B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC CN TH

LUT HNH S VIT NAM PHN CHUNG

Bin san: Tin s Phm Vn Beo

Cn Th - 2008

MC LC DEFG

MC LC............................................................................................................................................ 1

BI 1: S LC LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM................................................................................................................................................... 10

I. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM T THI LP QUC N NH H ............................. 10

1. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam t thi Hng Bng n nh Thc (2879 - 208 Tr.CN) ................. 10

2. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam t khi u Lc ri vo ch thng tr ca phong kin Trung Hoa (207 Tr.CN - 939SCN)................................................................................................................... 12

3. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi k nh Ng, nh inh v tin L (939 1009) ..................... 14

4. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi L (1010 1225). .................................................................. 16

5. Php lut hnh s thi Trn (1225 1400) ................................................................................ 18

6. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi nh H (1400 1407)............................................................ 20

II. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM THI NH L S (TIN L)......................................... 20

III. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM T TH K XVI, XVII, XVIII N THI K NH NGUYN........................................................................................................................................... 25

1. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam t th k XVI, XVII, XVIII.......................................................... 25

2. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi k nh Nguyn (1802 1883) ............................................... 26

IV. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM THI K THC DN PHP XM LC ................. 30

1. Nhng c im ch yu ca Hnh lut canh ci ....................................................................... 31

2. Nhng c im ch yu ca Lut hnh An Nam ...................................................................... 32

3. Nhng c im ch yu ca Hong Vit hnh lut................................................................... 33

V. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM T CCH MNG THNG TM NM 1945 N NM 1954.................................................................................................................................................... 34

1. Php lut hnh s thi k sau cch mng thng Tm nm 1945 ................................................ 34

2. Php lut hnh s thi k ton quc khng chin....................................................................... 36

VI. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM THI K XY DNG CH NGHA X HI MIN BC, U TRANH GII PHNG MIN NAM, THNG NHT T NC (1954 -1975)..... 37

1. Php lut hnh s min Bc..................................................................................................... 37

2. Php lut hnh s min Nam ................................................................................................... 40

VII. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM T SAU KHI THNG NHT T NC N TRC KHI BAN HNH B LUT HNH S 1985 ................................................................... 40

VII. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM THI K RA I B LUT HNH S 1985 N TRC KHI RA I B LUT HNH S 1999........................................................................... 42

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1. Nhng ni dung c bn ca phn chung php lut hnh s ....................................................... 42

2. Nhng ni dung c bn ca phn cc ti phm php lut hnh s............................................. 43

3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca bn ln sa i B lut hnh s 1985.......................................... 43

VIII. S CN THIT BAN HNH B LUT HNH S NM 1999........................................... 44

IX. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM T KHI BAN HNH B LUT HNH S NM 1999 N NAY .......................................................................................................................................... 46

CU HI NH GI....................................................................................................................... 47

TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................................. 47

BI 2: KHI NIM, NHIM V, CC NGUYN TC C BN CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM................................................................................................................................................... 49

I. KHI NIM LUT HNH S VIT NAM.................................................................................. 49

1. i tng iu chnh ca Lut hnh s ...................................................................................... 50

2. Phng php iu chnh ca Lut hnh s ................................................................................. 51

II. BN CHT CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM ........................................................................ 51

1. Bn cht giai cp ........................................................................................................................ 51

2. Bn cht x hi ........................................................................................................................... 52

III. NHIM V CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM ....................................................................... 52

IV. NHNG NGUYN TC CHUNG CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM .................................. 53

1. Nguyn tc php ch .................................................................................................................. 54

2. Nguyn tc dn ch .................................................................................................................... 55

3. Nguyn tc nhn o .................................................................................................................. 55

V. KHOA HC LUT HNH S V CC NGNH KHOA HC KHC C LIN QUAN...... 56

CU HI NH GI....................................................................................................................... 57

TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................................. 57

BI 3: NGUN CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM....................................................................... 59

I. KHI NIM NGUN CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM......................................................... 59

II. KHI NIM O LUT HNH S VIT NAM....................................................................... 59

III. CU TRC CA B LUT HNH S VIT NAM ................................................................ 61

1. Cu trc v m ............................................................................................................................ 61

2. Cu trc vi m ............................................................................................................................ 62

III. HIU LC CA B LUT HNH S ...................................................................................... 64

1. Hiu lc theo khng gian ........................................................................................................... 64

2. Hiu lc theo thi gian ............................................................................................................... 66

IV. GII THCH B LUT HNH S ............................................................................................ 67

1. Gii thch chnh thc .................................................................................................................. 68

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2. Gii thch ca cc c quan xt x (c quan p dng php lut)................................................. 68

3. Gii thch c tnh cht khoa hc................................................................................................. 68

CU HI NH GI....................................................................................................................... 69

TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................................. 69

BI 4: TI PHM............................................................................................................................. 70

I. KHI NIM TI PHM ............................................................................................................... 70

1. Vi nt v khi nim ti phm trong Lut hnh s ..................................................................... 70

2. Khi nim ti phm trong Lut hnh s Vit Nam hin hnh .................................................... 71

3. c im ca ti phm............................................................................................................... 72

4. ngha ca khi nim ti phm................................................................................................. 79

II. BN CHT CA TI PHM ..................................................................................................... 80

III. PHN LOI TI PHM ............................................................................................................ 81

1. Lch s hnh thnh ca ch nh phn loi ti phm Vit Nam.............................................. 81

2. Cc cn c phn loi ti phm theo B lut hnh s Vit Nam hin hnh................................. 82

3. Phn loi ti phm theo khon 2 v 3 iu 8 B lut hnh s ................................................... 83

4. ngha ca vic phn loi ti phm theo khon 2 v 3 iu 8 B Lut hnh s ...................... 85

III. TI PHM V CC HNH VI VI PHM KHC................................................................... 86

1. Ti phm v hnh vi vi phm o c ....................................................................................... 86

2. Ti phm v cc hnh vi vi phm php lut khc ...................................................................... 87

CU HI NH GI....................................................................................................................... 89

TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................................. 89

BI 5: CU THNH TI PHM .................................................................................................... 90

I. KHI QUT V CU THNH TI PHM ............................................................................... 90

II. CU THNH TI PHM THEO LUT HNH S VIT NAM HIN HNH ....................... 91

1. Khi nim CTTP ........................................................................................................................ 92

2. c im ca CTTP ................................................................................................................... 94

3. Phn loi CTTP .......................................................................................................................... 95

III. MT S CP QUAN H CU THNH TI PHM THNG GP TRONG THC T... 99

IV. NGHA CA CU THNH TI PHM............................................................................. 101

1. Cu thnh ti phm l c s php l ca trch nhim hnh s................................................. 101

2. Cu thnh ti phm l c s nh ti ................................................................................... 101

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 101

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 101

BI 6: KHCH TH CA TI PHM ......................................................................................... 103

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I. KHI NIM KHCH TH CA TI PHM............................................................................ 103

1. S lc v khch th ca ti phm .......................................................................................... 103

2. Khch th ca ti phm theo Lut hnh s Vit Nam hin hnh.............................................. 104

II. PHN LOI KHCH TH CA TI PHM .......................................................................... 105

1. Khch th chung ca ti phm ................................................................................................. 105

2. Khch th loi ca ti phm..................................................................................................... 106

3. Khch th trc tip ca ti phm.............................................................................................. 106

III. NGHA CA KHCH TH CA TI PHM.................................................................... 107

IV. I TNG TC NG CA TI PHM .......................................................................... 108

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 109

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 110

BI 7: MT KHCH QUAN CA TI PHM............................................................................ 111

I. KHI NIM ................................................................................................................................. 111

1. C s l lun ca vic quy nh mt khch quan l yu t cu thnh ti phm ...................... 111

2. Mt khch quan ca ti phm theo l lun Lut hnh s Vit nam hin hnh......................... 111

3. ngha mt khch quan ca ti phm ..................................................................................... 112

II. CC DU HIU THUC MT KHCH QUAN CA TI PHM....................................... 113

1. Hnh vi khch quan ca ti phm ............................................................................................ 113

2. Hu qu nguy him cho x hi ca ti phm ........................................................................... 116

3. Mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi khch quan v hu qu.................................................... 118

4. Nhng biu hin khc ca mt khch quan ca ti phm........................................................ 120

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 120

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 121

BI 8: CH TH CA TI PHM ............................................................................................... 122

I. KHI NIM CH TH CA TI PHM ................................................................................. 122

1. S lc v ch th ca ti phm ............................................................................................. 122

2. Khi nim ch th ca ti phm theo lut hnh s Vit nam hin hnh................................... 123

II. NNG LC TRCH NHIM HNH S .................................................................................. 124

1. Kh nng nhn thc v kh nng iu khin hnh vi............................................................... 124

2. Tui chu trch nhim hnh s.................................................................................................. 127

III. CH TH C BIT CA TI PHM.................................................................................. 128

IV. VN NHN THN NGI PHM TI TRONG LUT HNH S .............................. 129

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 130

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 130

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BI 9: MT CH QUAN CA TI PHM ................................................................................. 131

I. KHI NIM ................................................................................................................................. 131

1. C s l lun v mt ch quan ca ti phm ........................................................................... 131

2. Mt ch quan ca ti phm theo Lut hnh s Vit nam ......................................................... 132

3. ngha mt ch quan ca ti phm......................................................................................... 133

II. NI DUNG MT CH QUAN CA TI PHM.................................................................... 133

1. Li ............................................................................................................................................ 133

2. ng c phm ti ..................................................................................................................... 142

3. Mc ch phm ti.................................................................................................................... 143

III. SAl LM V NH HNG CA SAI LM I VI TRCH NHIM HNH S...... 143

1. Sai lm v php lut ................................................................................................................. 143

2. Sai lm v s vic..................................................................................................................... 144

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 145

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 145

BI 10: CC GIAI ON THC HIN TI PHM................................................................... 146

I. KHI NIM ................................................................................................................................. 146

II. CHUN B PHM TI.............................................................................................................. 147

III. PHM TI CHA T........................................................................................................... 149

1. Khi nim ................................................................................................................................. 149

2. Cc dng phm ti cha t ..................................................................................................... 150

3. Trch nhim hnh s ca giai on phm ti cha t............................................................. 151

IV. TI PHM HON THNH..................................................................................................... 151

V. T NA CHNG CHM DT VIC PHM TI ............................................................. 153

1. iu kin ca t na chng chm dt vic phm ti............................................................ 153

2. Trch nhim hnh s ca nhng ngi t na chng chm dt vic phm ti..................... 154

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 155

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 155

BI 11: NG PHM.................................................................................................................... 156

I. KHI NIM CHUNG V NG PHM................................................................................... 156

1. Khi nim v ng phm ......................................................................................................... 156

2. Vi nt v lch s ch nh ng phm .................................................................................... 156

3. ng phm trong Lut hnh s mt s nc............................................................................ 158

4. ng phm trong Lut hnh s Vit Nam hin hnh ............................................................... 159

II. CC LOI NGI NG PHM ........................................................................................... 162

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1. Ngi thc hnh....................................................................................................................... 162

2. Ngi t chc........................................................................................................................... 164

3. Ngi xi gic.......................................................................................................................... 165

4. Ngi gip sc ......................................................................................................................... 167

III. CC HNH THC NG PHM ........................................................................................... 168

1. Phn loi theo du hiu ch quan............................................................................................. 168

2. Phn loi theo du hiu khch quan ......................................................................................... 169

3. Phm ti c t chc.................................................................................................................. 169

IV. TRCH NHIM HNH S TRONG NG PHM............................................................... 171

1. Nguyn tc chu trch nhim chung v ton b ti phm ........................................................ 171

2. Nguyn tc phn ho trch nhim hnh s ca tng ngi trong ng phm.......................... 172

V. MT S VN LlN QUAN N NG PHM ............................................................. 174

1. Ch th c bit trong ng phm ........................................................................................... 174

