Luân Đôn – Wikipedia Tiếng Việt

T trn xung: Thnh ph Lun n, Cu Thp Lun n v

cng trnh Mt Lun n, Cung in Westminster

a im

V tr Lun n trong UK

Ta : 513025B, 00739T

Chnh quyn

Lun nLondon

Lun nBch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Lun n (ting Anh: London /lndn/ - "Ln-n") lth ca Anh v Vng quc Lin hip Anh v BcIreland (UK), ng thi l vng th ln nht UK v cngl khu vc th rng th hai v din tch trong Lin minhChu u (EU). Lun n do ch La M t nn mngu tin vi b dy lch s hn 2.000 nm v tn gi thi

u l Londinium (Lun n La M).[1] Trung tm chnh txa xa ca Lun n l Thnh ph Lun n, hin vn gic ranh gii rng hng dm vung t thi Trung C trnquy m ln. Sm nht cng t th k 19, tn gi "Lunn" mi c bit n nh mt th ln pht trin quanh

trung tm chnh.[2] S sp nhp ca nhng vng th lin

hon to thnh vng Lun n[3] v vng hnh chnh i

Lun n,[4][note 1] do th trng Lun n v Hi ng

Lun n iu hnh thng qua c c.[5]

Lun n l mt thnh ph ton cu, cng Thnh ph New

York l trung tm ti chnh ln nht th gii.[6][7][8] v c

GDP thnh ph ln nht chu u.[9] Tr s ca hu ht 100cng ty hng u Vng quc Anh v hn 100/500 cng tyln nht chu u nm ti trung tm Lun n. S nhhng ca Lun n i vi chnh tr, ti chnh, gio dc,gii tr, truyn thng, thi trang, ngh thut v vn ha mang li v th thnh ph ton cu cho Lun n. y lmt im n du lch ln i vi du khch ni a v quct. Lun n ng cai Th vn hi ma H 1908 v Th

vn hi ma H 1948 v Th vn hi ma H 2012.[10] Lunn c 4 di sn th gii: Thp Lun n; Vn thc vtHong gia, Kew; khu vc bao gm Cung in Westminster,Westminster Abbey v Gio ng St. Margaret; khu nhc lch s Greenwich (trong c i thin vn Hong gianh du kinh tuyn 0 (Greenwich Meridian) v gi trung

bnh Greenwich (GMT).[11]

Lun n c thnh phn dn tc, vn ha, tn gio a dng,

c hn 300 ngn ng c s dng.[12] Ti thi im thng7 nm 2007, thnh ph c dn s chnh thc l 7.556.900

ngi trong i Lun n,[13] khin n l th ng dn

nht Lin minh chu u.[14] th i Lun n (GreaterLondon Urban Area) (vng th ln th hai chu u) c

dn s 8.278.251.[15] Cn vng th Lun n ln nht

chu u vi dn s t 12 triu ngi[16] n 14 triu

ngi.[17] Thng k cho thy cha n 70% dn s Lunn l ngi da trng, iu ny cho thy Lun n c tnh

quc t cao.[18] H thng tu in ngm Lun n do Cc

Ta : 513026B 0739T

Lun n Wikipedia ting Vit http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun_n

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Nc: Vng quc Anh

Vng: London

Chnh quyn khuvc:

Chnh quyn i Lun n

Hi ng khu vc: Hi ng Lun n

HQ: Ta chnh

Th trng: Ken Livingstone

Phn chia

Cc qun: Thnh ph & 32 Londonboroughs

Quc hi Anh: 74 constituencies

Hi ng London: 14 constituencies

Quc hi chu u: London constituency

a l

Thnh ph Lunn

Din tch: 1577,3 km (609 dmvuong)

Dn s: 8.600.000

Mt : 2.966/km

Ni thnh: 8,5 triu

Khu vc metro: 12-14 triu

Mi gi

Tiu chun: GMT (UTC)

Ma h: (DST) BST (UTC+1)

Websitehttp://www.london.gov.uk

vn ti Lun n (Transport for London) qun l, l h

thng tu in ngm c nht th gii.[19] Sn bay HeathrowLondon l sn bay bn rn nht th gii theo lt khch

quc t[20] vi khng gian hng khng tp np hn bt c

trung tm th no trn th gii.[21]

Mc lc

1 Lch s

1.1 Bui u ca Lun n

1.2 Lun n thi Norman v trung c

1.3 S i ln ca Lun n hin i

2 Chnh quyn

2.1 Chnh quyn a phng

2.2 Chnh quyn quc gia

3 a l

3.1 Phm vi

3.2 Tnh trng php l

3.3 a hnh

3.4 Kh hu

3.5 Phn vng

3.6 Kin trc

3.7 Cc cng vin v khu vn

4 Dn s

4.1 Cc nhm dn tc

4.2 Tn gio

5 Kinh t

5.1 Ti chnh

5.2 Vn ti

5.3 Du lch

6 Giao thng

6.1 ng st

6.2 Xe bus v xe in

6.3 ng khng

6.4 ng b

6.5 Xe p

7 Gio dc


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7.1 Tiu hc v cp hai

7.2 Cp ba

8 Vn ha

8.1 Ging ni

8.2 Th gin v gii tr

8.3 Vn hc, phim nh v truyn hnh

8.4 Bo tng v trin lm ngh thut

8.5 m nhc

8.6 Th thao

9 Thnh ph kt ngha

10 Ch thch

11 Tham kho

11.1 Th mc

12 Lin kt ngoi

Lch s

Bui u ca Lun n

Mc d c mt s bng chng v cc khu dn c ri rc trc thi La M trong khu vc ny, khu dn c lnu tin c thnh lp bi ch La M vo nm 43, theo sau s xm lc o Anh ca qun i La M. Khudn c ny c gi l Londinium, c tin l ngun gc ca tn gi ngy hm nay, mc d ngun gc Celtcng l mt kh nng.

Lun n u tin ch tn ti trong vng 17 nm. Khong nm 61, b tc Iceni ca ngi Celt lnh o bi Nhong Boudica nh p vo Lun n, t sch thnh ph. K tip, s ti sinh vi nhiu quy hoch ln cathnh ph pht trin mnh v gp lun c Colchester nh l th ca Britannia nh l mt tnh La M vonm 100. Tuy nhin, vo th k th 3, thnh ph bt u suy yu dn do cc vn ni b ca ch La M, vvo th k th 5 n b b hoang.

