Lunar Orbiter Project - Mission a Description

8/8/2019 Lunar Orbiter Project - Mission a Description

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LUNAR ORBITER MISS ION A DESCRI PT IO N

A s A p p r o v ed b y t h eA d H o c S u r v e y o $ r b i te r U t i l i z a t i o n C o m m i tt e e

Sep tember 29, 1965Amended

June 1, 1966

P r e p a r e d by t h eL u n a r O r b i te r Project O f f i c e

L a n g l e y R e s e a rc h C e n t e rLan g ley S ta t ion , Ham pton, Va.

N A T IONAL AERONAUT IC S A N D S P AC E A D M I N ISTRAT ION


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction1 1 . Objectives, Ground Rules and ConstraintsI 11. Orbit DesignIV . S i t e SelectionV. Lunar Terrain Assessment

V I . Site EvaluationsV I 1. Comparison of Mission with Criteria

Page137

10143034


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s ugge st e d t ha t the e a r ly O r b i t e r m i s s ions s a m p le the va r ious l una r t e r r a intypes which look promis ing f r o m the ea r th . The USGS defined and mappedthe se p romising t e r r a in types and mate r ia l ly a s s i s t ed in the se lec t ion of the

s i t e s f o r M is s ion A . The Surveyor I ha s been inc luded as a Miss ion A s i t e ,and wherever f eas ib le , p roposed fu tu re Survey or s i t e s have been inc luded .


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III. ORBIT DESIGN

T h e t r an s i t t ime ( e a r t h t o m o on ) f or t h e L u n a r O r b i t e r s p ace c r a f t isap p r o x i m a t e l y 90 h o u r s .in to an e l l ip t i ca l or b i t t h a t h a s a per i lun e al t i tude of about 200 k m .a wai ting per iod of se ve ra l days du r ing which t ime the o rb i t wi l l be def inedand t h e l u n a r p h y s ica l p r o p e r t i e s w i l l b e ca l i b r a t ed , t h e s p ace c r a f t w i l lt r an s f e r to a n o rb i t wi th a min imu m per ilune a l t it ude of 46 km.t h i s o r b i t th a t t he p r i m a r y p ho to g ra p hi c s u r v e y w i ll b e p e r f o r m d .t h e s ig n if i ca n t o r b i ta l p a r a m e t e r s a nd the r e a s o n f o r t h e i r s e l e c ti o n a r ei t em ize d in F igu re 1.

Upon re ach ing the moon the spa cec ra f t wi ll deboos tFollowing

It i s f r o mSome of

It i s no ted in the f igu re tha t t he per i lune a l t i t ude va r i es be tween 46 and60 km .and is t h e r e f o r e of co n s i d e r ab l e i n t e r e s t .e f fec t s and lunar g rav i t a t iona l anom al i es ( J 3 ) .a l t i t ude var i a t io n due to the e a r th e f fec t s and the ea r t h p lu s moon e f fec t s .In addi tion t o the e ar th and moon ef fects on the per i lun e a l t i tude, the photo-

g r ap h i c r e s o l u t i o n i s a l s o deg raded when pho tog raphing s i t es wh ich a r elocated off per i lun e.g raph ic a l t i t ude .(angle off p er i lu ne) i s s ho w n i n F i g u r e 2.

T h i s v a r i a t i o n 1 n e a r l y af fects the photographic res o lu t i on ob ta inableT h e v a r i a t i o n i s c au s ed by ea r t h

F i g u r e 2 shows the per i lune

Th i s i s the d i r e c t r e s u l t of an i n c r e a s e i n th e p h ot o-The a l t i tude change as a function of t r u e ano ma ly


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IV. SITE SELECTION

The ground ru le s for M iss ion A def ine that i t s h a l l b e a t e r r a i n s am p li n gmis s ion wh ich examine s the Su rvey or I s i t e , examines p romis ing fu tu reSurv eyo r s i t es , and concent ra te s on the Apollo zone.t o o l f o r f i r s t - o r d e r s i t e s e l ec t io n .d is t r ibu t ion of p romis ing Su rveyor s i te s , the s ign i f ican t m a r e and h igh landa r e a s within the Apollo zone, and the Surv ey or i s i t e .d i s t r ibu ted throughou t the a r e a .

