Malaysian Economy

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)

Professor Dr. Ahmad Bin Othman

School of Business and ManagementUniversity College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS)

96000 Sibu, Sarawak

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Today’s Agenda (Week #7)

Education and human capital formation

Malaysia’s education system in historical perspective

Financing education

Expansion in education: meeting quantitative targets

Quality issues in education

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History ofHistory of Education System

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Basic Facts

Malaysia’s education system – predominantly State controlled and financed.

The school system – 6-3-2-2

Education policy – based on 1956 Razak Report. It called for state controlled, financed and unified with a common national curriculum.

University and University College Act 1971, Amendments to AUKU 1995. Private Higher Education Institutions Act 1996

Education Act 1995 – aimed to enhance all round quality education

2004 MoHE was established to direct and regulate public and private higher education system

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Pre-school Education

Primary Education (6)

Lower Secondary Education (3)

Upper Secondary Education (2)

Post-secondary Education (2)

UPSR Examination

PMR Examination

SPM Examination

STPM Examination

The 6-3-2-2 System

EDUCATION

Pre-School

Attendance in a pre-school program is not universal

and generally only affluent families can afford to

send their children to private, for-profit pre-schools.

Primary Education

There are two main types of public primary schools in Malaysia:

national (Sekolah Kebangsaan in Malay, abbreviated as SK) and

national-type (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, abbreviated as SJK).

National-type schools are further divided into Chinese national-

type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina, SJK(C)) and Tamil

national-type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil, SJK(T)).

Primary education begins at the age of 7 and ends at 12.

Students are promoted to the next year regardless of their

academic performance (poor curriculum induced).

By degree of government funding, national schools are

government-operated, while national-type schools are mostly

government-assisted, though some are government-operated.

Primary education consists of six years of education, referred to as

Year 1 to Year 6 (also known as Standard 1 to Standard 6). Year 1 to

Year 3 are classified as Level One (Tahap Satu) while Year 4 to Year

6 are considered as Level Two (Tahap Dua).

From 1996 until 2000, the Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS) or the Level

One Evaluation was administered to Year 3 students. Excellence in

this test allowed students to skip Year 4 and attend Year 5 instead.

Secondary Education

Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary

schools (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) for five years.

National secondary schools use Malay as the main medium of

instruction.

• The only exceptions are the Mathematics and Science

subjects as well as languages other than Malay, however this

was only implemented in the year 2003.

Malaysian national secondary schools are sub-divided into several types:

1. National Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan)

2. Religious Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Agama)

3. National-Type Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan)

4. Technical Schools (Sekolah Menengah Teknik)

5. Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College (Maktab Rendah

Sains MARA).

Pre-University

After the SPM, students from public secondary school would have a

choice of either studying Form 6 or the matriculation (pre-

university). If they are accepted to continue studying in Form 6,

they will also take the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (which is

usually abbreviated as STPM) or Malaysian Higher School Certificate

examination

Form 6 consists of two years of study

1. Lower 6 (Tingkatan Enam Rendah)

2. Upper 6 (Tingkatan Enam Atas)

• Although it is generally taken by those desiring to attend

public universities in Malaysia, it is internationally recognised

and may also be used, though rarely required, to enter

private local universities for undergraduate courses.

Tertiary education

Tertiary Eduication is heavily subsidised by the government.

Applicants to public universities must have completed the

Malaysia matriculation programme or have an STPM grade.

Excellence in these examinations does not guarantee a place

in a public university.

The classification of tertiary education in Malaysia is

organised upon the Malaysian Qualifications Framework

(MQF) which seeks to set up a unified system of post

secondary qualifications offered on a national basis both

in the vocational as well as higher educational sectors.

Some foreign universities and colleges have also set up branch campuses in Malaysia, including:

Monash University, Australia.

The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

SAE Institute, Australia

Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

Curtin University of Technology, Australia

Raffles Design Institute, Singapore

Postgraduate programmes

Postgraduate degrees such as the Master of Business

Administration (MBA) and the Doctor of Business Administration

(DBA) are becoming popular and are offered by both the public

universities and the private colleges.

All public and most private universities in Malaysia offer Master of

Science degrees either through coursework or research and Doctor

of Philosophy degrees through research.

Vocational programmes and polytechnics schools

Besides the university degrees, students also have the option of

continuing their education in professional courses such as the

courses offered by the ICSA (Institute of Chartered Secretaries

and Administrators) etc. Polytechnics in Malaysia provide courses

for diploma level (3 years) and certificate level (2 years).

Other types of Schools

Islamic religious schools

Chinese independent high schools

International schools

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CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM • Syarat Kemasukan Am : • Guna CGPA 2.00 (Selepas

Semester 4) • Syarat2 khusus Insaniah (20%),

Vokasional (80%)• Elemen PBE, SE dan OJT• Kemahiran

kebolehkerjaan/Employability Skills

CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM :Selepas tamat tahun 2, LP akan anugerah Sijil Vokasional Malaysia (SVM) kepada semua pelajar.• LP iktiraf setara dengan SPM (B.Melayu)• 5 M/Pelajaran Akademik lain• Modul-Modul Vokasional • Modul Employability Skills• Akademik (30 %) Vokasional (70 %)

Tahap sijil yang diperolehi menentukan sama ada pelajar layak ke program diploma atau program Kemahiran yang lebih tinggi

SIJIL VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA MENJADI SYARAT KEMASUKAN DIPLOMA VOKASIONAL MALAYSIA

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PROFILE OF LABOUR FORCE, 1990-2010