Cho n nm 600, ngi Anglo-Saxon to lp nn mt khu dn c mi (gi l Lundenwic) vo khong 1 kmv pha thng ngun ca thnh ph La M c, quanh khu vc ngy nay l Vn Covent. C l l c mt cngbin ti ca sng Fleet cho vic nh c v thng mi, v khu thng mi ny pht trin cho n khi thm haxy n vo nm 851, khi s phng th xiu vo ca thnh ph mi b vt qua bi s cn qut ca ngiViking v n b san bng. S chim ng bi ngi Viking hai mi nm sau khng tn ti lu, v Alfred i, vua mi ca nc Anh, thit lp ha bnh v di khu dn c vo trong khu thnh phng th ca thnh phLa M c (sau gi l Lundenburgh). Thnh ph nguyn thy tr thnh Ealdwc ("thnh ph c"), mt ci tntn ti cho n ngy nay nh l Aldwych.

Tip sau , di s qun l ca nhiu v vua Anh khc nhau, mt ln na Lun n li pht trin nh l mttrung tm thng mi quc t v chnh tr. Tuy vy, s cn qut ca ngi Viking li bt u trong cui th kth 10, v t n nh cao vo nm 1013 khi h bao vy thnh ph di s ch huy ca vua an Mch Canutev buc vua Anh Aethelred II (Aethelred the Unready) tho chy. Trong mt cuc tn cng tr a, qun i


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Aethelred II ra lnh cho qun ko sp

Cu London.

Thp London, c xy dng bi

William the Conqueror vo th k 11

ca Aethelred t c thng li bng cch ko sp cu Lun nvi n an Mch trn nh, v s kim sot ca ngi Anh li cti thit lp.

Canute chim c ngi vua Anh vo nm 1017, kim sot thnh ph vt nc cho n nm 1042, khi ci cht ca ng ta tr li quyn kimsot cho ngi Anglo-Saxon di thi ngi con gh ca ng l EdwardNgi th ti (Edward the Confessor), ngi ti thit li Tu vinWestminster v Cung in Westminster cnh . Vo thi im ny,Lun n tr thnh thnh ph ln nht v thnh vng nht Anh,mc cho a im chnh thc ca nh nc vn cn Winchester.

Lun n thi Norman v trung c

Theo sau chin thng ti Trn chin Hastings, William I (William theConqueror), lc l Cng tc Normandy, ng quang nh Vua caAnh trong Tu vin Westminster va mi xy xong vo ngy Ging sinhnm 1066. William cho php cng dn Lun n cc c quyn,trong khi xy dng mt lu i gc ng nam ca thnh ph kimsot h. Lu i ny c m rng ra bi cc vua sau v by gic bit n nh l Thp Lun n, ban u l ni ca hong gia vsau l mt nh t.

Vo nm 1097, vua William II bt u vic xy dng Snh ngWestminster, gn vi tu vin c cng tn. Snh ng ny l c s chomt Cung in Westminster mi, ni chnh ca hong cung trong sutthi Trung C. Westminster tr thnh ni thit triu v nh nc lmvic (tip tc cho n ngy nay), trong khi khu ngay bn cnh , thnhph Lun n, l mt trung tm thng mi bun bn pht trin di siu hnh ca mt c quan hnh chnh khc, Lin hip Lun n. Dndn, cc thnh ph ln cn pht trin cng lc v to ra c s cho khutrung tm Lun n hin i, thay th cho Winchester lm th canc Anh vo th k 12.

Sau khi nh bi Hm i Ty Ban Nha (Spanish Armada) vo nm 1588, s n nh chnh tr Anh cho phpLun n pht trin thm. Vo nm 1603, James VI ca Scotland ln ngi vua Anh (tr thnh James I caAnh), nhn chung l thng nht hai quc gia. S thi hnh cc lut chng Cng gio h khc lm ng khngc a chung, v mt v mu st din ra vo 5 thng 11 nm 1605 - v m mu thuc sng ni ting.

Dch bnh gy ra hng lot vn cho Lun n trong u th k 17, dn li thnh i dch vo nm1665-1666. y l t bc pht dch cui cng chu u, c l l nh vo thm ha theo ngay sau vo nm1666. Mt ngn la (V chy ln Lun n) bng pht thnh ph nguyn thy v nhanh chng lan rng racc ta nh bng g Lun n, thiu hy mt phn ln thnh ln (v git i hu ht cc con chut cng mangmm bnh). Cng cuc ti xy dng ko di hn mi nm.

S i ln ca Lun n hin i

S pht trin ca Lun n gia tng trong th k 18, v tr thnh thnh ph ln nht trn th gii vo khong1831 n 1925. S pht trin ny c tr gip thm t nm 1836 bi h thng ng st u tin ca Lunn lm cho cc thnh ph ngoi thnh nm trong tm vi d dng ca thnh ph. H thng ng st m rng


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Trn i ha hon Lun n ph

hy nhiu khu vc ca thnh ph vo

nm 1666.

rt nhanh, v lm cho nhng khu ngoi ny pht trin trong khi bnthn Lun n m rng ra cc khu ng trng xung quanh, nhp chungvi nhng khu dn c ln cn nh l Kensington. Cc v kt ng tngdn trn cc ng trung tm dn n s hnh thnh ca h thng tuin ngm u tin trn th gii vo nm 1863 - London Underground -gp phn thc y qu trnh m rng v th ha.

Chnh quyn a phng Lun n vt v i ph vi s pht trinnhanh chng, c bit l trong vic chu cp c s h tng y . Gianm 1855 v 1889, Ban quy hoch th Lun n ch o vic mrng c s h tng Lun n. Sau c thay th bi Qun Lunn, do Hi ng Qun Lun n - c quan hnh chnh dn c u tinca Lun n - ch o.

The Blitz v cc trn b bom khc bi Luftwaffe ca qun c trong Th chin th hai git hi trn 30.000dn Lun n v lm san bng nhiu khu nh ca v cc ta nh khc. Vic xy dng li trong nhng nm1950, 1960 v 1970 c nhn thy qua mt lot cc kiu kin trc khc nhau v kt qu l s thiu thng nhtv kin trc c bit n nh mt c im ca Lun n. Trong cng khong thi gian , nhiu cuc didn ln, ch yu l t cc nc thuc Khi Thnh vng chung Anh, thay i cu trc dn s ca thnh ph.Trong nm 1965 nhng bin gii hnh chnh ca Lun n c m rng tnh n s pht trin ca cckhu th bn ngoi bin gii ca Qun Lun n. Khu vc m rng ny c gi l i Lun n v cqun l bi Hi ng i Lun n.