2. Xc nh ti phm, giai on thc hin ti phm .................................................................... 175

VI. NHNG TI PHM C LP............................................................................................... 175

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 177

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 177

BI 12: NHNG TNH TIT LOI TR TNH NGUY HIM CHO X HI CA HNH VI 178

I. KHI NIM V NHNG TNH TIT LOI TR TNH NGUY HIM CHO X HI CA HNH VI ......................................................................................................................................... 178

II. NHNG TNH TIT LOI TR TNH NGUY HIM CHO X HI CA HNH VI C TH.......................................................................................................................................................... 179

1. Phng v chnh ng ................................................................................................................ 179

2. Tnh th cp thit...................................................................................................................... 188

3. Bt ngi phm php ............................................................................................................... 191

III. NHNG TRNG HP KHC C LOI TR TRCH NHIM HNH S................ 193

1. Thi hnh lnh cp trn.............................................................................................................. 193

2. Thc hin chc nng ngh nghip ........................................................................................... 195

3. Ri ro trong sn xut v nghin cu khoa hc ......................................................................... 195

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 196

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 196

BI 13: TRCH NHIM HNH S V HNH PHT.................................................................. 198

PHN I: TRCH NHIM HNH S.............................................................................................. 198

I. KHI NIM TRCH NHIM HNH S ................................................................................... 198

II. C IM V C S CA TRCH NHIM HNH S....................................................... 199

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PHN II: HNH PHT.................................................................................................................... 201

I. KHI NIM HNH PHT........................................................................................................... 201

1. Hnh pht l bin php cng ch nghim khc nht ca Nh nc ....................................... 208

2. Hnh pht c quy nh trong B lut hnh s ....................................................................... 209

3. Hnh pht t hnh do To n nhn danh Nh nc p dng..................................................... 209

4. Hnh pht ch p dng i vi ngi phm ti ........................................................................ 210

II. MC CH CA HNH PHT ................................................................................................. 210

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 214

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 214

BI 14: H THNG HNH PHT V CC BIN PHP T PHP.......................................... 216

PHN I: H THNG HNH PHT................................................................................................ 216

I. KHI NIM H THNG HNH PHT...................................................................................... 216

II. CC LOI HNH PHT............................................................................................................ 218

1. Cc loi hnh pht chnh........................................................................................................... 218

2. Cc hnh pht b sung .............................................................................................................. 230

PHN II: CC BIN PHP T PHP.......................................................................................... 234

I. KHI NIM V CC BIN PHP T PHP .......................................................................... 234

II. CC BIN PHP T PHP C TH ...................................................................................... 234

1. Tch thu vt, tin trc tip lin quan n ti phm (iu 41 B lut hnh s)......................... 234

2. Tr li ti sn, sa cha hoc bi thng thit hi; buc cng khai xin li (iu 42 B lut hnh s)................................................................................................................................................. 235

3. Bt buc cha bnh (iu 43 B lut hnh s) ........................................................................ 236

4. Gio dc ti x, phng, th trn.............................................................................................. 236

5. a vo trng gio dng: .................................................................................................... 237

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 237

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 237

BI 15: QUYT NH HNH PHT............................................................................................. 239

I. KHI NIM QUYT NH HNH PHT ................................................................................. 239

II. CC NGUYN TC QUYT NH HNH PHT .................................................................. 239

1. Nguyn tc php ch ................................................................................................................ 240

2. Nguyn tc nhn o ................................................................................................................ 241

3. Nguyn tc c th ho hnh pht .............................................................................................. 242

III. CC CN C QUYT NH HNH PHT ........................................................................... 242

1. Cc quy nh ca B lut hnh s ............................................................................................ 244

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2. Tnh nguy him cho x hi ca hnh vi phm ti .................................................................... 245

3. Nhn thn ngi phm ti........................................................................................................ 246

4. Cc tnh tit gim nh v tng nng trch nhim hnh s ........................................................ 247

III. QUYT NH HNH PHT TRONG TRNG HP CHUN B PHM TI, PHM TI CHA T V NG PHM ..................................................................................................... 261

1. Quyt nh hnh pht trong trng hp chun b phm ti v phm ti cha t (iu 52 B lut hnh s).................................................................................................................................. 262

2. Quyt nh hnh pht trong trng hp ng phm (iu 53 B lut hnh s) ....................... 263

IV. QUYT NH HNH PHT TRONG TRNG HP PHM NHIU TI V TRONG TRNG HP C NHIU BN N............................................................................................ 264

1. Quyt nh hnh pht trong trng hp phm nhiu ti........................................................... 264

2. Quyt nh hnh pht trong trng hp c nhiu bn n ......................................................... 267

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 269

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 269

BI 16: CC BIN PHP THA MIN TRONG LUT HNH S .............................................. 270

I. KHI NIM CC BIN PHP THA MIN .............................................................................. 270

II. THI HIU TRONG LUT HNH S ..................................................................................... 271

1. Thi hiu truy cu trch nhim hnh s ................................................................................... 271

2. Thi hiu thi hnh bn n hnh s ............................................................................................ 273

III. MIN TRCH NHIM HNH S, MIN HNH PHT......................................................... 277

1. Min trch nhim hnh s......................................................................................................... 277

2. Min hnh pht ......................................................................................................................... 285

IV. MIN CHP HNH HNH PHT, GIM THI HN CHP HNH HNH PHT ........... 287

1. Min chp hnh hnh pht (iu 57 B lut hnh s) .............................................................. 287

2. Gim mc hnh pht tuyn (iu 58, iu 59 B lut hnh s).......................................... 288

V. HON CHP HNH HNH PHT T, TM NH CH CHP HNH HNH PHT T.. 290

Hon chp hnh hnh pht t........................................................................................................ 290

VI. N TREO .................................................................................................................................. 292

1. Tnh cht php l ca n treo ................................................................................................... 292

2. Cc cn c cho hng n treo: ..................................................................................................... 293

3. iu kin ca n treo:............................................................................................................... 294

4. Vi phm iu kin ca n treo.................................................................................................. 295

5. Mt s ni dung khc lin quan n n treo ............................................................................ 296

VII. XO N TCH......................................................................................................................... 296

1. ng nhin c xo n tch (iu 64 B lut Hnh s) ...................................................... 297

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2. Xo n tch theo quyt nh ca To n (iu 65 B lut Hnh s) ........................................ 297

3. Xo n tch trong trng hp c bit (iu 66 B lut hnh s)............................................ 298

4. Cch tnh thi gian xo n tch................................................................................................. 298

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 299

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 300

BI 17: TRCH NHIM HNH S I VI NGI CHA THNH NIN PHM TI ...... 301

I. MT S VN L LUN V NGI CHA THNH NIN PHM TI ...................... 301

II. NG LI X L I VI NGI CHA THNH NIN PHM TI ......................... 302

III. NHNG QUY NH C TH V NGI CHA THNH NIN PHM TI .................. 303

1. Cc hnh pht p dng i vi ngi cha thnh nin phm ti.............................................. 303

2. Cc bin php t php p dng i vi ngi cha thnh nin phm ti ................................ 305

3. Tng hp hnh pht i vi ngi cha thnh nin phm ti .................................................. 305

4. Min trch nhim hnh s cho ngi cha thnh nin phm ti (khon 2 iu 69 B lut hnh s nm 1999) ................................................................................................................................ 306

5. Gim mc hnh pht tuyn i vi ngi cha thnh nin phm ti .................................. 307

6. Xo n i vi ngi cha thnh nin phm ti (iu 77 B lut hnh s) ............................ 307

CU HI NH GI..................................................................................................................... 308

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................ 308

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BI 1: S LC LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA LUT HNH S VIT NAM

Dn tc Vit Nam qua bn nghn nm dng nc v gi nc li cho th h sau nhiu di sn qu bu. Trong , nhng thnh tu v kinh nghim lp php hnh s l mt trong nhng di sn qu bu nht, y tnh sng to, mang tnh a dng ph hp vi iu kin, hon cnh ca dn tc Vit Nam. Cc triu i ca Vit Nam trong qu trnh xy dng v bo v t nc khng ngng ban hnh cc vn bn php lut hnh s nhm bo v v duy tr ch c lp, t ch v chng cc th lc th ch. iu ny l nhng c s khch quan khin php lut hnh s Vit Nam khng ngng c hon thin.

Trong thi i ngy nay, chng ta ang trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii v khu vc, xy dng Nh nc php quyn theo phng chm Nh nc ca dn, do dn v v dn di s lnh o ca ng. iu ny l mt thch thc ln t ra cho chng ta trong qu trnh hon thin php lut cng nh php lut hnh s. Vic nghin cu v tm hiu lch s hnh thnh Lut hnh s Vit Nam l rt cn thit, gp phn k tha v pht huy nhng kinh nghim qu bu ca cha ng trong vic tm gii php hon thin php lut hnh s trc yu cu ca tnh hnh mi.

Cn phi ni thm rng, cho ti nay trong cc Gio trnh Lut hnh s Vit Nam dnh cho sinh vin vn cn thiu nhng ni dung cp n lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca Lut hnh s Vit Nam. V th, a s cc lut gia Vit Nam cc th h sau hu nh rt th v t hiu bit v nhng gi tr truyn thng ca php lut hnh s. Cho nn, vic a vo Gio trnh ny phn s lc lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca Lut hnh s Vit Nam khng ch c ngha v mt khoa hc m cn c ngha v mt thc tin trong vic han thin php lut hnh s. Tuy nhin, trong phm vi mt bi hc m yu cu v ni dung truyn t rt ln, ng thi vi s hn ch ca ngun t liu, chng ti khng th nu chi tit qu trnh hnh thnh Lut hnh s Vit Nam t khi nguyn n ngy nay. Mun tham kho vn ny mt cch chi tit, cc bn c th tm c quyn Lch s Lut hnh s Vit Nam ca Tin s Trn Quang Tip v S hnh thnh v pht trin ca Lut hnh s Vit Nam trc php in ho nm 1985 (Lun n Tin s Lut, ting Nga) ca Tin s L Cm, v mt s ti liu khc c tc gi trch dn trong Gio trnh.

I. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM T THI LP QUC N NH H

1. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam t thi Hng Bng n nh Thc (28791 - 208 Tr.CN) Khi nghin cu Nh nc thi k ny, thm ch cc nh s hc cn phi gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic nghin cu i sng vn ho, chnh tr, x hi ca ngi Vit c bi s

1 Theo mc lc k nin ca i Vit s k v cu kt ca k Hng Bng th th t nm Nhm Tut n nm Qu Mo 9258 Tr.CN cng 2622 nm. Vy nm Nhm Tut l nm 2879 Tr.CN. ch l mt nin i suy on trn c s - nh trong phm l ni r - mun t Kinh Dng Vng ngang vi Nghi.

