgeg|w

onkex% Ka% D% Om|%*<94 993!936%

Mxksk* \% ;79>% X|~lgnx me |bn xkj| |mjnrkehn mi yncn|kojn hrmvx sg|b xvnhgkj rninrnehn |m

O~jj ^egy% Mxk`k Vrninh|~rn* Xnrgnx O* Mxk`k* Dkv%* ;94 ;8!>3%

Vkjgskj* @%Y% ) Akjgskj* C%J% ;73?% Niinh|x mi xkj|x me |bn crms|b kel hbnaghkj hma

" Konjamxhb~x nxh~jne|~x' kel xvmecn!cm~rl " J~iik hwjgelrghk'% D% Bmr|% Xhg%* <34 >;

Vk|gj* V%@% ) Vk|gj* Y%@% ;72?% Xkjgeg|w |mjnrkehn mi vmancrkek|n% D% Akbkrkxb|rk Kcrgh

?97%

Vk|gj* V%@% ) Vk|gj* Y%@% ;728k% Xkjgeg|w |mjnrkehn ge igc " Igh~x hkrghk J%'% V~edkorkm @ _nx% D%*3 ";'4 ;?!;<%

Vk|gj* V%@% ) Vk|gj* Y%@% ;728o% Niinh| mi xmgj xkjgeg|w jnynjx me crms|b kel hbnaghk

Xwtwcg~a h~ageg J% D% Bmr|% Xhg%* >24 ;<;!;<>%

Vk|gj* V%@%* Vk|gj* Y%@% ) Cbmexg`kr* H%V% ;72<% Niinh| mi xmgj xkjgeg|w me crms|b kel e~

c~kyk " Vxglg~a c~kdkyk J%'% Ge|nre% D% \rmv% Kcrgh%* ?4 883!8<<%

Vnkrxme* C%K% ;7>7% Ikh|mrx geij~nehgec xkjgeg|w mi x~oanrcnl xmgjx kel crms|b mi Hkjm

234 ;72!?69%

Vnrnt* D%K%_% ) Agec~nt* X%L% ;72>% \mjnrkehgk lnj |nvkrg k jk xkjgeglkl% Kcrghmjk Ynrc

Vghhbgmeg C K Agwkam|m X ) X|mrnw D O ;776 Xkj| niinh|x me crms|b kel gme ~v


Xkgeg* C%_% ;73?% Xnnl cnragek|gme kel xkj| |mjnrkehn mi hrmvx ge hmkx|kj kjj~ygkj xmgj

Hkeklk% Nhmjmcw* >84 >?<!>?>%

Xkelb~* C%_%* Kxjka* T%* Xkjga* A%* Xk||kr* K%* [~rnxbg* _%B%* Kbakl* E% ) Swe D

niinh| mi xkjgeg|w me |bn wgnjl kel hmavmxg|gme mi Lgvjkhben i~xhk "@kjjkr crkxx'

<4 ;33!;2;%

Xnvkx`bkb* K%_% ) Aki|m~e* A% ;722% _njk|gyn xkj| |mjnrkehn mi vgx|khbgm h~j|gykrx%

;9?%

Xbkjbnyn| D%* _ngegcnr* V% ) Xbgaxbg* L% ;797% Vnke~| rnxvmexn |m ~egimra kel eme

Kcrme% D%*9;4 82<!823%




Sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx imr jgynx|vm~j|rw vrml~h|gme imr vkrka

hmehnre ge kcrlrkgekc



\KOJN K?%?

\KOJN K?%;C~gln imr |bn ~xn mi xkjgen sk|nr imr jgynx|mh` kel vm~j|rw

Xmj~ojn xkj| hme|ne| _k|gec ^xnx

: ; 666 ac-jg|rn":;%> lX-a'

Nhnjjne| Nhnjjne| imr kjj hjkxxnx mi jgynx|mh` kel vm~

; 666!8 666 ac-jg|rn";%>!> lX-a'

Ynrw xk|gxikh|mrw Xk|gxikh|mrw imr kjj hjkxxnx mi jgynx|mh`% Akwlgkrrbmnk ge jgynx|mh` em| khh~x|manl |mkvvrmkhbgec |bn ~vvnr jgag|x akw hk~xn xmge vm~j|rw%