Mt s vc dy v kinh t t thp nin 1980 tr i ti thit lp v tr ca Lun n nh mt trung tm thngmi ni bt. Tuy nhin, v l ni ca nh nc v l thnh ph quan trng nht trong vng quc, ni y lmt mc tiu thng xuyn ca khng b. Cc tay nh bom thuc t chc IRA tm cch p lc ln chnh phvo vic m phn v vic Bc Ireland, thng xuyn quy ph hot ng ca thnh ph vi cc li e danh bom - mt s c thi hnh - cho n chp thun ngng bn ca h nm 1997. Gn y nht, mt v nhbom c t chc vo mng giao thng cng cng c tin hnh bi cc phn t Hi gio cc oan - ch 24 gisau khi Lun n c chp nhn l ni t chc Th vn hi ma h nm 2012.

Thnh ph London t Nh th St.Paul

Chnh quyn

Chnh quyn a phng

Chnh quyn ca Lun n c hnh thnh t hai cp bc - cp bc qun l ton thnh ph mang tnh chin


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Phn vng hin ti Lun n do

Chnh quyn i Lun n xc nh.

Tr s Chnh quyn i

Lun n t ti City Hall,

Southwark.

lc v cp bc a phng. Chnhquyn thnh ph do Chnh quyn iLun n (GLA) thc hin iu phi,trong khi chnh quyn a phng c

qun l bi 33 c quan nh hn.[22]

Chnh quyn i Lun n bao gm haithnh phn c chn thng qua bu c:th trng Lun n, ngi nm quynhnh php, v Hi ng Lun n, chutrch nhim xem xt k nhng quyt nhca th trng v c quyn chp thunhoc bc b xut ngn sch mi nm

ca th trng. Cc tr s ca Chnh quyn i Lun n gm City Hall,Southwark. Th trng hin ti l Boris Johnson. Chin lc quy hoch cph duyt ca th trng c cng b vi tn gi K hoch Lun n, csa i mt ln vo gia nm 2009, v ln xut bn sau cng l vo nm 2011.

Chnh quyn a phng gm cc hi ng ca 32 qun thuc Lun n v Hi ng Thnh ph Lun n,[23]

chu trch nhim cho hu ht cc ban ngnh a phng, nh quy hoch cc b, trng hc, cc dch v x hi,ng giao thng trong vng v thu gom rc thi. Mt s hot ng khc nh chng lng ph c a ra thngqua nhng dn xp chung.

Khc vi Thnh ph Lun n, cnh st i Lun n t di s qun l ca Lc lng cnh st trung tm,do S cnh st Th gim st. Thnh ph Lun n c lc lng cnh st ring l Cnh st Thnh ph Lun

n.[24] Lc lng cnh st giao thng Anh chu trch nhim an ninh ti tuyn ng st quc gia v h thng

tu in ngm Lun n ti vng th .[25]

Lc lng cu ha Lun n l lc lng php l c nhim v gii cu nhng m chy ti i Lun n doC quan hoch nh tnh hung khn cp v chy n Lun n iu hnh, ng thi l lc lng cha chy c

quy m ln th ba trn th gii.[26] Cc dch v xe cp cu thuc Dch v chm sc sc khe quc gia ccung cp bi Dch v cp cu Lun n (LAS), c xem l loi hnh dch v min ph ln nht trong vic s

dng xe cu thng khn cp trn th gii.[27] Dch v cp cu ng khng Lun n kt hp hot ng viDch v cp cu Lun n ti nhng ni cn thit. Lc lng bin phng b bin Her Majesty's Coastguard v

C quan cu tr quc gia hong gia hot ng khu vc sng Thames.[28][29]

Chnh quyn quc gia

Lun n l ni ng tr Chnh ph Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, ta lc xung quanh cung inWestminster. Nhiu c quan chnh ph t gn Ngh vin Anh, c bit dc theo ng Whitehall, bao gm

dinh th ca Th tng ti a ch s 10 ng Downing Street.[30] Ngh vin Anh thng c gi l "M ca

cc ngh vin" (mc d John Bright l ngi p dng tn gi ny nc Anh u tin)[31] bi v n l kiu mucho hu ht cc h thng ngh vin khc tnh n nay, v cc ngh vin khc c thnh lp da trn nhng vnbn php lut ca Ngh vin Anh.

a l

Phm vi

Vng i Lun n l phn khu hnh chnh cp cao nht bao trm ton Lun n. Thnh ph Lun n nh,


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Bn trung tm Lun n

c xa nm trung tm, mt thi l ni nh c ch yu ca ton bngi dn. Nhng khi vng th ca thnh ph pht trin, Hi ngThnh ph Lun n ngn cn nhng n lc hp nht n vi khu vcngoi , khin cho "Lun n" c xc nh bng nhiu cch theonhng mc ch khc nhau. V tnh hnh ny mt thi tng c a ra

thnh mt cuc tranh lun php l.[32] Bn mi phn trm i Lunn l nhng th trn bu cc, trong phn ln nhng a ch bu

chnh l 'LONDON'.[33][34]

M vng in thoi Lun n (020) bao trm mt khu vc ln tngng vi phm vi i Lun n, mc d mt s khu vc ngoi b b qua v mt s ni nm ngoi Lunn li dng chung m vng ny. Khu vc trong qu o ca ng cao tc M25 thng c bit n vi tn

gi 'Lun n'.[35] ng ranh gii ca i Lun n c sp xp chnh li nhiu ni.[36]

Hin nay vic m rng th ra xa hn b Vnh ai xanh th ngn cn,[37] mc d nhiu ni c nhngkhu xy dng vt ra ranh gii, to thnh th i Lun n ring bit. Ngoi khu vc ny l mt vng rng

ln gm nhng c dn di chuyn thng xuyn vo khu trung tm i hc hoc i lm.[38] V mt s mc

ch, i Lun n c chia thnh Ni Lun n v Ngoi Lun n.[39] Thnh ph c chia ct bi sngThames thnh hai phn Bc v Nam, vi khu Trung tm Lun n c phn chia bn trong mt cch vhnh trung. Ta ca Trung tm Lun n trn danh ngha thng c xc nh theo cch truyn thng l tithp gi Charing Cross, bn gc ca mt trong 12 thp gi Eleanor Cross, ta lc gn giao l ca qung trng

Trafalgar v ng Whitehall, vo khong v tr 513026B 000739T.[40]

Trung tm Lun n nhn t vng xoay Mt Lun n

Tnh trng php l

Ti Lun n, Thnh ph Lun n v Thnh ph Westminster u c cng nhn php l l thnh ph,

trong khi , Thnh ph Lun n v nhng phn cn li ca i Lun n c xem l qun nghi l.[41] Cckhu hin ti ca i Lun n tng l mt phn ca cc qun Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex v Hertfordshire,

sau ny sp nhp li.[42] Tnh trng php l ca Lun n l th ca nc Anh, v sau l th caVng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc Ireland, nhng iu ny cha bao gi c xc nhn chnh thc theo iu l,

quy nh hay trong bt c vn bn no.[note 2]