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thiu thn cc s liu. V vy, nu ni n vic tm ra cc chng c php lut trong thi k ny qu tht l mt vic lm thin nan vn nan. Nu nh cc thi i sau ny khi ngi Trung Quc bit n ngi Vit c ta, trong trng hp thiu ngun s liu, chng ta c th tm kim s liu c lu tr trong kho tng s hc c Trung Quc rt ra nhng vn c lin quan. Ngc li, trong thi k ny, ngi Trung Quc cha c mi lin h vi ngi Vit c. Bi v, nh chng ta bit, Tn Thu Hong ln ngi (249 Tr.CN) sau khi Thc Phn ln ngi 9 nm (Thc Phn ln ngi nm 257 Tr.CN). Sau , Tn Thu Hong mi quan tm n pha Nam sng Dng T v nhng ngun li to ln v ti nguyn thin nhin. Tuy nhin, n khi th lc nh Tn suy yu, Triu , tng nh Tn, tch khi nh Tn nh chim nhiu ni, trong c u Lc (207 Tr.CN). V vy, c mt nim tng qut v php lut hnh s Vit Nam trong thi k ny chng ta khng cn cch no khc ngoi vic tham kho mt s chng c s liu t i suy on ra. Theo i Vit s k ton th, lch s dng nc ca ta bt u t khi Kinh Dng Vng xut hin km theo s ra i ca Nh nc Vn Lang vi ch phong kin s si (2879 Tr.CN). Nh nc Vn Lang ng u c vua gi l Lc Vng. C cu quan li c Lc tng, Lc hu, B chnh chia nhau cc thi p ln nh tu theo a v ca mi ng cp. Nh nc Vn Lang ra i chm dt i sng th tc v b lc nguyn thu. T Nh nc Vn Lang n u Lc l mt khong thi gian rt di, trn 2000 nm, bt u t Kinh Dng Vng v kt thc vi s tht bi ca nh Thc di tay Triu . Trong sut thi gian ny, ngi Vit c ta xy dng mt nn vn ho vt cht v tinh thn y sng to. Rt tic cc s liu trn khng h m cho chng ta mt cht t no v tnh hnh php lut trong thi k ny. V Vn Mu khi nghin cu v tnh hnh php lut ca ngi Vit trong thi k ny trch dn mt on trong b Hu Hn th ca Trung Quc, bin son vo th k th 5 (SCN), trong quyn M Vin lit truyn vi ni dung nh sau: C iu trn tu v lut ca ngi Vit (nguyn bn: Vit lut) so snh vi lut ca ngi Hn (nguyn bn: Hn lut) hn mi iu. Ri ban b r php c cho ngi Vit bit b buc dn Vit. T v sau, dn Lc Vit phi tun theo php c ca M Vin2. Da vo on trch ny, V Vn Mu khng nh Vit lut m M Vin ang so snh vi Hn lut l lut ca ngi Vit c ta bin son, mang tnh c th ca dn tc ta. Tuy nhin, nu ngc dng lch s th ta thy rng, t sau khi Triu chim u Lc n khi M Vin dit nh Triu, tng cng c n 96 nm (t 207-111 Tr.CN). Sau khi chim c u Lc, Triu sp nhp u Lc vo qun Nam Hi, Qu Lm v Qun Tng lp thnh nc Nam Vit. V d nhin, sau khi lp triu i mi, Triu phi ban hnh lut mi xc nh quyn hnh c th ca mnh trn nhng vng lnh th ph thuc. Khi nh Triu suy tn, nc ta li thuc Ty Hn (110 Tr.CN). Cai tr nc ta, thi th T nh c c, tn bo nn nm 39 (Tr.CN) hai B Trng dy binh khi ngha, ui c T nh v nc v xng vng (nm 40 Tr.CN). Tuy nhin, ba nm sau th nh Hn sai M Vin nh c hai B ri sau thc hin vic so snh Vit lut v Hn lut. Vit lut m M Vin ang so snh rt c th l mt nn php lut c pha trn gia php lut ca thi trc Thc, php lut ca nh Triu v ca ng Hn trn c s k tha v ci cch ca triu i Trng Vng. Bi v, trong thi gian 3 nm t i li phi lun bn rn chng gic, hai B Trng khng c thi gi son lut ring c th ca mnh. C nh th th vic so snh mi d dng v ch c mi iu khc nhau. Cho nn, khng th da vo im ny kt lun php lut ca ngi Vit m M 2 V Vn Mu, C lut Vit Nam lc kho, quyn th 1, Si Gn, 1971, tr.62-3.

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Vin em so snh vi php lut ca ngi Hn l ca ring mt triu i no. iu cho thy, chng ta khng th hy vng da v im ny soi sng tnh hnh php lut thi Hng Bng nh Thc. Mt Nh nc khng th khng c php lut d di bt k hnh thc no. Nh vy, nc ta thi Hng Bng n nh Thc cng phi c php lut. Tuy nhin, php lut nh th no th s liu khng h cho ta mt tia h m. Ch bit rng thi k ny Trung Quc, nh H k tha vua Nghiu, Thun xy dng mt chnh quyn trung ng vng mnh (th k th 21-16 Tr.CN). V h thng hnh pht di triu H l h thng ng hnh3 trong bao gm c hnh pht t hnh. Bn cnh t hnh, cc hnh pht khc ca ng hnh u l cc hnh pht mang tnh nhc hnh. Do va thot ra khi ch th tc v b lc nguyn thu nn php lut i H cn tn d ch n dch gia trng. Mnh lnh l qun php, ai khng tun theo phi b x t trc n t thn. Tng truyn ng hnh l do nh H hc c ca ngi Miu. Trong khi , theo Vit s ton th, ngi Giao Ch (Vit c) c thi sinh sng trn phn t ca ngi Miu v hc c ngh canh nng ca h. Cho nn, rt c th php lut hnh s nc Vit ta thi k ny cng chu nh hng t nhiu ca h thng ng hnh.

2. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam t khi u Lc ri vo ch thng tr ca phong kin Trung Hoa (207 Tr.CN - 939SCN)

Theo s liu cho thy, Triu l mt tng di trng ca nh Tn, trn gi

huyn Long Xuyn, qun Nam Hi di quyn Nhm Ngao. Khi th lc ca nh Tn suy yu, Triu nui mng xng b nn tch khi nh Tn, nh chim c qun Qu Lm, Qun Tng v c u Lc, sp nhp li lp ra nc Nam Vit (207 Tr.CN). K t , nc Vit ta chu s cai tr ca nh Triu. Nhng, php lut m Triu dng cai tr dn ta thi k ny l ca ai? Triu l tng ca nh Tn c c i chinh phc min Nam Hoa t nm 221 Tr.CN. Sau khi xng vng, Triu khng phc nh Hn trong thi gian u v cn nh ph qun Trng Sa, xng l Nam Vit hong . Nm 135 Tr.CN, Mn Vit Vng Snh mu xm chim Nam Vit. Vn Vng bo tin ny vi nh Hn nh gip , nhng Hoi Nam Vng Lu An can: t Vit l t ngoi ci, dn ct tc v hnhdn khinh bc tro trkhng th ly php ca nc i m mang ai (nh Hn) m tr c. n khi em ca Mn Vit Vng chm u Snh v s tht l vi nh Hn khi xm chim Nam Vit, nh Hn sai s sang bo tin ny cho Vn Vng. Tuy nhin, Vn Vng co bnh v khng sang yt kin nh Hn. Mi n nm 113 Tr.CN, di thi Triu Ai Vng, vua v thi hu mi quy phc nh Hn, b cc hnh pht c (ca nh Triu), theo php lut nh Hn. Vi nhng bng chng y cho thy, php lut m Triu t Nam Vit l php lut ca nh Tn ch khng phi l php lut ca nh Hn.

C mt bng chng gin tip trong s liu cho thy dn u Lc (c) c th khng sinh hot theo nn php lut m Triu p t ti Nam Vit m vn sinh hot theo phong tc v php lut truyn thng ca u Lc. Trc tin ta thy, Triu ng Phin

3 Nm hnh pht chnh gm: i tch (t hnh), tn tch (trc xng bnh ch), cung tch (pht thin), t (xo mi), mc (thch du hiu ln mt).

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Ngung, rt xa u Lc (c). Khi , Triu chia u Lc (c) thnh hai qun Cu Chn v Giao Ch, mi qun ch t mt quan in s v mt quan T tng trng coi. Cc quan li c ca u Lc (c) vn trc tip nm gi cc thi p v cai tr th dn. V d nhin, dn u Lc (c) di s cai qun trc tip ca cc qu tc c th c th sng v sinh hot theo phong tc c. Tuy nhin, bng chng ny ch cho ta gi nh dn u Lc (c) sinh hot dn s, hn nhn hoc tn gio c th ngoi h thng php lut m Triu p t y. Tuyt i khng th c vic dn u Lc (c) vn sng ngoi hnh lut do Triu p t. Bi v, nu nh vy th Triu u c quyn lc g i vi dn u Lc (c), l nhng vng t m va chinh phc c. Cho nn, mt iu chc chn l dn u Lc (c) phi chu rng buc bi hnh lut ca Triu c ban hnh Nam Vit m phng theo lut nh Tn. Ni v lut hnh nh Tn, nhiu ngi s ngh ngay n s tn khc, ging nh tnh cch bo tn ca Tn Thu Hong. Qu ng nh th. Php lut hnh s thi c ca Trung Quc vn tn khc cng tn khc hn di triu Tn. Ni ring v hnh pht t hnh trong lut hnh s i Tn c rt nhiu loi mang tnh cht d man v phc tp da trn c s lut hnh c i c k tha v pht trin, bao gm: lc (git), trch (s tht), kh th (phi thy gia ch), nh xc (m trn cho cht m ), kiu u (bu u), yu trm (cht ngang lng thnh hai khc), xa lit (buc ngi vo hai xe, cho ko v hai pha x xc), tc in (c nh u), tru hip (rt xng sn), hoch phanh (cho vo vc nu), gio (treo c), nang phc (b vo bao ri nh cho cht), tru di tam tc (git c ba h). Tn Thu Hong l ng vua ni ting hung bo, sau khi ln ngi h lnh t tt c mi sch s i trc. V th, bn cnh cc ti phm phi b x t m lut hnh c truyn li, nhng ai dm m lun v thi th s b ti cht, vt thy ngoi ch; ngi ni trc y tt by gi xu s b t hnh c nh, quan li bit chuyn m khng t gic cng s b ti cht. Nm 111 Tr.CN, ng Hn thn tnh nh Triu. T , nc Vit ta chu s cai tr trin min ngt 10 th k ca Bc phng. Giai on ny kt thc vi s thng li ca Ng Quyn trc qun Nam Hn (939 SCN), lp ra nh Ng. Trong thi k ny, chnh sch ng ho ca nh Hn p dng nc ta ht sc trit . Hn th na, chnh sch ngu dn c ngi Trung Quc p dng i vi dn ta nhm bp mi thc dn tc. Trong s nhng quan li c Trung Quc c sang cai tr dn ta, thnh thong c mt vi vin Th s c lng v tha, mun truyn dy nn vn minh Trung Quc soi sng v t chc hnh chnh v gio dc ca nc ta nh Nhm Din, S Nhip. Tuy nhin, s gio dc y cng ch mang tnh tng i, hn ch ch khng ph bin n i chng. Cho nn, vi chnh sch ng ho v ngu dn y, cc hc thuyt v php lut ca dn tc khng th pht trin c. Cc lut l thi y c p dng nc ta chc chn l cc lut l ca Trung Quc thi by gi. l hu qu tt yu ca mt x hi b l thuc. Ni nh th khng c ngha l trong sut thi gian ny, nhn dn ta hon ton b khut phc bi s cai tr ca ngoi bang. Tri li, nhiu cuc khi ngha anh dng th hin tinh thn bt khut ca dn tc Vit v ginh c nhng thng li vang di, chng hn: thng li ca hai B Trng, ca L Nam . Tuy nhin, nn t ch sau khi ginh li c t tay bn h Bc phng ko di khng lu. Hai B Trng ch duy tr nn t ch c ba nm, nh L (gm c tin L v hu L Nam v Triu Vit Vng) ch ko di trong 58 nm. Vi thi gian t ch t i so vi thi gian gn 1000 nm b n dch v ng ho, Trng Vng v nh L khng thi gian c th to c mt nn php lut c th cho dn tc Vit trong giai on ny.

