Managing Presentation Nerves

7/30/2019 Managing Presentation Nerves

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Managing Presentation Nerves

Coping with the fear within

iStockphoto/MarkBernard

Your stomach is queasy, your palms are sweaty, and your mind has gone blank about

your opening lines. What will you be like when you've been introduced and the room

goes quiet? Are you doomed to presentation panic or paralysis, or can you overcome

that debilitating nervousness and deliver a speech that wows the audience? (Or at least

leaves them feeling satisfied)?

If you are like most people, then public speaking or presenting is one of your major

fears. Yet these skills are often called upon. It might not be to an audience of hundreds,

but giving presentations to staff or even team members is a common enough occurrence.

You owe it to yourself to develop some strategies and techniques to manage your nervesso you can concentrate on delivering an effective and engaging presentation.

Notice I didn't say to get rid of your nervousness. This is because presenting is not a

natural activity; even the most practiced presenters get a bit nervous. The point is this:

your nervous energy can be used to your advantage. When you are in a heightened state

from the adrenaline that is being pumped into your body, you can use that energy to

communicate enthusiastically, convincingly, and passionately. The key is to decrease

your level of nervousness so you can use your energy on these positive activities, not on

trying to control your nerves.

So, to harness your nervousness and bring it under control, there are six key tips to

remember. These tips are all designed to help you focus on your audience and their

needs rather than on yourself and how you are feeling. They all stem from one truism:

The more uncertain you are, the more nervous you will be.

The more you can control the uncertainty, the less nervousness you will experience and

the more residual energy you will have to devote to the presentation itself.

Six Steps to Conquering Your Presentation Nerves

Step 1. Know Your Audience


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Consult your audience before your presentation. The more confident you are that you

are presenting them with useful and interesting material for them, the less nervous you

will be overall. You really don't want your presentation to be a surprise. If it is, you lose

complete control over the audience's reaction and that is a large factor in nervousness.

So:

Define who your target audience is.

Ask people who are representative of the audience what they expect from the

presentation.

Run your agenda by a few people to see if they think something is missing or is

overkill.

Consider contacting participants by email beforehand and asking them a few

questions about what they expect.

Greet audience members at the door and do a quick survey of why they are there

and what they expect.

Step 2. Know Your Material

Nothing is worse for nerves than trying to give a presentation on a topic you are not

well prepared for. This doesn't mean you have to be an expert beforehand, but you'd

better know it backwards on presentation day. And making sure you've understood your

audience and their needs properly will help you ensure that your material is on target to

meet their needs.

Another important point to remember is that you can't possibly cover everything you

know in your presentation. That would probably be long and boring. So select the most

pertinent points from your subject base and then supplement with other material if timeallows.

Tip:

To make your material interesting and memorable, include occasional questions to the

audience to encourage audience participation. This enhances the learning experience

and gives you a break from presenting. It also allows you deliver your information in a

more conversational manner which is often more believable.

Step 3. Structure Your Presentation

A common technique for trying to calm nervousness is memorizing what you intend to

say. But all this does is make your delivery sound like it is coming from a robot. If you

miss a word or draw a blank, your whole presentation is thrown off and then your

nervousness compounds itself with every remaining second. It is far better to structure

your presentation so that you give yourself clues to what is coming next.

Have a set of key phrases listed on a cue card.

Refer to these phrases to trigger your mind as to what is coming up next. If you're using slides, use these key phrases in your transitions.


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This approach helps you control your own uncertainty about whether you will

remember what you want to say and the order you want to say it.

Tip:A simple, widely used, and highly effective structure is to tell the audience what you're

going to say, then say it, and then recap what you've said.

Step 4. Practice, Practice, Practice

Although you should avoid memorizing your presentation, you do want to be very

comfortable with your delivery. Familiarity brings confidence, and practice helps you to

deliver the words naturally. This means they will be coming more from your heart and

mind, rather than from a piece of paper.

Learn the organization and order of your presentation.

If you do feel the need to memorize, limit it to your opening. This will help you

get off to a smooth start.

Try videotaping yourself. You will see what you look like to others and then you

can make a plan to change the things that need changing.

Use audiotape to listen to how you speak, your tone and your speed, and adjust

appropriately.

Prepare for large speaking events by practicing with a smaller audience first; for

example, by inviting colleagues to listen to a dry run during their lunch hour.

Step 5. Prepare, Prepare, Prepare

Once you know what you are going to say, you need to prepare yourself for the actual

delivery.