V tr ca Lun n c hnh thnh thng qua hip nh Hin php. iu ny khin cho tnh trng php l caLun n trn thc t vn l mt phn trong Hin php bt thnh vn ca UK. Th ca nc Anh chuynt Winchester sang Lun n khi Cung in Westminster pht trin dn trong th k 12 v 13 tr thnh tr


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s c nh ca Ta n Hong gia, v sau tr thnh th chnh tr ca quc gia.[46] Gn y, vng i Lunn c xc nh thuc khu vc ca nc Anh, tuy nhin vn c bit n trong tn gi chung l Lun

n.[3]

a hnh

Kh hu

Lun n nm trong vng kh hu n i i dng, ging nh phn ln o Anh, thnh ph t khi chng kinnn nhit qu cao hoc qu thp. Ma h Lun n c thi tit m p vi nhit cao thng By l22.8 C (73.0 F) v thp l 14.0 C (57.2 F). Nhit c th vt mc 25 C (77 F) trong nhiu ngy nhnghu ht cc nm th nhit ch vt ngng 30 C (86 F) vi ngy. Nhit cao nht tng c ghi nhn ti

thnh ph ny l 38 C (100 F) vo nm 2003.[47]

Ma ng Lun n lnh nhng him khi xung di mc ng bng vi nhit cao ban ngy vo khong

5 C (41 F) 8 C (46 F), ma xun th mt m vo ban ngy v se lnh vo bui chiu.[47] Nhit thpnht tng ghi nhn l 21.1 C (6 F) vo thng Mt nm 1795. Ma thu thi tit thng mt v khng nnh do c s i lu gia lung kh mt t bc cc v lung kh m t ch tuyn. Lun n l mt thnh phtng i kh vi lng ma nh khong 583.6 millimetres hng nm.

Lun n thng t khi c tuyt, ch yu bi nhit t cc khu vc xung quanh lm Lun n m hnkhong 5 C (9 F) so vi cc vng xung quanh. Tuy nhin, nhng trn ma tuyt thng din ra vi ln trongnm. Lun n thng t xy ra thin tai, nhng mt vi trn thin tai cng din ra, v d nh trn bo lnnm 1987.

Vo na sau th k 19 v na u th k 20, Lun n c bit n l thnh ph sng m v lng sngm v khi dy c. Sau mt trn sng m nm 1952, o lut lm sch khng kh c thng qua nm 1962,

iu ny lm gim ng k nhim mi trng trong thnh ph.[48]

D liu kh hu ca Lun n (Greenwich) (19812010)

Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nm

Trung bnhcao C (F)

8.1 8.6 11.6 14.6 18.1 21.0 23.4 23.1 20.0 15.5 11.3 8.4 15,3

Trung bnhthp, C (F)

3.1 2.7 4.6 5.9 8.9 11.8 13.7 13.8 11.4 8.8 5.8 3.4 7,8

Lng ma,mm (inches)

41.6

(1.638)

36.3

(1.429)

40.3

(1.587)

40.1

(1.579)

44.9

(1.768)

47.4

(1.866)

34.6

(1.362)

54.3

(2.138)

51.0

(2.008)

61.1

(2.406)

57.5

(2.264)

48.4

(1.906)

557,4

(21,945)

S ngy ma TB( 1.0 mm)

11.4 8.5 9.8 9.0 9.2 7.4 6.3 8.1 8.6 10.9 10.9 9.5 109,4

S gi nngtrung bnh hng

thng44.7 65.4 101.7 148.3 170.9 171.4 176.7 186.1 133.9 105.4 59.6 45.8 1.410,0

Ngun: Met Office[49]

Phn vng

Kin trc

Nhng cng trnh Lun n qu a dng ngi ta c th nh ra bt c phong cch kin trc c th no.


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Thp 30 St Mary Axe gn St

Helen's Bishopsgate (bn

phi).

Ta nh Shard London Bridge trong

qu trnh thi cng vo thng 1 nm

2011, d kin l mt trong nhng

cng trnh cao nht Lin minh chu

u.

Tn gio Lun nTn gio Phn trm

o Kit 58.2%

Khng theo o 15.8%

o khng c cp 8.7%

Chng c xy dng trong sut mtqung thi gian di. Nhiu ngi nh lnv cc cng trnh cng cng nh Thvin Quc gia c xy dng t Portland. mt s khu vc ca thnhph, c bit l pha ty ca trung tm,c c trng bi nhng ta nh trtva trng hoc qut vi trng. Rt t cccng trnh kin trc trc cuc i hahon Lun n 1666 cn tn ti nngy nay, ngoi tr mt vi di tch LaM, ta thp Lun n v ri rc mt vicng trnh kin trc thi Tudor cn stli trong thnh ph. Mt cng trnh ngch cn vn tn ti t thi Tudor lcung in Hampton Court, cung in thi Tudor lu i nht ca nc Anh cn

tn ti,[50] do c Hng y Thomas Wolsey xy dng vo khong nm 1515.[51]

Nhng nh th cui th k 17 ca kin trc s Christopher Wren, cc c quanti chnh ca th k 18 v 19 nh S giao dch Hong gia v Ngn hng Anh,Ta i hnh Lun n Old Bailey u th k 20 v cc thnh ly nhng nm1960 l mt phn di sn ca nhng phong cch kin trc khc nhau.

Ga Battersea Power c xy nm 1939 tng b b hoang nhng sau smc phc hi li, nm cnh b sng pha ty Nam v ng vai tr l mc b a phng, trong khi mt viga cui trn ng ray l nhng v d in hnh xut sc nht cho phong cch kin trc Victoria, c bit l nh

ga St Pancras v Paddington.[52] Mt dn s Lun n khng ng u, t trng vic lm cao ti khu trungtm, mt c tr cao ln cn trung tm v thp hn cc vng ngoi .

i tng nim Thnh ph Lun n c th cho thy mt tm nhn bao qut ton khu vc xung quanh, ngthi l i tng nim trn i ha hon Lun n tng bt ngun t gn . Cng cho mi vm cm thchv cng cho mi vm Wellington, nm ring r pha bc v Nam cui ng Park Lane, c mi lin h vihong gia, cng nh i tng nim Albert v thnh phng hong gia Albert ph Kensington. Tng iNelson's Column l mt di tch quc gia c cng nhn v nm ti qung trng Trafalgar, mt trong nhng vtr trng tm ti trung tm thnh ph.