F i g u r e 3 r e p r e s e n t s aTh i s f igu re shows the app rox imate

C r a t e r s a r e r a nd om l yF r o m t hi s f i g u r e t h e a p p r ox i m a te a r e a s t o

p lace Lunar O rb i t e r Miss ion A s i t e s c a n b e s e e n .The exac t loca t ions of the s i t e s fo r Miss io n A we re se l ec te d by i t e ra t ing

between the geological considerat ion s and the ground ru le s and con st ra in ts

staying within the bounds defined by the o rb i t al des ign.ini t ia l ly chosen within the Apollo zone.Su rvey or /Orb i t e r Ut il iza tion Commi t t ee , one of these s i t e s ( the c r a t e rLansb erg ) was d ropped and rep laced by Su rve yor s i t e 5-50.was p roposed and app roved , the su cc es s fu l Su rvey or I m i s s i o n h a s b e e np e r f o r m ed .Surveyor I s i te be added to Miss io n A by dele t ing s i te s A-8 , A-9 , and A-10and adding s i t e s A-8 .1 and A-9 .1 .

T e n s it e s w e r eAs a r e su l t of the ac t io n of the Ad Hoc

S i n ce t h e m i s s i o n

I t has been proposed and approved that photography of the

S i t e A - 9 . 1 i s t h e S u r v ey o r I s i te and


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s i t e A-8 .1 i s a r e loca t ion of s i t e A-8 to p reven t in t e r fe ren ce with pho tog raphyof the Surveyor I s i t e .o n F i g u r e 4 and a r e t abu la t ed i n the USGS s i te evaluat ions s ec t ion of th isdocumen t .

The app roved s i t e loca tions fo r Mis s ion A a r e s h a vn

It ha s not been d i scus sed , but it i s co n s i de r ed t h a t a 1 6 - f r am e s eq u en ceof pho tog raphy wi l l be t aken in the in i t i a l o rb i t and a t l ea s t two f ra m es re ado ut s u ch th a t t h e s y s t em p e r f o r m an ce can be ev a lu a ted b e f o r e t r an s f e r t o th e

photo orbi t .des ignated A-0 .

The locat ion of the s i te i s in Ma re Smyth i i and the s i t e i s


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V. LUNAR TE RR AIN ASSESSMENT:::A. Gener a1 S ta t emen t

The se l ec t ion of Lunar Or b i t e r pho tog raph ic sam ple a r ea s has beenbased primarily on the 1:1,OOO,OOO-scale U. S. Geolog ica l Su rve y L unarT er ra in Map of the equ a to r i a l zone ( l a t . 10N - 10S; lon g. 60E - 6OOW) .S o m e 46 t e r r a i n u n it s a r e d el in ea ted i n t h i s a r e a a t an av e r ag e r e s o l u t i o nof one ki l om et er . The data and analy t ica l techniques employed in the d is -cr imin at ion of the se un i t s a r e of fundamental impo r tan ce to the UnmannedLunar Orb i t e r Miss ion s and a r e b r i e f ly des cr ib ed in the fol lowing pages .

B . D at a S o u r ce sThe data s ou rc es which provide the bas es of mor phologic al mapping

and quant i ta t ive def in i t ion are categor ized in to two fundamental types :1. Quali tat ive

a . A . C . I . C . c h a r t sb . Ear th -base d pho tography ; Lunar At l as , Pea se , Herb igc . U. S. G. S. 1:1, 000,00 0-sca le geo logic map sd . Ranger VI I , VIII, and IX photography

2 . Quanti tat ive :a . S lo pe co mp on ent m e as u r em en t s

This sec t ion 1s pre l iminary and ha s notbeen edited o r rev iewed fo r conformityand nomenclature:::By D r . Lawrence Rowan, u . S . G eo l o g ica l S u r v e y w l t h u s Geologlcalsurvey s tandards


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15b. Rela t ive re l ief da tac . Cr a te r dens ity s tud ies

The USGS T e r ra in Map, the ref ore , i s the product of ca ref ul analys isand co rre lat ion of thes e quali tat ive and quanti tat ive da ta.uni ts - ma re , uplands , and c r a t e r s - a r e de s c r ibe d i n num e r i c a l t e r m s wh ichhave imp or ta nt appl icat ions to both engineer ing and sc ient i f ic problem s. Thepre sen t pauc ity of h igh and mo dera te r e solu t ion d a ta in mo s t t e r r a i n types i semphas ized he r e , because r eso lu t ion i s a h ighly in f luen t ia l f ac to r in r e la t iveroughn ess , and consequent ly , in s i t e se lec t ion and ce r t i f ic a t i on .

