Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.
-
Upload
ursula-gray -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.
![Page 1: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mali a country surviving in the Sahel
![Page 2: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.
![Page 3: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The center of the kingdom
was Timbuktu. It was famous as a center of
business, religion, and education.
![Page 4: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mali lost power in the 1500s. It still exists today, but without the
glory of the past.
![Page 5: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Timbuktu today is still very traditional.
Water comes
from wells. Shared water
faucets (like this one) are
more modern.
![Page 6: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bread is still baked
in traditional
ovens.
![Page 7: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Open-air markets
are common.
![Page 8: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Islam is still the main religion.
Adobe-style mosques in Mali can be simple. . .
![Page 9: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
. . .or very fancy.
![Page 10: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mali is in the Sahel
- a dry grassland area south of the
Sahara Desert.
![Page 11: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Sahel doesn’t have a lot of trees or grass, and rainfall is unpredictable.
![Page 12: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
And since the 1970s, rainfall has decreased. That means harvests
are reduced and people are struggling to survive.
It’s a tough place to live. The rainy season is short
(June to September), so it’s hard to farm.
![Page 13: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Sahara Desert grows when drought comes. It takes over Sahel
land.
![Page 14: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Land that was dry grassland slowly becomes desert - “desertification.”
![Page 15: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Drought is not the only reason desertification happens.
There is a HIGH birth rate in the Sahel. 45% of the population is
younger than 15 years old.
More people means the land is overworked.
![Page 16: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
More people need more things:-- more firewood
-- more wood for housing
So they over-harvest the small trees they have.
![Page 17: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Slash-
and-
burn
methods are used to clear more farmland to grow more
food for more people.
![Page 18: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Land is overgrazed by herders. When the animals tear up most the plants and eat even the roots, it’s hard for the plants to grow back.
![Page 19: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Overharvesting trees, increased slash-and-burn farming, and
overgrazing lead to naked land -- and that leads to erosion.
http://desertification.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/mali-nov-09-006.jpg
![Page 20: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Exposed topsoil can be blown away by the wind or washed away in
rainstorms.
http://prod-images.exhibit-e.com/templates_exhibit-e_com/Dust_Storm1983_Horizontal0.jpg
![Page 21: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
This is a Sahel farmer’s millet field. He has finished his harvest for this
season.
How fertile does this soil look?
![Page 22: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Blowing dirt and sand damages the plants and trees that are still there,
covering some and exposing the roots of others.
![Page 23: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
These dust storms damage machinery.
Wind-blown dust can also worsen health
problems, including eye infections, respiratory
illnesses, and allergies.
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/small-girl-child-rubbing-eyes-2733351.jpg
![Page 24: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The erosion is also damaging the Sahel’s main water source – the
Niger River.
![Page 25: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The river is getting clogged up from erosion.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Niger_river_at_Koulikoro.jpg
![Page 26: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Niger River is the 3rd largest river in Africa, and several Sahel countries depend on it for water.
It is also a major transportation route.
![Page 27: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Forty years ago, the Niger River was navigable from July through January.
But today, you can’t get through in July, August, September, or most of October. By the end of October, you can finally sail
the river.
![Page 28: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
And between drought and erosion run-
off, the tributaries of the Niger are
also disappearing.
http://wellsbringhope.org/images/uploads/blog_images/Dry_Riverbed.jpg
![Page 29: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
This means there is less water for crop irrigation, for herds, and for
people.
![Page 30: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“Green Belts” – strips of grassland – help protect the Sahel from the growing
Sahara Desert.
Some of these grow naturally;
others are being planted.
http://ts4.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.4922823957089959&pid=15.1
![Page 31: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Satellite photographs show that the Sahara has shrunk some in the last
15 years.
Trees and farmland are GROWING.
![Page 32: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
This farm in the Sahel was bare less than 20 years ago.
![Page 33: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Example:Stones lined up
across fields slow erosion.
Reasons:-- more rainfall
-- better farming practices
http://www.fredhoogervorst.com/oni.app/local/upload/02599.jpg
![Page 34: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Another example:Dig a small “valley” and plant your garden there. It will protect your field from wind
erosion and catch more water.
![Page 35: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Local reforestation programs are helping protect the Sahel from desertification.
But much more needs to be done.
http://desertification.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/1988-07-02-making-plantpits.jpg?w=640 http://ts4.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.5041833196456827&pid=15.1
![Page 36: Mali a country surviving in the Sahel. Mali was a powerful African kingdom during the 1300s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/5a4d1ada7f8b9ab059974766/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Desertification is happening all over the world. But it is most serious in Africa, where 2/3 of the continent is already dry grasslands or desert.