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Trong sut gn 1000 nm Bc thuc, i chiu nin hiu th Trung Quc lc by gi l Ty Hn, ng Hn v sau l thi k lon lc (Tam Quc: 222-265, Nam Bc Triu: 420 - 447). Trong thi gian ny, nc ta lin tc thay i ch ng thi vi s thay i cc triu i Trung Quc trong thi k ny, t Ng n Tn, Tng, T, Lng. Sau giai on t ch ginh c di thi L Nam (t 544 602, tnh c nh Triu v hu l Nam ) nc ta li ri vo ch thng tr lu di ca nh Tu (603), n nh ng (618), hu Lng (907), hu ng (923) v hu Tn (937). L d nhin trong thi k Bc thuc, php lut p dng nc ta mang m bn sc ca php lut Trung Quc trong giai on ny. Mi triu i khi ln nm quyn mang n cho dn tc ta mt trng thi php lut ring, nhng c mt c im chung l php lut hnh s v h thng hnh pht u mang tnh cht tn bo v d man, tn khc vi h thng ng hnh c t thi H c k tha v pht huy tnh nhc hnh. c bit, khi cc lut l c ban hnh chnh quc li em i p dng i cc dn tc b chinh phc th tnh tn bo v d man li tng thm gp bi vi mc ch ng ho v n dch.

Trong s cc lut l ca Trung Quc c p dng nc ta thi by gi, hai b lut c nh hng su sc nht i vi i sng nhn dn ta l b lut ca nh Hn v b lut ca nh ng. iu l chc chn v trong s cc triu i Trung Quc thn tnh ta, Hn triu v ng triu c thi gian di hn c (nh Hn trn 300 nm, nh ng gn 300 nm). V im ny, chng ta c th tm thy bng chng vi s nh hng m nt ca b lut nh L (Quc Triu Hnh Lut) bi b lut nh ng (ng Lut s ngh).

Nghin cu c lut Trung Hoa giai on ny c th thy, php lut hnh s Trung Hoa di thi c i mang nng tnh cht nhc hnh, d man v tn khc vi h thng ng hnh. Tnh cht d man v tn bo ca hnh lut c Trung Hoa th hin r qua cch thc thi hnh hnh pht ni chung v cch thc x t ni ring, v sau l vic quy nh cc ti km theo hnh pht x t. Cc hnh thc x t tn khc nht c th k n l cc hnh pht ngoi h thng ng hnh (ngoi lut), nh bo lc, hi, ph, phu tm, kh dch, trch (nh Thng); lng tr (nh Liu, Kim, Nguyn, Minh, Thanh)...Vic quy nh cc ti Thp c u x ti t v ch Bt ngh cho thy quan im ca giai cp thng tr c Trung Quc bo v trit quyn v li ch ca mnh v lm tng thm sc mnh ca s thng tr, th hin r quan im ca Nho gia hnh tr kh hnh, ly vic git ngi tr kh k git ngi, hnh khng p dng vi i phu m ch dnh cho th dn. Mt im c bit tn khc v v l ca php lut hnh s Trung Hoa giai on ny l ch lin lu qua ch nh tc tru. Tc tru c th l tru di tam tc (git ht ba h), tru di tht tc (git ht by h), tru di cu tc (git ht chn h), tru di thp tc (git ht mi h) tu theo loi ti m x. Tuy c mt s triu i ch trng nhm gim bt tnh tn khc ca lut hnh nhng vi yu cu ca vic bo v giai cp thng tr v tng cng sc mnh thng tr nn nhng ch trng ch mang tnh hnh thc.

3. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi k nh Ng, nh inh v tin L (939 1009) Thi k ny bt u khi Ng Quyn thng qun Nam Hn, xng vng, lp ra nh

Ng nm 939 v kt thc vo cui i nh tin L vi ci cht ca ng vua Ngo Triu L Long nh (1009). Trong thi gian ngn ngi ny, mi triu i ch gi ngi bu c vi chc nm (nh Ng: 939 959, nh inh: 968 980, nh tin L: 980 1009) li phi lo dp yn lon lc trong ni b. Trong khong 20 nm nhng nh Ng thay i hai ln.

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Nm 944, sau khi Ng Quyn mt, Dng Tam Kha cp ngi con ca Ng Quyn v chim gi ngi bu n nm 950. Khi , Xng Vn (con th ca Ng Quyn) mi ot ngi li. n nm 966, thp nh s qun lm lon, chim c nhng lnh a khc nhau dn n nh Ng suy tn. Nm 968, inh B Lnh dp lon thp nh s qun mi lp ra nh inh. Nm 980, khi inh Ton b ph th nh tin L ln thay c ba i cng suy vong vo nm 1009. l cha k sau khi ln ngi, cc triu vua cn phi khng ngng lo i ph vi s ti xm chim ca cc th lc Bc phng. Trong tnh hnh nh vy, di i nh Ng, inh v tin L khng th c c mt s u t cho php lut. C th ni, vic qun s chim ht thi gian ca cc triu i thi by gi nn khng th c s quan tm cho php lut. V th, tin chc php lut nh ng tm thi vn cn p dng v c bn nc ta lc by gi. V vy, trong s khng ghi chp ti s ban hnh mt lut l no di cc triu i y. Xt trong s liu, di hai triu inh v tin L c nhng cch hnh hnh tht khng khip. Sau khi ln ngi, inh B Lnh mun dng uy ch ng thin h nn sai t vc ln sn triu, nui h d trong ci, h lnh rng: k no tri php phi chu ti b vc du, cho h n. V th, mi ngi u kinh s, quy phc, khng ai dm phm ti.4 Ngoi ra, i vi nhng k lm phn by gi cng c k b bm nt tht xng hoc chm bu u nh trong lut hnh Trung Quc. Vo nm 979, khi Thch git vua, Quc cng Nguyn Bc bt c chm cht p nt xng, bm tht ra tng mnh5. Khi vua cha cht, inh Ton ln thay cha lc mi ln 6 tui nn L Hon phi ngi nhip chnh. Khi , Quc Cng Nguyn Bc v Ngoi gip inh in s Hon tim ngi nn ra tay trc, dy binh lm lon, b bt v b chm bu u6. Di triu vua Ngo Triu L Long nh, hnh pht cn khng khip hn. S k chp: Vua tnh hiu st, phm ngi b hnh hnh, hoc sai ly c gianh qun vo ngi m t, cho la chy gn cht, hoc sai kp ht ngi Tng l Liu Th Tm ly dao ngn dao cn xo tng mnh cho khng c cht chng. Ngi y au n ku go th Th Tm ni a rng: N khng quen chu cht. Vua c ci. i nh dp bt c t th gii n b sng, khi nc triu rt, sai ngi lm lao di nc, dn c vo trong y, n khi nc triu ln, ngp nc m cht; hoc bt tro ln ngn cy ri cht gc cho cy , ngi ri xung cht. Vua thn n xem ly lm vui. C ln vua i n sng Ninh, sng y nhiu rn, vua sai tri ngi vo mn thuyn, i li gia dng mun cho rn cn cht7.

Tuy nhin, nu nhn vo nhng cch hnh hnh di hai triu inh, tin L hnh dung tnh d man, tn bo ca lut hnh nc ta trong giai on ny th cha chnh xc. Nhng cch hnh hnh ny chng qua ch l nhng th on c p dng nht thi ca cc qun vng c ti mi va dp xong ni lon mun cng c quyn lc v a v vi chnh sch bn tay st nh inh B Lnh. Hoc, l vic lm ca mt qun vng y bnh hon nh L Long nh. V th khng th coi nhng bin php c bit ny l s phn nh y tnh hnh php lut hnh s hai triu inh, tin L. iu ny khc vi cc nh thng tr Trung Quc trong thi i phong kin, s dng hnh lut mt cch rt tn khc. Nu c mt ng vua no v mun ly lng dn, sau khi ln ngi mun xoa du lng dn hn

4 i Vit s k ton th, L Vn Hu, Phan Phu Tin, Ng S Lin, bn dch ca Vin Khoa hc x hi Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 1993, tr.59. 5 i Vit s k ton th, tr.61. 6 i Vit s k ton th, tr.62. 7 i Vit s k ton th, tr.77.

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ch vic lm dng cc loi hnh pht tn khc (nh Lu Bang ca nh Ty Hn, Dng Qung ca nh Tu) nhng s pht trin mnh m ca mu thun giai cp khin cho cc hong Trung Quc sau phi duy tr li cc hnh pht thm khc, nng n tng c8.

C iu chng ta cha th xc nh rng nc ta thi k ny c lut thnh vn hay cha. Tuy nhin, lut thnh vn thi k ny c p dng Trung Hoa, v th c th tin tng rng lut thnh vn c s dng Vit Nam da trn s tip thu kinh nghim lp php ca Trung Hoa.

4. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi L (1010 1225). Thi k ny bt u t khi L Cng Un ln ngi (1010) n khi L Chiu Hong

nhng ngi cho Trn Cnh (1225). Theo s liu, nm 1042, Thi Tng hong xung chiu ban hnh b Hnh Th,

gm c 3 quyn, nhm trnh s tu tin ca cc quan li khi xt x, trnh cho dn chng b xt x oan sai. Rt tic, b Hnh Th n nay khng cn na v thi k nh Minh h nc ta (1407 1427), vi chnh sch ngu dn v ng ho, h tch thu tt c mi sch v ca ta em v chnh quc nhm tiu hu nn vn ho c truyn ca dn tc ta. Tuy nhin, khng phi v th m vic nghin cu php lut ni chung v php lut hnh s ni ring trong thi k ny l khng cn hy vng. Chng ta c th nghin cu cc chiu ch ca cc i vua nh L hin cn ghi chp trong s. Mt khc, nghin cu php lut Trung Quc trong thi k Bc thuc vn cn gi tr tham kho nhm lm sng t cc vn php lut thi L bi v thi k ny chng ta vn cha thot khi s nh hng ca php lut Trung Quc, c bit l php lut nh ng9. Trc tin, chng ta cn khng nh rng di thi nh L, ch nh v Thp c ti c cng nhn trong lut. Bi l, trong mt Chiu c ban hnh thng 11/1042, L Thi Tng c cp n vic cho php cc c gi t 70 80 tui hoc tr em t 10 15 tui v nhng ngi m yu, cc thn thuc nh vua t i cng tr ln khi phm ti c th chuc bng tin. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny khng p dng i vi ngi phm ti thp c. Trong lut hnh ca Bc T (550-577), Thp c ti c gi l Trng ti thp iu, v sau c nh Tu k tha v pht trin. Tuy nhin, mi n nh ng th Thp c ti mi c th ch thnh lut thnh vn. T s nh hng ca Lut nh ng i vi Lut nh L v phng din ti phm cho ta nhn xt rng nhng ngi phm ti Thp c, gy nguy hi cho s tn vong ca x tc s b x t di thi nh L, theo nhng cch thc khc nhau tu theo trng hp li nng nh, ng cp ca ngi phm ti. Rt may, ngun s liu cho ta mt s minh chng v iu ny. Theo i Vit s k ton th, sau khi mi ln ngi, thng 4/1011, L Thi T sai Vin ngoi L Nhn Ngha v o Khnh Vn sang thm nh Tng p l chc mng ln ngi. Tuy nhin, Khnh Vn trn li nc Tng mu i nghch. Ngi Tng bt Khnh Vn tr li cho ta. Vua sai nh trng Khnh Vn cho n cht. Vo nm 1035, nh thng i tng Nguyn Khnh cng lm phn v b bt. Vua L Thi Tng ch thn ng triu xt n v kt n bn Khnh cng nhng k cm u phi b xo tht, bm xng ch. Nm

8 Chu Pht Tng, Trn Long o, T Ct Tng (Tin s Nguyn Vn Dng dch), T in Lch s ch chnh tr Trung Quc, Nxb Tr, 2001, tr.204-207, 224. 9 V Vn Mu, C lut Vit Nam lc kho, quyn th 1, Si Gn, 1971, tr.93.