8 666!> 666 ac-jg|rn">!2 lX-a'

Xk|gxikh|mrw imr jgynx|mh`

êig| imr vm~j|rw

Xk|gxikh|mrw imr jgynx|mh` o~| akw on rnikhh~x|manl |m g|% Gi x~jvbk|n xkj|x vrnlmxbms |navmrkrw lgkrrbmnk% Vmmr sk|nrx imrsk|nrw iknhnx* gehrnkxnl amr|kjg|w kenxvnhgkjjw ge |~r`nwx%

> 666!3 666 ac-jg|rn"2!;; lX-a'

Jgag|nl ~xn imr jgynx|mh`

êig| imr vm~j|rw

\bgx sk|nr hke on ~xnl imr jgynx|mh` nhvrnceke| mr jkh|k|gec% G| akw bkyn xman jkon rni~xnl ow kegakjx ~e|gj |bnw onhman ~exk|gxikh|mrw imr vm~j|rw

3 666!;6 666 ac-jg|rn";;!;9 lX-a'

Ynrw jgag|nl ~xn Hmexglnrkojn rgx` imr vrnceke| kel jkh|k|geckel imr |bn wm~ec mi |bnxn xvnhgnx% G| ar~ageke|x mr bmrxnx% êig| imr vm~j|rw kel vr

5 ;6 666 ac-jg|rn"5 ;9 lX-a'

Em| rnhmaanelnl \bgx sk|nr gx ~exk|gxikh|mrw imr kjj hjkxxnx m

Xm~rhn4 IKM* ;72>o* kel C~wnr* ;779%

Keen ? ‘ Sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnjgenx imr jgynx|mh` kel vm;9?




Lrge`gec!sk|nr {~kjg|w c~glnvkrkan|nrx mi hmehnre ge kcr

lrkgekc



Xm~rhn4 SBM* ;779% C~glnjgenx imr lrge`gec!sk|nr {~kjg|w* ?el nl% Ymj% ?

m|bnr x~vvmr|gec geimrak|gme* v% 7<6!7<70 kel SBM* ;772% Kllnel~a |m

Cnenyk* Smrjl Bnkj|b Mrckegtk|gme% X~aakrw |kojnx% b||vsk|nr]xkeg|k|gme]bnkj|b-CLS[-X~aakrw]|kojnx-X~a|ko%b|a

\KOJN K8%;

Okh|nrgmjmcghkj {~kjg|w mi kjj sk|nr ge|nelnl imr lrge`gec

Mrckegxax C~glnjgen ykj~n

N% hmjg mr |bnram|mjnrke| hmjgimra okh|nrgk A~x| em| on ln|nh|kojn ge kew ;66!aj xk

\KOJN K8%?

Gemrckegh hmex|g|~ne|x mi bnkj|b xgcegighkehn ge lrge`gec!sk|nr

C~glnjgen ykj~n"ac-jg|rn'

_nakr`x

Krxnegh 6%6; "V' Imr nhnxx x`ge hkehnr rgx` mi 9 Ó ;6!<

Omrme 6%> "V'

Hklag~a 6%668Hbrmag~a 6%6> "V'

Hmvvnr ? "V' Okxnl me kh~|n ckx|rmge|nx|gekj niinh|x

Keen 8 ‘ Lrge`gec!sk|nr {;9<

\KOJN K8%8Vnx|ghglnx

C~glnjgen ykj~n"¾c-jg|rn'

_nakr`x

Kjkhbjmr ?6 Imr nhnx

Kjlghkro ;6

Kjlrge-lgnjlrge 6%68

K|rktgen ?

One|ktmen 866

Hkromi~rke 3

Hbjmrlken 6%?



Hbjmrm|mj~rme 86

Hwkektgen 6%9

LL\ ?