Decide what you are going to wear make it comfortable and appropriate.

Arrive early and get your equipment set up.

Anticipate problems and have backups and contingencies in place in case

something doesn't work, you forget something, etc.

If possible, give everything one last run through in the real environment. Prepare responses to anticipated questions. Try to think like that one person in

the front row who always tries to trip the presenter up.

Step 6. Calm Yourself from the Inside

Nervousness causes physiological reactions which are mostly attributed to the increase

of adrenaline in your system. You can counteract these effects with a few simple

techniques:

Practice deep breathing adrenalin causes you to breath shallowly. By

breathing deeply your brain will get the oxygen it needs and the slower pace will


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trick your body into believing you are calmer. It also helps with voice quivers,

which can occur when your breathing is irregular.

Drink water - adrenalin can cause a dry mouth, which in turn leads to getting

tongue-tied. Have a glass of water handy. Take sips occasionally, especially

when you want to emphasize a point.

Smile this is a natural relaxant that sends positive chemicals through yourbody.

Use visualization techniques imagine that you are delivering your

presentation to an audience that is interested, enthused, smiling, and reacting

positively. Cement this positive image in your mind and recall it right before

you are ready to go on.

Press and massage your forehead to bring to energize the front of the brain

and speech center.

Just before you start talking, pause, make eye contact, and smile. This last

moment of peace is very relaxing and gives you time to adjust to being the

centre of attention.

Speak more slowly than you would in a conversation, and leave longer pausesbetween sentences. This slower pace will calm you down, and it will also make

you easier to hear, especially at the back of a large room.

Move around during your presentation. This will expend some of your

nervous energy.

STAY or Stop Thinking About Yourself. Remember that the audience is there

there to get some information and it is your job to put it across to them.

Many of these tips were suggested by members of the Mind Tools Club who discussed

presentation nerves in the Career Cafe forum. So thanks again to Aussieghump,Misliona, Ladyb, Midgie, Lulu, Geoff Harrop and Rachel!

To take this to the next level, clickhere to listen to our "Performing Under Pressure"

expert interview with Dr Don Greene. This gives you many more tips and techniques

for managing performance stress.

Key Points

When it comes to presenting, nerves are inevitable. Letting them get the better of you is

not. You need to develop a strategy for taking the focus off your nervousness and

putting that energy to positive use. By controlling as much of the uncertainly as you

can, you increase your confidence in your ability to deliver an excellent presentation.

This confidence then counteracts your nerves and you create a positive cycle for

yourself.

Nerves are not your enemy and you don't have to fear public speaking. For your nextpresentation, be knowledgeable, be well practiced and prepared, try out some physical
http://www.mindtools.com/community/Premium/expertopinion.php#performancestresshttp://www.mindtools.com/community/Premium/expertopinion.php#performancestress


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relaxation techniques. Amaze yourself and impress your audience with your calm and

cool delivery of a great presentation.

Better Public Speaking

Becoming a Confident, Compelling Speaker

Become a confident and compelling speaker.

iStockphoto/webphotographeer

Whether we're talking in a team meeting or presenting in front of an audience, we all

have to speak in public from time to time.

We can do this well or we can do this badly, and the outcome strongly affects the way

that people think about us. This is why public speaking causes so much anxiety and

concern.

The good news is that, with thorough preparation and practice, you can overcome your

nervousness and perform exceptionally well. This article explains how!

The Importance of Public Speaking

Even if you don't need to make regularpresentations in front of a group, there are plenty

of situations where good public speaking skills can help you advance your career and

create opportunities.

For example, you might have to talk about your organization at a conference, make a

speech after accepting an award, or teach a class to new recruits. Public speaking also

includes online presentations or talks; for instance, when training a virtual team, or

when speaking to a group of customers in an online meeting.

Good public speaking skills are important in other areas of your life, as well. You might

be asked to make a speech at a friend's wedding, give a eulogy for a loved one, or

inspire a group of volunteers at a charity event.

In short, being a good public speaker can enhance your reputation, boost yourself-

confidence, and open up countless opportunities.
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However, while good public speaking skills can open doors, poor speaking skills can

close them. For example, your boss might decide against promoting you after sitting

through a poorly-delivered presentation. You might lose a valuable new contract by

failing to connect with a prospect during a sales pitch. Or you could make a poor

impression with your new team, because you trip over your words and don't look people

in the eye.

