Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

20
Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s

Transcript of Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Page 1: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Mongol Conquests and Empire

1200s - 1300s

Mongol Conquests and Empire1200s -

1300s

Page 2: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

““The greatest happiness is to The greatest happiness is to scatter your enemy, to see his scatter your enemy, to see his cities reduced to ashes, to see cities reduced to ashes, to see those who love him shrouded in those who love him shrouded in tears, and to carry off his tears, and to carry off his wives and daughters.”  wives and daughters.”   TemujinTemujin

(a.k.a. Chinggis Khan)(a.k.a. Chinggis Khan)(a.k.a. Genghis Khan)(a.k.a. Genghis Khan)

Don’t Write

Page 3: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Generally speaking, the Generally speaking, the Mongols:Mongols:

Had few technological breakthroughsHad few technological breakthroughs Spread no new religionsSpread no new religions Wrote few books and playsWrote few books and plays Brought no new crops or agricultural methodsBrought no new crops or agricultural methods Left few artifacts and buildingsLeft few artifacts and buildings Didn’t hold on to an empire very longDidn’t hold on to an empire very long

Page 4: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.
Page 5: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

According to many perspectives in different times, the Mongols:• were destroyers of

civilizations• were ruthless

uncivilized barbarians

• were evil forces against Christians, Buddhists, Confucians, or Muslims

Page 6: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

• In other places, they (especially Genghis Khan) are revered.

Page 7: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

They lived on horseback.

• Ate there, slept there, spent a week or more there.

• Especially fought from there.

• Opposing armies were not prepared for this style of rapid, mobile warfare.

Page 8: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

• Mongolian horses were slightly smaller than most other breeds and would lose in a race.

• BUT… they were tough and the Mongols fought much lighter than most of their opponents, so they could still outmaneuver, outlast, and go faster than their enemies.

Page 9: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

• The Mongols were skilled horsemen and mounted archers. Their bows were the best of the time.

The main weapons were the, axe, and bow.

• Heavier cavalry also used lances.

Page 10: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Strong Equestrians and ArchersStrong Equestrians and Archers The Mongols were oriented The Mongols were oriented

around extreme mobility. around extreme mobility. They carried their houses They carried their houses with them, drank their with them, drank their own horse's blood to stay own horse's blood to stay alive, and could travel alive, and could travel up to 62 miles per day. up to 62 miles per day.

They had an elaborate They had an elaborate priority-mail-system priority-mail-system which allowed orders to which allowed orders to be transmitted rapidly be transmitted rapidly across Eurasiaacross Eurasia..

Mongol archers were very Mongol archers were very deadly and accuratedeadly and accurate• Their arrows could kill Their arrows could kill

enemies at 350 yardsenemies at 350 yards

Page 11: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Mongol War Equipment (don’t Mongol War Equipment (don’t write)write)

The warrior carried a The warrior carried a protective shield made of protective shield made of light leather armorlight leather armor• which was impregnated with a which was impregnated with a

lacquer-like substance in lacquer-like substance in order to make it more order to make it more impervious to penetration by impervious to penetration by arrows, swords and knives, arrows, swords and knives, and also to protect it and also to protect it against humid weatheragainst humid weather

The Mongol warrior used The Mongol warrior used to wear Chinese silk to wear Chinese silk underwear, if it could be underwear, if it could be obtained, because it was obtained, because it was a very tough substancea very tough substance• If arrows are shot from a If arrows are shot from a

long distance, it would not long distance, it would not penetrate the silkpenetrate the silk

• It would also prevent poison It would also prevent poison from entering the bloodstreamfrom entering the bloodstream

During winter they wore During winter they wore several layers of wool as several layers of wool as well as heavy leather boots well as heavy leather boots with felt socks on their with felt socks on their feet. feet.

The legs were often protected The legs were often protected by overlapping iron plates by overlapping iron plates resembling fish scales, which resembling fish scales, which were sewn into the boots.were sewn into the boots.

Each warrior carried a battle Each warrior carried a battle axe, a curved sword known as axe, a curved sword known as scimitar; a lance, and two scimitar; a lance, and two versions of their most famous versions of their most famous weapon: the Mongol re-curved weapon: the Mongol re-curved bow. bow. • One of the bows was light One of the bows was light

and could be fired rapidly and could be fired rapidly from horseback, the other from horseback, the other one was heavier and one was heavier and designed for long-range designed for long-range use from a ground positionuse from a ground position

Page 12: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

The Mongol bow: (Don’t Write)

•Their draw weight was 100-170 pounds and had an effective range of 350 yards.

• Compare this to the celebrated English longbow which had a draw weight of 70-80 pounds and a range of 250 yards.

Page 13: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

The Mongol Empire at its height

Page 14: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

The Mongols and Eurasian EmpireThe Mongols and Eurasian Empire

Built the largest Built the largest empire in history empire in history stretching from stretching from Poland to ChinaPoland to China

13.8 million 13.8 million square milessquare miles

100 million 100 million peoplepeople Genghis Khan

Page 15: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Central Asian Central Asian Nomads-Nomads-

(Constantly (Constantly Moving)Moving)

Social Classes – based on abilities Social Classes – based on abilities Women had greater status than in most settled Women had greater status than in most settled

regions.regions. Leaders were “elected” by the free men of the clan, Leaders were “elected” by the free men of the clan,

tribe, or confederation. tribe, or confederation.

Page 16: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

ConquestsConquests Under the leadership of Under the leadership of

Genghis Khan, the Genghis Khan, the combination of Mongol combination of Mongol discipline, technology, discipline, technology, strategy, and ruthlessness strategy, and ruthlessness helped the Mongols take helped the Mongols take control of Central Asia, then control of Central Asia, then Northern China.Northern China.

By Genghis Khan’s death in By Genghis Khan’s death in 1220s, Mongol armies had 1220s, Mongol armies had moved west into the Islamic moved west into the Islamic lands and Central Europe.lands and Central Europe.

1206-1227

Page 17: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

• Genghis was exceptionally ruthless, but also very shrewd.

• He was excellent at exploiting new technologies and tactics.

• Had a spy network that reported on happenings elsewhere.

• Was good at playing rivals against each other.

Page 18: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Chronology of the Mongol EmpireChronology of the Mongol Empire

1206-12271206-1227 Reign of Genghis KhanReign of Genghis Khan

1211-12341211-1234 Conquest of northern ChinaConquest of northern China

1219-12211219-1221 Conquest of PersiaConquest of Persia

1237-12411237-1241 Conquest of RussiaConquest of Russia

12581258 Capture of BaghdadCapture of Baghdad

1264-12791264-1279 Conquest of southern ChinaConquest of southern China

Page 19: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.
Page 20: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200s - 1300s.

Also

The Mongols made an impact by . . .

• adapting the use of gunpowder, improving it, and spreading its use.

• spreading the Bubonic Plague (the Black Death)

• Creating a situation in which new groups could take control of territories after the Mongols retreated (Ottoman Turks)