Cc cng vin v khu vn

Dn s

Cc nhm dn tc

Tn gio

a s ngi dn Lun n (58,2 %) nhn mnh l

ngi theo o Kit.[53] Tip n l nhng ngi khngtheo tn gio no (15,8 %), sau l o Hi (8,5 %),o Hindu (4,1 %), o Do Thi (2,1 %), o Sikh(1,5 %), o Pht (0,8 %) v nhng o khc (0,2 %),mc d 8,7% ngi dn khng tr li cu hi ny


9 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

o Hi 8.5%

o Hindu 4.1%

o Do Thi 2.1%

o Sikh 1.5%

o Pht 0.8%

Khc 0.2%

Thnh ph Lun n l trung tm ti

chnh ln nht th gii cng Thnh

ph New York.[6][7][8]

trong cuc tng iu tra nm 2001.

Lun n c truyn thng Kit gio, v c nhiu nhth, c bit l Thnh ph Lun n. Nh th niting St Paul's nm trong Thnh ph Lun n v nhth Southwark pha nam sng Thames l cc trung

tm hnh chnh ca Anh gio.[54] Tng Gim mcCanterbury, Gim mc trng ca Gio hi Anh v Hip thng Anh gio trn ton th gii, thng tr ti Cung

in Lambeth ti Lun n Borough ca Lambeth.[55]

Kinh t

Lun n chim khong 20% gi tr GDP ca Vng quc Lin hip

Anh v Bc Ireland[56] (hay 446 t USD trong nm 2005); cn nn kinht ca vng th Lun nln nht trong cc vng th ti Chuuto ra khong 30% GDP ca Vng quc Lin hip Anh v Bc

Ireland (hay 669 t USD nm 2005).[57] Lun n l trung tm ti chnhvt tri trn th gii v l thnh ph cnh tranh cng New York vai tr

l a im ti chnh quc t quan trng nht.[58][59]

Hn mt na trong s 100 cng ty c phn hng u ca UK v hn 100trong s 500 cng ty ln nht Chu u ng tr s chnh ti trung tmLun n. Hn 70% cng ty hng u UK t ti vnh ai th Lun

n, v 75% trong 500 cng ty di do ti chnh nht c vn phng Lun n.[60] Thnh ph Lun n l trs ca Ngn hng Anh, S giao dch chng khon Lun n v l th trng ca cng ty mi gii bo himLloyds (JLT). Nhng cng ty truyn thng tp trung ti Lun n vi cc dch v chuyn nghip. Ngnh cng

nghip phn phi phng tin truyn thng l ngnh c tnh cnh tranh th hai ti Lun n.[61] BBC l iquan trng nht, nhng cc i truyn hnh khc cng c tr s trn khp thnh ph. Nhiu t bo quc gia uc hiu chnh ti Lun n. Cng Lun n l cng ln th hai UK, chuyn ch 53 triu tn hng ha mi

nm.[62]

Ti chnh

Ngnh cng nghip ln nht ca Lun n l ti chnh. Thu nhp t xut khu ti chnh ca thnh ph nggp khng nh cho cn cn thanh ton ca nc Anh. Cho n thi im gia nm 2007, c khong 325.000ngi lm vic trong ngnh dch v ti chnh Lun n. Lun n c hn 480 ngn hng nc ngoi, nhiuhn bt k thnh ph no trn th gii. Do vai tr ton cu ni bt ca thnh ph, kinh t Lun n b nhhng nng n bi cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu 2008-2009. c tnh ca nm 2008 cho bit c khong

70.000 vic lm trong ngnh ti chnh b ct gim trong vng mt nm ti Thnh ph Lun n.[63]

Vn ti

Tng l hi cng ln nht th gii, nhng hin nay cng Lun n ch ln th hai UK, x l 45 triu tn hng

ha mi nm.[64] Hu ht lng hng ha ny c chuyn sang cng Tilbury, nm ngoi ranh gii i Lu.

Du lch

Du lch l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip ch yu ca Lun n, s dng tng ng vi 350.000 nhn


10 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

Canary Wharf l trung tm kinh t ti

chnh quan trng v l ni c nhng

ta nh chc tri cao nht UK.

Bo tng Lch s Quc gia

vin ton thi gian ti Lun n vo nm 2003.[65] Trong khi , chi

tiu hng nm ca khch du lch l khong 15 t bng Anh.[66] Lun nthu ht hn 15 triu du khch quc t mi nm v tr thnh thnh ph clng du khch nhiu nht th gii. Mi nm Lun n thu ht 27 triu

lt khch lu tr qua m.[67] Cng Lun n l cng ln th hai UK, vn chuyn 53 triu tn hng ha mi nm.

Mi im tham quan c gh thm nhiu nht ti Lun n trong

nm 2009 l:[68]

Bo tng Anh1.

Nh trin lm Quc gia2.

Nh trin lm ngh thut ng i Tate Modern3.

Bo tng Lch s Quc gia4.

i quan st Mt Lun n5.

Bo tng Khoa hc6.

Thp Lun n7.

Bo tng Hng hi Quc gia8.

Bo tng Victoria & Albert9.

Bo tng sp Madame Tussauds10.

Giao thng

Giao thng vn ti l mt trong bn lnh vc chnh trong chnh sch qun l ca

th trng Lun n.[69] Tuy nhin, vic kim sot ti chnh ca ng khng m rng thm c mng ling st t nhng vng xa hn n Lun n. Nm 2007, ng nhn trch nhim v mt s tuyn a phng,m hin nay chnh l mng li ng st trn mt t Lun n, gp phn chuyn ch hnh khch cng hthng tu in ngm, xe in v xe but Lun n. Mng li giao thng cng cng c qun l bi Ccvn ti Lun n (TfL) cng vi chi ph c nh gi l thuc dng t nht th gii. i xe p l mt cchph bin vng quanh Lun n. Chin dch i xe p Lun n c pht ng qua nhng cuc vn ng

hnh lang nhm t c kt qu tt hn.[70]

Vo nm 1933, khi B giao thng vn ti hnh khch Lun n (cn gi l B giao thng vn ti Lun n)c thnh lp, h thng mng li ng st ngm - cng ging nh mng li xe in v xe but - trthnh mt phn ca h thng vn ti tch hp. B giao thng vn ti Lun n (TfL) hin l hi ng php lutqun l hu ht nhng kha cnh ca h thng giao thng i Lun n v c iu hnh bi hi ng v

y vin hi ng do th trng Lun n b nhim.[71]

ng st

H thng tu in ngm Lun n (London Underground hin nay thng c gi l Tube), mc d banu ch thit k cc tuyn su (phn bit vi cc tuyn gn b mt), l h thng giao thng ng st bng in

lu i nht[19] v di th hai[72] trn th gii, c nin i t nm 1863. H thng ny phc v 270 trm v c thnh lp bi mt s cng ty t nhn, trong c tuyn tu in ngm u tin trn th gii l tuyn

ng st Thnh ph v Nam Lun n.[73]


11 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

H thng tu in ngm Lun n l

h thng giao thng ng st bng

in lu i nht vi di th hai trn

th gii.