Make sure that you learn how to speak well!

Strategies for Becoming a Better Speaker

What's great about public speaking is that it's a learnable skill. As such, you can use the

following strategies to become a better speaker and presenter.

Plan Appropriately

First, make sure that youplan your communication appropriately. Use tools like the

Rhetorical Triangle, Monroe's Motivated Sequence, and the 7Cs of Communication to

think about how you'll structure what you're going to say.

When you do this, think about how important a book's first paragraph is; if it doesn't

grab you, you're likely going to put it down. The same principle goes for your speech:

from the beginning, you need to intrigue your audience.

For example, you could start with an interesting statistic, headline, or fact that pertains

to what you're talking about and resonates with your audience. You can also use story

telling as a powerful opener; our Expert Interviews with Annette Simmons and PaulSmith offer some useful tips on doing this.

Planning also helps you to think on your feet. This is especially important for

unpredictable question and answer sessions or last-minute communications.

Tip:

Remember that not all public speaking will be scheduled. You can make good

impromptu speeches by having ideas and mini-speeches pre-prepared. It also helps to

have a good, thorough understanding of what's going on in your organization andindustry.

Practice

There's a good reason that we say, "Practice makes perfect!" You simply cannot be a

confident, compelling speaker without practice.

To get practice, seek opportunities to speak in front of others. For example,

Toastmasters is a club geared specifically towards aspiring speakers, and you can get

plenty of practice at Toastmasters sessions. You could also put yourself in situations
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that require public speaking, such as by cross-training a group from another department,

or by volunteering to speak at team meetings.

If you're going to be delivering a presentation or prepared speech, create it as early as

possible. The earlier you put it together, the more time you'll have to practice.

Practice it plenty of times alone, using the resources you'll rely on at the event, and, as

you practice, tweak your words until they flow smoothly and easily.

Then, if appropriate, do a dummy run in front of a small audience: this will help you

calm your jitters and make you feel more comfortable with the material. Your audience

can also give you useful feedback, both on your material and on your performance.

Engage With Your Audience

When you speak, try to engage your audience. This makes you feel less isolated as a

speaker and keeps everyone involved with your message. If appropriate, askleading

questions targeted to individuals or groups, and encourage people to participate and ask

questions.

Keep in mind that some words reduce your power as a speaker. For instance, think

about how these sentences sound: "I just want to add that I think we can meet these

goals" or "I just think this plan is a good one." The words "just" and "I think" limit your

authority and conviction. Don't use them.

A similar word is "actually," as in, "Actually, I'd like to add that we were under budget

last quarter." When you use "actually," it conveys a sense of submissiveness or evensurprise. Instead, say what things are. "We were under budget last quarter" is clear and

direct.

Also, pay attention to how you're speaking. If you're nervous, you might talk quickly.

This increases the chances that you'll trip over your words, or say something you don't

mean. Force yourself to slow down by breathing deeply. Don't be afraid to gather your

thoughts; pauses are an important part of conversation, and they make you sound

confident, natural, and authentic.

Finally, avoid reading word-for-word from your notes. Instead, make a list of important

points on cue cards, or, as you get better at public speaking, try to memorize what you'regoing to say you can still refer back to your cue cards when you need them.

Pay Attention to Body Language

If you're unaware of it, yourbody languagewill give your audience constant, subtle

clues about your inner state. If you're nervous, or if you don't believe in what you're

saying, the audience can soon know.

Pay attention to your body language: stand up straight, take deep breaths, look people in

the eye, and smile. Don't lean on one leg or use gestures that feel unnatural.
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Many people prefer to speak behind a podium when giving presentations. While

podiums can be useful for holding notes, they put a barrier between you and the

audience. They can also become a "crutch," giving you a hiding place from the dozens

or hundreds of eyes that are on you.

Instead of standing behind a podium, walk around and use gestures to engage theaudience. This movement and energy will also come through in your voice, making it

more active and passionate.

Think Positively

Positive thinking can make a huge difference to the success of your communication,

because it helps you feel more confident.

Fear makes it all too easy to slip into a cycle of negative self-talk, especially right

before you speak, while self-sabotaging thoughts such as "I'll never be good at this!" or

"I'm going to fall flat on my face!" lower your confidence and increase the chances that

you won't achieve what you're truly capable of.

Use affirmations and visualization to raise your confidence. This is especially important

right before your speech or presentation. Visualize giving a successful presentation, and

imagine how you'll feel once it's over and when you've made a positive difference for

others. Use positive affirmations such as "I'm grateful I have the opportunity to help my

audience" or "I'm going to do well!"