;*?!lgormam!8!hbjmrmvrmvken ; Imr nhnx

;*?!lgormamn|bken 6%<!;> "V' Imr nhnx

?*<!lghbjmrmvbnemwkhn|gh khgl "?*<!L' 86

;*?!lghbjmrmvrmvken ";*?!LHV' <6 "V'

;*8!lghbjmrmvrmvken EKL

;*8!lghbjmrmvrmvnen ?6 Imr nhnx

Lg{~k| ;6 "V'

Bnv|khbjmr kel bnv|khbjmr nvmgln 6%68

Bnkhbjmrmonetnen ; Imr nhnx

Gxmvrm|~rme 7

Jgelken ?

AHVK ?

An|bmwhbjmr ?6

An|mjkhbjmr ;6

Amjgek|n 9

Vnelgan|bkjge ?6

Vne|khbjmrmvbnemj 7 "V' Imr nhnx

Vnran|brge ?6

Vrmvkegj ?6

Vwrglk|n ;66

Xgaktgen ?

\nro~|bwjktgen "\OK' 3


\KOJN K8%<X~ox|kehnx kel vkrkan|nrx ge lrge`gec!sk|nr |bk| akw cgyn rgxn |m hmavjkge|

Jnynjx jg`njw |m cgyn rgxn |mhmex~anr hmavjkge|x

k

_nkxmex imr hmex~anr hmavjkge

Vbwxghkj vkrkan|nrx

Hmjm~r ;> \H^o

kvvnkrkehn

\kx|n kel mlm~r “ xbm~jl on khhnv|kojn

\navnrk|~rn “ xbm~jl on khhnv|kojn

\~roglg|w > E\^h kvvnkrkehn0 imr niinh|gyn |nragekj l

|~roglg|w 1 ; E\^* xgecjn xkavjn 1

Gemrckegh hmex|g|~ne|xC~glnjgen ykj~n _nakr`x



k \bn jnynjx gelghk|nl krn em| vrnhgxn e~aonrx% Vrmojnax akw mhh~r k| jmsnr mr bgcbnr ykj~nx k

jmhkj hgrh~ax|kehnx% K rkecn mi |kx|n kel mlm~r |brnxbmjl hmehne|rk|gmex gx cgyne imr mrckegh o \H^* |r~n hmjm~r ~eg|%h E\^* envbnjman|rgh |~roglg|w ~eg|%

C~glnjgen ykj~n

ac-jg|rn

_nakr`x

Kj~ageg~a 6%? lnvmxg|gmex* lgxhmjmrk|gme

Kaamegk ;%> mlm~r kel |kx|n

Hbjmrgln ?>6 |kx|n* hmrrmxgme

Hmvvnr ; x|kgegec mi jk~elrw kel xkeg|krw skvrmygxgmekj c~glnjgen ykj~n ? ac-jg|r

Bkrlenxx “ bgcb bkrlenxx4 xhkjn lnvmxg|gme* xh

jms bkrlenxx4 vmxxgojn hmrrmxgme

Bwlrmcne x~jvbgln 6%6> mlm~r kel |kx|n

Grme 6%8 x|kgegec mi jk~elrw kel xkeg|krw sk

Akeckenxn 6%; x|kgegec mi jk~elrw kel xkeg|krw skc~glnjgen ykj~n 6%> ac-jg|rn'

Lgxxmjynl mwcne “ gelgrnh| niinh|x

vB “ jms vB4 hmrrmxgme

bgcb vB4 |kx|n* xmkvw innj

vrninrkojw :2%6 imr niinh|gyn lgxgeinXmlg~a ?66 |kx|n

X~jvbk|n ?>6 |kx|n* hmrrmxgme

\LX ; 666 |kx|n

Tgeh 8 kvvnkrkehn* |kx|n

Keen 8 ‘ Lrge`gec!sk|nr {;99



m hkv

JMEC!\N_A XKJ\ N[^GJGO_G^A N[^K\GME

Jmec!|nra sk|nr okjkehn mi |bn rmm|tmen kel jnkhbgec irkh|gme

\bn okxgx imr ~elnrx|kelgec |bn gavkh| mi grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn akekcnane