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1041, in tin ch huy s inh Lc v Phng Lut cng b x ti cht v ti mu phn. Nm 1109, k nghch l T Hu v Sng mu lm phn, b git. Nm 1141, Thn Li cng dy binh lm phn. Vua L Anh Tng sai Anh V i nh chu Lc Lnh, bt c bn b ng ca Li hn 2000 ngi. Li trn sang chu Lng. Thi ph T Hin Thnh bt c Li giao cho Anh V ng ci gii v kinh s. Vua xung chiu cho quan nh u xt ti Li. n xt xong, vua ng in Thin Khnh x ti Li v bn ng mu 20 ngi u x trm. i vi nhng ai xm phm khu vc cm lin quan n qun s hoc an ton thn th ca vua cng b x t. Nm 1150, vua L Anh Tng ban chiu rng: K no phm vic qua li bn ngoi pha u hnh lang cha kh gii ca Phng quc v th x 80 trng, ti ; nu vo trong hnh lang y th x t. Lnh Phng quc v trong hnh lang y c chiu ch mi c cm kh gii, khng c chiu ch m t tin cm kh gii i qu ra u pha ngoi hnh lang th x t. Ngoi ra, i vi nhng th lnh ct c, khng chu hng phc, vua L sai nh dp, bt c th lnh cng x ti cht. Chng hn, nm 1015, L Thi T xung chiu sai Dc Thnh Vng v V c Vng i nh cc chu Kim, V Long, Thng Tn, Bnh Nguyn, bt c cc th lnh em v kinh s, chm bu u ch. Nm 1039, L Thi Tng cng xung chiu: Trm t khi c thin h n gi, i vi tng vn tng v cng cc b ti khng thiu i tit, phng xa ci lnh, khng u khng n xng thn, m h Nng ni i gi b ci vn thng cng np cng. Nay Tn Phc cn r t tn, c tim v hiu, ra mnh lnh, t hp qun ong b, lm hi dn chng bin thu. Trm vng mnh tri i nh, bt c bn Tn Phc 5 tn, u chm ch kinh . mt phng din khc, ta thy nh hng ca Lut nh ng i vi Lut nh L khng phi l mt s sao chp tuyt i. Lut hnh nh L, do nh hng su m ca o Pht, tot ln mt tinh thn nhn o su sc. l nt c sc trong lut hnh triu L m php lut Trung Quc thi k ny khng c c. Bng chng th nht th hin vic vua L Thnh Tng tha ti cht cho vua nc Chim. Nc ta vn gip vi nc Chim. Ngi Chim thng sang quy ri t ai bin thu nn b vua L Thnh Tng thn chinh nh dp. Tuy nhin, t khi Ch C ln ngi vn nui ch phc th nn quan h vi nh Tng (Trung Quc) mua la, nga v t chc li qun i nhm nh ph nc ta. Di s tr gip ca L Thng Kit, vua thn chinh nh chim c kinh thnh ca Chim, bt c Ch C em v kinh . Theo lut l c, Ch C chc chn phi b t hnh. Tuy nhin, vua L Thnh Tng tha cht cho Ch C. V th, Ch C xin dng ba chu B Chnh, Ma Linh v a L chuc ti. Mt bng chng na, i vi nhng k phm ti mu phn (thuc Thp c ti) trong nc, theo lut l phong kin Trung Quc, x t l iu bnh thng. Tuy nhin, vua L Nhn Tng cng c ln tha ti cht cho k phm ti. S chp, nm 1096, Vua ra h Dm m, ng trn thuyn nh xem nh c. Cht c my m ni ln, trong m m nghe c ting thuyn bi n, ting mi cho ro ro, Vua ly gio nm. Chc lt my m tan, thy trong thuyn c con h, mi ngi s ti mt ni: Vic nguy ri!. Ngi nh c l Mc Thn qung li trm ln con h, th ra l Thi s L Vn Thnh. Vua ngh Thnh l i thn c cng gip , y ln tri u Thao Giang ch khng git. S tht l L Vn Thnh c mt gia thn ngi nc i L, bit php thut th hi m, bin thnh h bo. Thnh hc c php y, lp k git Vua nhng mu s khng thnh, th m cng c Vua tha cht.

17

Ngoi ra, mt s cc hnh vi khc l ra phi b x t nhng di triu L, k phm ti vn c thot cht, chng hn nh phm ti i bt knh, ti git ngi. S chp rng, ma thu nm 1158, Thi t Long Xng phm ti thng dm vi cung phi ca Vua. Tuy nhin, vua L Anh Tng vn tha cht cho Long Xng v ph lm th dn. Di thi L Thi Tng, k phm ti git ngi ch b pht 100 trng, thch vo mt 50 ch, lm khao gip.10 Thm ch, c trng hp lm cht ngi mt cch c vn khng b cho l phm ti. Chng hn, nm thng 9/1042, Vua xung chiu rng: k no ban m vo nh gian dm v c, v l ngi ta, ngi ch nh cht, ngay lc by gi th khng b ti.11

Tuy nhin, cng chnh tinh thn nhn o v tin b ny m hnh lut Triu L b phi Nho gia ch trch l mt nn hnh lut nhu nhc, u m.12 Cn S thn Ng S Lin th ni: K lm ti, phm ti git vua, cp ngi m c min ti cht, th l sai trong vic hnh, li vua tin sng o Pht.13 Nhn Tng thng nhn vic m hi [Pht] m tha cho ngi c ti, l khng phi l, nhng m cn mn ting hi Pht. Cn nh vua [Thn Tng] th khng c vic g m cng tha bng. Phm ngi c ti phm php, c k nng ngi nh, nm bc hnh pht, c trn c di, sao li c th tha bng c, nu nht lot tha c th k tiu nhn may m c khi ti, khng phi l phc cho ngi qun t.14 S gia Ng Th S th ni: Git ngi th phi t hnh, l php lut thi xa, ch u ch c nh ngi n cht m ch x ti pht trng v ti . Chnh s v hnh pht qu hng n th.15

Vi lng khoan dung bao la, lut hnh thi L to nn mt nt c sc m php lut phong kin by gi khng c c, l rt ch trng n s ci to phm nhn. Khi , lut hnh ca th gii mang nng tnh h khc nhm mc ch th uy. Ci to phm nhn l mt vn ch mi pht trin trong khoa hc lut hnh s vo thi cn i cc nc Chu u v M.

Tm li, nghin cu mt s chiu ch ca cc Vua thi L, chng ta c th rt ra kt lun v mt s ni dung ca php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi k ny nh sau:

- Bo v hong cung, triu nh nh L. - Bo v ngun bc lt ca giai cp thng tr. - Ch trng vic ci to phm nhn. - Bo v tnh mng, sc kho ca con ngi. - Bo v trt t php lut.

- Quy nh v tha min hnh pht vi s th hin su sc tinh thn nhn o.

5. Php lut hnh s thi Trn (1225 1400) Thi k ny bt u t khi Trn Cnh c Trn Th ng h lp ngi hong

(1225) n khi H Qu Ly cp ngi nh Trn (1400).

10 iVit s k ton th, tr.82-146. 11 i Vit s k ton th, tr.98. 12 V Vn Mu, C lut Vit Nam lc kho, quyn th 1, Si Gn, 1971, tr.103. 13 i Vit s k ton th, tr.114. 14 i Vit s k ton th, tr.128. 15 Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc - Quc s qun triu Nguyn (Vin s hc dch), Nxb Gio dc, HN 1998, tr.154.

18

Sau khi ln ngi, vua Trn Thi Tng (1225 1258) ngh ngay n vic lp php. S chp: nm 1230, Vua sai kho xt cc lut l ca triu trc, son thnh Quc triu thng ch v sa i hnh lut, l nghi, gm 20 quyn. B lut th hai c bin son vo i ca vua Trn D Tng (1341 1369) c tn gi Hnh Lut Th. S vit: Ma thu thng 8 nm Thiu Phong th nht (1341), vua sai Trng Hn Siu v Nguyn Trung Ngn bin nh quyn Hong triu i in v kho son quyn Hnh th ban hnh. Hai b lut trn y cng chu chung s phn ca B Hnh th thi L. Nh vy, tm hiu s lc v tinh thn php lut hnh s di thi Trn, chng ta ch c th da vo s liu. Mt khc, cng nh cc lut l triu L, cc lut l triu Trn d khng cn nguyn bn nhng chc chn c s tham kho phn ln ca lut nh ng v nh Tng, ch c thay i khng nhiu v hnh pht.16 Da vo nhng ngun ti liu t i trn y, cc s gia thng quan tm ch ra s tng phn gia tnh nhn o khoan dung ca php lut triu L i vi tnh khc nghit, tn bo ca php lut triu Trn. Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc chp rng: V nh Trn thon ot ngi vua ca nh L, nn khng t c lut l phn minh, mi triu vua thay i mi cch v lut php thng rt khc nghit. Khng phi v c m cc s gia nhn xt nh vy. Bi v, ngoi cc ti phm theo truyn thng c th b x t nh cc ti Thp c, ti git ngi, ti cp ti sn cc ti phm t nguy him khc cng c th b t hnh. Chng ta c th tm chng c cho nhn xt trn t s ghi chp ca s liu di triu Trn. Theo sch C s sao ngn ca Trn Cng Trung (Phan Huy Ch chp li, ngy nay sch ny khng cn), cc n t trn i khi b bt u phi cht ngn chn v giao li cho ch ton quyn nh ot v sinh mnh hoc cho voi dy. trnh cc s trm cp, lut nh Trn cng trng tr rt nghim ngt ti ny. K trm cp b thch vo mt hai ch phm o (phm ti trm) v phi bi thng 9/10 vt ly trm. Nu khng bi thng c s b tch thu v con. Vo trng hp ti phm s b cht tay chn hay b voi dy. Ti phm ln th ba s b git.17 Nm 1396, di thi ca vua Trn Thun Tng, vi s tham mu ci cch ca H Qu Ly, tin giy c pht hnh. bo m tin khng b lm gi, Vua h lnh nhng ai lm tin gi lp tc b x ti cht, rung t, ti sn b tch thu. Cng vi s pht hnh tin giy l s cm lu hnh tin ng (tin xu). i vi nhng ai dm lu tr, lu hnh cng b ti cht nh ti lm tin gi.18

Di triu Trn, khng mt ai lm phn m c th sng st, k c vua hay Hong tc. S chp, vo thi ca Trn Hin (Trn Ph ), H Qu Ly lng quyn, ln t c Vua. Vua Trn Hin cng cc cn thn trung tn mu git Qu Ly nhng s vic khng thnh. Qu Ly em chuyn bo vi Thng hong Trn Ngh Tng. Thng 12 nm Mu Thn (1388), Thng hong gi v gi Vua n bn vic nc. Sau bt giam Vua cha T Phc. V cui cng tht c Vua n cht.19

16 V Vn Mu (Sd), tr.118 119. 17 V Vn Mu (Sd), tr.118 119. 18 i Vit s k ton th, tr.289. 19 i Vit s k ton th, tr.288.

19

Tm li, chng ta c th kt lun php lut hnh s nc ta thi k ny c mt s c im sau: - Bo v vng triu nh Trn. - Ch ti hnh s thi k nh Trn nghim khc hn nhiu so vi thi L. - Bo v l gio, o l phong kin. - Php lut hnh s c tnh c lp cao, khng sao chp mt cch my mc php lut Trung Hoa phong kin. Nhn chung, php lut hnh s nc ta thi k ny tng bc c hnh thnh v pht trin. D trong thi gian di b phong kin Trung Hoa h, php lut hnh s Vit Nam vn gi c bn sc ring ca mnh.

6. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi nh H (1400 1407) Cui th k XIV, H Qu Ly c uy th ln, ln t dn quyn lc ca Vua v cui

cng cp ngi vo nm 1400. H nm gi ngi Vua c by nm. Nm 1401, H Hn Thng nh quan ch v hnh lut nc i Ngu.20 Php lut hnh s thi H nghim khc hn thi trc rt nhiu. Chng hn, cng theo i Vit s k ton th, nh H quy nh: K lm tin gi b ti cht, rung t, ti sn b tch thu. Bn cnh , H Qu Ly cho trng tre gai xung quanh thnh, ai ly trm mng u b x t. Cc hnh thc x t cng a dng, nh: chm, chn sng, dm xung nc, lng tr...v.v...

II. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM THI NH L S (TIN L)

Php lut hnh s thi nh L s (1428 1788). Thng 6 nm 1407, nh Minh nh bi H Qu Ly v chia nc ta thnh 17 ph, nm chu. ng thi, nh Minh cng thi hnh chnh sch khng b tn bo hng bp ch u tranh ca nhn dn ta, nh: cht thy ngi lm ni, hoc rt rut ngi qun vo cy, hoc rn tht ngi ly lm m, hoc dng nhc hnh bo lc mua vui21... Chng cn hu i hoc mang v Trung Quc nhiu sch, hin vt qu ca dn tc ta, trong c B hnh th ca nh L v nh Trn.

Sau cc cuc khi ngha di s lnh o ca nhng ngi trong tn tht nh Trn lnh o b tht bi, L Li di s tr gip ca Nguyn Tri lnh o nhn dn u tranh ginh thng li nm 1428. Nh L tr v c hn ba th k ri (360 nm), k t khi Bnh nh Vng L Li nh thng qun xm lc Minh, ln ngi Hong , ly hiu l L Thi T (1428) n khi vua L Mn (L Chiu Thng) b ngai vng chy sang Trung Quc, cu vin qun Thanh (1788) nhm chng li vua Quang Trung (Ty Sn). Tuy qua mt thi gian di nh th nhng hu nh cc lut l quan trng ca triu L ch yu c ban hnh vo thi cc thnh ca triu L (khong 70 nm u t 1428 1497). Nhng giai on khc tuy cng c mt s quy nh c ban hnh nhng do c im lch s nn cc

20 i Vit s k tan th, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H ni, 1998, tp II, tr.202.

21 Trng Hu Qunh, Nguyn c Nghinh, Lch s Vit Nam, Nxb Gio dc, H ni 1977, quyn 1, tp II, tr.233.

20

quy nh hu nh ch lin quan n th tc t tng m thi. Ging nh vua L Hin Tng (1498 1504) sau khi ln ngi tng ni: Vua Thi T gy dng nn c , vua Thnh Tng sa sang mi vic, ta nay ch lo gn gi np c v m mang s nhn chnh ra cho sng r cng c ca ng cha ngy trc22. Cho nn, c th ni rng ch cn nhn vo lut l c ban hnh vo cui th k th 15, chng ta cng c th nh gi mt cch c bn tnh hnh php lut di triu L. Tht may mn, nhng quy nh c ban hnh trong thi k ny ngy nay cn lu gi tng i y nn cng vic nghin cu tnh hnh php lut ni chung v php lut hnh s ni ring thi k ny cng c nhiu thun li. Sau khi ln ngi, L Thi T h lnh: T xa ti nay, tr nc phi c php lut, khng c php lut th s lon23. V th, Vua l rt coi trng vic xy dng php lut. Nm 1429, Vua ra lnh: K no du th du thc, nh c nh bc th quan ty v qun dn bt np tr ti. nh bc th cht nm ngn tay, nh c th cht mt phn ngn tay, nhng k khng phi l vic quan m v c t hp ung ru th x pht 100 trng, ngi cha chp b ti km mt bc.24

Thi Vua L Thi Tng, xy dng php lut c tin hnh thm vi mt s quy tc nhm xt x cc v kin co v mt s quy nh cm nn hi l. n khi L Thnh Tng ln ngi, hot ng xy dng php lut ni chung v php lut hnh s ni ring c xem l thnh cng nht cho n thi im vi s ra i ca Quc triu hnh lut (cn gi l B lut Hng c) vo nm 1483 v Hng c thin chnh th (vn bn c cha mt s quy phm php lut hnh s). So vi B lut nh ng, B lut Hng c cha ng nhiu iu hn v mt s ni dung m B lut nh ng khng c. Ngoi cc quy nh lin quan n cm t ma t o, vic chuc v con nhng quan qun lm quan cho gic, cm c bc, ru ch, lut l v cng in, L Thi T sau khi ln ngi nh ra lut l mi v hnh pht. Hnh pht mi do L Thi T nh ra da theo b lut nh ng vi h thng ng hnh: xuy, trng , lu, t25. V sau, khi ban hnh b Quc triu Hnh lut, vua L Thnh Tng vn cho gi nguyn h thng ng hnh. i vi t hnh chia lm ba bc tng ng vi tng loi ti: ti tht c v ti chm; ti chm bu u; v ti lng tr (tng t php lut Trung Hoa, vic nh ti trong Quc triu Hnh lut trc ht da theo hnh pht). Tuy lut ch a ra ba hnh thc trn, nhng thc t li pht sinh mt trng hp phm ti b x t bng thuc c. l trng hp ca Trn Co. S chp: By gi cc quan u dng s ni Trn Co khng c cng g vi dn, sao li trn mi ngi, nn sm tr i. Vua [Thi T] cng bit l nh vy, nhng trong lng khng n, i x cng hu. Co bit ngi trong nc khng phc mnh, bn ngm i thuyn vt bin, trn vo chu Ngc Ma. n Ma Cng (t Ngh An), quan qun ui bt c, em v ng Quan, bt ung thuc c cht.26

Bn cnh , s cng c ghi nhng vn lin quan n trng hp bt ngh c xem xt di triu vua L Thi T. H ai thuc bt ngh m phm ti th trc tin phi tu xin ngh n, khi no ngh xong li phi tu vua xt li. Nhng ai phm t ti lu tr

22 Trn Trng Kim Vit Nam s lc, Trung Tm hc liu B gio dc, tr.250. 23 i Vit s k tan th, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H ni, 1998, tp II, tr.291.24 i Vit s k tan th, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H ni, 1998, tp II, tr.298.25 Trn Trng Kim, tr.235-236. 26 i Vit s k ton th, tr.360.

21

xung u c th c min gim hnh pht. V th, nhng ai phm ti t hnh th khng c hng quy nh v bt ngh. Mt s i vua khc trong giai on ny tuy cng c ban hnh mt s lut l, nhng phi i n vua L Thnh Tng (1460 1497), php lut triu L mi thc s thng hoa. Trc tin chng ta hy ni n b Quc triu Hnh lut c ban hnh vo nm 1483. Sch th hai l quyn Hng c thin chnh th cng c bin son vo nin hiu Hng c nhng khng r nm no. y l hai vn bn cha ng nhng quy phm php lut hnh s ch yu ca thi nh L. Do nh hng ca nhn tr ch ngha, mt c im chung ca cc h thng php lut c phng ng, php lut triu L lm mt i ranh gii gia o c v php lut. Hu qu ca thc t ny l vic quy nh ti phm i vi c cc hnh vi m ngy nay ch ng ln n v mt o c, nhng lc l nhm Thp c ti v b x t. Chng hn nh: T co, ra mng ng b, cha m, tri li cha m dy bo, nui nng thiu thn, c tang cha m m ly v ly chng, vui chi n mc nh thng; nghe thy tang ng b cha m m giu, khng c ai (t chc tang l); ni di l ng b, cha m cht b khp vo ti Bt hiu. Git hay em bn nhng ngi trong h t hng phi tang 3 thng tr ln, nh p v t co chng, cng nhng h hng t tiu cng (h hng phi tang 5 thng) tr ln b khp ti Bt mc. Gian dm vi ngi trong h t hng tiu cng tr ln, cng nng hu ca ng cha b xem l phm ti Ni lon27. Ma thu nm 1470, vua L Thnh Tng cng c ra mt sc ch rng: Con tang cha m, v tang chng phi theo quy ch chung l 3 nm, khng c theo ring t tin lm tri l, phm phpV tang chng m dm lon ba bi, hoc cha ht tang b o tr, mc o thng, hoc nhn l hi ca ngi khc, hay i ly chng khc u phi ti cht c.28

V phng din khc, php lut triu L cn chu nh hng ca php tr ch ngha. cc lut l c m bo tun th, php lut triu L cng t ra nhng hnh pht rt nng. Trong s 673 iu lut quy nh v ti phm ca b Quc triu Hnh lut, 144 iu quy nh cc hnh vi phm ti c ch ti t hnh (chim khong 21%). a s cc hnh vi phm ti c th x t hnh c lin quan n s an nguy ca x tc, s an ton ca nh vua v hong tc, s tn nghim ca dng di hong gia. Ngoi ra, mt s hnh vi phm ti khc cng c th b t hnh nh git ngi, hip dm, cp ti sn, trm ti sn nhiu ln, nhn hi l t 20 quan tr ln, gian dm vi v k, v l ca ng b, cha m, ca chhoc trong cung cm, che giu ngi thn ca k phn nghchv.v

Php lut triu L cng ghi nhn ch nh trch nhim hnh s i vi tp th. Do , i vi nhng phm ti nh mu phn, mu i nghch, mu chng i, l nhng hnh vi c th gy nguy hi n s an nguy ca x tc hoc s an ton, s tn nghim ca nh vua v hong tc th c h phi chu chung trch nhim hnh s, nhng k thc hnh b x t. iu 307 Hng c thin chnh th quy nh: Ngm rp mu gian, n cp chu bu, nh khp ti cht, cha m, v con v in sn tch thu sung cng, chiu lut m thi hnh29. iu 411 Quc triu Hnh lut cng quy nh: Nhng k mu lm phn, mu lm vic i

27 Quc triu Hnh lut, Nxb Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 1995, tr.37. 28 i Vit s k ton th, tr.463. 29 Hng c Thin Chnh Th, Nam H n qun, Si Gn, 1959, tr.139.

22

nghch th x ti chm bu u, k tng phm v thn ng bit c vic y u phi ti chm, v con in sn u b tch thu lm ca cng.

Tuy lut khng quy nh nhng k git vua phi b tc tru (git c h), nhng trn thc t, theo s liu, thc t ny c din ra. V n oan ca Nguyn Tri xc nhn iu . S chp vo nm 1442: Trc y, vua [L Thi Tng] thch v ca Nguyn Tri l Nguyn Th L, ngi rt p, vn chng rt hay, gi vo cung phong lm l nghi hc s, ngy m hu bn cnh. n khi i tun min ng, xa gi v ti vn vi, x i Li, ven sng Thin c, vua thc sut m vi Nguyn Th L ri bng. Nguyn Tri v Nguyn Th L b khp ti git vua nn ngy 16 thng 8 nm y, Nguyn Tri v Nguyn Th L cng b git c. Ngoi ra, ba h cng b bt ti cht theo.30 V vic p dng hnh pht t hnh i vi nhm ti t, d l i vi nhm bt ngh cng khng c gim. Tuy nhin, Quc triu Hnh lut yu cu, trc khi quyt nh t hnh, cc quan ngh n phi khai r ti trng v hnh pht nn x th no, lm thnh bn tu, dng ln vua vua xt nh (c quan ngh n ch xt tnh ngh ti m khng c quyt nh) (iu 4 Quc triu Hnh lut). Nhng trng hp ngi phm ti c tui t 80 tr ln hoc 10 tui tr xung, cng nhng ngi b c tt m phm ti ti t cng c hng quy nh ny. Nu ngi t 90 tui tr ln hoc 7 tui tr xung m phm ti t th khng c hnh hnh (iu 16 Quc triu Hnh lut). Ngoi ra, i vi nhng ngi ph n m phm ti t hnh, nu ang c mang thai, th phi sinh sau 100 ngy mi em hnh hnh (iu 680 Quc triu Hnh lut). Theo iu 19 chng on Ngc, Nhng ngy u ma xun, ngy quc k, ngy trai gii lm l ln m [hnh quan] tu ln xin thi hnh n t hnh th bim mt t. Quy nh ny cho thy, hnh quan mun thi hnh n t hnh phi xin kin ca vua. Khi vua chp nhn th n t hnh mi c em thi hnh. Mt khc, khng c thi hnh n t hnh vo cc ngy u ma xun, ngy quc k, ngy trai gii lm l ln. C th rt ra mt s kt lun v c im ca php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi k ny nh sau:

- V ti phm: + Php lut hnh s triu L khng ghi nhn khi nim ti phm m ch quy nh nhng hnh vi nguy him cho x hi phi chu hnh pht. Ngoi ra, c mt s hnh vi m php lut ngy nay cho l vi phm php lut hnh chnh, dn s...hay thm ch l vi phm o c cng b xem l ti phm. + Php lut hnh s thi k ny c cp n hai hnh thc li l c v v .31

+ Ngoi quy nh trch nhim hnh s i vi c nhn, php lut hnh s thi k ny cn truy cu trch nhim hnh s c i vi tp th nu phm nhng ti thuc nhm Thp c ti. + Php lut hnh s thi L c quy nh vic truy cu trch nhim hnh s mt s hnh vi (mu phn, mu i nghch, mu chng i) giai on chun b.32

30 i Vit s k ton th, tr.405. 31 Quc triu Hnh lut, iu 479.32 Quc triu Hnh lut, iu 411, 412.