Cope With Nerves

How often have you listened to or watched a speaker who really messed up? Chances

are, the answer is "not very often."

When we have to speak in front of others, we can envision terrible things happening.

We imagine forgetting every point we want to make, passing out from our nervousness,

or doing so horribly that we'll lose our job. But those things almost never come to pass!

We build them up in our minds and end up more nervous than we need to be.

Many people cite public speaking as their biggest fear, and a fear of failure is often at

the root of this. Public speaking can lead your "fight or flight" response to kick in:

adrenaline courses through your bloodstream, your heart rate increases, you sweat, andyour breath becomes fast and shallow.

Although these symptoms can be annoying or even debilitating, the Inverted-UModel

shows that a certain amount of pressure enhances performance. By changing your

mindset, you can use nervous energy to your advantage.

First, make an effort to stop thinking about yourself, your nervousness, and your fear.

Instead, focus on your audience: what you're saying is "about them." Remember that

you're trying to help or educate them in some way, and your message is more important

than your fear. Concentrate on the audience's wants and needs, instead of your own.
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If time allows, use deep breathing exercises to slow your heart rate and give your body

the oxygen it needs to perform. This is especially important right before you speak.

Take deep breaths from your belly, hold each one for several seconds, and let it out

slowly.

Crowds are more intimidating than individuals, so think of your speech as aconversation that you're having with one person. Although your audience may be 100

people, focus on one friendly face at a time, and talk to that person as if he or she is the

only one in the room.

Watch Recordings of Your Speeches

Whenever possible, record your presentations and speeches. You can improve your

speaking skills dramatically by watching yourself later, and then working on improving

in areas that didn't go well.

As you watch, notice any verbal stalls, such as "um" or "like." Look at your body

language: are you swaying, leaning on the podium, or leaning heavily on one leg? Are

you looking at the audience? Did you smile? Did you speak clearly at all times?

Pay attention to your gestures. Do they appear natural or forced? Make sure that people

can see them, especially if you're standing behind a podium.

Last, look at how you handled interruptions, such as a sneeze or a question that you

weren't prepared for. Does your face show surprise, hesitation, or annoyance? If so,

practice managing interruptions like these smoothly, so that you're even better next

time.

Key Points

Chances are that you'll sometimes have to speak in public as part of your role. While

this can seem intimidating, the benefits of being able to speak well outweigh any

perceived fears. To become a better speaker, use the following strategies:

Plan appropriately.

Practice. Engage with your audience.

Pay attention to body language.

Think positively.

Cope with your nerves.

Watch recordings of your speeches.

If you speak well in public, it can help you get a job or promotion, raise awareness for

your team or organization, and educate others. The more you push yourself to speak in

front of others, the better you'll become, and the more confidence you'll have.
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The Johari Window

Using Self-Discovery and Communication to Build

Trust

The Johari Window improves communication and trust.

iStockphoto/Photomorphic

Have you ever been part of a team where everyone was completely open with one

another?

If so, then the chances are that you worked extremely effectively together. You knew

your co-workers very well, and there was a solid foundation of trust between you. As a

result of this positive working environment, you probably accomplished a great dealwith this group.

Most of us realize that teams rely on trust in order to function productively, but how do

you go about building that trust?

The Johari Window is a model that helps you do this, and it helps you learn important

things about yourself, and so develop as a human being.

In this article we'll look at how the Johari Window works, and we'll see how you can

use it with your team to improve communication and trust.

About the Model

The Johari Window is a communication model that is used to improve understanding

between individuals. The word "Johari" is taken from the names of Joseph Luft and

Harry Ingham, who developed the model in 1955.

There are two key ideas behind the tool:

1. That you can build trust with others by disclosing information about yourself.

2. That, with the help of feedback from others, you can learn about yourself andcome to terms with personal issues.


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By explaining the idea of the Johari Window, you can help team members to understand

the value of self-disclosure, and you can encourage them to give, and accept,

constructive feedback.

Done sensitively, this can help people build better, more trusting relationships with one

another, solve issues, and work more effectively as a team.

Explaining the Johari Window

The Johari Window is shown as a four-quadrant grid, which you can see in the diagram

below.

The four quadrants are:

1. Open Area (Quadrant 1)

This quadrant represents the things that you know about yourself, and the things that

others know about you. This includes your behavior, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and

"public" history.

