Principles of Management

Managers as Leaders

CHAPTER-8

AFTER STUDYING THIS LECTURE, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

Define leadership. Asses how theories of Leadership help

manger at workplace to guide and motivate the peoples.

Describe modern views of leadership. Articulate the differences of leadership

theories. Discuss contemporary issues affecting

leadership.

Someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority

The process of influencing a group towards the achievement of goals

Simply…..

Leading people

Influencing people

Commanding people

Guiding people

Managers vs. Leaders

Managers Focus on things Do things right Plan Organize Direct Control Follows the rules

Leaders Focus on people Do the right things Inspire Influence Motivate Build Shape entities

Trait Theories (1920s-30s)

Research focused on identifying personal characteristics that differentiated leaders from non-leaders was unsuccessful.

Later research on the leadership process identified seven traits associated with successful leadership:

Drive, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, job-relevant knowledge, and extraversion

Seven Traits Associated with Leadership

Leadership theories that identified behaviors that differentiated effective

leaders from ineffective leadersFour main behavioral studies

1-University of Iowa

Democratic Style:Involving subordinates, delegating authority & encouraging participation

Autocratic Style:Dictating work methods, centralized decision making & limited participation

Example: leadership in Army

Laissez-faire style:Giving group freedom to make decisions & make complete work

------------------------------------------------------------------------- Research findings: mixed resultsDemocratic style of leadership was most effective, although later

studies showed mix result.

2-Ohio State Studies

Identified two dimensions of leader behavior

Initiating structure: the role of the leader in defining his or her role and the roles of group members

Consideration: the leader’s mutual trust and respect for group members’ ideas and feelings.

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Research findings: mixed results

High-high leaders generally, but not always, achieved high group task performance and satisfaction.

Evidence indicated that situational factors appeared to strongly influence leadership effectiveness.

3-University of Michigan Studies

Identified two dimensions of leader behavior

Employee oriented: emphasizing personal relationships

Production oriented: emphasizing task accomplishment

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Research findings:

Leaders who are employee oriented are strongly associated with high group productivity and high job satisfaction.

4-Managerial Grid

Appraises leadership styles using two dimensions

Concern for People:Measured leader’s concern for subordinates on a scale of 1-9

(low to high)Concern for Production:

Measured leaders’ concern for getting job done on a scale of 1-9

(low to high)