gx |bn sk|nr okjkehn mi |bn rmm|tmen% \bn sk|nr okjkehn mi |bn rmm|tmen hke

|bn imjjmsgec n{~k|gme4

sbnrn4

G g

1 grrgck|gme sk|nr geigj|rk|nl sbghb gx |bn |m|kj kvvjgnl grrgck|gme sk

nykvmrk|gme jmxxnx kel x~rikhn r~emii "aa'0 V

n1 niinh|gyn vrnhgvg|k|gme "aa'0

C 1 hkvgjjkrw rgxn "aa'0

_ 1 lnnv vnrhmjk|gme "aa'0

N\ 1 nykvm|rkexvgrk|gme "aa'0 kel

∉S rt

1 hbkecn ge amgx|~rn hme|ne| ge |bn rmm|tmen "aa'%

Me k jmec!|nra okxgx* g| hke on kxx~anl |bk| |bn hbkecn ge xmgj amgx|~rn x

sk|nr okjkehn |bne rnklx4

rt ngS N\ _C V G ∉1∟∟++

6$1∟∟+ N\ _ V G

ng

Keen < ‘ Gavkh| mi grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn akekcnane| me sk|nr ;92

hnr|kge vnrgml* xkj| khh~a~jk|gme ge |bn xmgj sgjj kvvrmkhb ke n{~gjgorg~a

hmehne|rk|gme okxnl me |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn kvvjgnl sk|nr kel |bn JI "IKM* ;72

\bn hkjh~jk|gme mi rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w ak`nx |bn imjjmsgec kxx~av|gmex4

  |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr agnx hmavjn|njw sg|b |bn xmgj sk|nr0

  |bn nhbkecn vrmhnxxnx kel hbnaghkj rnkh|gmex sbghb |k`n vjkhn ge |bn xm

ge|m hmexglnrk|gme0

  |bn kam~e| mi xkj|x x~vvjgnl ow rkgeikjj kel inr|gjgtnrx kel nvmr|nl ow hrmv

kel

  k tmen mi xbkjjms crm~elsk|nr gx hrnk|nl sg|b |bn xkan kynrkcn xkjgeg|w h

b j g



|bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr%

^elnr |bnxn kxx~av|gmex* |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn xmgj sk|nr gx n{~gykjne| |m |bn

sk|nr vnrhmjk|gec onjms |bn rmm|tmen% \bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn sk|nr vnrhmjk|gec onjm

hke on nx|gak|nl irma |bn xkj| okjkehn4

sbnrn4

GS 1 geigj|rk|nl sk|nr " G g + V

n' "aa'0

H GS

1 xkj| hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr "ac-jg|rn'0 kel

H _$

1 xkj| hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn en| vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr "ac-jg|rn'%

\bn xkj| hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr hke on hkjh~jk|nl kx4

sbnrn4

H G

1 xkj| hmehne|rk|gme mi |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr "ac-jg|rn'%

\bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr hke kjxm on hkjh~jk|nl sg|b |bn imjjmsge

K x|rmec rnjk|gme ngx|x on|snne |bn xkj| hmehne|rk|gme H mi k xmj~|gme nvrnxx vnr jg|rn kel |bn njnh|rghkj hmel~h|gyg|w " NH ' mi k xmj~|gme ge lnhgxgnanex vnr

hmrrnxvmelx kvvrmgak|njw |m 9<6 ac-jg|rn' \bnrnimrn |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn en| l

$

$

_ GS H _H GS 1

G

ng

g GS H

V G

G H

+1

JI

H H GS

_1$


Xkj| n{~gjgorg~a n{~k|gme gehmrvmrk|gec |bn jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmnii

^e|gj ems |bn kxx~av|gme bkx onne |bk|kjj |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr agnx

hmavjn|njw sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme% Ge

rnkjg|w* k irkh|gme mi |bn geigj|rk|nl

grrgck|gme sk|nr vnrhmjk|nx lgrnh|jw

onjms |bn rmm|tmen |brm~cb hrkh`x kel

akhrm!vmrnx sg|bm~| aggec sg|b |bn

xmgj amgx|~rn xmj~|gme% K amrn rnkjgx|gh

nx|gak|n mi |bn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w hkeon mo|kgenl ow gehmrvmrk|gec jnkhbgec

IGC^_N K<%;