2. Blind Area (Quadrant 2)

This quadrant represents things about you that you aren't aware of, but that are knownby others.

This can include simple information that you do not know, or it can involve deep issues

(for example, feelings of inadequacy, incompetence, unworthiness, or rejection), which

are often difficult for individuals to face directly, and yet can be seen by others.

3. Hidden Area (Quadrant 3)

This quadrant represents things that you know about yourself, but that others don't

know.

4. Unknown Area (Quadrant 4)


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This last quadrant represents things that are unknown by you, and are unknown by

others.

The End Goal

The ultimate goal of the Johari Window is to enlarge the Open Area, without disclosing

information that is too personal. The Open Area is the most important quadrant, as,

generally, the more your people know about each other, the more productive,

cooperative, and effective they'll be when working together.

The process of enlarging the Open Area quadrant is called "self-disclosure," and it's a

give-and-take process that takes place between yourself and the people that you're

interacting with.

As you share information, your Open Area expands vertically and your Hidden Area

gets smaller. As people on your teamprovide feedbackto you about what they know orsee about you, your Open Area expands horizontally, and your Blind Area gets smaller.

Done well, the process of give and take, sharing, and open communication builds trust

within the group.

At first glance, the Johari Window may look like a complex tool, but it's actually very

easy to understand with just a little effort. As such, it provides a visual reference that

people can use to look at their own character, and it illustrates the importance of

sharing, being open, and accepting feedback from others.

People who have a large Open Area are usually very easy to talk to, they communicatehonestly and openly with others, and they get along well with a group. People who have

a very small Open Area are difficult to talk to, they seem closed off and

uncommunicative, and they often don't work well with others, because they're not

trusted.

Other people might have a large Blind Area, with many issues that they haven't

identified or dealt with yet. However, others can see these issues clearly. These people

might have low self-esteem, or they may even have anger issues when working with

others.

Using the Tool

The process of enlarging your Open Area involves self-disclosure. Put simply, the more

you (sensibly) open up and disclose your thoughts, feelings, dreams, and goals, the

more you're going tobuild trust with your team.

Tip:

Try to avoid "over-sharing" in your self-disclosure. Disclosing small, harmless items

builds trust, however, avoid disclosing personal information which could damagepeople's respect for you.
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Another important aspect of enlarging your Open Area is accepting feedback from

others on your team. This feedback helps you learn things about yourself that others can

see, but that you can't. This is important for personal growth.

Tip:

Be careful in the way you give feedback. Some cultures have a very open and accepting

approach to feedback, but others don't.

You can cause incredible offense if you offer personal feedback to someone who's not

used to it, so be sensitive, and start gradually.

If someone is interested in learning more about you, they can reciprocate by disclosing

information in their hidden quadrant.

For example, imagine that you tell someone on your team that you're interested in going

to business school to get your MBA. She responds by telling you that she enrolled just a

few months ago, and then she tells you all about the MBA program that she's involved

with. You reciprocate by opening up about your career goals, and you discuss how an

MBA will help you achieve them.

As a person's level of confidence and self-esteem rises, it becomes easier to invite others

to comment on their blind spots. Obviously,active andempathic listening skills areuseful in this exercise.

The Johari Window in a Team Context

Keep in mind that established team members will have larger open areas than new team

members. New team members start with smaller open areas, because they haven't yet

had the opportunity to share much information about themselves.

Feedback

The importance of feedback in this process can't be overstated. It's only by receiving

feedback from others that your Blind Area will be reduced, and your Open Area will be

expanded.

Group members should strive to help other team members to expand their Open Area by

offering constructive feedback. The size of the Open Area can also be expanded

vertically downwards into the Hidden Area, as people disclose information and feelings

to the group.

Also, group members can help a person expand their Open Area into the Hidden Area

by asking personal questions. Managers and team leaders play a key role here, by
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teaching team members how to give constructive feedbackto individuals about their

own Blind Areas.

Tip:The Johari Window is often used with a list of 56 adjectives such as "kind," "clever," or

"idealistic." These adjectives can be used with the group to describe the person that

everyone is focused on. You can see a list of adjectives to use here.

Key Points

Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham developed the Johari Window in 1955. The tool is a

useful visual representation of a person's character, and is represented with a four-quadrant grid.

The goal of the Johari Window is to demonstrate the importance of open

communication, and to explain its effect on group trust. The model also teaches you the

importance of self-disclosure, and shows how group feedback can help you grow, both

personally and professionally.