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+ Vn ng phm c B lut Hng c cp ti cc iu 35, 36, 411, 412, 454, 469, 539. Tuy nhin, B lut khng quy nh khi nim ng phm m ch nu ln nguyn tc trng tr ti phm. + Php lut hnh s thi k ny cho php ngi thn trong gia nh che ch ln nhau, cm t co nu ngi thn c phm ti (iu 504). + Nhng tnh tit loi tr tnh cht phm ti ca hnh vi cng c B lut Hng c cp ti cc iu 303, 410, 634, 646. - V hnh pht: bao gm 5 hnh pht chnh (ng hnh) + Xuy hnh (nh roi): c 5 bc l 10 roi, 20 roi, 30 roi, 40 roi, 50 roi. Ngoi ra, c th km vi hnh pht ny l hnh pht b sung tin hay bim chc. + Trng hnh (nh trng): c 5 bc l 60 trng, 70 trng, 80 trng, 90 trng, 100 trng. Hnh pht ny ch p dng i vi n ng v c th km theo hnh pht b sung hnh, lu hnh hoc bim chc. + hnh (bt lm vic nng): c 3 bc l 1) lm gia inh (lm vic nh), dch inh (vic lnh), x inh (vic lng x), khao inh (vic nu n) (n ng), lm vin ph (lm vn), th ph (lm vic vt), tang tht ph (chn nui tm) (n b); 2) lm tng phng binh (qut chung voi) (n ng), xuy tht t (lm bp) (n b); 3) lm chng in binh (khai thc n in bin gii) (n ng), thung tht t (xay la, gi go) (n b). + Lu hnh (i y): c 3 bc l 1) chu gn: ngi phm ti b nh 90 trng, thch vo mt 6 ch, eo xing, y i lm vic Ngh An, H Hoa (n ng), nh 50 roi, thch vo mt 6 ch, khng eo xing, bt phi lm vic (n b); 2) chu ngoi: nh 90 trng, thch vo mt 8 ch, eo xing 2 vng, y lm vic Qung Bnh; 3) chu xa: nh 100 trng, thch vo mt 10 ch, eo xing 3 vng, y i lm vic cc vng x Cao Bng. + T hnh: c 3 bc l tht c chm, chm bu u, lng tr (xo tng ming tht theo ting trng n cht). im khc trong h thng hnh pht ca B lut Hng c so vi php lut hnh s Trung Hoa l c thm hai hnh pht b sung l pht tin v bim chc. Khi b bim chc, ngi phm ti c th chuc bng tin, s tin tu theo tc phm cao hay thp. - Quyt nh hnh pht: Quyt nh hnh pht theo B lut Hng c da vo nhn thn ngi phm ti (nhm bt ngh c xem xt gim ti). T th, thnh tht khai bo l nhng tnh tit gim nh trong B lut Hng c. Ngoi ra, nhng trng hp phm ti vi li v hoc phm ti tui gi hoc tui tr cng c xem xt khi quyt nh hnh pht (xem iu 14, 16 B lut Hng c). Trong trng hp ng phm quyt nh hnh pht nng i vi ngi cm u, t chc (iu 35). - Php lut hnh s thi k ny bo v trc ht quyn thng tr ca Nh nc phong kin. V th, nhng ai phm ti thuc nhm Thp c ti s khng c n gim d ngi thuc nhm bt ngh. c bit, B lut Hng c cn dnh ring chng V cm vi ch ti ht sc nghim khc bo v hong thnh, cung in, long th nh vua (iu 50, 52, 55). Nhng quy nh v bo v rung t cng cng c B lut quan tm (iu 342).

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- Php lut hnh s thi L cn bo v c hiu qu trt t phong kin. - Php lut hnh s thi k ny quy nh cc ti phm v chc v, trong c cc ti phm v tham nhng (chng hn iu 137, 138, 140... B lut Hng c). Ngoi ra, lut cn quy nh cc ti phm xm phm hot ng t php (iu 546, 674, 686). Nhn chung, lut hnh triu L mt mt chu nh hng ca ch ngha nhn tr mt khc li cng chu nh hng ca ch ngha php tr phng ng. S nh hng th hin trc tip trong vic quy nh ti phm v hnh pht. Trong Quc triu Hnh lut, ti phm c quy nh rng ri trong rt nhiu lnh vc ca i sng. iu ny ni ln tnh cht nghim khc ca lut hnh triu L nhm khin cho mi ngi phi trit tun theo php lut. Nhng php lut triu L cng rt quan tm xem xt n nhn thn ngi phm ti khi p dng hnh pht, d ngi phm ti t (xem xt i vi nhng ngi phm ti thuc bt ngh, ngi gi, tr em). Hn th na, vic hnh hnh cng c xem xt n ph n ang c thai v mc ch nhn o. iu ny gip cho vic p dng hnh pht di triu L d c nghim khc nhng vn m bo tnh khoan dung, nhn o v mang li hiu qu cao. S c sc ny khin cho php lut triu L to nn mt nt ring so vi cc triu i phong kin Trung Quc trc cng nh ng thi.

III. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM T TH K XVI, XVII, XVIII N THI K NH NGUYN

1. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam t th k XVI, XVII, XVIII Nm 1511, vua L Tng Mc sau mt nm ln ngi ban hnh Tr binh bo phm

(gm 50 iu), trong c cha mt s quy phm php lut hnh s. Ni dung cc quy phm php lut ny cp n nhng quan h lin quan n ti cha, quan dn, ch t...Tuy nhin, vua L Tng Mc khng c cc bin php khc phc tnh trng ngy cng hn lon ca t nc.

Cuc chin tranh Trnh - Mc ko di mi n nm 1592 mi kt thc. Nhng, cuc sng thanh bnh chng bao lu, cuc ni chin Trnh - Nguyn xy ra v ko di ngt na th k to nn hai chin tuyn gi l ng trong v ng ngoi.33 Tuy nhin, php lut hnh s thi L s c bn vn cn p dng c sa i, b sung cn thit c ng trong v ng ngoi.

T nm 1771, phong tro khi ngha Ty sn tiu dit ba tp on L, Trnh, Nguyn trong nc v nh thng qun xm lc Xim, Thanh thng nht t nc. Nm 1788, Quang Trung ch trng xy dng mt b lut cho triu i mi. Cha hon thnh c nguyn th Quang Trung cht, Quang Ton ln thay. Quang Ton giao thng th b hnh L Cng Min bin son B hnh th gm ba quyn, cha kp thi hnh th Min cng cht. Hin nay, B hnh th ny khng cn na, nhng theo s sch ghi li, B ny da trn Lut nh Thanh v B lut Hng c.

33 Nguyn Phan Quang, Trng Hu Qunh, Nguyn Cnh Minh, Lch s Vit Nam, Nxb Gio dc, H ni 1977, quyn 2 Tp 1, tr. 79.

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2. Php lut hnh s Vit Nam thi k nh Nguyn (1802 1883) Nh Nguyn bt u sau khi Nguyn nh dp xong qun Ty Sn Nguyn Hu, ln

ngi lm vua vo nm 1802, ly hiu l Gia Long v kt thc sau khi Cch mng Thng Tm thnh cng, vua Bo i thoi v, trao chnh quyn v tay chnh ph Vit Nam cng ho, nm 1945. Mc d xt v phng din lch s, nh Nguyn c xem l tr v n nm 1945, tuy nhin thc t m ni th vo na cui th k th 19 (nm 1883), Php buc nh Nguyn k Hip c ho bnh tha nhn s thng tr ca Php trn ton Vit Nam, nc ta hon ton t di nn Php thuc. Cho nn, s tn ti ca nh Nguyn t v sau ch mang tnh hnh thc. V vy, vic nghin cu tnh hnh php lut ni chung cng nh php lut hnh s ni ring di triu Nguyn ch tp trung vo giai on nh Nguyn cn t ch. Phi cng nhn rng vua Gia Long cng l ngi rt quan tm n vic tr quc. Sau khi ln ngi, vua Gia Long ngh ngay n vic php in ho cc lut l mt mt to nn s i mi ca lut l, mt khc nhm biu dng quyn lc ca chnh quyn mi. V th, vua sai Tin qun Bc thnh tng trn Nguyn Vn Thnh lm Tng ti cng vi V Trinh v Trn Hu m nhn vic son lut vi tn gi Hong Vit lut l (cn gi l B lut Gia Long). Nm 1811, b Hong Vit lut l c hon tt v mt nm sau, 1812, b Hong Vit lut l c khc in ln u tin, nm 1813 c p dng rng ri trong ton quc. V cng vic bin son kh vi vng cng vi cc nh son tho thiu tinh thn t ch nn d vua Gia Long c lnh khi son lut cn tham kho lut c, nht l B lut Hng c, b Hong Vit lut l gn nh l bn sao ca b i Thanh lut l (1740) ca Trung Quc t ni dung n hnh thc. S vng ngoi qu mc ca cc nh lp php triu Nguyn a h n ch mt ht tinh thn t ch, chp gn ng nguyn vn ca b i Thanh lut l m khng c mt s ph phn, ci i cho ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam lc by gi. Trong khi , nhiu vn tin b, ph hp vi thc tin Vit Nam trong B lut Hng c li t c h quan tm k tha. B Hong Vit lut l bao gm 398 iu chia lm 22 quyn, trong c 353 iu quy nh cc ti phm c th.34 Trong s 353 iu quy nh cc ti phm c th, c 122 iu c quy nh hnh pht cao nht l t hnh. Ngoi ra, B lut cn quy nh mt s hnh vi khc dng gin tip m khi p dng i vi cc hnh vi phm ti c th cng c th s dng hnh pht t hnh. Chng hn nh iu 255 quy nh: Phm xut gi lm th thip m mu st ng b, cha m [ca chng qua i], v mu st cu c th ti ging nhau. Trong khi , ti mu st trong trng hp bnh thng th b t hnh. Hoc iu 263 quy nh: Nu nhn mu tnh chuyn li m gian ly ca ci th tnh theo tang vt, lun ti theo n trm. Cp ly ca ci th buc ti theo lut cp ca ban ngy, min xm ch, x ti gian di theo iu nng. Mu kim li th x theo li gian di cp ot th x ti theo gian di cp ot. Trong khi , hnh vi trm, cp c B lut quy nh l c th n mc pht l t hnh. Nh vy, nu nghin cu chi tit th B lut Gia Long c trn 35% (trn tng s cc iu lut quy nh v ti phm) iu lut quy nh ti phm c ch ti l hnh pht t hnh.

Do nh hng ca php lut hnh s phng ng, b Hong Vit lut l cng khng c s phn bit gia hnh vi phm ti vi nhng hnh vi vi phm o c. Cho nn, v c 34 Hong Vit lut l, Nxb Vn ha Thng tin, H Ni, 1994.

