LYMPHATIC IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 14. Introduction Includes: Network of vessels that transports...
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Transcript of LYMPHATIC IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 14. Introduction Includes: Network of vessels that transports...
Introduction Includes:
Network of vessels that transports fluids Similar to cardiovascular Organs, etc:
Lymph nodes/vessels/fluid, capillaries, veins/arteries, thymus, spleen, bone marrow
Functions: Drain interstitial fluid back to the circulatory
system Dietary lipid absorption/transport Initiate & regulate immune responses
Flow of Lymph Lymphatic capillaries →
Lymphatic vessels → Lymphatic Trunks → Collecting Ducts → Veins
The lymph will also pass through lymph nodes found along vessels
Lymphatic Capillaries
Closed-ended tubes
Form network with blood capillaries
Thin-walled Fluid inside is
called lymph
Lymphatic Vessels and Trunks
Lymphatic vessels Structure is very similar to veins
Lymphatic Trunks Larger vessels than lymphatic vessels;
drain into collecting ducts
Collecting Ducts Two Main Ducts
1) Thoracic Duct- collects lymph drained from the lower limbs, abdomen, left upper limb, and left side of the thorax, head, and neck
2) Right Lymphatic Duct- collects lymph drained from right upper limb and right side of the thorax, neck, and head
Tissue Fluid Interstitial fluid surrounding capillaries Constant movement in and out of
capillaries Generally same composition as plasma
(except doesn’t contain plasma proteins) Some excess fluid stays in tissue and is
not recollected by capillaries
Formation of Lymph Volume pressure of interstitial fluid
causes some of the fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries
Lymph will return to the bloodstream but will be filtered along the way Removing: Wastes, pathogens, carbon
dioxide
Movement of Lymph
Controlled by: Skeletal muscle
movement Pressure
changes (due to breathing)
Valves keep the movement going in one direction
Lymph Node Function
Filter foreign particles from blood before returning the lymph to the blood stream
Immune surveillance
Lymph Nodes (outside structure)
Usually small and bean shaped Afferent lymphatic vessels:
Carry lymph into lymph node Come in at various points along convex surface
Efferent Lymphatic vessels: Carry lymph out of lymph node Come out at hilum (area on the concave side)
Blood vessels and nerves enter at hilum
Lymph Node (Inside structure)
Connective tissue encloses lymph node and creates sub-compartments inside
Compartments are lymph nodules Lymph sinus: space inside the nodule Sinuses are filled with lymphocytes and
macrophages
Thymus Bilobed structure
found in the chest region
Largest during childhood
Creates T-cells Also an endocrine
gland Releases thymosins
(make T-cells mature after leaving the thymus)
Spleen “blood reservoir”
Largest lymphatic organ
Found near stomach Similar structure to
lymph nodes Sinuses contain blood
instead of lymph White pulp
High in lymphocytes Red pulp
High in red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages
Filters Blood
Immunity Protection against pathogens Pathogens include:
Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoans
Types of Immunity Innate vs Adaptive Natural vs Artificial Active vs Passive
Innate Defenses Species specific First line of
defense: Skin and mucous
layers Second line of
defense: Chemical barriers
Tears, gastric juices, and sweat
Interferons Fever Inflammation Phagocytosis
Adaptive Immunity Third line of defense Lymphocytes are responsible
Lymphocytes: WBCs specific for adaptive immunity
Types of lymphocytes: B and T cells Responds to specific antigen on the
invading pathogen
Origin of Lymphocytes
Undifferentiated lymphocytes made by fetal bone marrow
T cells Lymphocytes travel to thymus
and become T cells T cells either circulate in blood or
are found in lymph system B cells
Made in marrow B cells either circulate in blood or
found in the lymph system
Differences in response
1) Cellular Immune response Attack up close Performed by T cells soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence
system has identified (hand to hand combat) Signal other cells if needed for additional help
2) Humoral immune response Attack from afar (produce antibodies) Can’t destroy without T cells help Performed by B cells body's military intelligence system, seeking out their
targets and sending defenses to lock onto them
Helper T cells Antigen-presenting cells processes and
displays antigen of pathogen Displayed antigen must be matched with
a circulating helper T cells antibody receptor
Helper T cell is activated
Cytotoxic T cells
Known as Tc
Function: Attack cells
infected virus or cancerous cells
Release destructive enzymes into pathogen