T he b a s ic t e r r a i n

Quali tat ive Data0

Geologic mapping on the 1:1,OOO,OOO-scale A. C. I. C . c ha r t s ha s be enin p r og res s s ince 1961, and has r e su l ted i n a t l e a s t p r e l im in a r y m a ps of t hee n t i r e a r e a c ove re d by the L una r T e r r a in M ap .that geolog is ts have s tudied the morphologica l de ta i ls of th is a r e a careful ly ,using the be st available photography and seeing condit ions.ge ologi c m a ps ( F igu r e 5), the r e fo re , p rov ide ve ry s ign i f ican t t e r r a i n da ta .The geologic boundaries a r e fr equen t ly t r an s fe r r ed d i r ec t ly to t e r r a i nbound ar ies . Except ions to th is s ta te men t do occ ur , how ever , when chronolo-gica l ly s i m il ar geologic uni ts have dif ferent morph ologica l and re la t iver o ug h n es s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

It i s im po r t a n t t o e m pha s i z e

The resul t ing

Additional value i s contained in thes e geologic


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16map s and in te rpre ta t ions , s inc e they prov ide the ne ce ss a r y knowledgeconcern ing gene t ic p r oc ess es which wi l l gu ide ex t r apo la t ions o f t e r r a i nroughness and bea r ing s t r eng th da ta . Cu r ren t geo logica l inves t iga t ionsus ing R anger photography wil l have cons ide rable in f luence on in te rpr e ta t i onsconcern ing t he se fundamenta l gene tic p r oc ess es and the fo rmula t ion ofd i s cr im inat i ng c r i t e r i a .

Quanti tat ive DataP ho tom e tr i c al l y de r ive d s lope com ponen t m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e t he p r im a r y

quant ita t ive s ou rc e of informat ion concerning l una r morphology.m a te ly 1 5 0 , 000 m e a s u r e m e n t s d i s t r i bu t e d a m ong 48 indiv idual s a m p le a r e a sc ons ti t ut e t he r a w da t a wh ic h ha ve bee n t r e a t e d s t a t i s t ic a l l y , i n o r d e r t ha tuni ts of d i f feren t ia l re la t ive rou ghness might be nu me r ic a l l y def ined.

Approxi-

Br ie f ly s ta ted , the s ta t i s t i ca l ana lys i s co ns i s t s of visua l appra i sa l s ofhis tog ram s and examinat ion of the funct ional re la t ion s between re la t iver oughnes s and va r ious s t a t i s t i c a l pa r a m e te r s .ba ses upon which judgments o f re la t ive rou ghn ess ca n be mad e and a rough-ne s s s c a l e e st a b l i s he d ,

Both appro aches p rov ide

Typical s lope f r equency d i s t ribu t ions a r e shown in F i gur e 6 .end po in ts of the r e la t ive roughness s pe c t ru m a r e r ep re sen ted by slopec om ponen t s a m p le s f r o m M a r e Nubium ( M a r e I - A) a nd He r s c he l ( S c u lp tu r e d

Opposing


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Highlands 11-D).cur ve, while the roughe r uplands yield a ve ry low cu rv e. One of a l a r g e

number of the in t e rmed ia te types is r ep rese n ted by the "Bode B" s am p l e(11-B).r ap id m e an s of eva lua ting re l a t ive roughness both in spec i f i c sam ple a re a sand for ex t rapolat ion purposes .