‘000 persons

% 2000 % 2010 %1990

12,939.6Total Labour Force 7,042.0 9,572.5

Age Distribution 100.0 100.0 100.0

15-24 2,014.0 28.6 2,498.3 26.1 3,112.2 24.1

25-34 2,204.1 31.3 2,979.2 31.1 4,118.9 31.8

2,436.535-54 34.6 3,611.3 37.7 4,995.5 38.6

387.455-64 5.5 483.7 5.1 713.1 5.5

Educational Structure 100.0 100.0 100.0

Primary 2,380.2 33.8 2,604.3 27.2 1,643.3 12.7

Lower & Middle Secondary 4,042.1 57.4 5,624.5 58.8 6,767.4 52.3

Tertiary 619.7 8.8 1,343.7 14.0 4,528.9 35.0

Labour Force Participation Rate 65.3 65.5 68.1( % )

Male 85.6 85.4 86.4

Female 44.1 44.5 49.0

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Emphasis on Maths and Science

In 1967, Higher Education Planning Commission emphasized the critical importance ofScience and technology education at tertiary level

Therefore – set long-term targets1. Higher education to have enrolment ration – 60% arts & 40% science2. 20% of relevant age group to be provided with facilities for HE.

Later – the target changed – 40% arts & 60% science

Achievement – 2000, 27.7% science

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The Malaysia Qualification Agency (MQA) was established in 2007 – to ensure academic standards and teaching quality.

Malaysian Qualifications Framework was introduced consisting of eight levels – Level 1 – 3 = Skills certificates Level 4 – Diploma Level 5 – Advanced diploma Level 6 – Bachelor degree and Graduate certificate & graduate diploma Level 7 – Master degree and Postgraduate certificate & postgraduate diploma Level 8 – Doctoral degree

Malaysian Qualifications Framework

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MQFLevels

SectorsLifelong Learning

Skills Vocational and Technical

Higher Education

8 Doctoral Degree

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Masters Degree

Postgraduate Certificate &

Diploma

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Bachelor Degree

Graduate Certificate &

Diploma

5 Advanced Diploma

Advanced Diploma

Advanced Diploma

4 Diploma Diploma Diploma

3 Skills Certificate 3

Vocational and Technical

Certificate

Certificate

2 Skills Certificate 2

1 Skills Certificate 1

Accre

dit

ati

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Pri

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Exp

eri

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tial Learn

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(A

PEL)

Malaysian Qualifications Framework

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MQF Levels Qualifications Minimum Credits

8 Doctoral No given credit value

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Research Masters No given credit value

Fully or Partly Taught Masters 40

Postgraduate Diploma 30

Postgraduate Certificate 20

6Bachelors 120

Graduate Diploma 60

Graduate Certificate 30

5 Advanced Diploma 40

4 Diploma 90

1-3Certificate 60

Skills Certificate According to skills and levels

Malaysian Qualifications Framework

Financing Financing Education

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Financing Education

Country Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP

(1)

Public expenditure on education as a

percentage of total public expenditure

(2)

Public expenditure on tertiary

education per student as a

percentage of GDP per capital

(3)

Public expenditure on tertiary education as a percentage of total public expenditure on

education(4)

MalaysiaMalaysia 6.06.0 25.225.2 81.181.1 37.637.6

China 3.9 - 26.8 -

India 3.0 10.7 90.8 19.6

Indonesia 3.5 17.5 - -

South Korea 3.1 - 5.5 -

Philippines 2.5 15.2 15.4 13.3

Singapore 3.1 - 34.1 -

Thailand 4.0 20.9 36.0 17.9

Vietnam 2.9 - - -

Table 1: Public expenditure on education, 2005-2008

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Level Seventh plan1996-2000

Eighth plan2001-2005

Ninth plan2006-2010

Percentage change

7P-8P 8P-9P

Primary 2,739 5,585 5,645 +103.9 +1.1

Secondary 5,318 8,748 6,793 +64.5 +22.4

Tertiary 5,005 13,404 16,069 +167.8 +19.9

Other 4,480 10,185 11,849 +127.3 +16.3

Total 17,542 37,922 40,356 +116.2 +6.4

Table 2: Development Expenditure for Education (RM Million)

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TABLE 2

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN EDUCATION ANDTERTIARY ENROLMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

( % )

Country Public Expenditure on Education 1996

Tertiary Enrolment (of population 20-24 years, 1993

Australia 5.5 42

Canada 6.9 103

China 2.3 4

India 3.2 6

Ireland 6.0 34

Japan 3.6 30

South Korea 3.7 48

Malaysia 255.2

New Zealand 587.3

Singapore 3.0 38

United Kingdom 5.3 37

United States 5.4 81

Source: The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 1998, 2000

Note : 1 Refers to year 2000 and age cohort 17-23 years.

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TABLE 3PUBLIC SECTOR R&D EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF

SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES

R&D Expenditure Scientists and Engineers( % of GDP ) ( per million population )

1998 1985-1995

Australia 1.7 3,166

Canada 1.6 2,656

China 0.7 350

India 0.7 149

Ireland 1.5 1,871

Japan 2.9 6,309

South Korea 2.7 2,636

Malaysia 0.4 500 1New Zealand 1.0 1,778

Singapore 1.8 2,728

United Kingdom 1.9 2,417

United States 2.5 3,732

Sources : The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2000World Development Report, 1999/2000

Note : 1 Refers to preliminary figures for year 1998

Country

Thank

You

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