_njk|gme on|snne jnkhbgec niighgnehvnrhmjk|gme sk|nr "i

r ' kel jnkhbgec ni

mi |bn gehmagec grrgck|gme sk|nr "i g '

i g G g

xmgj xmj~|gme

" N\ !Vn'



g

GSgXS _ i JI

NH NH NH

r

11$

$ _

V N\ i G i ngg

r

+∟1

on mo|kgenl ow gehmrvmrk|gec jnkhbgec

niighgnehw hmniighgne|x imr |bn

vrninrne|gkj ijms vk|bskwx mi xkj|

|rkexvmr|% Igc~rnK<%; xbmsx |bn

rnjk|gmexbgv on|snne |bn jnkhbgec

niighgnehw hmniighgne| mi |bn

vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr " i r ' kel |bn jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmniighgne| rnjk|nl |m |bn

sk|nr |bk| agnx sg|b |bn xmgj xmj~|gme " i g'% G| gx kxx~anl |bk| V

nagnx hmav

xmj~|gme%

\bn jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmniighgne| mi |bn gehmagec grrgck|gme sk|nr gx ke ge

ln|nragenl ow xmgj |n|~rn* x|r~h|~rn kel grrgck|gme an|bml* sbnrnkx |bn j

hmniighgne| mi |bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr gx k lnvnelne| ykrgkojn% i r hke on nvrn

Ge|ncrk|gec |bn jnkhbgec niighgnehw hmniighgne| ge|m |bn xkj| n{~gjgorg~a n{

ge sbghb NH GSg

gx |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn geigj|rk|nl sk|nr |bk| agnx sg|b |bn NH

ir_$ gx |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn vnrhmjk|gme sk|nr sbghb bkx onne agnl sg|

NH GSg

gx n{~gykjne| |m4

" i g G g! N\ +Vn' 1 i r _$ ";! i

Xm~rhn4 ki|nr Yke Bmmre kel Yke Kjvbne* ;7

G

ngg

gg GSg NH

V G i G i NH +1

Keen < ‘ Gavkh| mi grrgck|gme kel lrkgekcn akekcnane| me sk|nr ;36

IGC^_N K<%?

Hkjh~jk|gme mi rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w mi igyn x~hh

6%<6 N\

JI g;1 "GS g !6%<N\'-GS g

6%86 N\

N\'-GSg

6%?6 N\

"i g G g + V n ' 1 GS g

JI g6

1 ;NH XS 6 1

JI 1 "GS !6%<N\'-GS

JI 1 "GS !6%3N\'-GS

g; g g

g? g g

NH 1 XS ;

NH 1 NH -XS ? GSg

amrn sk|nr irma |bn ~vvnr

rmm|tmen kel jnxx irma |bn jmsnr

rmm|tmen% ^elnr |bnxn hmelg|gmex*

|bn rmm|tmen gx cnenrkjjw xbkjjmsnr

kel |bn n|rkh|gme vk||nre agcb|

on 96!86!3!8 "IKM* ;72>o'%

Kx xbmse ge Igc~rn K<%?*

N{~k|gme 7 hke kjxm on ~xnl |m

hkjh~jk|n |bn rmm|tmen xkjgeg|w mi

igyn x~hhnxxgyn lnv|bx ~elnr |bgxsk|nr ~v|k`n vk||nre |m mo|kge



' g

'-GS g

6%;6 N\

JI 1 "GS !6%7N\'-GS g8 g g

JI 1 "GS !N\'-GS g< g g

NH 1 NH -JI XS 8 GSg g8

NH 1 NH -JI 1 NHXS < GSg g;<

NH 1 NH + NH + NH + NH + NH XS6 XS; XS? XS8 XS<

NH 1 NH -?