Clear ly , t he smoo th er ma re i s ch a r ac t e r i z ed b y a "peaked"

It i s appare n t that s lope f requency d is t r ibu t ion curv es provide a

The diff ere nt ia l de gre es of peakedness of hi st og ra m s ca n be eff icient lyexp ress ed by the s t a ndard dev ia t ion , (?- .the d i sp er s io n of s lope component values , whi le the mean ,the c en tr al tendency of the slope component populat ion.v e r s u s C A b h av e p r ov en t o b e e ff ic ient d i s c r i m i n a t o r s of t e r r a i n t y pes( F i g u r e 7) .to rough uplands i s c l e a r i n t h i s d i ag r am .group c losely and sugg est a fundamental morphologic d i f ferenc e when com -p a r e d t o t he m a r i a 1 s a m p l e s .

T h i s p a r t i c u l a r p a r a m e t e r e x p r e s s e sX- definesAb'

These va lues, -XAb

T he t r an s i ti o n i n t e r m s of r e l a ti v e r o ug h nes s f r o m s m o o t h m a r eAddit ional ly , upland ba sin s (11-A)

The above d is cus s ion on ly br ief ly ou tl ines the g en er al value of s lopes ta t i s t i c s as quan ti t a tive des cr ip to r s of lunar topography a t t he one-k i lomete rscale of reso lu t ion .un i t s i s a l s o qu it e f eas ib le a t t h i s and h igher r eso lu t ion s .t i t a t ive sou rc es have been examined , espec ia l ly in the h ighland un i t s .

Fu r t he r analy s is has sug gested that def in i tion of su b-Addit ional quan-

The


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can be added to tha t which can be r eso lved and has been mea sure d .im p l ie d , t he r e f o r e , t ha t s t a t i s t i c a 1 , pa r a m e te r s u s e d t o e x p r e s s r oughne ss

wi l l in c r ea se with dec rea s ing s lope leng th .the Ranger VI1 one-mete r r e so lu t ion f rame, P3:979, co nf i rm s th ishypothes i s (F igure 10).m e a n ,cur ve a t one-k i lomete r r e so lu t ion . At one-mete r r e so lu t ion , however , the

cu rv e i s low and the XAb = 4. 5 6 O ( F i g u r e 10). Signif icant ly , the f requencyc u r v e i s v er y s i mi la r to tha t shown for the up lands un i t 11-D i n F i g u r e 6 .

It i s

S lope f requency analys is of

Light ly ray-covered mar ia y ie ld s a n a r i t hm e t i cXAb, of ab out 1. O o , and i s cha rac te r ized by a peaked f r equency-

-

The funct ional re la t ions hip between s lope length and the me dian f or thea v e r ag e m a r i a i s sh ow n i n F i g u r e 11.de ta i l ed r e la t ionsh ips fo r thes e pa ra me te r s a r e unknown and mu s t be def inedf or e a c h m a j o r t e r r a i n t y p e.

It i s impor tan t , however , to no te tha t

D. T e r r a in C a lib ra t ionE m ph a s i s ha s be e n p l ac e d on t e r r a in a na ly s i s te c hn ique s , r e s u l t s , a nd

in te rpre ta t i ons . Lunar morphology i s , however, con t ro l led in a complexway by vo lcan ic p r oc ess es , imp ac t p ro cess es , and e ros ion . High r eso lu t ionphotography of a r ea s which prov ide maxim um inform at ion concerning the sep r o c e s s e s i s ne c e s s a r y t o a m or e c om ple te unde r s ta nd ing of l u na r m or pho logy .T he ra t i ng s c h e m e ( A, B, C ) used in Sect ion VI f o r M is s ion A r e f l e c t s t heim po r t a nc e o f t he s e a r e a s t o t e r r a i n c a l ib r a t ion . S inc e R a nge r s VII, VIII,


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and IX did no t p rovide h igh reso lu t io n cover age of da rk maria , up land t e r ra inun i ts and c ra t e r un i t s , pa r t i cu la r a t t ent ion has b e en g i ve n t o t h e s e a r e a s .Fu r t he r development of ex t rapo la t ion t echn iques fo r m ajo r t e r ra in un it s is

la rg el y dependent upon adequate h igh reso lu t ion cov erag e of thes e ar e a s .T e r r a i n un its co n si d e red t o b e e s p ec i a l l y c r i t i c a l f o r t e r r a i n ca l i b r a ti o np u r p o s e s a r e l i st ed be lo w i n t e r m s of i nc reas ing re l a t ive roughness a t t heone-k i lomete r r eso lu t ion sca le :