Xe but hai tng l mt biu tng

c trng ca Lun n.

Mng li tu in ngm vn chuyn hn ba triu lt khch mi ngy,

hn 1 t lt mi nm.[74] Mt k hoch u t ang c gng giiquyt vn n tc v n nh vi kinh ph ci thin chun b cho

Th vn hi ma h 2012 ln n 7 t (10 t ).[75] Lun n c

nh gi l thnh ph c h thng giao thng cng cng tt nht.[76]

Tuyn ng st nh Docklands khai trng vo nm 1987 l h thngtu in ngm a a phng th hai s dng nhng chic xe in nhhn v nh hn, hot ng ch yu Docklands v Greenwich.

Ngoi ra cn c h thng ng st th bao qut trn mt t, c bitl Nam Lun n, ni c t cc tuyn tu in ngm hn. Nh gaWaterloo l nh ga tp np nht nc Anh, mi nm c hn hn 184triu ngi s dng phc hp trm trao i y (bao gm nh gaWaterloo ng). Cc nh ga cung cp nhng tuyn ng phc v

khu vc ng Nam v Ty Nam Lun n, v mt phn khu vc ng Nam v Ty Nam nc Anh.[77][78]

Hu ht cc tuyn ng st kt thc xung quanh trung tm Lun n ti 18 trm u cui, tr tuyn

Thameslink ni Bedford pha bc v Brighton pha nam thng qua sn bay Luton v Gatwick.[79]

T nm 2007, tuyn tu cao tc Eurostar ni nh ga quc t St. Pancras vi Lille, Paris, v Brussels. Thi giancho chuyn hnh trnh n Paris v Brussels ln lt l hai gi 15 pht v mt gi 50 pht. iu ny khinLun n tr nn gn gi vi lc a chu u hn so vi nhng ni khc trong nc Anh do hiu qu ca

tuyn ng st Cao tc 1 ni thng n knh o Channel,[80] trong khi tuyn xe la tc cao u tin

trong nc ni Kent vi Lun n bt u vn hnh vo thng 6 nm 2009.[81]

Xe bus v xe in

Mng li xe but ca Lun n l mt trong nhng mng li ln nhtth gii, hot ng 24 gi mt ngy vi 8.000 xe but, 700 tuyn v hn6 triu lt khch mi ngy trong tun. Nm 2003, c tnh lt hnhkhch ca mng li l trn 150 triu lt/nm, nhiu hn tuyn tu

in ngm.[82] Doanh thu mi nm t khong 850 triu . Lun n c

mng li giao thng tip cn dnh cho xe ln ln nht th gii,[83] v t qu 3 nm 2007 ci thin d tipcn hn i vi hnh khch khim thnh v khim th thng qua vic a ra nhng thng bo nghe nhn. Xebut hai tng l phng tin d dng phn bit, c quc t cng nhn v l mt c trng ca giao thng

Lun n cng vi xe taxi mu en v xe in.[84][85]

Lun n c mt mng li xe in hin i, c bit n vi tn gi Tramlink, ch yu hot ng tiCroydon Nam Lun n. Mng li c 39 im dng, ba tuyn ng v chuyn ch 26,5 triu ngi vonm 2008. T thng 6 nm 2008, Cc vn ti Lun n hon ton s hu h thng Tramlink v d tnh khoch s b ra 54 triu vo nm 2015 tin hnh bo tr, i mi, nng cp v ci tin kh nng chuyn ch.

T thng 4 nm 2009, tt c xe in u c tn trang li.[86]

ng khng

Lun n l mt trung tm ln v vn ti hng khng quc t v c khng phn thnh ph ln nht th gii. C8 sn bay s dng t Lun n trong tn gi, nhng hu ht lng giao thng qua ch tp trung ti 5 sn bay.Sn bay Heathrow Lun n, ti Hillingdon, pha ty Lun n, l sn bay tp np nht th gii v vn ti quc

t v l trung tm chnh ca British Airways, hng hng khng vn chuyn mang c nc Anh.[89] In March

2008 its fifth terminal was opened.[90] Trong thng 3 nm 2008, nh ga hng khng th nm c m


12 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

Heathrow (trong hnh l nh ga s 5)

l sn bay tp np nht th gii v

lng giao thng quc t.[87][88]

Ni giao nhau ca ng cao tc M4

v M5, gn sn bay Heathrow Lun

n.

ca.[90] c quy hoch v mt ng bng th ba v nh ga sn bayth su, tuy nhin nhng k hoch ny b Chnh ph lin minh UK

hy b vo ngy 12 thng nm 2010.[91] Loi hnh giao thng tng tc b sung mt s chuyn bay ng ngn chi ph thp cng c tchc ti sn bay Gatwick Lun n, nm pha nam Lun n ti West

Sussex.[92]

Sn bay Stansted, nm pha ng Bc Lun n ti Essex thuc ncAnh, l trung tm chnh ca UK, trong khi , sn bay Ryanair v snbay Luton pha bc Lun n ti Bedfordshire phc v ch yu nhng

ng bay ngn chi ph thp.[93][94] Sn bay Thnh ph Lun n l snbay nh nht v nm trung tm nht, ch yu tp trung vo i tng du khch kinh doanh, vi mt lngdch v a dng v y cc chuyn bay ngn theo lch trnh v kh nng s dng dch v my bay jet vi

lng hnh khch c bit ch n 19 ngi.[95]

ng b

Mc d phn ln ngi dn i li Trung tm Lun n bng phngtin giao thng cng cng, nhng cc vng ngoi , xe hi vn lphng tin giao thng c s dng ph bin nht. ng vnh aitrong (xung quanh trung tm thnh ph), ng vng Bc v Nam (ngoi ) v cc ng cao tc qu o vng ngoi (ng M25, ngoikhu t xy dng) chy vng quanh thnh ph v giao nhau bi nhiubn rn cc tuyn ng xuyn tm tp np - nhng c rt t ng caotc vo bn trong Lun n. M25 l tuyn ng cao tc chy vng

quanh di nht th gii vi chiu di 195,5 km (121,5 mi).[96]