Your Open Area is expanded vertically with self-disclosure, and horizontally with

feedback from others on your team. By encouraging healthy self-disclosure and

sensitive feedback, you can build a stronger and more effective team.

Affinity Diagrams

Organizing Ideas Into Common Themes

Group similar items together..

iStockphoto/mura

Is it ever a bad thing to have too many ideas? Probably not, but if you've everexperienced information overload or struggled to know where to begin with a wealth of
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data you've been given, you may have wondered how you can use all of these ideas

effectively.

When there's lots of "stuff" coming at you, it is hard to sort through everything and

organize the information in a way that makes sense and helps you make decisions.

Whether you're brainstorming ideas, trying to solve a problem or analyzing a situation,when you are dealing with lots of information from a variety of sources, you can end up

spending a huge amount of time trying to assimilate all the little bits and pieces. Rather

than letting the disjointed information get the better of you, you can use an affinity

diagram to help you organize it.

Also called the KJ method, after its developer Kawakita Jiro (a Japanese anthropologist)

an affinity diagram helps to synthesize large amounts of data by finding relationships

between ideas. The information is then gradually structured from the bottom up into

meaningful groups. From there you can clearly "see" what you have, and then begin

your analysis or come to a decision.

Affinity diagrams can be used to:

Draw out common themes from a large amount of information

Discover previously unseen connections between various ideas or information

Brainstorm root causes and solutions to a problem

Because many decision-making exercises begin with brainstorming, this is one of the

most common applications of affinity diagrams. After a brainstorming session there are

usually pages of ideas. These won't have been censored or edited in any way, many of

them will be very similar, and many will also be closely related to others in a variety of

ways. What an affinity diagram does is start to group the ideas into themes.

From the chaos of the randomly generated ideas comes an insight into the common

threads that link groups of them together. From there the solution or best idea often

emerges quite naturally. This is why affinity diagrams are so powerful and why the

Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers consider them one of the "seven

management tools."


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Affinity diagrams are not the domain of brainstorming alone though. They can be used

in any situation where:

The solution is not readily apparent

You want to reach a consensus or decision and have a lot of variables to

consider, concepts to discuss, ideas to connect, or opinions to incorporate There is a large volume of information to sort through

Here is a step-by-step guide to using affinity diagrams along with a simple example to

show how the process works.

How to Use the Tool

1. Describe the problem or issue

1. Generate ideas bybrainstorming. Write each idea on a separate sticky note and

put these on a wall or flip chart. Remember to:

Emphasize volume

Suspend judgment

Piggyback on other ideas
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1. Sort ideas into natural themes by asking:

What ideas are similar?

Is this idea connected to any of the others?

If you're working in a team:

Separate into smaller groups of 3 to 4 people

Sort the ideas IN SILENCE so that no one is influenced by anyone else's

comments

Keep moving the cards around until consensus is reached


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1. Create total group consensus

Discuss the shared meaning of each of the sorted groups

Continue until consensus is reached If some ideas do not fit into any theme, separate them as "stand-alone"

ideas

If some ideas fit into more than one theme, create a duplicate card and

put it in the proper group

Try to limit the total number of themes to between five and nine

2. Create theme cards (also called affinity cards or header cards)

Create a short 3-5 word description for the relationship

If you're working in a group, do this together, out loud

Write this theme/header on a blank card and place at the top of the groupit describes

Create a "super-headers" where necessary to group themes

Use a "sub-header" card where necessary as well


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1. Continue to group the themes/headers until you have reached the broadest, but

still meaningful, categories possible

Draw lines connecting the super-headers, themes/headers, and sub-

headers You'll end up with a hierarchical structure that shows, at a glance, where

the relationships are

Tip:

Grouping ideas under headings, and then grouping headings under super-headers in an

affinity diagram is a practical way of "chunking" information generated in

brainstorming sessions, during process mapping, or even a planning exercise. Click here

for more information onChunking.

Key Points

Affinity diagrams are great tools for assimilating and understanding large amounts of

information. When you work through the process of creating relationships and working

backward from detailed information to broad themes, you get an insight you would not

otherwise find. The next time you are confronting a large amount of information or

number of ideas and you feel overwhelmed at first glance, use the affinity diagram

approach to discover all the hidden linkages. When you cannot see the forest for the

trees, an affinity diagram may be exactly what you need to get back in focus
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