XS

XS n

sk|nr ~v|k`n vk||nre |m mo|kge

igekjjw |bn kynrkcn xkjgeg|w ge |bn

rmm|tmen " NH XS

'% Ge amx| xmgjx*

|bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn xmgj sk|nr k| ignjl

hkvkhg|w gx kom~| |sghn |bn xkjgeg|w

mi |bn xmgj sk|nr ankx~rnl me |bn

xk|~rk|nl vkx|n " NH n'%

G| gx em| enhnxxkrw |m lgygln |bn

rmm|tmen ge|m im~r n{~kj vkr|x

"{~klrke|x'% \bn amlnj hke on

n|nelnl ge|m e!e~aonr mi jkwnrx vrmyglnl |bk| |bn rmm|sk|nr n|rkh|gme vk||nre

|bn rmm|tmen hke on lgyglnl ge|m ;>!ha lnv|b gehrnane|x imr 76!ha rmm|gec lnv

Akge|kgegec k ikym~rkojn xkj| okjkehn

K akdmr hmehnre ge kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| gx |bn o~gjl~v mi

|rkhn njnane|x ge |bn rmm|tmen |m x~hb ke n|ne| |bk| g| ge|nrinrnx sg|b mv|ga

Kvvjwgec amrn sk|nr |bke ennlnl l~rgec |bn crmsgec xnkxme imr nykvm|rkexvg

|bn xkj|x% Ge krnkx sg|b gex~iighgne| ek|~rkj lrkgekcn* jnkhbgec sk|nr sgjj ennl

|brm~cb kr|gighgkj lrkgekcn%

Sbnrn |bn hrmv |mjnrkehn |m xkjgeg|w kel |bn xkjgeg|w mi |bn grrgck|gme sk|nr

jnkhbgec rn{~grnane| " J_' hke on hkjh~jk|nl% _bmklnx ";73<' kel _bmklnx kel

lnynjmvnl ke navgrghkj n{~k|gme |m hkjh~jk|n |bn J_4


aggec sg|b |bn xmgj amgx|~rn xmj~|gme% \bgx sk|nr lmnx em| hme|rgo~|n |m |b

irma |bn rmm|tmen% ^elnr |bnxn hmelg|gmex* |bn J_ gx4

\bn |m|kj kam~e| mi kvvjgnl sk|nr gx |bne4

IKM ";72>o' |k`nx k lgiinrne| kvvrmkhb |mkxxnxxgec |bn J_ imr eme!hrkh`gec xmgjx% \bn

| jg g| i |b i j

GSg|x

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??% L~ee* C%A%* \kwjmr* L%S%* Enx|nr* A%_% ) Onn|xme* \%O% ;77<% Vnrimrakehn m

K~x|rkjgke |rnn xvnhgnx me k xkjgen xg|n ge xm~|bnkx| [~nnexjkel% Imrn

Akekcnane|* 364 ?>>!?9<

?8% Okrrn||!Jneekrl* N%C% ) Akjhmja* H%Y%;77>%Xkj|jkel vkx|~rnx ge K~x|rkjgk% O~jjn|ge

mi Kcrgh~j|~rn* Snx|nre K~x|rkjgk%?<% Okrxme* A% ) Okrrn||!Jneekrl* N% ;77>% Vrml~h|gyn ~xn kel rnbkogjg|k|gme mi K

jkelx% K~x|rkjgke Dm~rekj mi Xmgj kel Sk|nr Hmexnryk|gme* 2"8'4 88!83%



9 Lrkgekcn mi bnkyw xmgjx* ;73; "N I X '

3 Xkjgeg|w xnagekr* Okcblkl* ;73; "N$ I$'

2 Sk|nr kel |bn neygrmeane|* ;73; "N$ I$ X$'

7 Lrkgekcn ak|nrgkjx* ;73? "N$ I$ X$'

;6 Ge|ncrk|nl ikra sk|nr akekcnane|* ;73;

"N$ I$ X$'

;; Vjkeegec an|bmlmjmcw xnagekr* O~hbkrnx|*;73? "N$ I$'

;? Ikra sk|nr akekcnane| xnagekr* Akegjk*

;73? "N$'

;8 Sk|nr ~xn xnagekr* Lkakxh~x* ;73?