Mt quy hoch v mng li ng cao tc ton din xuyn qua thnhph (k hoch Ringways) c chun b trong nhng nm 1960nhng gn nh b hy b vo u nm nhng 1970. Nm 2003, mtkhon ph tc nghn c p dng lm gim khi lng giaothng trung tm thnh ph. Trong mt vi trng hp, ngi li xe phi tr 8 /ngy li xe trong mt khu

vc c xc nh l thng xy ra nhiu tc nghn Trung tm Lun n.[97][98] Nhng ngi i xe my lc dn ca nhng vng xc nh c th mua mt giy thng hnh theo thi v c gim ph ng k v pht

hnh mi mi thng, vi chi ph r hn gi v xe bus tng ng.[99] Lun n ni ting v n tc giao thng,vi tuyn ng cao tc M25 c lng lu thng tp np nht tri di khp quc gia. Tc trung bnh ca xe

hi trong gi cao im l 17,1 km/h (10,6 mi/h).[100]

Xe p

Phong tro i xe p Lun n c phc hi sau khi thi hong kim bin mt. Ngi i xe p c th tringhim vic di chuyn trn nhng con ng vng quanh thnh ph r hn v nhanh hn i bng nhngphng tin cng cng hay xe hi. Bn cnh , d n cho thu xe p Barclays Cycle Hire vo thng 7 nm2010 t c thnh cng v c n nhn rng ri.

Gio dc

Tiu hc v cp hai


13 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

Thnh phng Hong gia Albert l ni

t chc cc s kin m nhc v ha

tu.

Cp ba

Vn ha

Ging ni

Th gin v gii tr

Vn hc, phim nh v truyn hnh

Bo tng v trin lm ngh thut

Lun n l ni c nhiu bo tng, phng trin lm v cc t chc ngh thut khc, phn ln trong s minph vo ca v l im tham quan ch yu thu ht khch du lch, ng thi ng vai tr l ni nghin cu. Cngtrnh ra i u tin trong s ny l Bo tng Anh ti Bloomsbury vo nm 1753. Ban u l ni lu tr cc cvt, mu vt lch s t nhin v th vin quc gia, ngy nay bo tng hin c 7.000.000 c vt t khp ni trnth gii. Nm 1824, Th vin Quc gia (National Gallery) c thnh lp v tr thnh ni lu tr tt c cc bcha phng Ty ca nc Anh. Th vin quc gia hin nay ang chim mt v tr ni bt ti Qung trngTrafalgar. Trong na cui th k 21, vng Nam Kensington pht trin thnh "Albertopolis" (khu trung tm NamKenshington hin nay), mt vng t ca khoa hc v vn ha. Ba bo tng quc gia ln u ta lc : Botng Victoria v Albert (v m thut ng dng), Bo tng Lch s T nhin v Bo tng Khoa hc. Nh trinlm quc gia v ngh thut Anh nm ti Tate Britain, ban u c thnh lp nh l mt chi nhnh ca Thvin Quc gia vo nm 1897, c bit n trc y vi tn gi Nh trin lm Tate, cng tr thnh mttrung tm ln v ngh thut hin i. Trong nm 2000, nhng tc phm trong c chuyn n TateModern, mt nh trin lm mi m trc y tng l trm in Bankside.

m nhc

Lun n l mt trong nhng th ln v m nhc c in v th ca m nhc thnh hnh trn th gii, l nh ca nhng cng ty m nhcln nh EMI v v s ban nhc, nhc s cng nhng chuyn gia trongngnh cng nghip ny. Thnh ph cn l nh ca nhng dn nhc vthnh phng giao hng ln, nh trung tm Ngh thut Barbican (nibiu din chnh ca dn nhc Giao hng London), nh ht Cadogan(Dn nhc Giao hng Hong gia Anh) v thnh phng Hong gia

Albert (ni din ra s kin m nhc The BBC Proms).[101] Hai nh htopera chnh ca Lun n l nh ht Opera Hong gia v nh ht

Coliseum Theatre.[101] Cy n ng di nht UK c th tm thy tithnh phng Hong gia Albert. Nhng nhc c ng ch khc cngc tm thy ti cc gio ng v nhng nh th ln. C vi trngm nhc nm trong thnh ph nh Nhc vin Hong gia, cao ng m

nhc Hong gia, trng nhc kch Guildhall v cao ng m nhc Trinity.

Lun n c rt nhiu im t chc nhng bui biu din nhc pop v rock, trong gm nhng ni biu dinm nhc ln nh Earls Court, Wembley Arena, O2 Arena cng nhiu a im quy m nh hn nh Brixton

Academy, Hammersmith Apollo v Shepherd's Bush Empire.[101] Mt s l hi m nhc, k c l hi O2Wireless, c t chc ti Lun n. Thnh ph ny l nh v cng l ni bt ngun ca loi hnh c ph rocknng. Phng thu Abbey Road l ni nhm nhc huyn thoi The Beatles ghi m hu ht cc ca khc ni ting.


14 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

The O2 arena

Sn vn ng Centre Court l ni cu

lc b All England t chc Gii v

ch Wimbledon 2010.

Trong nhng nm 1970 v 1980, nhc s v cc nhm nhc nh DavidBowie, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, Ian Dury v Blockheads, The Kinks,The Rolling Stones, The Who Madness, The Jam, The Small Faces, LedZeppelin, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, The Police, The Cure, Squeezeand Sade, c tc ng n th gii nh mt cn bo, em m thanh cah n tng ng ngch ng ph, em giai iu ca h lm chn ng

lan truyn c Lun n.[102]

Lun n tng l ni pht trin dng nhc punk,[103] nhng tn tui nh

Sex Pistols, The Clash,[102] v Vivienne Westwood u c nn tng tLun n. Cc ngh s gn y xut hin t sn khu m nhc Lun nnh Bananarama, Bush, East 17, Siouxie v Banshees, nhm Spice

Girls, Jamiroquai, The Libertines, Babyshambles, Bloc Party, Coldplay v Amy Winehouse.[104] Lun n cnl trung tm m nhc th. c bit trong kho tng th loi ca UK, s hin din ca th loi DnBa, dubstepv grime trong thnh ph pht xut t th loi hip hop v reggae t nc ngoi du nhp vo, bn cnh th loiDnB a phng. i pht thanh dng nhc black BBC 1Xtra ra i h tr s pht trin ca m nhc cngun gc a phng ti Lun n v nhng ni cn li trong UK.

