Luiz F. Ferraretto, Ph.D., PAS Department of Animal ... · 80 to 98% StarchD Kernel particle size...
Transcript of Luiz F. Ferraretto, Ph.D., PAS Department of Animal ... · 80 to 98% StarchD Kernel particle size...
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What have we learned about silage processing and nutrient
digestion?
Luiz F. Ferraretto, Ph.D., PAS
Department of Animal Sciences
University of Florida
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ParameterIndicates
Better Qualityn
Normal Range
NDF (% DM) 384,715 36 - 46
Lignin (% DM) 344,134 3 – 4
uNDF240 (% DM) 81,418 8 - 13
NDFD30 (% NDF) 170,634 48 - 60
TTNDFD (% NDF) 27,954 36 - 46
Starch (% DM) 347,759 25 - 39
Milk per ton 136,056 1344 - 1674
Summary of combined multi-year, multi-lab (CVAS, DairyOne, RRL, DLL) data, except TTNDFD only from RRL
US Corn Silage Quality Summary
Slide courtesy of Dr. Randy Shaver, UW-Madison
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Intake limitation through rumen fill
Impact milk yield and the establishment of high-forage diets
Corn Silage Quality Indicators
Indicator
NDF (% DM)
Lignin (% DM)
uNDF240 (% DM)
NDFD30 (% NDF)
TTNDFD (% NDF)
Practical Implication
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Alter energy density
Impact milk yield or feed efficiency
Corn Silage Quality Indicators
Indicator
Starch (% DM)
StarchD (% starch)
Prolamin (% DM)
Practical Implication
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80 to 98% StarchD•Kernel particle size•Duration of silage fermentation•Kernel maturity •Endosperm properties•Additives
40 to 70% IVNDFD•Lignin/NDF•Hybrid Type•Maturity •Additives
Grain ~40-45% of WPDMStover= ~55-60% of WPDM
•Avg. 42% NDF•Variable stover:grain
Whole-Plant Corn Silage
•Avg. 30% starch in WPDM•Variable grain:stover
Variable peNDF as per chop lengthAdapted from Joe Lauer, UW Madison Agronomy Dept.
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Corn Kernel
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Kernel particles
2P 4P 8P 16P 32P 64P
Dias Junior et al., 2016
P = pieces
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Ruminal in situ incubation
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0
10
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3 6 12 24
(% o
f Nut
rient
)
Time points (h)
WH 2P 4P 8P 16P 32P 64P
Ruminal in situ DM digestibility of unfermented kernels
Dias Junior et al., 2016
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Sorghum Kernel particles
Ferraretto et al., unpublished P = pieces
1P 2P 4P
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Ruminal in situ incubation
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98
< 28.1 28.1 to 32.0 32.1 to 36.0 36.1 to 40.0 > 40.0
Tot
al Tra
ct S
tarc
h D
igest
ibility (%)
Dry matter content of whole plant corn silage
Processed
Unprocessed
* ** * P < 0.0001** P < 0.01
Ferraretto and Shaver, 2012
Kernel Processing * maturity
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Kernel vitreousness
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Kern
el Vitre
ousn
ess
(%)
Kernel DM concentration (% of as fed)
Johnson et al. (2002) - exp. 1
Johnson et al. (2002) - exp. 2a
Johnson et al. (2002) - exp. 2b
Philippeau and Michalet-Doreau
(1997) - dent
Philippeau and Michalet-Doreau
(1997) - flint
Correa et al. (2002)
Ferraretto et al. (2015) - bm3
Ferraretto et al. (2015) - leafy-
floury
Ferraretto et al. (2015) - dual-
purpose
Ferraretto et al., 2018
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How to obtain excellent processing?
• The key: adequate and constant monitoring
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www.uwex.edu/ces/crops/uwforage/KernelProcessing-
FOF.pdf
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Take home message 1
Break more kernels!
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Corn Silage Fermentation Increases Starch Digestibility!
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0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
In
Vitro
Sta
rch D
igest
ibility (%)
Fermentation Time (days)
Der Bedrosian Windle Young Ferraretto-1 Ferraretto-2 Ferraretto-3 Ferraretto-4
Figure 1. Effect of days of ensiling on ruminal in vitro starch digestibility. Data from Der Bedrosian et al., 2012; Windle et al., 2014; Young et al., 2012; Ferraretto-1, Ferraretto et al., 2015a; Ferraretto-2, Ferraretto et al., 2015b; Ferraretto-3,4, Ferrarettoet al., 2016.
Response across multiple trials
Kung et al., 2018
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• Research supports the use of inventory planning so a newly harvest crop would be fed only after 90-120 days in storage
• Ensiling time does not attenuate differences in starch digestibility caused by hybrids or maturity
• It requires proper management during filling, packing and covering
Take home message 2
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Average of 7 studies
Cutting height, cm 17 52
NDF, % 40 37
ivNDFD, % of NDF 52 56
Starch, % 32 35
Yield, ton of DM/ac 7.7 6.8
Milk, lb/ton 3291 3422
Milk, lb/ac 21407 19917
Normal vs. high cutting height
Ferraretto et al., 2018
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• Cutting height improved quality but at the expense of reduced yield
• Cutting height may be a feasible option to improve forage quality when acreage is not a limiting factor
Take-home message 3
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Questions [email protected]