"N$ I$'

;< \rgh`jn grrgck|gme* ;738 "N$ I$ X$'

;> Lrkgekcn akhbgenrw* ;738 "N$ I$'

;9 Lrkgekcn mi xkj|w xmgjx* ;738 "H$ N$ I$ X$'

;3 Ake‗x geij~nehn me |bn bwlrmjmcghkj hwhjn*

;738 "N$ I$ X$'

;2 Crm~elsk|nr xnagekr* Crkeklk* ;738

"N$ I X$'

;7 Ak|bnak|ghkj amlnjx ge bwlrmjmcw* ;738

"N$'

?6-; Sk|nr jksx ge Amxjna hm~e|rgnx Ymj% ;*

;738 "N$ I$'

?6-? Sk|nr jksx ge Amxjna hm~e|rgnx Ymj% ?*

;732 "N I'

?; Crm~elsk|nr amlnjx* ;738 "N$'

?? Sk|nr imr kcrgh~j|~rn geln* ;738 "N-I-

X$'?8 Xga~jk|gme an|bmlx ge sk|nr lnynjmvane|*

;73< "N$ I$ X$'

<> C~glnjgenx imr lnxgce

x~rikhn grrgck|gme xwx

<9 H_MVSK\ k hma

grrgck|gme vjkeegec ke

"N I$ X$'

<3 Skx|nsk|nr |rnk|ane

kcrgh~j|~rn* ;77? "N$

<2 \bn ~xn mi xkjgen s

vrml~h|gme* ;778 "N$

<7 HJGASK\ imr H_MVS

>6 Jn vmavkcn çmjgne*

>; Vrmxvnh|x imr |bn lrk

;77> "N'

>? _nimragec sk|nr rnx

"N'

>8 Neygrmeane|kj gavkh

grrgck|gme kel lrkgekc>< Hr~nx n| kvvmr|x* ;7

>> Hme|rmj mi sk|nr vmjj

;779 "N$ X'

>9 Hrmv nykvm|rkexvgrk

>3 Xmgj xkjgeg|w kxxnxxa

>2 \rkexinr mi grrgck|gme

xnryghnx4 c~glnjgenx*

>7 Vnrimrakehn kekjwxg

vrnxx~rgtnl grrgck|gme

96 Ak|nrgkjx imr x~ox~rixwx|nax* ?666 "N'

9; Kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn

\bgx v~ojghk|gme vrmyglnx vjkeenrx* lnhgxgme!ak`nrx kel necgennrx s g|b c~glnjgenx

|m x~x|kge grrgck|nl kcrgh~j|~rn kel k| |bn xkan |gan |m vrm|nh| sk|nr rnxm~rhnx irma |bn

enck|gyn gavkh|x mi kcrgh~j|~rkj lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj% Me |bn okxgx mi hkxn x|~lgnx

irma Hne|rkj Kxgk* Ncwv|* Gelgk* Vk`gx|ke kel |bn eg|nl X|k|nx mi Kanrghk*

g| lgx|gec~gxbnx im~r ormkl crm~vx mi lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex4 sk|nr

hmexnryk|gme* lrkgekcn sk|nr rn~xn* lrkgekcn sk|nr lgxvmxkj kel lrkgekcn sk|nr

|rnk|ane|% Kjj |bnxn mv|gmex bkyn hnr|kge vm|ne|gkj gavkh|x me |bn bwlrmjmcw kel sk|nr

{~kjg|w ge ke krnk* sg|b ge|nrkh|gmex kel |rkln!miix mhh~rrgec sbne amrn |bke men gx

kvvjgnl% \bgx v~ojghk|gme vrnxne|x k irkansmr` |m bnjv ak`n k xnjnh|gme irma kamec

|bn ykrgm~x lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| mv|gmex kel |m nykj~k|n |bngr gavkh| kel

hme|rgo~|gme |mskrlx lnynjmvane| cmkjx% Ge kllg|gme* g| vrnxne|x |nhbeghkj okh`crm~el

kel c~glnjgenx me nkhb mi |bn mv|gmex |m nekojn gavrmynl kxxnxxane| mi |bngr gavkh|x

kel |m ikhgjg|k|n |bn vrnvkrk|gme mi lrkgekcn sk|nr akekcnane| vjkex kel lnxgcex%

Manejo de Agua de Drenaje Agricola en Areas Aridas y Semi Aridas - FAO

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Transcript of Manejo de Agua de Drenaje Agricola en Areas Aridas y Semi Aridas - FAO