Male Reproductive Anatomy(Front View)

Seminalvesicle(behind bladder)

Urethra

Scrotum

(Urinarybladder)

Prostate gland

Bulbourethralgland

Erectile tissueof penis

Vas deferens

Epididymis

Testis

Male Reproductive Anatomy(Side View)

Seminal vesicle

(Rectum)

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral gland

Vas deferens EpididymisTestisScrotum

(Urinarybladder)

(Urinaryduct)

(Pubic bone)

Erectiletissue

Urethra

Glans

Prepuce

Penis

Female Reproductive Anatomy(Front View)

OvariesOviduct

FolliclesCorpus luteum

Uterine wallUterus

Cervix

Endometrium

Vagina

Female Reproductive Anatomy(Side View)

(Rectum)

Cervix

Vagina

Vaginal opening

Oviduct

Ovary

Uterus

(Urinary bladder)

(Pubic bone)

Urethra

ClitorisShaftGlansPrepuce

Labia minora

Labia majora

SpermatogenesisEpididymis

Seminiferous tubule

Testis

Cross sectionof seminiferoustubule

Sertoli cellnucleus

Primordial germ cell in embryo

Mitotic divisions

Spermatogonialstem cell

Mitotic divisions

Mitotic divisions

Spermatogonium

Primary spermatocyte

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Secondary spermatocyteLumen ofseminiferous tubule

Plasma membrane

Tail

Neck

Midpiece Head

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Acrosome

Spermatids(at two stages ofdifferentiation)

Earlyspermatid

Differentiation(Sertoli cellsprovide nutrients)

Sperm

2n

2n

2n

n n

n n n n

n n n n

Spermatogenesis (Expanded View)

Epididymis

Seminiferous tubuleSertoli cellnucleus

Testis

Cross sectionof seminiferoustubule

Spermatogonium

Primary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Spermatids(two stages)

SpermLumen ofseminiferous tubule

SpermatogenesisPrimordial germ cell in embryo

Mitotic divisions

Spermatogonialstem cell

Mitotic divisions

Spermatogonium

Mitotic divisions

Primary spermatocyte

Meiosis I

Secondary spermatocyte

Meiosis II

Earlyspermatid

Differentiation (Sertolicells provide nutrients)

Sperm

2n

2n

2n

n n

n n n n

n n n n

Anatomy of Spermatozoon

Plasma membrane

Tail

Neck

Midpiece Head

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Acrosome

OogenesisOvary

In embryo

Primordial germ cell

Mitotic divisions

Oogonium

Mitotic divisions

Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I

Firstpolarbody

Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II

Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II

Ovulation, sperm entry

Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody

Fertilized egg

Primaryoocytewithinfollicle

Growingfollicle

Mature follicle

Rupturedfollicle

Ovulatedsecondary oocyte

Corpus luteum

Degeneratingcorpus luteum

2n

2n

nn

n

n

Oogenesis (Expanded View)Ovary

Primaryoocytewithinfollicle

Rupturedfollicle

Growingfollicle

Mature follicle

Ovulatedsecondary oocyte

Corpus luteum

Degeneratingcorpus luteum

Oogenesis (Expanded)

Primordial germ cell

Mitotic divisions

Oogonium

Mitotic divisions

Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I

Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II

Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II

Firstpolarbody

Ovulation, sperm entry

Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody

Fertilized egg

2n

2n

nn

n

n

In embryo

Anatomy of Ovum

Second polar body

Spermatogenesis v. Oogenesis

Hormonal Control in Males

Hypothalamus

GnRH

FSH

Anterior pituitary

Sertoli cells Leydig cells

Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone

Testis

LH

Neg

ativ

e fe

edb

ack

Neg

ativ

e fe

edb

ack

– –

–

(a) Control by hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior pituitary

1

Inhibited by combination ofestradiol and progesteroneStimulated by high levelsof estradiol

Inhibited by low levels of estradiol

2 FSH LH

Pituitary gonadotropinsin blood

(b)6

FSH

LH

FSH and LH stimulatefollicle to grow

LH surge triggersovulation

3

Ovarian cycle 8(c) 7

Growing follicle Maturingfollicle

Corpusluteum

Degeneratingcorpus luteum

Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase

Estradiol secretedby growing follicle inincreasing amounts

Progesterone andestradiol secretedby corpus luteum

4

Ovarian hormones in blood

Peak causesLH surge

(d)5

Estradiol Progesterone 910

Estradiol levelvery low

Progesterone and estra-diol promote thickeningof endometrium

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

Endometrium

(e)

Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase

Day

s

0 5 10 14 20 25 28| | |

15| | | | |

–

–

+Hormonal Control in Females

Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone

Stimulated by high levelsof estradiol

Inhibited by low levels of estradiol

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Anterior pituitary

FSH LH

Pituitary gonadotropinsin blood

LH

FSH

FSH and LH stimulatefollicle to grow

LH surge triggersovulation

Ovarian cycle

Growing follicle Maturingfollicle

Corpusluteum

Degeneratingcorpus luteum

Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase

(a)

(b)

(c)

Da

ys

0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28| | | | | | | |

–

–

+

Horm

onal C

ontrol in

Fem

ales (E

xpan

ded

View

)

Ovarian hormones in blood

Peak causesLH surge

Estradiol level very low

Estradiol Progesterone

Ovulation Progesterone and estra-diol promote thickeningof endometrium

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

Endometrium

0 5 10 14 20 25 28| | | | | | | |

Da

ys

15

Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase

(d)

(e)

Hormonal Control in Females (Expanded View)

Ovary

Uterus

Endometrium(a) From ovulation to implantation

(b) Implantation of blastocyst

Cleavage

Fertilization

Ovulation

Cleavage continues

The blastocystimplants

Trophoblast

Inner cell mass

Cavity

Blastocyst

Endo-metrium

1

2

3

4

5

Hormones During Pregnancy

Maternal Fetal Blood Flow

Placenta

Uterus

Umbilical cord

Chorionic villus,containing fetalcapillaries

Maternal bloodpools

Maternalarteries

Maternalveins

Maternalportionof placenta

Fetal arterioleFetal venuleUmbilical cord

Fetalportion ofplacenta(chorion)

Umbilicalarteries

Umbilicalvein

Placental Crossing

Fig. 46-17

(a) First Trimester (b) Second Trimester (c) Third Trimester

Fig. 46-17a

(a) First Trimester

Fig. 46-17b

(b) Second Trimester

Fig. 46-17c

(c) Third Trimester

Estradiol Oxytocin

fromovaries

Induces oxytocinreceptors on uterus

from fetusand mother’sposterior pituitary

Stimulates uterusto contract

Stimulates placenta to make

Prostaglandins

Stimulate morecontractions

of uterus

Po

siti

ve

fee

db

ac

k

+

+

3

2

1 Dilation of the cervix

Placenta

Umbilical cord

Uterus

Cervix

Expulsion: delivery of the infant

Uterus

Placenta(detaching)

Umbilicalcord

Delivery of the placenta

Birthing Process

Fig. 46-19-1

PlacentaUmbilical cord

Uterus

Cervix

Dilation of the cervix1

Fig. 46-19-2

Expulsion: delivery of the infant2

Fig. 46-19-3

Delivery of the placenta

Uterus

Placenta(detaching)

Umbilicalcord

3

Male Female

Method Event Event Method

Production ofsperm

Production ofprimary oocytes

Vasectomy Combination birth controlpill (or injection, patch, orvaginal ring)Sperm transport

down maleduct system

Oocytedevelopmentand ovulation

Abstinence

Condom

Coitusinterruptus(very highfailure rate)

Abstinence

Spermdepositedin vagina

Capture of theoocyte by the

oviduct

Tubal ligation

Female condom

Spermmovement

throughfemale

reproductivetract

Transportof oocyte in

oviduct

Spermicides;diaphragm;cervical cap;progestin alone(as minipill,implant,or injection)

Meeting of sperm and oocytein oviduct

Union of sperm and eggMorning-afterpill; intrauterinedevice (IUD)

Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium

Methods Of Birth Control

In-Vitro Fertilization

Ethics of In-Vitro Fertilization

• Advantages of IVF: there are as many reasons for this treatment as there are people seeking this treatment. – over comes infertility

– allow families for people who must be sterilised e.g.. radiography/chemo therapy cancer patients

• Disadvantages of IVF:– what happens to unwanted embryo's

– what happens to orphaned embryo's

– should infertility be by-passed