Trong nhng nm 1980, Lun n l thnh ph chnh trong ln sng mi ca thi i m nhc nng ca ngiAnh. Iron Maiden v Motrhead l nhng ban nhc ni ting trn ton th gii th loi ny.

Th thao

Lun n t chc Th vn hi ma h hai ln, vo nm 1908 v

1948.[105][106] Thng 7 nm 2005, Lun n c chn ng cai tchc Th vn hi ma h v Th vn hi Paralympic vo nm 2012.iu ny s khin Lun n tr thnh thnh ph u tin trn th gii

ng cai t chc Th vn hi ma h ba ln.[10] Lun n cng t chc

Th vn hi quc Anh vo nm 1934.[107] Bng l mn th thaoph bin nht ca Lun n. Thnh ph ny c 13 cu lc b bng lin on, trong c 6 cu lc b trc thuc lin on Premier League,bao gm Arsenal, Chelsea, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur, Crystal Palace

FC v West Ham United.[108]

Lun n cng c bn i bng bu dc ti Gii ngoi hng Aviva(London Ailen, Saracens, Wasps v Harlequins), mc d ch c i

Harlequins chi ti Lun n (c ba i khc chi bn ngoi i Lun n, d i Saracens vn chi trong

M25).[109] Cc i bng bu dc chuyn nghip khc trong thnh ph gm London Welsh, cu lc b ln thhai ca gii RFU Championship, l i ch nh ca thnh ph. Thnh ph c cc cu lc b bng bu dc rttruyn thng khc, ni ting nht l London Scotland, Richmond FC, Rosslyn Park FC v Blackheath F.C.

Hin nay c hai cu lc b bng bu dc chuyn nghip Lun n, gm Harlequins Rugby chi trong Giisiu cp chu u ('European Super League) ti sn vn ng The Stoop v Gii v ch bng bu dc quc gia1, i u vi cu lc b London Skolars (ti Wood Green, thnh ph Haringey ca Lun n).

Thnh ph kt ngha

C 46 thnh ph trn 6 chu lc t tn theo Lun n.[110] Cng vi cc khu vc kt ngha vi Londo, ccqun ca Lun n cng c quan h kt ngha vi cc thnh ph trn th gii. Di y l danh sch cc thnh


15 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

ph kt ngha vi chnh quyn i Lun n:

Arequipa, Peru

Berlin, c

Delhi, n [111]

Bogota, Colombia

Johannesburg, Nam

Phi[112]

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Kuwait City, Kuwait

Moskva, Nga

New York City, Hoa

K[113]

Oslo, Na Uy

Thng Hi, Trung Quc

Algiers, Algrie

Baku, Azerbaijan

Bc Kinh, Trung Quc[114]

Bucharest, Romnia

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Delhi, India

Dhaka, Bangladesh[115]

Istanbul, Th Nh K

Los Angeles, Hoa K[116]

Mumbai, n

Paris, Php[117]

Podgorica, Montenegro

Roma, Italia

Sofia, Bulgaria

Tehran, Iran

Tokyo, Nht Bn

Zagreb, Croatia

Ch thch

^ See also: Independent city#National capitals.1.

^ According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[43] London is not the capital of

England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary

definition of 'the most important town'[44] and many other authorities.[45]

2.

Tham kho

^ Roman (http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm), The

Museum of London, truy cp ngy 7 thng 6 nm 2008

1.

^ Mills 2001, tr. 1402.

^ a Fact Files: London Government Offices for the English Regions (http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London

/?a=42496), Office for National Statistics, truy cp ngy 4 thng 5 nm 2008

3.

^ Elcock, Howard (1994), Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities, Routledge, tr. 368,

ISBN 0415101670

4.

^ Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007), Politics UK, Pearson Education, tr. 868,

ISBN 1405824115

5.

^ a Global Financial Centres 7 (http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFC%207.pdf#page=30). Z/Yen. 2010. Truy cp ngy

21 thng 4 nm 2010.

6.

^ a "World's Most Economically Powerful Cities". Forbes.com (http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-

growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html)

7.

^ a Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 (http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008

/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf). Mastercard.

8.

^ World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database (http://esa.un.org

/unup/index.asp?panel=2), The United Nations, truy cp 21 thng 11 nm 2009

9.


16 of 24 6/11/2015 8:14 PM

^ a IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 (http://www.olympic.org

/uk/news/media_centre/press_release_uk.asp?id=1410), International Olympic Committee, 6 thng 7 nm 2005, truy

cp ngy 3 thng 6 nm 2006

10.

^ Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb),

UNESCO, truy cp ngy 26 thng 11 nm 2008

11.

^ Languages spoken in the UK population (http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm), CILT, the National Centre

for Language, truy cp ngy 6 thng 6 nm 2008

12.

^ T 08: Selected age groups for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population; Mid-2007

Population Estimates (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population

/Mid_2007_UK_England_&_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland%20_21_08_08.zip) (XLS),

www.statistics.gov.uk (Office for National Statistics), 21 thng 8 nm 2008, truy cp ngy 26 thng 1 nm 2009

13.

^ Largest EU City. Over 7 million residents in 2001 (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384),

www.statistics.gov.uk (Office for National Statistics), truy cp ngy 28 thng 6 nm 2008

14.

^ KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase

/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&More=Y), Office for National Statistics, truy cp ngy 6 thng 6 nm 2008

15.

^ The Principal Agglomerations of the World (http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html), City

Population, truy cp ngy 3 thng 3 nm 2009

16.

^ Southest England Population by Area from 1891 (http://www.demographia.com/dm-lonarea.htm), Demographia,

truy cp ngy 1 thng 4 nm 2009

17.

^ Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (Percentages) (http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk

/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276743&c=london&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&

m=0&r=1&s=1280577856710&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812). Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics.

Bn gc lu tr (http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zAWsM) ngy 19 thng 5 nm 2011. Truy cp ngy 31 thng 7

nm 2010.

18.

^ a Transport for London, London Underground: History (http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport

/londonunderground/1604.aspx), truy cp ngy 6 thng 6 nm 2008

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^ Top ten world airports 2004 (http://www.heathrowairport.com/assets/B2CPortal/Static%20Files

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Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lun_n&oldid=21077656

Th loi: Lun n Th chu u Thnh ph Anh Thnh ph ng cai Th vn hi Ma h

Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 12:39 ngy 10 thng 6 nm 2015.Vn bn c pht hnh theo Giy php Creative Commons Ghi cng/Chia s tng t; c th p dngiu khon b sung. Xem iu khon S dng bit thm chi tit.Wikipedia l thng hiu ng k ca Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., mt t chc phi li nhun.


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