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bn, Thp c ti vn cn bao gm cc hnh vi c nghch, bt hiu, bt mc, ni lon. Nhng hnh vi ny c t ngang hng vi cc ti mu phn, mu i nghch, mu bn v phi b x t nu vi phm. Ngoi nhng hnh vi phm ti thng thng b x t nh git ngi, cp ti sn, ti phm trm cp, tham , gian dm, cp t, o m cuc m, i a s nhng hnh vi phm ti c th x t hnh lin quan n s an ton v s tn nghim ca vua v hong tc. Bn cnh , di nh hng ca Nho gio, hnh vi b x nghim n mc t hnh cn lin quan n mi quan h qun -thn, ph - t, v phu - th. So vi php lut hnh s triu L, php lut hnh s triu Nguyn c s nghim khc hn bi n chu nh hng ca chnh sch hnh pht nghim khc ca nh Thanh nhm y mnh vic thi hnh chnh sch p bc cao v t tng chnh tr mc d iu khng cn thit trong x hi Vit Nam lc by gi. Nu b Quc triu Hnh lut khng c cp n ch nh tc tru (git c h) th b Hong Vit lut l c quy nh ch nh ny. iu 223 quy nh: Phm k mu phn khng lm li cho t nc, mu hi x tc v i nghch khng c li i vi vua, mu ph hu tn miu, sn lng v cung quyt. Ch nhng tay vo m mu m khng chia cm u hay tng phm hay cha lm u b x t bng lng tr. ng ni, cha con, chu, anh em v ngi cng trong mt nh, nh trong tc khng tang thn thuc, b ngoi, cha v, r, khng chia khc nhau theo h, chnh phm hay mi quen. Ch bc, con ca anh em khng hn hay cha ring, qu qun khc nhau. Nam t 16 tui tr ln, khng k l bnh nng, tn ph u em chm ht. Theo h thng ng hnh, Hong Vit lut l quy nh t hnh c hai bc l treo c v chm. Cng ging lut hnh s i Thanh, treo c c hai loi l treo c ngay v i ma thu mi treo c (gio lp quyt v gio giam hu).35 Chm cng chia lm hai loi tng t nh treo c (trm lp quyt v trm giam hu). Nh vy, Hong Vit lut l khng quy nh hnh thc x t bng lng tr, ph hp vi phn gii thch thm ca B lut ny: cht lng tr l mt hnh pht gh khip nht trong cc hnh pht ngy nay vnh vin b nhc hnh, vnh vin b c hnh cng i, ch cn gi li hnh pht gh khip nht ngoi thy mi gh khip ny bng cch chm k bt trung, bt hiu thi. Tuy nhin, trong mt s quy nh c th v ti phm, nh lm lut quy nh mc ch ti l x t lng tr (xem cc iu , 223, 253, 254, 256, 257 - Hong Vit lut l). y l s mu thun to nn mt khuyt im nghim trng trong lch s lp php hnh s thi nh Nguyn. Ngoi ra, mc d lut khng quy nh hnh thc x t bng cho ung thuc c, tuy nhin thc t thnh thong cc quan i thn cng b p dng hnh thc ny nu b kt n lm phn. Chng hn nh v n oan ca Nguyn Vn Thnh, ngi son ra Hong Vit lut l, vo cui i Gia Long b nghi l lm phn v b ban cho t st bng thuc c. V th, trong cc bn in Hong Vit lut l di triu vua Minh Mng khng thy in tn Nguyn Vn Thnh trn u sch na. Ngoi ra, B lut Gia Long cn chp nhn nguyn tc Snh dn iu lut, ngha l nu trong lut khng c quy nh th khi xt x, phn quan c th cn c vo cc iu lut tng t nh ti v nh hnh, k c cc ti phm c th x t hnh. Ngy nay, chng ta gi y l nguyn tc tng t v lut. Nguyn tc ny b t chi tha nhn trong lut hnh 35 Nu tnh tit phm ti nng th treo c ngay, ngc li th i ma thu xem xt li hoc chuyn ln vua xem xt ri mi treo c.

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s phng Ty v c lut hnh s Vit Nam hin hnh v n khng mang li s bo m cho quyn li ca ngi phm ti. Tuy nhin, do sao chp t i Thanh lut l nn B lut Gia Long cng mc nhin tha nhn nguyn tc ny mt cch v thc (iu 43, Hong Vit lut l). Trong vic quyt nh hnh pht, B lut Gia Long cng s dng quy nh v bt ngh nh B lut Hng c. i vi nhng ngi phm ti ti mc t hnh, nu thuc hng bt ngh cng nh ng b ca nhng ngi thuc hng ngh th phi tu ln vua trc v ch quyt nh ti hu. Nu h phm ti thuc Thp c th c th x nhng phi tu ln vua bng mt bc th dn kn (iu 4, 5, Hong Vit lut l). Nhng ngi t 80 tui tr ln hoc 10 tui tr xung hay bnh nng phm ti git ngi phi ti cht th ngh x tu ln vua ch quyt nh ca vua. Nu phm ti phn nghch th khng p dng lut ny.

i vi nhng ngi gi t 90 tui tr ln hoc t 7 tui tr xung d c phm ti cht cng khng phi chu hnh pht no (iu 21, Hong Vit lut l).

C mt im c bit l quan coi thin vn di triu Nguyn rt c coi trng v h c coi l nhng ngi bit r cch chuyn ng ca cc thin th, c ngha l c th bit c tri t. V th, nhng quan coi thin vn nu c phm ti th bao gi cng c gim bc hnh pht. Khi h phm ti ng x t hnh cng khng b x m ch c th x h vi hnh pht cao nht l ti lu, k c khi h phm ti mu phn (iu 18, Hong Vit lut l).

C quan c thm quyn p dng hnh pht cao nht Trung ng l Php ty, tnh l c ph. Nu cp tnh th Php ty s xem xt li nu c vn oan c, ngc li s trnh ln vua ch tr li mi lp n. V th, c th ni rng, trong trng hp phm nhn b x t hnh th vua chnh l ngi c thm quyn ti cao trong vic xt li n v quyt nh (iu 376, Hong Vit lut l). Nu vua tr li phi thi hnh hnh pht th 3 ngy sau mi hnh hnh, khng c sm hn cng khng c tr hn (iu 386, Hong Vit lut l). i vi ph n c thai, nu phm phi ti cht th phi sau khi sinh 100 ngy mi em hnh hnh (iu 385, Hong Vit lut l). Nghin cu cc quy phm php lut hnh s triu Nguyn, chng ta thy c mt s c im sau: - V ti phm: + Php lut hnh s thi k ny khng ghi nhn khi nim ti phm. Mt s cc hnh vi vi phm o c, lun l nh bt hiu, bt mc, bt ngha...b xem l nguy him ngang bng vi cc ti chng chnh quyn nh mu phn, mu i nghch...(ging B lut Hng c v lut ca i Thanh). + Li c chia thnh c v v , trong cc ti phm c li c b x nng hn (chng hn, iu 251, 265). + Ngoi quy nh trch nhim hnh s i vi c nhn, php lut hnh s cn truy cu trch nhim tp th i vi mt s loi ti phm xm phm n s tn ti ca Nh nc phong kin vi ch ti tn c hn nhiu so vi lut thi L (chng hn, iu 223).

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+ Lut khng ghi nhn khi nim php l v cc giai on thc hin ti phm. Tuy nhin, vi cc ti phm mu phn, mu i nghch...c quy nh t khi biu l nh (iu 223, 224...). + Hong Vit lut l c ghi nhn ch nh ng phm trn c s tip thu nhng gi tr lp php ca Lut Hng c (nh iu 29). + Ch nh phm nhiu ti c ghi nhn trong Lut Gia Long l mt trong nhng thnh tu ca lp php hnh s thi k ny (nh iu 25). + Hiu lc v khng gian v thi gian l thnh tu ln nht m Hong Vit lut l t c (xem iu 33, 42). - V hnh pht: H thng hnh pht trong Lut triu Nguyn cng gm 5 loi tng t Lut triu L nhng c khc i cht: + nh roi (dng roi my nh nh, dy cho bit xu h): c 5 bc l 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 roi. + nh trng: c 5 bc l 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 trng. + hnh (bt lm n l): c 5 bc l 1) 1 nm v nh 60 trng; 2) 1,5 nm v nh 70 trng; 3) 2 nm v nh 80 trng; 4) 2,5 nm v nh 90 trng; 5) 3 nm v nh 100 trng. + Lu y: c 3 bc l 1) 2000 dm v nh 100 trng; 2) 2500 dm v nh 100 trng; 3) 3000 dm v nh 100 trng. + T hnh: c 2 bc l treo c v chm. D trong iu 1 Hong Vit lut l khng nh b hn khng p dng t hnh bng lng tr nhng thnh thong ti cc iu lut quy nh cc ti phm c th nh mu phn (iu 224), n t nh gia trng (iu 283) li c quy nh p dng lng tr. - Quyt nh hnh pht: quy nh theo hng c li cho giai cp cm quyn phong kin. Ngoi bt ngh, lut cn quy nh cc quan vn v khi phm ti s hng c n so vi dn thng (iu 6). - Php lut hnh s thi Nguyn cng nh cc thi k trc, bo v trit quyn thng tr ca Nh nc phong kin tp quyn vi vic quy nh thp c ti (iu 2). Lut cn dnh 16 iu quy nh vic canh gc ni vua (iu 165, 166, 169...). Lut c bit dnh 20 iu quy nh vic qun chnh bo v qun i (iu 182, 184, 193...). - Php lut hnh s thi ny c nhiu quy nh v cc ti phm xm phm s hu (iu 226, 228, 229, 238, 240...). - c bit, lut cn ghi nhn cc ti phm tham nhng. C 9 iu quy nh v ti t lt, nh iu 312, 315, 317...ng ch , lut cm quan li mua sm rung, nh ti a phng ni mnh lm vic. Nhn chung, so vi lut hnh triu L, lut hnh triu Nguyn c phn nghim khc hn. iu ny xut pht t nguyn nhn lut l triu Nguyn sao chp phn ln ni dung ca lut nh Thanh m lut nh Thanh th rt khc nghit, tn khc c tch t t cc triu

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i phong kin ca Trung Hoa nhm bo v tuyt i s thng tr ca ch phong kin tp quyn trung ng. Nguyn nhn khin cho nh tt p ca vua Gia Long l mong mun hnh pht gim bt tnh d man, tn bo khng thc hin c. Cho nn, d phn u B lut Gia Long khng nh ch mun s dng hai hnh thc hnh hnh nhng trong phn cc ti phm li c thm nhiu loi x t khc th hin tnh cht tn khc khng thua km cc loi c s dng Trung Hoa. Hn th na, ch nh tc tru (git c h), mt ch nh hnh pht thi c i cc k khc lit, ln u tin c tha nhn trong lut thnh vn nc ta di thi nh Nguyn. Tnh khc lit ca ch nh ny ch n buc tt c nhng ngi c lin quan n ngi phm ti, bt k l ngi tt hay xu, gi hay tr, trai hay gi,, u phi cht bi mt hnh vi phm ti khng h c lin quan n mnh. Ngoi ra, n gn cui i Nguyn, Vua Minh Mng p dng chnh sch st mu i vi cc o trng Ty phng v cc tn thin cha. Mc d nh vua ra nhiu o d cm o v p dng mi bin php khm xt ro rit nhng vn khng c kt qu. Cui cng nh Nguyn i n ch quyt lit trong vic ny. o d cui cng nm 1825 tuyn b x t hnh nhng ai vi phm lnh v cha chp gio s cng nh gio dn. Nm y, mt gio s b bt v b x gio. V sau , vic x t cc gio s li cng d di hn trc cho n khi Php chim xong nc ta.

IV. PHP LUT HNH S VIT NAM THI K THC DN PHP XM LC

Sau khi cng Anh, M buc nh Thanh k Hip c Thin Tn (27/6/1858), Php ko qun vin chinh t Trung Quc nh chim Vit Nam. Sau khi k Hip c