Must be activated by a matching antigen
B cells Sequence of events:
1. B cell must match with an antigen2. Activated Helper T cell secrete cytokines3. Cytokines make B cell proliferate to form
plasma cells and memory cells4. Plasma cell secrete antibodies
Antibodies Globular proteins; all immunoglobulins
Contain heavy and light protein chains Contain variable region (area that is specific to
antigen – foreign body- attachment)
Antibody TypesType Found Function/s
IgG Plasma and tissue fluid (passed down to fetus)
Activates complement system, effective against bacteria, viruses and toxins
IgA Breast milk (passed down to infant), tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, intestinal juice, bile, urine
Control homeostasis
IgM Plasma (in response to food or bacteria)
Activates complement system
IgD Surface of B cells (esp. infants)
Activate B cells
IgE Exocrine secretions (with IgA)
Allergic reactions/response
Antibody Function Two types: 1) Attack directly
Allows antibody to more easily phagocytize cells, eliminate them
Types of Direct Attack:1. Agglutinate (Clump pathogens together)2. Precipitate (Make pathogen insoluble)3. Neutralize (Cover or destroy toxic part of
antigen)
Antibody Function 2) Complement
Bind antigens Starts a series of rxns that activate the
complements circulating in the plasma Complement Function:
Opsonization- coating antigen-antibody complex Chemotaxis- bringing macrophages to the area Lysis- rupturing membranes Agglutination Neutralization
“And the Band Played On” reaction
Get out a piece of paper: Did you know about the AIDS struggles
illustrated in the movie BEFORE watching it?
Did you find yourself angry at anytime during movie? When?
Did you find yourself sympathetic at anytime? When?
Did you find yourself sad? When? Overall view of movie…
Memory Cells Memory T and B cells
Circulate after primary immune response Body will be able to respond quickly
during secondary immune response
Natural vs. Artificial Acquired Immunity
Natural: Through exposure to pathogen Resistance is the result of primary immune
response Artificial:
Through vaccine injection Vaccine: bacteria or virus that has been
killed or weakened Contains antigens that stimulate primary
immune response Don’t produce severe symptoms of disease Ex: Measles, mumps, flu, rubella
Active vs. Passive Acquired Immunity
Naturally Acquired Active: Occurs during pregnancy Certain antibodies (IgG) pass from maternal
blood to fetal blood Fetus acquires limited immunity against
pathogens Artificially Acquired Passive:
Through injection of antiserum (ready-made antibodies)
Obtain from globulin proteins from people who have already developed immunity against a certain disease
Allergic Reactions Immune response to everyday, non-
harmful antigens (allergens) Types: Delayed and Immediate Delayed-reaction allergy:
Exposure to allergen on skin Collects T cells and macrophages in the
area Causes dermatitis
Allergic Reactions Immediate-reaction allergy:
Occurs within minutes First exposure- B cells become sensitized;
IgE is attached to basophils and mast cells Subsequent exposures- mast cells and
basophils secrete several substances including histamine
These substances produce the reactions seen in allergy reactions
Transplantation Transplant tissue or organ
Ex: Organ – liver, kidney, heart; Tissue – skin, bone
New transplant tissue/organ has its own antigens Recognized as foreign Starts immune response (which can often
reject the new transplant tissue/organ) Tissue matching helps minimize reaction Immunosuppressive drugs
Suppress immune reaction, avoid rejection (usually)
Autoimmunity Cytotoxic T cells cannot correctly identify
self cells and attacks self cells Why?
Pathogen borrows self antigens during attack
Pathogen antigen is very similar to a self antigen
Disorder Description Symptoms
Lupus Occurs in 1 out of 2,000 Americans
profound fatigue, rashes, and joint pains, severe cases: immune system attacks organs (kidney, brain, lung)
Crohn’s result from intestinal inflammation
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and pain that difficult to control
Psoriasiscommon , affects more than 2% of Americans, often runs in families
skin or body covered with buildup of red scales, skin rash
Diabetes (Type 1)
destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
See chapter 11
Rheumatoid arthritis
immune system targets the lining (synovium) that covers various joints
pain, swelling, and stiffness of the joints
Multiple Sclerosis
immune system targets nerve tissues of the CNS
possible blindness, paralysis, and premature death
Grave’s disease
immune system destruction or stimulation of thyroid tissue
fatigue, nervousness, cold or heat intolerance, weakness, changes in hair texture/amount, and weight gain/loss