I - B - D a r k M a r eI -A - A v e r a ge M a r eI-c - Ridged MareI -1v - R ay - C o v e r ed M ar e11-A - Highland Basins111-B-2 - F l o o r s o f D e f o r m ed C r a t e r s11-B - Subdued UplandsI11 -A - 3 - C r a t e r R i m s11-D - Sculp tured Highlands

Although the upland and c r a t e r un it s a r e rougher than the g ene ra l m a ret y pes a t o ne - k il o m e te r r e s ol u ti o n , t hey a r e im p o r t an t i n t e r r a i n ca l i b r a t i o ns t u d i e s .s t r en g t h th an t he m a r e m a t e r i a l s . B r ie f d e s cr i pt i on s co n cer n in g t e r r a i nca l ib ra t ion and re l a t ive roughness a r e g iven in Sec t ion VI.

These a r e a s may a l s o p rove to be of s ign i f ican t ly h igher bear ing


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VII. COMPARISON OF MISSION WITH CRITERIA

The approved Lunar Orb i te r Miss ion A has been pr esen ted and i t i s ofimpor tance to com par e the r esu l t s wi th the ob jec t ives , g round ru les , andcons t r a in t s . F ig ure 12 g ives a sum ma ry of the t e r r a i n sam ples and i t isseen tha t a r easo nab le ba lance i s obtained, t h at i s , s i x m a r e s a m p l e s w hi cha r e the h ighes t p r io r i ty type, four h igh land samples , and one c r a te r s am ple .It i s of in te res t to note tha t a f ter the second s i te one m a r e and one highlandsam pl e have been obta ined.ob jec tive in cas e of ea r ly sp acec ra f t f a i lu r e .

T h is i s i m p o r t a n t to t h e t e r r a i n c a l ib r a t io n

F igu r e 1 3 s hows the s i t e d i s tr i bu ti on f o r e a c h t e r r a i n type. T he m a r es i te s a r e reasonab ly di s t r ib uted between about 42OE and 4 3 OW .prom is ing highland a re a s ex is t only in the e as te rn por t ion of the Apollo zonea nd t h r e e s i t e s a r e d i s tr i bu te d i n t h i s a r e a . T he one c r a t e r s i t e i s s e l e c t e dne ar the cen t r a l pa r t of the Apol lo zone and a l l s e lec ted s i t e s a r e loca tedwithin the Apollo zone.

T he m o s t

S ix of the n ine s i t e s a r e p r opos ed S u r ve yo r s i t e s a nd s i t e 9 . 1 i s t heS u r ve yo r I s i t e .a Surveyor s i t e and the other two ( s i te s 1 and 2) a r e i n th e e x t r e m e e a s t e r npa r t of the Apollo zone which is not ac ces s ib le to S u r v e y o r .

Of the th re e non-Surveyor s i te s , one ( s i t e 3 ) could becom e


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35

B ec au se of the fi lm handling constraints , it i s impor ta n t to r ev iew theF i g u r e 14 shows a film budget super imposedilm ut i l iza t ion for Miss ion A.

on a mis s ion p ro f i l e .Miss ion A a r e wi th in the to t a l f i lm capac i ty of the sys te m .

The conclusion is that the film r e q u i r e m e n t s t o p e r f o r mIn fac t , t he re

a r e 10 f r am es in exc ess of the r equ i rem en t .n ine s i t es and the nominal light ing condi tions a r e shown on Figu re 15 .

F o r gener a1 infor ma t ion, the

The conclus ion of the co mpa r iso n of the mis s io n wi th the c r i te r i a i stha t t he Lunar Orb i t e r M iss ion A sa t i s f i es the ob jec t ives , g round ru le s , andcon st ra in ts and i s wi th in the capabi l i t ies of the Lunar O rb i te r s ys te m .


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Lunar Orbiter Project - Mission a Description

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