Main source wrien by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson … · Main source wrien by Henry...
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Transcript of Main source wrien by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson … · Main source wrien by Henry...
![Page 1: Main source wrien by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson … · Main source wrien by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in 1932 called “The Internaonal Style” Began](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052407/5b6c64e57f8b9a3b388b9827/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mainsourcewri-enbyHenryRussellHitchcockandPhilipJohnsonin1932called“TheInternaAonalStyle”BeganwithPeterBehrensinGermanybeforeWorldWar1withhisIndustrialArchitecturelikethe1922AEGIndustrialBuilding.Evenearlierin1913O-oWagnerwasworkingonusesofplanesurfaceswiththeWagnerVilla.AndfinallytheBelgianHenryVandeVeldewaslookingatconAnuoussurfacesandcurveslikeinhismainbauhausuniversitybuildingin1905.ThestylebeganinFrance,HollandandGermanybeforebecomingtrulyinternaAonalwiththehelpofLeCorbusier,PhilipJohnsonandHenryHitchcock.
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Therearethreemainprinciplesofthestyle.Theseareanemphasisonvolume,regularityoversymmetry,anddependenceonintrinsiceleganceofmaterials,technicalperfecAonandfineproporAons.ThebuildingmenAonedin“TheInternaAonalStyle”tobestexepmlifyall3a-ributesisthePavilionbyEricAsplundatthe1930StockholmExposiAon.
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TheemphasisonvolumemeansthatmassandstaAcsolidityareremovedandreplaceswithplanesboundingavolume.Flatroofs,largerwindowareasandgreatersimplicityalladdtotheemphasisonvolume.WithnewtechnologiessuchassteelthereisnolongeraneedforsupporAngwallsandthereforcanhavemoreopeningsanduselightermaterialsthataremoreplanelike.Inlinewiththestylethereare3typesofinteriors:theenArevolumeofabuilding,interiorsthatopentooneanotherwithoutdefiniteparAAonsandtheordinaryenclosedroom.IntheInternaAonalstyleinteriorsthatopentooneanotherwithoutdefiniteparAAonsarefrequentlyused.
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Allbuildingshaveanunderlyingregularrhythmduetotheequallyspacedskeletalsupports.Regularitydoesnotmeansymmetry.TheInternaAonalstyledoesnota-empttoforceirregularfuncAonsintoasymmetricalforms,butitdoesa-empttoraAonallyadjustirregularfuncAonstoregularstructureandtoexpressthatadjustmentinacleardesign.TheoriginalGreekmeaningofsymmetrystatesthatsymmetryisthedueproporAonofseveralpartsisalmostequivalenttotheinternaAonalstyle’smeaningofregularity.TheVanNelletobacco,teaandcoffeefactoryinRoderdambuildbyBrinkmanandVanderVlugtin1930usesthreesecAonseachdevotedtoadifferentfuncAonbutusingthesamestructuralregularity.TheFillingstaAoninClevelandbuiltbyClaussandDaubin1931featuresasymmetricalplacementofthedoorandshopwindowsgivingitwhatHitchcockandJohnsonrefertoas“superiorarrangement.”
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TheInternaAonalstyledependsonalternateformsofornamentbecauseitisbelievedthatappliedornamentshouldnotbeneededongoodarchitecturewiththeonlyexcepAonbeingforclearandcrisple-eringtonamethebuilding.TheideaofthelackofornamentcarriesovertothesiteinthatmanshouldnottrytocopynatureincreaAngsitelandscapingandgardens.TheinternaAonalstyleavoidsappliedornamentbecausethebuildingsdesignedinthestylehaveanemphasizedspecificfuncAon.TheFinnishpavilionattheAntwerpexposiAonbyErikBryggmanin1930givesgoodexapmlesofmaterialityandle-eringusedasdecoraAon.Thevarnishedplywoodneedsnoextraappliedornamentandthele-eringisusedeffecAvelyinsilhoue-eAnotherexampleofle-eringassimpledecoraAonisintheKunstvereinremodledhousebyKarlSchneiderin1930inGermany.
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TheInternaAonalstyleprinciplepointssomewhatincorporatethesecondarycomponentshowevertheyarenotspecificallymenAoned.WindowsarethemostconspicuousfeaturesofmodernexteriordesignsandhorizontalityisthemostconspicuouscharacterisAcofthestylethereforeitisfibngthathorizontalwindowsareusedmostcommonly.ThestylealsospecifiesthatthewallplaneshouldnotbebrokenwithawindowattheinneredgesandthatallopeningsareintenAonallyordered.TheTugendhathousebyMiesVanderRoheinCzechoslovakiaexhibitsthehorizontalwindowsandunbrokenwallpanes.TheProfessionalwomen’sresidenceinSwitzerlandbyArtariaandSchmidtarrangedthedoorsandwindowswellsoastouserhythm.
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ThethreecomponentsoftheinternaAonalstylebestalignwithLaugier’striadofbiensceance,soliditeandconvenience.BiensceancetoLaugiermeanstheappropriatenessofdesignwhichlinesupwiththedependenceonintrinsicelegance.SoliditetoLaugiermeanstheproperuseofandchoiceofmaterialwhichtotheinternaAonalstylemeanstheplanarconstrucAonandunbrokensurfaces.ConveniencetoLaugiermeansthesite,planningandinternatcommunicaAonwhichallignsperfectlywiththeideaofregularity.ItisratherconvenientthattheInternaAonalstylehas3mainpointsallofwhichmatchLaugier’striad.
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